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In this study, the impacts of zebra mussels on aquatic communities (biology, ecology, natural enemies of zebra mussel, effects on the ecosystems etc.) were evaluated based on the international scientific literature. In the last 30 years, zebra mussel studies have been focused on their distribution, environmental interactions and harms in different aquatic ecosystems. With this review study, a synthesis was made from studies on zebra mussels that cause damage to many aquatic ecosystems around the world, and the hypothesis for their reduction in the ecosystem was put forward. As a result of this hypothesis, suggestions such as joining the pieces of a puzzle are presented in the last part of the review. With the implementation of the suggestions given as a result of the study, it will be possible to make a great contribution to the economies of the countries by reducing the zebra mussel, which causes a billion dollars of economic damage in aquatic ecosystems. In this context, freshwater lake, which is the most intense in America and freshwater lake in similar ecosystem which is rarely seen in Anatolia in Eurasia, should be studied simultaneously. As a result, by preventing the reproduction of the species causing problems in many aquatic ecosystems in the world, a great distance will be covered in terms of protecting water resources for the coming years.

Martin Waldseemüller est un cartographe né vers 1475. C’est à Saint-Dié qu’il collabore à des travaux géographiques dans lesquels le mot « America » apparaît pour la première fois en 1507. Si ses travaux ont été largement étudiés et leur influence sur la cartographie du XVIe siècle reconnue, les enjeux mémoriels autour de ce géographe et de ses collaborateurs n’ont en revanche jamais été analysés. Après sa mort en 1520, il tombe rapidement dans l’oubli pour ne refaire surface que dans les années 1830 avec les travaux d’Alexander von Humboldt. À Saint-Dié, les enjeux autour de sa mémoire se font sentir à partir des années 1870, dans un contexte de tensions frontalières. En Allemagne, cette réactivation mémorielle se renforce au tournant du XXe siècle avec la redécouverte du seul exemplaire connu de la mappemonde conçue à Saint-Dié, « acte de baptême du Nouveau Monde » que les États-Unis veulent acquérir. La mémoire de Waldseemüller est largement asymétrique et de nature différente selon les espaces et les circonstances : elle est fortement mobilisée à Saint-Dié, fière d’être le lieu des « fonts baptismaux » de l’Amérique, mais où Waldseemüller apparaît seulement comme l’un des « parrains » parmi d’autres savants. Autour de Fribourg, où il est né et s’est formé, Waldseemüller apparaît en revanche comme le principal acteur du « baptême » de l’Amérique. On retrouve une conception proche aux États-Unis, avec une intensité mémorielle relativement faible mais pas absente. Martin Waldseemüller is a cartographer born around 1475. He collaborates in St-Die on geographical works in which the word America ​appears for the first time in 1507. While his work has been widely studied and its influence on 16th century cartography recognized, the memorial issues surrounding this geographer and his collaborators have never been analyzed. After his death in 1520, he quickly fell into oblivion, only to resurface in the 1830s with the work of Alexander von Humboldt. In St-Die, the stakes surrounding his memory began in the 1870s, in a context of border tensions. In Germany, this memorial reactivation was reinforced at the turn of the 20th century with the rediscovery of the only known copy of the world map designed in St-Die, “the baptismal certificate of the New World” that the United States wanted to acquire. Waldseemüller’s memory is largely asymmetrical and its nature changes depending on locations and circumstances. On the one hand, even though it is strongly called up in St-Die, proud to be the place of America’s, Waldseemüller only appears there as one of the “godfathers” among other scholars. On the other hand, around Freiburg, where he was born and taught, Waldseemüller appears to be the main actor in the “baptism” of America. The United States share this conception of Waldseemüller’s memory, which is not totally missing though it’s remembered with a relatively low intensity.

Dans ses récits de voyage (Itinéraire de Paris à Jérusalem, Voyage en Amérique) et dans ses Mémoires, Chateaubriand prend acte de la fin d’un « monde sauvage ». Il concentre notamment son attention sur l’art de la danse en Amérique, devenu pour lui le signe de la disparition d’une civilisation. Ayant conscience de l’imminence de l’effacement d’un monde parcouru par les voyageurs, il cherche alors à consigner une Histoire et une culture vouées tôt ou tard à sombrer dans l’oubli. In his travel narratives (Travels in Greece, Palestine, Egypt, and Barbary, during the years 1806 and 1807, Voyages en Amérique) and his Memoirs, Chateaubriand notes the end of a “world of wilderness”. He focuses his attention on the art of dance in America, which for him had become the sign of a civilisation on the brink of extinction. Aware of the imminent obliteration of a world trekked by travellers, he thus seeks to record a History and a culture destined sooner or later to sink into oblivion.

This study mainly focuses on the development of the Arctic region and the difficulties it faces in the new situation. Finding a suitable development path for low-carbon environmental protection and sustainable development has gradually become the focus of attention in all countries. The secret contest of strength is also becoming increasingly fierce. The escalation of the arms race has virtually made the ambitious Russian Arctic plan more radical. This article will use the “ANP-SWOT” strategic analysis method to reveal the possible damage to the environment of the Arctic region and its unsustainable side behind Russia’s grand development plan in the Arctic region. At the same time, it will list the views and contradictions of the countries in the region for the proposals on the resolution of conflicts, broaden the perspective to the global scope, take the common interests of all mankind as the starting point, combine the views and contradictions of all parties, and put forward proposals that are truly beneficial to the development of the Arctic region, thereby promoting inter-regional cooperation and developing a new Arctic strategy that prioritizes global progress and prosperity.

El cine constituye una poderosa herramienta cultural que opera de múltiples maneras en el rescate de memorias, así como en la reparación colectiva y conceptualización interdisciplinaria de experiencias traumáticas en comunidades devastadas por sistemáticas violaciones a sus derechos fundamentales. Hace perceptibles las prolongaciones de silenciadas o legitimadas violencias políticas tanto en el individuo como en el tejido social trastornado por perturbadoras marcas que desbaratan la existencia y la convivencia. Las expresiones cinematográficas no hacen referencia al ayer únicamente, sino que, sobre todo, cuestionan las pautas convencionales empleadas para articular pasado, presente y futuro a fin de explorar horizontes posibles. Como detonadoras de memoria y generadoras de conciencia, robustecen diferentes modi memorandi que tratan el pasado violento demasiado activo aún.

