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Figure S2A

Tables S1, S2, S3, S4, S5

Figure S1

Studies based on deep ocean drilling cores points to North-East Greenland as a focal point for ice sheet accumulation incurring much earlier than the Pleistocene Northern Hemisphere glaciation. The build-up of marine-based ice sheets in these parts is critical to the cooling of the Nordic Seas and the Arctic Ocean, considered as a pre-condition for the modern ocean “conveyor belt” circulation. However, proximal sedimentary records that can shed light on the timing and climate background of early Greenland Ice Sheet evolution are lacking. In 2008 a series of shallow cores were drilled by the Kanumas consortium on the NorthEast Greenland shelf and Cenozoic sediments were recovered at several sites. Here we present litho- and palynostratigraphic information, along with new cosmogenic isotope results, of a 110 m long sediment core (Kanumas 13). The core study, supported by regional seismic data, suggests that ice streams may have been active on the North-East Greenland margin since middle-late Miocene. Geochemistry and magnetic susceptibility data indicate that an abrupt change in sediment source occurred at 50.8 m. The shift in provenance is accompanied by a transition to more open marine conditions. The implications for the Greenland Ice Sheet and Artic climate development will be addressed in the presentation.

Multiple proxies in three sediment cores from Northwestern Baffin Bay document the timing of Lancaster Sound Ice Stream (LSIS) retreat that led to Arctic–Atlantic throughflow in Parry Channel, an important source of freshwater that can impact the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. The Late Glacial to Holocene timing of ice retreat and channel opening and the responses of the regional ocean environment to these events are presented. We use quantitative mineral composition, foraminiferal assemblages, biogenic silica, ice-rafted debris (IRD), and 14C-based age models to document and date the events and environmental changes occurring during deglaciation of this major marine channel. Findings show that retreat of the LSIS into Lancaster Sound occurred before ~15.3 cal ka BP, about 800 years before the onset of major iceberg calving events from the LSIS, named the Baffin Bay Detrital Carbonate events (BBDC 1 and BBDC 0). The end of BBDC 0 occurred at ~10.6 cal ka BP, which coincides with the opening of Parry Channel. A marine environment productive of calcareous benthic and planktic foraminifera, with diminished meltwater, seasonal sea ice, warmer summer temperatures, and inflowing, nutrient-rich Arctic surface water characterizes the interval between the opening of Parry Channel and the opening of Nares Strait. Paired planktic and benthic 14C ages over this 2,200-year interval show diminishing age offsets suggesting progressive mixing of the upper ~850–900 m of the water column. The opening of Nares Strait by ~8.2 cal ka BP coincides with increased biogenic silica in the form of abundant, large centric diatoms and dissolution of CaCO3. The paucity of calcareous organisms after 8.2 cal ka BP resulted in poor chronological control in the cores to interpret changing environments after 8.2 cal ka BP.

PalaeoArc (Processes and Palaeo-Environmental Changes in the Arctic: From Past to Present) is an international network research programme, the aim of which is to understand and explain the climatically induced environmental changes in the Arctic that have taken place throughout the Quaternary and continue in the present-day (see http://www.palaeoarc.no/). This network builds on and extends the impressive legacy of previous palaeo-Arctic network programs and projects extending back to the 1980s. This began with the “Polar North Atlantic Margins—Late Cenozoic Evolution” project (PONAM: 1990–1994; Hjort and Persson 1994; Landvik and Salvigsen 1995; Elverhøi et al. 1998), which was followed by the “Quaternary Environment of the Eurasian North” project (QUEEN: 1996–2002; e.g., Larsen, Funder, and Thiede 1999; Thiede et al. 2001, 2004; Kjær et al. 2006). These were then followed by the “Arctic Palaeoclimate and Its Extremes” project (APEX: 2004–2012; Jakobsson et al. 2008, 2010, 2014) and the “Palaeo-Arctic Spatial and Temporal Gateways” project (PAST Gateways: 2012–2018; Ó Cofaigh et al. 2016, 2018). The latest incarnation of the network—PalaeoArc—was conceived at the final meeting of the PAST Gateways project in Durham, UK, in April 2019, when a new international steering committee was appointed to organize a series of activities and annual conferences for the following six years (2019–2024). The new international network held its first meeting in Poznań (20–24 May 2019), hosted by the Faculty of Geographical and Geological Sciences, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań (see Lyså et al. 2019), comprising the usual mix of talks, posters, discussions, workshops, and a field excursion. The network planned to organize a conference hosted by the Department of Earth Sciences at the University of Pisa in May 2020, but this had to be postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic and was eventually held online in May 2021, endorsed by the International Arctic Science Council, Italian Geological Society, and Italian Association for the Study of the Quaternary. The meeting proved incredibly popular and was “attended” by over 250 Arctic scientists from twenty-six different countries over a four-day period, allowing glacial and marine geologists, palaeoceanographers, palaeoecologists, and specialists in permafrost and numerical modeling to discuss records of Arctic environmental change over decadal to millennial timescales. The collection of articles in this special issue stems from this second PalaeoArc International Conference and encompasses the diverse range of topics presented at the meeting, each of which addresses the overarching aims of PalaeoArc (detailed below). The third international PalaeoArc conference took place (in person) in Rovaniemi in August 2022. The network has been extended for a year, with further meetings planned in Akureyri (2023), Stockholm (2024), and Tromsø (2025).

Petermann Fjord is a deep (> 1000 m) fjord that incises the coastline of northwest Greenland and was carved by an expanded Petermann Glacier, one of the six largest outlet glaciers draining the modern Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS). Between 5–70 m of unconsolidated glacigenic material infills in the fjord and adjacent Nares Strait, deposited as the Petermann and Nares Strait ice streams retreated through the area after the Last Glacial Maximum. We have investigated the deglacial deposits using seismic stratigraphic techniques and have correlated our results with high-resolution bathymetric data and core lithofacies. We identify six seismo-acoustic facies in more than 3500 line-km of sub-bottom and seismic-reflection profiles throughout the fjord, Hall Basin and Kennedy Channel. Seismo-acoustic facies relate to: bedrock or till surfaces (Facies I); subglacial deposition (Facies II); deposition from meltwater plumes and icebergs in quiescent glaciomarine conditions (Facies III, IV); deposition at grounded ice margins during stillstands in retreat (grounding-zone wedges; Facies V); and the redeposition of material down slopes (Facies IV). These sediment units represent the total volume of glacial sediment delivered to the mapped marine environment during retreat. We calculate a glacial sediment flux for the former Petermann Ice Stream as 1080–1420 m3 a−1 per meter of ice stream width and an average deglacial erosion rate for the basin of 0.29–0.34 mm a−1. Our deglacial erosion rates are consistent with results from Antarctic Peninsula fjord systems but are several times lower than values for other modern GrIS catchments. This difference is attributed to fact that large volumes of surface water do not access the bed in the Petermann system and we conclude that glacial erosion is limited to areas overridden by streaming ice in this large outlet glacier setting. Erosion rates are also presented for two phases of ice retreat and confirm that there is significant variation in these rates over a glacial-deglacial transition. Our new fluxes and erosion rates show that the Petermann Ice Stream was approximately as efficient as the palaeo-Jakobshavn Isbrae at eroding, transporting and delivering sediment to its margin during early deglaciation.