El sufragio femenino en las Américas como tema para el análisis histórico no pierde su vigencia. A partir del 2020, y a propósito del centenario de la ratificación en Estados Unidos de la 19th Enmienda que reconoció los derechos políticos a las mujeres, iniciaron las conmemoraciones del logro del voto femenino dentro de un discurso estatal al estilo efemérides oficiales, plasmando el sufragio femenino como un gran jalón en la modernización política (o democratización) de un país, pero muchas veces, centrado en los grandes nombres y unos cuantos hitos que desconocen la compleja trama de actores políticos y sociales que se entrelazaron en pos de ese derechos y, asimismo, la amplitud temporal antes y después de aquella modificación normativa de 1920. Valobra, Adriana. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. CONICET; Argentina. Zeller, Neici. Yale University. University of Illinois at Chicago. Estados Unidos.

Entre 1850 y 1910, varias mujeres pertenecientes a las elites burguesas latinoamericanas emprendieron múltiples viajes a Europa por motivos de diversa índole. Entre los principales destinos se encontraban el Vesubio y los yacimientos de Pompeya y Herculano, lugares que han despertado interés desde el siglo XVIII por considerarse testimonios vivos del mundo grecorromano. Algunas dejaron plasmadas sus impresiones sobres las ciudades sepultadas en diarios de viaje que posteriormente se publicaron, y este capítulo analiza los relatos de Elena Larraínzar, María Teresa de Arrubla y Clorinda Matto de Turner, viajeras latinoamericanas que visitaron los yacimientos napolitanos y en sus descripciones demuestran un notable conocimiento sobre la Antigüedad clásica, a la vez que reivindican su papel como escritoras dentro del género literario del relato de viaje. Este trabajo se inscribe en el proyecto de investigación “Recepción e influjo de Pompeya y Herculano en España y América”, PGC2018-093509-B-I00 (FEDER / Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación-Agencia Estatal de Investigación).

Editorial of the second issue of the sixth volume of the magazine "Abya Yala -Journal on access to justice and rights in the Americas"., Editorial del segundo número del sexto volumen, de la revista “Abya Yala -Revista sobre acceso a la justicia y derechos en las Américas"., Editorial do segundo número, sexto volume, da revista “Abya Yala –Revista sobre acesso à justiça e direitos nas Américas”.

Modern lace is made with machine-made braids and cords that are joined by hand-stitching. The term was coined by Sara Hadley （1860–1927）, a famous lacemaker in the United States from the end of the 19th century to the early 20th century. It was known as woman’ s favorite pastime, especially around 1900. Although needlework and interior decorations with lace or embroidery in middle-class homes were closely related to “womanhood,” the relationship between ideal images of women and making lace at home has not been considered in detail. This thesis examines the formation of ideal images of mothers through the illustration details of making modern lace in middle-class homes. The primary source of this research is Ladies’ Home Journal, one of the famous ladies’ magazines. It was found that Hadley considered modern lace-making “rest work,” and it was positioned as part of the model behavior of mothers. Since housework and childcare were the top priorities for mothers, it was ideal to finish these tasks and thereafter create beautiful laces for themselves and their families. Keywords：America, Lace, Needle-work, Middle-class, Woman

During the 1970s, Native American tribes sought for self-determination and economic self-sufficiency as reflected in the new federal Indian policy. However, the case of the Navajo was complex as their reservation was rich in natural resources, which caused an increase in pressure from the mining industry and the government. This essay discusses the tensions developed in this period between Barry Goldwater, a Republican Senator from Arizona and Peter MacDonald, the Navajo tribal chairman. Despite an initial good relationship, conflicts emerged in 1972 over the Navajo-Hopi land issues. Goldwater supported the establishment of a law which would partition the 1882 executive order reservation and settle the legal ownership between Navajo and Hopi. On the other hand, MacDonald was against it because it would force the relocation of thousands of Navajos from their homelands. Their relations continued to affect the policies toward the Navajo well into the 1980s.

This article examines the ways in which Orientalism was reinvented during the Cold War through a case study of My Geisha (1962). This Paramount film was produced by Steve Parker and starred Shirley MacLaine—two Japanophiles who happened to be married at the time—and chronicled a U.S. production team’s efforts to make a film version of Madame Butterfly. Yet instead of presenting the “East” and the “West” as mutually exclusive and irreconcilable categories as seen in Puccini’s Orientalist opera, the film used the story about cross-cultural filmmaking to present the conver gence of the United States and Japan. And in contrast to traditional Orientalist narratives that masculinized the West, the film established a white woman (MacLaine) as a pivotal bridge figure across the Pacific. A “runaway production” that was shot in Japan and involved the participation of Japanese actors and staff, the filmmaking process itself represented the collaborative spirit that the on-screen characters strove to achieve. While critics did offer mixed reviews, the film, particularly MacLaine’s performance as a Japanese geisha, received positive marks on both sides of the Pacific. The production process and textual content of My Geisha ultimately reveal the changing geopolitics of the post-World War II years, as the U.S. strove to contain the Soviet Union while strengthening its alliances and partnerships with Japan as well as other non-communist countries. The film, then, did not emerge in a void, but exemplified the changes in cultural representation under what Christina Klein referred to as “Cold War Orientalism.”

Aims: Natural resource management and biodiversity conservation rely on inventories of vegetation that span multiple management or political jurisdictions. However, while remote sensing data and analytical tools have enabled production of maps at increasing spatial resolution and reliability, there are limited examples where national or continental-scaled maps are produced to represent vegetation at high thematic detail. We illustrate two examples that have bridged the gap between traditional land cover mapping and modern vegetation classification. Study area: Our two case studies include national (USA) and continental (North and South America) vegetation and land cover mapping. These studies span conditions from subpolar to tropical latitudes of the Americas. Methods: Both case studies used a supervised modeling approach with the International Vegetation Classification (IVC) to produce maps that provide for greater thematic detail. Georeferenced locations for these vegetation types are used by machine learning algorithms to train a predictive model and generate a distribution map. Results: The USALANDFIRE (Landscape Fire and Resource Management Planning Tools Project) case study illustrates how a history of vegetation-based classification and availability of key inputs can come together to generate standard map products covering more than 9.8 million km2 that are unsurpassed anywhere in the world in terms of spatial and thematic resolution. That being said, it also remains clear that mapping at the thematic resolution of the IVC Group and finer resolution require very large and spatially balanced inputs of georeferenced samples. Even with extensive prior data collection efforts, these remain a key limitation. The NatureServe effort for the Americas - encompassing 22% of the global land surface - demonstrates methods and outputs suitable for worldwide application at continental scales. Conclusions: Continued collection of input data used in the case studies could enable mapping at these spatial and thematic resolutions around the globe. Abbreviations: CART = Classification and Regression Tree; CONUS = Conterminous United States; DSWE = Dynamic Surface Water Extent; EPA = United States Environmental Protection Agency; FGDC = Federal Geographic Data Committee; IVC = International Vegetation Classification; LANDFIRE = Landscape Fire and Resource Management Planning Tools Project; LFRDB = LANDFIRE Reference Database; LiDAR = Light Detection and Ranging; NDVI = Normalized Difference Vegetation Index; NLCD = National Land Cover Database; USNVC = United States National Vegetation Classification; USA = United States of America; WWF = World Wildlife Fund or Worldwide Fund for Nature.