Purpose: Patritumab plus cetuximab with platinum as first-line therapy for patients with recurrent and/or metastatic (R/M) squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) was evaluated for safety and to determine the recommended phase II combination dose. Patients and Methods: Patients aged ≥18 years with confirmed R/M SCCHN received intravenous patritumab (18 mg/kg loading dose; 9 mg/kg maintenance dose every 3 weeks) + cetuximab (400 mg/m2 loading dose; 250 mg/m2 maintenance dose weekly) + cisplatin (100 mg/m2 every 3 weeks) or carboplatin (AUC of 5) for six cycles or until toxicity, disease progression, or withdrawal. Primary endpoints were dose-limiting toxicities [DLT; grade ≥3 (21-day observation period)] and treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAE). Pharmacokinetics, human antihuman antibodies (HAHA), tumor response, progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) were assessed. Results: Fifteen patients completed a median (range) of 8.7 (2.0–20.7) patritumab cycles. No DLTs were reported. Serious adverse events were reported in 9 patients (patritumab-related n = 4). TEAEs (N = 15 patients) led to patritumab interruption in 7 patients. Patritumab-related dose reductions were reported in 1 patient. Patritumab (18 mg/kg) pharmacokinetics (N = 15) showed mean (SD) AUC0–21d of 2,619 (560) μg/day/mL and maximum concentration of 499.9 (90.4) μg/mL. All patients were HAHA-negative at study end (single, transient low titer in 1 patient). Tumor response rate (complete plus partial response; N = 15) was 47%. Median (95% confidence interval) PFS and OS (N = 15) were 7.9 (3.7–9.7) and 13.5 (6.6–17.5) months, respectively. Conclusions: Patritumab (18 mg/kg loading dose, 9 mg/kg maintenance dose) plus cetuximab/platinum was tolerable, active in SCCHN, and selected as the phase II dose regimen.

Submarine glacial landforms in fjords are imprints of the dynamic behaviour of marine-terminating glaciers and are informative about their most recent retreat phase. Here we use detailed multibeam bathymetry to map glacial landforms in Petermann Fjord and Nares Strait, northwestern Greenland. A large grounding-zone wedge (GZW) demonstrates that Petermann Glacier stabilised at the fjord mouth for a considerable time, likely buttressed by an ice shelf. This stability was followed by successive backstepping of the ice margin down the GZW’s retrograde backslope forming small retreat ridges to 680 m current depth (∼730–800 m palaeodepth). Iceberg ploughmarks occurring somewhat deeper show that thick, grounded ice persisted to these water depths before final breakup occurred. The palaeodepth limit of the recessional moraines is consistent with final collapse driven by marine ice cliff instability (MICI) with retreat to the next stable position located underneath the present Petermann ice tongue, where the seafloor is unmapped., Submarine glacial landforms are used to reconstruct the Holocene retreat dynamics and stability of Petermann Glacier in northwest Greenland. Here, a large grounding-zone wedge at the mouth of Petermann fjord indicates a period of glacier stability, with final retreat likely driven by marine ice cliff instability.

Engaging clinicians in practice development initiatives can be a daunting task, especially if those staff groups are spread over a five-site NHS Trust. Within Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (STHFT), the geography across the city adds a unique dimension to bringing about changes in practice and using the best possible evidence. Specific strategies need to be put in place in order to enable clinicians to access specialist help within the Trust, using the available networks to their best advantage and thereby reducing repetition. The role of a practice development team situated within such a large organization can influence changes in practice and encourage newer innovative ways of working. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This paper addresses social and economic issues relating to closure of bank branches in rural communities. It examines research on the issues at government and academic levels and then applies the results to rural communities, where local people have identified their own needs and set about instigating change. Of note is the local management of change when communities recognised what was occurring in their towns threatened the long-term viability of their local economy and thus their community’s survival. Community development theory is then used to examine the processes these communities went through to achieve their notable outcomes.

The placement in colleges is a crucially formative experience for trainee teachers on pre-service Further Education (FE) initial teacher training courses. A project at the University of Huddersfield researched these placements in four colleges in the north of England and the relationships that were formed between the trainees, their mentors, other staff and students. Where the trainees were placed and who they taught were often matters of expedience, and their individual circumstances were contingent upon diverse, often local, factors. As such, the picture that emerged of the lived experience of placement defied simple classification and explanation. Drawing on data gathered during the project this paper argues that the experience of placements is characterised by confusion, insecurity and marginalisation on the one hand and integration, enthusiasm and development on the other. Regardless of their individual experience, however, there is evidence that the trainees learnt to cope and even that messiness may be useful preparation for the unstable FE workplace. The paper problematises the developmental basis for placements and questions what constitutes a successful placement before considering how trainees can be best prepared to teach in the FE sector.

We present a chromosome classifier for automated karyotyping of banded chromosomes which uses a multi-layer perception neural network. Two network configurations have been investigated. The resulting classifiers have been trained and tested on data from three different data sets covering a range of data quality. Classification results compare very favourably with those obtained using a highly optimised parametric classifier.