Este artículo muestra cómo los viajes científicos contribuyen decisivamente a la construcción de la autoridad experta. Un ejemplo de esto se puede observar al estudiar el trabajo del químico José Casares Gil (1866-1961), que, junto a otros científicos españoles, realizó numerosos viajes a diversos países europeos y latinoamericanos. Algunos tenían objetivos formativos y académicos, pero otros estaban relacionados con la diplomacia y la mediación cultural en diferentes espacios. Además, formó parte de instituciones que impulsaron los intercambios científicos persiguiendo la renovación de las prácticas pedagógicas de la química en España y en América. Pero también fue un químico que desarrolló vínculos y redes de contactos entre diversos países, los cuales beneficiaban tanto a las instituciones involucradas como a los propios expertos que fortalecían su autoridad científica. This article shows how scientific travels contribute decisively to the construction of expert authority. An example of this can be observed in studying the work of the chemist José Casares Gil (18661961), who, together with other Spanish scientists, made several trips to European and Latin American countries. Some had formative and academic objectives, but others were related to diplomacy and cultural mediation in different spaces. Furthermore, he formed part of institutions that promoted scientific exchanges to modernize pedagogical practices in the teaching of chemistry in Spain and in America. But he was also a chemist who developed links and networks of contacts among a variety of different countries, which benefited both the institutions involved and the experts themselves who thereby strengthened their own scientific authority. este artigo mostra como as viagens científicas contribuem decisivamente para a construção da autoridade especializada. Um exemplo disso pode ser observado ao estudar o trabalho do químico José Casares Gil (1866-1961), que, junto com outros cientistas espanhóis, realizou inúmeras viagens a diversos países europeus e latino-americanos. Alguns tinham objetivos formativos e acadêmicos, mas outros estavam relacionados com a diplomacia e a mediação cultural em diferentes espaços. Além disso, ele fez parte de instituições que promoveram os intercâmbios científicos que perseguiam a renovação das práticas pedagógicas da química na Espanha e na América. Também foi um químico que desenvolveu vínculos e redes de contatos entre diversos países que beneficiavam tanto as instituições envolvidas quanto os próprios especialistas que fortaleciam sua autoridade científica.

El libro presentado en estas líneas bajo el título de Intrépidas surge como todo proceso de investigación, que en su origen procede de una «idea»: la del imaginario del viaje emprendido con una finalidad formativa e instructiva y, en su efecto, rupturista; tanto para quien emprende el viaje como para quienes reciben o acogen al sujeto desplazado. Narra, al detalle, el conjunto de trayectorias emprendidas con el fin de poner en marcha un proyecto cultural propio. En este caso encomendado por escritoras, intelectuales, creadoras, profesionales o autodidactas de distintas nacionalidades y del mundo de la cultura, las artes y las letras del siglo XX, cuyos itinerarios transnacionales y principalmente transatlánticos están vinculados al continente americano

La presente introducción plantea la necesidad de estudiar un aspecto que ha pasado desapercibido en la historiografía, relativamente, en torno a la relación de los obispos con los curas y sus jurisdicciones. Nos referimos al del gobierno de las parroquias. La creación de los obispados en los dominios españoles de América significó gobernar enormes jurisdicciones territoriales. Esta característica provocó diversas problemáticas. En consecuencia, los obispos ensayaron diversas formas de organización parroquial y de supervisión, con el fin de lograr los objetivos marcados por la normativa conciliar, o bien, la política eclesiástica vigente. Los cinco artículos siguientes dan cuenta de varios de esos ensayos y algunos de sus resultados., This proposes the need to study an aspect that has gone unnoticed in historiography, relatively, around the relationship of the bishops with the priests and their jurisdictions. We refer to the government of the parishes. The creation of bishoprics in the Spanish dominions in America meant governing huge territorial jurisdictions. This feature caused various problems. Consequently, the bishops tested various forms of parish organization and supervision, in order to achieve the objectives set by the conciliar regulations, or the current ecclesiastical policy. The following five articles give an account of several of these trials and some of results., Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación

American horror films have reflected the state of politics and socio-political issues of each particular generation since the creation of horror films in cinema. In this thesis, I explore how horror films in the Trump era continue reflecting socio-political issues of their time and how oppressive politics influence each films’ final product. The films that I analyze are The Forever Purge (2021), Candyman (1992) and Candyman (2021), Us (2019), Hereditary (2018), and Midsommar (2019). Most of the films that I discuss are produced by major Hollywood studio production companies and only two are produced by independent film studios. Each film discusses issues of oppression that affect minorities and other disadvantaged groups. Additionally, each film critiques the policies and issues that allow systematic oppression to persist. Because of each film's critique of systematic oppression, each film released in the contemporary era feature a protagonist that is a minority or is a member of a disadvantaged group in America. The questions I answer in my thesis are have American horror filmmakers continued the trope of including socio-political commentary in the contemporary era and how do American oppressive politics during the Trump-era of politics influence an American horror filmmakers' decision to include socio-political commentary when creating a film?

Seit den 1960er Jahren herrschte vor allem an der Ostküste Amerikas politischer und sozialer Aktivismus. Gefordert wurden mehr Diversität und eine neue Herangehensweise an Kunst. Dies hatte zur Folge, dass einige Künstler und Künstlerinnen den Warenstatus, sowie die Ideologie der Museen in Frage stellten.Viele Künstler*innen wie Andrea Fraser, Daniel Buren, Michael Asher oder Marina Abramović haben sich sowohl mit der Kritik, wie auch mit der Nutzung des Museums für soziale Interaktionen auseinandergesetzt. Ziel ihrer Inventionen war es eine neue Raumwahrnehmung bei den Besucher*innen hervorzurufen um die Umwelt intensiver wahrzunehmen. Anhand folgender Beispiele möchte ich gerne kurz auf Künstler*innen und ihre Werke eingehen, welche sich erst durch die Auseinandersetzung mit dem Ausstellungsraum erschlossen.Daniel Buren setzte sich intensiv mit der Wirkung seiner Kunst im Raum auseinander. Er stellte die konventionellen Annahmen über das Museum radikal in Frage und brachte mit seinen Installationen bewusst versteckte politische und soziale Aspekte eines Raumes zum Vorschein. So auch bei der Ausstellung „Peinture-Sculpture“ im Guggenheim-Museum 1971 in New York. Er halbierte die Rotunde mit einem Tuch, was zur Folge hatte, dass sich andere Künstler*innen durch dessen Wirkung benachteiligt fühlten.Michael Asher beschäftigte sich mit der Entfremdung von Ausstellungsräumen durch Ergänzung oder Entfernung von Elementen und setzte sich mit dem bewussten Wahrnehmen des Raumes durch Schall und Geräusche auseinander. Auch die Ausstellung „Spaces“ 1970 im MOMA in New York gestaltete er aus nicht-visuellen Mitteln. Dies sollte bei den Besucher*innen ein positives Raumgefühl auslösen.Andrea Fraser ist eine amerikanische Künstlerin die sich ebenfalls kritisch mit Institutionen und dem Warenstatus von Kunst auseinandersetzt. Mit ihrer Aufführung „Museum Highlights: A Gallery Talk“ im Philadelphia Museum of Art machte sie 1989 die Besucher und Besucherinnen auf die für sie verschwenderischen und konsumorientierten Räume des Museums aufmerksam. So war für Fraser der Souvenirshop genauso wichtig wie der Ausstellungsraum an sich.Marina Abramović beschäftigt sich mit der Kritik an der westlichen Gesellschaft, sowie der Immaterialität von Zeit und Umgebung. Bei ihrer Performance zu „The House with the Ocean View“ setzte sie sich mit dem emotionalen und spirituellen Wirken im Raum auseinander. Die Aufführung war 2002 in der Sean Kelly Gallery in New York zu sehen. Die Künstlerin war der Meinung mit ihrem Experiment eine Art Energiefeld zu erzeugen, mit welchem sie auf atomarer Ebene den Raum mit der Öffentlichkeit vereinen und verändern könne.Bei den Beispielen handelt es sich um Werke und Aufführungen zwischen 1970 und 2002 bezogen auf die Kunstbewegung der Ostküste., Since the 1960s, political and social activism has prevailed, especially on the east coast of America. More diversity and a new approach to art were required. As a result, some artists questioned the status of goods and the ideology of museums.Many artists such as Daniel Buren, Michael Asher, Andrea Fraser or Marina Abramović have dealt with both the criticism and the use of the museum for social interactions. The aim of their inventions was to evoke a new perception of space.Using the following examples, I would like to explain how artists managed to create a new atmosphere by examining the exhibition room. Daniel Buren dealt intensively with the effect of his art in architectural space. He questioned conventional assumptions about the museum and brought hidden political and social aspects of an exhibition with his installations to light. This was also the case in the “Peinture-Sculpture” exhibition at the Guggenheim Museum New York in 1971. By dividing the rotunda with a banner, other artists felt disadvantaged by its effect.Michael Asher altered the existing environment by adding or removing elements. He also analyzed the conscious perception of space through sound and noises. Asher participated in the exhibition “Spaces” in 1970 at the MOMA in New York using non-visual means. His aim was to create a positive feeling of space.Andrea Fraser is an American artist who is known for her radical performances considering institutional critic. With her performance “Museum Highlights: A Gallery Talk” at the Philadelphia Museum of Art in 1989, she drew the visitor’s attention to the museum's consumer-oriented rooms. For Fraser, the souvenir shop was just as important as the showroom itself.Marina Abramović deals with the critic of western society as well as the immateriality of time and environment. In her performance “The House with the Ocean View” she experienced the emotional and spiritual effects of space. The performance was shown at the Sean Kelly Gallery in New York in 2002. The artist believed that due to this experiment, she was able to create an energy field, which could unite the public and the space on an atomic level.These examples are artistic works and performances between 1970 and 2002 related to the East Coast art movement.

The purpose of this essay is to examine the scientific relations between Sweden and America, later USA, through the letter correspondence between Nils Collin and his fellow “scientists” in Sweden and America between 1770–1830. By examining the letters though three different theoretical lenses: Scientific persona, gift exchange and the geography of knowledge with the concepts of centers and peripheries, the inquiry shows us how the scientific relations between the two countries developed and changed during the investigated time period, thus adapting themselves to the political developments that created an international scientific arena instead of the earlier nation neutrality. The letter correspondence reflects the increase in communication between Swedish scientists and American scientists as well as between Swedish institutions such as The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and The American Philosophical Society with Nils Collin as their main go-between. The letters indicate that Nils Collin’s role within the communication network changed with time and that he became an enabler of knowledge circulation between Sweden and the US though his position and many contacts. Lastly, by examining the letters, we can see how the increased communication as well as Nils Collin’s changing role plays part in the American scientific and national development that ultimately changed the earlier ideas of centers and peripheries of knowledge.

This essay investigates how the United States has been portrayed by Swedish artists in the 1960´s and 1970’s. The aim is to discover what signs and attributes these posters utilize and how these signs and attributes given to America is reflective of the culture and conception of America in Sweden during this time period. Firstly, using Mieke Bal and Norman Brysons semiotic methodology, presented in Semiotics and art history from 1991, to analyze the signs and connect them to the right contexts in each poster. Secondly, to identify reoccurring themes and conceptions about America, visual culture theory based on Nicholas Mirzoeffs An introduction to visual culture will be used. In these posters USA is visualized in different ways, sometimes expressively with just the text “USA”, but most commonly through representative signs likes the American flag, presidents and pictures from Vietnam. USA is depicted as an imperialistic, capitalistic, militaristic nation with a double standard. The posters are created and contributes to a visual culture. And these negative signs are reflective of the Swedish culture and opinions about the United States that could be found during this time period. The political and social commentary in art is also reflective of the 1960´s and 1970´s Sweden and the changing landscape of the Swedish artworld.

Risks associated with dust hazards are often underappreciated, a gap between the knowledge pool and public awareness that can be costly for impacted communities. This study reviews the emission sources and chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of airborne soil particles (dust) and their effects on human and environmental health and safety in the Pan-American region. American dust originates from both local sources (western United States, northern Mexico, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina) and long-range transport from Africa and Asia. Dust properties, as well as the trends and interactions with criteria air pollutants, are summarized. Human exposure to dust is associated with adverse health effects, including asthma, allergies, fungal infections, and premature death. In the Americas, a well-documented and striking effect of soil dust is its association with Coccidioidomycosis, commonly known as Valley fever, an infection caused by inhalation of soil-dwelling fungi unique to this region. Besides human health, dust affects environmental health through nutrients that increase phytoplankton biomass, contaminants that diminish water supply and affect food (crops/fruits/vegetables and ready-to-eat meat), spread crop and marine pathogens, cause Valley fever among domestic and wild animals, transport heavy metals, radionuclides and microplastics, and reduce solar and wind power generation. Dust is also a safety hazard to road transportation and aviation, in the southwestern US where blowing dust is one of the deadliest weather hazards. To mitigate the harmful effects, coordinated regional and international efforts are needed to enhance dust observations and prediction capabilities, soil conservation measures, and Valley fever and other disease surveillance. © 2023. The Authors.

Die 1930er-Jahre gelten als das populistische Jahrzehnt Hollywoods. Regisseure wie Frank Capra, Leo McCarey und John Ford entwerfen in ihren Werken Szenarien geglückter oder gescheiterter politischer Repräsentation, in denen sich demokratische Ideale mit politischer Theologie und amerikanischem Exzeptionalismus verbinden. Die Szenographie dieser Filme hat sich tief in das kulturelle Gedächtnis der USA eingeschrieben und prägt die politische Inszenierung von Repräsentation bis heute. Johannes Pause liest die damals entstandene Bildsprache als eine Typologie populistischer Repräsentation neu und nutzt sie als Folie, um aktuelle politische Tendenzen zu analysieren.

F. Scott Fitzgerald once said: »Show me a hero, and I'll write you a tragedy.« In the 1990s, nobody fell deeper than O.J. Simpson. Once considered a national treasure, the athlete was accused of brutally slaying his ex-wife Nicole Brown and her friend Ronald Goldman on June 12, 1994. Within days, the media and public developed an unprecedented obsession with the story, turning a murder investigation and trial into a sensationalized reality show. Tatjana Neubauer examines the mediatization, deliberate manipulation, and the simplification of popular criminal trials for profit on television. She demonstrates that TV conflated legal proceedings into entertainment programming by commodifying events, people, and places.

This article analyzes the tumults Iran-Azerbaijan foreign relations, with a special focus on the factors that have shaped the historic trajectory of their relationship. This paper describes that Iran’s covert support of Armenia in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict has germinated differences between the two states, while also delving on the history of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. This paper shows with examples that it is realpolitik that drives the foreign policy of both the states, such as material or geo-strategic gains, than any ideological or religious motives. The paper also analyses the role of global powers such as America, Russia, Israel and Turkey in shaping the trajectory of Iran-Azerbaijan relations. How a third country (Armenia) can play a pivotal role in the trajectory of foreign relations of two countries (Iran and Azerbaijan) has been elaborated with supporting evidence. It traces the historical roots of the paranoia that Iran and Azerbaijan have against each other, such as Iran’s the fear of rising Azeri national consciousness in Iran ad Azerbaijan’s apprehensions related to Iran’s expansionist aims. The paper concludes on how relations can be improved between the two states, i.e., by solving the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, fostering common interests and ideologies, and respecting each other’s sovereignty., В данной научной статье анализируются отношения между Исламской Республикой Иран и Азербайджаном. При этом особое внимание уделяется факторам, которые сформировали историческую траекторию их отношений. Данная работа описывает факт того, что негласная поддержка Ираном Армении в Нагорно – Карабахском конфликте привела к разногласиям между двумя государствами, а также углубляется в историю данного конфликта. Статья также показывает, что на стратегию внешней и региональной политики обеих стран в большей степени влияют материальная и геостратегическая выгода, нежели какие-либо идеологические или религиозные мотивы. В статье также анализируется роль таких мировых держав, как Соединенные Штаты Америки, Россия, Израиль и Турция, в формировании траектории ирано-азербайджанских отношений. Было проанализировано то, как третья страна (Армения) может играть ключевую роль в траектории внешних отношений двух стран (Ирана и Азербайджана). В данной статье прослеживаются исторические корни паранойи, которую Иран и Азербайджан питают друг к другу, такие как страх Ирана перед ростом азербайджанского национального самосознания в Иране и опасения Азербайджана, связанные с экспансионистскими целями Ирана. В статье приводятся выводы авторов о том, как можно улучшить отношения между двумя государствами, то есть путем решения Нагорно – Карабахского конфликта, поощрения общих интересов и идеологий, а также уважения суверенитета друг друга., Бұл ғылыми мақалада Иран Ислам Республикасы мен Әзірбайжан арасындағы аласапыран қарым-қатынастары талданады. Бұл ретте ерекше назар қатынастарының тарихи траекториясын қалыптастырған факторларға аударылады. Бұл еңбек Таулы Қарабақ жанжалында Иранның Арменияға үнсіз қолдау көрсетуі екі мемлекет арасындағы келіспеушіліктерге әкелгенін сипаттайды, сонымен қатар осы қақтығыстың тарихына тереңірек үңіледі. Мақалада сондай-ақ екі елдің сыртқы және аймақтық саясатының стратегиясына кез келген идеологиялық немесе діни себептерден гөрі материалдық және геостратегиялық игіліктердің көбірек ықпал ететіні көрсетілген. Мақалада сондай-ақ Америка Құрама Штаттары, Ресей, Израиль және Түркия сияқты әлемдік державалардың Иран-Әзербайжан қарым-қатынасының траекториясын қалыптастырудағы рөлі талданады. Екі елдің (Иран мен Әзірбайжан) сыртқы байланыстарының траекториясында үшінші елдің (Армения) қалай шешуші рөл атқара алатыны айтылады. Бұл мақала Иран мен Әзірбайжанның бір-біріне деген паранойясының тарихи тамырларын іздейді, мысалы, Иранның Ирандағы әзірбайжандық ұлттық сананың көтерілуінен қорқуы және Әзірбайжан Иранның экспансияшыл мақсаттарынан қорқуы. Мақалада екі мемлекет арасындағы қарым-қатынастарды, яғни Таулы Қарабақ жанжалын шешу, ортақ мүдделер мен идеологияларды ілгерілету, сондай-ақ бір-бірінің егемендігін құрметтеу арқылы қалай жақсартуға болатыны туралы авторлардың сақтық тұжырымдары берілген., Международные отношения и Регионоведение, Выпуск 2 (52) 2023

The purpose of this research is to find the political factors behind the collapse of the 20-year-old republican system in Afghanistan. In the framework of this research, it will be found that the Afghan republic system, which was in power in Afghanistan from 2001 to 2021, collapsed on the basis of a number of domestic and foreign political factors. Differences between politicians, seeing the conflict as a business, prejudice, low level of knowledge of the people, prioritizing personal interests instead of national interests by the rulers, indifference of the president and the alternative of the West. These include not making efforts, giving power to an incompetent constituency, not working to strengthen the government system, tyranny and incompetence of the central government. The external political factors of the collapse include the role of Pakistan and the United States. The United States had two faces in Afghanistan; On the one hand, he supported the ruling system politically, economically and militarily, but on the other hand, he did not allow the political system to strengthen and self-establish itself due to its illegal interference. On the other hand, he practically provided the conditions for the downfall of this political system, he negotiated with the Taliban under the protection of the Republic of Afghanistan and signed an agreement with them, as a result of which he withdrew his support for the republican system, the republic collapsed and The Taliban took over. Throughout its history, Pakistan has pursued a policy of interference and chaos in Afghanistan, and in this 20-year period, it had provided all the facilities to the Taliban in its territory, so that the political system in Afghanistan would be restored. It may not be stable or it may be thrown away. In this research, the answer to this question has been given, which political factors caused the collapse of the Republic of Afghanistan in 2021. Using the descriptive and analytical method, an attempt has been made to examine the hypothesis of how these factors caused the collapse., Бұл зерттеудің мақсаты Ауғанстандағы 20 жылдық жүйенің күйреуіне себеп болған саяси факторларды анықтау. Осы зерттеулер аясында 2001-2021 жылдар аралығында Ауғанстанда билікте болған Ауғанстан Республикасының жүйесі бірқатар ішкі және сыртқы саяси факторлардың негізінде күйреді. Саясаткерлер арасындағы келіспеушілік, қақтығысты бизнес ретінде қарастыру, теріс пікір, халықтың білім деңгейінің төмендігі, билеушілердің ұлттық мүдденің орнына жеке мүддені бірінші орынға қоюы, президенттің немқұрайлылығы мен Батыстың баламасы. Оларға күш салмау, қабілетсіз сайлау округіне билік беру, мемлекеттік жүйені нығайтуға жұмыс жасамау, орталық биліктің озбырлығы мен дәрменсіздігі жатады. Күйреудің сыртқы саяси факторларына Пәкістан мен Америка Құрама Штаттарының рөлі жатады. Америка Құрама Штаттарының Ауғанстанда екі жағы болды; Ол бір жағынан билеуші жүйені саяси, экономикалық және әскери жағынан қолдаса, екінші жағынан, оның заңсыз араласуынан саяси жүйенің күшеюіне, өзін-өзі құруына мүмкіндік бермеді. Екінші жағынан, ол осы саяси жүйенің күйреуі үшін жағдайларды іс жүзінде қамтамасыз етті, ол Ауғанстан Республикасының қорғауындағы Талибан қозғалысымен келіссөздер жүргізіп, олармен келісімге қол қойды, нәтижесінде ол республикалық партияны қолдаудан бас тартты. жүйе бұзылып, Республика ыдырап, тәліптер билеп алды. Пәкістан өзінің бүкіл тарихында Ауғанстанға араласу және хаос саясатын жүргізді және осы 20 жыл ішінде Ауғанстандағы саяси жүйенің қалпына келуі үшін өз аумағындағы Талибанға барлық мүмкіндіктерді берді. Ол тұрақты болмауы мүмкін немесе лақтырылуы мүмкін. Бұл зерттеуде 2021 жылы Ауғанстан Республикасының ыдырауына қандай саяси факторлар себеп болды деген сұраққа жауап берілді. Сипаттамалық және аналитикалық әдісті қолдана отырып, осы факторлардың күйреуіне қалай себеп болды деген гипотезаны зерттеуге әрекет жасалды., Целью данного исследования является выявление политических факторов, стоящих за крушением существовавшей 20 лет республиканской системы в Афганистане. В рамках данного исследования будет установлено, что афганская республиканская система, находившаяся у власти в Афганистане с 2001 по 2021 год, рухнула на основании ряда внутриполитических и внешнеполитических факторов. Разногласия между политиками, отношение к конфликту как к бизнесу, предрассудки, низкий уровень информированности наcеления, приоритет личных интересов правителейнад национальными, равнодушие президента и альтернативность Запада. К ним относятся: отсутствие усилий, передача власти некомпетентному избирателю, отсутствие работы по укреплению государственной системы, тирания и некомпетентность центральной власти. К внешнеполитическим факторам коллапса можно отнести роль Пакистана и США. У Соединенных Штатов в Афганистане было два лица, с одной стороны, он поддерживал правящую систему в политическом, экономическом и военном отношении, но с другой стороны, не позволял политической системе укрепиться и самоутвердиться за счет ее незаконного вмешательства. США практически обеспечили условия для крушения этой политической системы, вели переговоры с талибами под защитой Республики Афганистан и подписали с ними соглашение, в результате чего Республика Афганистан отказалась от поддержки республиканской системы, республика рухнула, и талибы захватили власть. На протяжении всей своей истории Пакистан проводил политику вмешательства и хаоса в Афганистане, и за этот 20-летний период он предоставил талибам все возможности на своей территории для восстановления политической системы в Афганистане. Он может быть нестабильным или может быть выброшен. В данном исследовании дается ответ на вопрос, какие политические факторы стали причиной распада Республики Афганистан в 2021 году. С помощью описательно-аналитического метода предпринята попытка рассмотреть гипотезу о том, каким образом эти факторы вызвали распад Республики Афганистан., Международные отношения и Регионоведение, Выпуск 1 (51) 2023

La autoría en autobiografías escritas por personas de origen africano, esclavizadas en América durante los siglos XVIII y XIX, no es carente de conflictividad. Durante siglos el uso del Yo, como voz referencial de autor fue una entidad privilegiada mediante relatos impresos elaborados por los propios protagonistas mientras se daba por sentado que el resto de vidas solo merecían permanecer confinadas en ámbitos estrictamente privados por ser consideradas vacías, vulgares, irrelevantes, dignas de ínfima atención pública. Gerardo Cham aborda los casos de tres autores y a una autora, cuyas narrativas testimoniales tuvieron gran difusión desde que fueron escritas: Olaudah Equiano, Mary Prince, Juan Francisco Manzano y Mahomma Gardo Baquaqua.

A partir de diálogos y recopilación de material documental en 7 países de 3 subregiones durante una década, Andrea Ivanna Gigena aborda en este ensayo la politización feminista en Latinoamérica y el Caribe / Abya Yala en su relación con las mujeres del »Plural Movimiento Indígena«. Reflexiona sobre las condiciones históricas y las construcciones genealógicas sobre las cuáles actualmente estamos discutiendo o disputando la cuestión del sujeto del feminismo.

In the series Dear White People (DWP), students at the fictional University of Winchester struggle for racial justice. We analyze how the series treats “race” and racism and how this relates to contemporary debates in the United States. While the series presents an imaginary environment, we recognize strong similarities to actual student life and students grappling with various experiences of oppression including sexual violence. We draw on theories of identity formation (Margalit and Raz; Vondermaßen; Young) and intersectionality (Crenshaw; Collins) to uncover how the series portrays and complicates “Blackness” as an identity-forming experience and as an experience shaped by converging forms of structural discrimination. While we highlight the merit of combining two theoretical approaches (one of identity formation and one of oppression), we note that especially intersectionality helped uncover a major blind spot of the series. Although Black women are at the center of the series and the struggle for racial equality at Winchester, their particular experiences of violence are marginalized in seasons 1–3. This tendency to overlook the experiences of Black women reflects the larger debate around race, racism, and movements for social justice.

Background: The Human Development Index (HDI), uses three dimensions of development such as life expectancy, access to education and income level. It has been seen worldwide that socioeconomically vulnerable groups are the least protected and face the highest risk of COVID-19. This study aims to evaluate the correlation between HDI, GINI inequality index and COVID-19 case fatality rate in American countries. Study: An ecological observational study was developed, using COVID-19 metrics from Latin American countries. The outcome variable was COVID-19 case fatality rate, and the exposure variables were HDI, GINI, life expectancy, years of schooling, proportion of people over 60 years of age and GDP per capita. Once the data were collected, analyses were performed. We used the spearman correlation method, with a significance level of 95%. Findings: Twenty-four Latin American countries were evaluated, finding a COVID 19 case fatality rate with a median of 2.41 and with 1.55 and 3.04 as 25th and 75th percentile respectively, obtaining also with extreme values Ecuador, Mexico and Peru with 6.41, 7.57 and 9.12 respectively. When evaluating the correlation of the COVID 19 case fatality rate, a weak negative linear correlation was found between HDI, schooling index and life expectancy with rho= -0.253, -0.342 and -0.342 respectively, however, statistical significance was not found (p-value >0.05). Conclusions: It was found among Latin American countries that there is a weak negative linear correlation between COVID 19 case fatality rate and HDI, schooling index and life expectancy. Introducción: El Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH), usa tres dimensiones de desarrollo como esperanza de vida, acceso a educación y el nivel de ingresos. Se ha visto a nivel mundial que los grupos socioeconómicamente vulnerables son los menos protegidos y enfrentan el mayor riesgo de COVID-19. Este estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar la correlación entre IDH, índice de inequidad GINI con la tasa de letalidad por COVID-19 en países de América. El estudio: Se desarrolló un estudio observacional ecológico, utilizando las métricas de COVID 19 de países de latino américa. La variable desenlace fue tasa de letalidad por COVID-19, y las variables exposición fueron IDH, GINI, esperanza de vida, años de escolaridad, proporción de mayores de 60 años y PBI per cápita. Recopilado los datos se hicieron análisis. Usamos el método de correlación de spearman, con un nivel de significancia de 95%. Hallazgos: Se evaluaron a 24 países de América Latina, encontrándose una tasa de letalidad por COVID 19 con una mediana de 2.41 y con 1.55 y 3.04 como percentil 25 y 75 respectivamente, obteniéndose además con valores extremos a Ecuador, México y Perú con 6.41, 7.57 y 9.12 respectivamente. Al evaluar la correlación de la tasa de letalidad por COVID 19 se encontró correlación lineal negativa débil entre el IDH, índice de escolaridad y esperanza de vida con rho= -0.253, -0.342 y -0.342 respectivamente, sin embargo no se encontró significancia estadística (Valor p >0.05). Conclusiones: Se encontró entre los países de latino américa que existe correlación lineal negativa débil entre la tasa de letalidad por COVID 19 y IDH, índice de escolaridad y esperanza de vida.

Deseo contribuir al estudio de la génesis y significado del proyecto de intendencias americanas. Analizo la propuesta del contador general de Indias, Francisco Machado Fiesco, colaborador del ministro y miembro de la junta encargada desde 1778 de reformular las ordenanzas redactadas por Gálvez en 1774. Machado deseaba amoldar el proyecto a una tradición americana heredera, como creía, de las instituciones aragonesas. Argumento la hipótesis de que pesó en este sentido en la junta, obligándonos a matizar la idea de que las intendencias fueron una pura importación en América del modelo peninsular

The newspaper “Die Welt-Post” is analyzed in the article, namely, the rubric “Letters from Russia”, from 1920. It published correspondence of Volga Germans and their relatives who immigrated to America in the late 19th – early 20th centuries. The analyzed material allowed finding out how the Volga Germans perceived the economic and political situation in the country. Having survived the revolution, the Civil War like many peoples of the Soviet Russia, they experienced all the hardships of the economic policy pursued by the Bolsheviks. In the letters, they described the process of requisitions of food by food detachments in the villages and even told stories about their personal participation in the open confrontation with the authorities. With the first signs of famine in the Volga region, the Germans began to turn to relatives in America with requests to send food, clothing, money, or help to leave the country. However, there were also those who wanted to receive books, newspapers or magazines because they were in an information vacuum or wanted to develop intellectually. The Germans were very religious people and therefore they perceived the events that took place as tests sent from above. American aid had been perceived similarly. Often the Germans gave characteristics in an allegorical form using references to the Bible.

The article traces mixed affiliations of the narrator of Maxine Hong Kingston’s The Woman Warrior (1976), permanently split between the world of Chinatown and broader American society outside Chinatown, both places crucial for the narrator in the on-going process of subjectivity construction. While both of these worlds constantly interpellate her, each of them entails a fair measure of hindrance and empowerment. The article undermines the criticism leveled at Kingston’s The Woman Warrior by a section of the Chinese American community represented primarily by Frank Chin. Chin accused Kingston of pandering to white tastes and white readers’ expectations of Chinese American authors. That, according to Chin, was achieved through the estrangement of Chinatown and its inhabitants as well as the criticism of the Chinese American community. I illustrate in the article that the narrator’s pronouncements on Chinatown or broader America outside Chinatown are neither equivocal nor arrived at without tension, internal struggle or misgiving at choosing one world and at least partly leaving the other one behind.

To present and assess evidence from Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) on public policies and targeted programs which may have influenced variations in adolescent pregnancy or its proximate determinants, and to identify knowledge gaps that require further research.A systematic review was performed based on the 2015 PRISMA protocol. Five databases were searched for articles published between 2000 and 2019 that refer to at least one country in LAC. The outcomes of interest were adolescent pregnancy or its proximate determinants (sexual behavior, contraceptive use, and/ or abortion). Only studies exploring correlations between the outcomes of interest and public policies or targeted programs were included in the analysis.Thirty studies spanning 14 countries were selected for analysis. Twenty-three of these (77%) were not included in prior systematic reviews on adolescent pregnancy. Public policies related to conditional cash transfers and compulsory education have the strongest evidence of correlation with adolescent pregnancy prevention. Emerging research points to the potential positive impact of life-skills programs for adolescents. Evidence from public health policies and programs was limited.Further research which incorporates an intersectional analysis is needed to better understand which policies and programs could lead to steeper declines in adolescent pregnancy in the region. Evidence on effects of expanded family planning services and secondary school attainment upon adolescent pregnancy are particularly absent.Presentar y evaluar evidencia de América Latina y el Caribe sobre las políticas públicas y los programas específicos que pueden haber influido en las variaciones en el embarazo en adolescentes o los factores determinantes relacionados, e identificar lagunas en el conocimiento que requieren más investigación.Se realizó una revisión sistemática de acuerdo con el protocolo PRISMA del 2015. Se llevaron a cabo búsquedas en cinco bases de datos en busca de artículos publicados entre el 2000 y el 2019 que se refirieran al menos a un país en América Latina y el Caribe. Los resultados de interés fueron embarazos en adolescentes o los factores determinantes relacionados (comportamiento sexual, uso de métodos anticonceptivos o aborto). Solo se incluyeron en el análisis estudios que exploraban las correlaciones entre los resultados de interés y las políticas públicas o programas específicos.Se seleccionaron para el análisis 30 estudios que abarcaban catorce países. Veintitrés de estos (77%) no estaban incluidos en revisiones sistemáticas anteriores sobre el embarazo en adolescentes. Las políticas públicas relacionadas con las transferencias monetarias condicionadas y la educación obligatoria arrojan la evidencia más fuerte de su correlación con la prevención de embarazos en la adolescencia. La investigación emergente indica una posible repercusión positiva de los programas para el desarrollo de aptitudes para la vida cotidiana dirigidos a adolescentes. La evidencia de las políticas de salud pública y los programas era limitada.Es necesario realizar investigaciones adicionales que incorporen un análisis interseccional para comprender mejor qué políticas y programas podrían conducir a un descenso más pronunciado del embarazo de adolescentes en la Región. La evidencia sobre los efectos de la ampliación de los servicios de planificación familiar y el nivel de estudios secundarios tras los embarazos en adolescentes es especialmente escasa.Apresentar e avaliar evidências da América Latina e do Caribe (ALC) sobre políticas públicas e programas direcionados que podem ter influenciado as variações na gravidez na adolescência ou em seus determinantes imediatos e identificar lacunas de conhecimento que requerem mais pesquisas.Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática com base no protocolo PRISMA de 2015. Buscas foram feitas em cinco bases de dados de artigos publicados entre 2000 e 2019 que se referem a pelo menos um país da ALC. Os resultados de interesse foram a gravidez na adolescência ou seus determinantes imediatos (comportamento sexual, uso de métodos anticoncepcionais e/ou aborto). Somente os estudos que analisavam as correlações entre os resultados de interesse e políticas públicas ou programas direcionados foram incluídos nesta análise.Trinta estudos englobando 14 países foram selecionados para a análise. Vinte e três deles (77%) não foram incluídos em revisões sistemáticas prévias sobre gravidez na adolescência. As políticas públicas relacionadas a transferências monetárias condicionais e à educação obrigatória têm as evidências mais sólidas de correlação com a prevenção de gravidez na adolescência. Pesquisas recentes apontam para o potencial impacto positivo de programas de habilidades para a vida para adolescentes. As evidências de políticas e programas de saúde pública foram limitadas.São necessárias mais pesquisas que incorporem uma análise cruzada para entender melhor quais políticas e programas levariam a uma maior diminuição da gravidez na adolescência na região. Particularmente, faltam evidências sobre os efeitos dos serviços ampliados de planejamento familiar e da conclusão do ensino médio na gravidez na adolescência.

[Resumen] Reseña del libro: Escenas de la América desértica, Reyner Banham (2021) [Abstract] Review: Escenas de la América desértica, Reyner Banham (2021)

L’article considera l’interès que tenien les comunitats mercantils i a la diàspora a l’hora de cercar refugi segur a la Itàlia moderna a partir de l’exemple del mercader Rui Teixeira, que l’any 1593 va ser convidat tant per Roma com pel Gran Ducat de la Toscana a establir-se a Itàlia amb la seva família. Atesa la seva condició de resident a Portugal i al Brasil durant molts anys, va aprofitar l’experiència americana per obtenir la invitació per sortir de Portugal juntament amb la seva família. Aquest fet suggereix que pertànyer a una minoria mòbil amb vincles comercials que travessaven l’Atlàntic despertava un interès pel món atlàntic que ja hi havia, especialment a la Toscana de finals del segle XVI., The article deals with the interest that mercantile and diasporic communities had in securing safe havens for themselves in early modern Italy through the example of the Portuguese New Christian merchant Rui Teixeira, who in 1593 managed to be invited by both Rome and Tuscany. In his condition as a longtime resident of Portugal and Brazil, he cultivated interest about himself to secure his invitation to leave Portugal along with his family. This suggests that belonging to a mobile minority with commercial links that criss-crossed the Atlantic fed into an existing interest in the Atlantic world, especially in Tuscany, at the end of the sixteenth century., El artículo considera el interés que tenían las comunidades mercantiles y diaspóricas a la hora de asegurarse refugio seguro en la Italia moderna a través del ejemplo del mercader Rui Teixeira quien, en 1593, fue invitado tanto por Roma como por el Gran Ducado de la Toscana para afincarse en Italia junto a sunfamilia. Dada su condición de residente en Portugal y Brasil durante largos años, aprovechó la experiencia americana para asegurarse la invitación para salir de Portugal junto con su familia. Esto sugiere que el hecho de pertenecer a una minoría móvil con vínculos comerciales que surcaban el Atlántico alimentaba un interés ya existente por el mundo atlántico, especialmente en la Toscana de finales del siglo XVI.

Dar, quitar y declarar jurisdicciones constituía una de las más importantes regalías del monarca en el Antiguo Régimen y de las más difíciles de delegar. No era para menos en un mundo en el que todo acto de poder que implicase la alteración de las situaciones jurídicas que obtenían los desiguales sujetos que la componían exigía conocimiento de causa, y en el que la soberanía se expresaba en la capacidad de juzgar a otros sin ser juzgado. Por ello el examen de los métodos y la práctica seguida para la determinación de las competencias y disputas jurisdiccionales se convierte en un observatorio privilegiado para estudiar la crisis de la Monarquía judicial y su sustitución por un Estado administrativo en una España que en 1768 era bicontinental y en 1845 peninsular y poco más que antillana. En este libro se da cuenta de todos los métodos que, sin poder atacar la raíz del problema consistente en la multiplicidad de fueros privilegiados, se ensayaron para minorar sus consecuencias en un periodo enmarcado por la expansión de esos fueros y el nacimiento de la jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa. Esta obra de historia constitucional no pierde de vista el valor político de la facultad de determinar las competencias primero entre tribunales y luego entre potestades y poderes, y con ello “suplir la constitución”, y constata cómo durante prácticamente un siglo convivieron en tensión sistemas de solución de competencias que obedecían al carácter de “juicio entre jueces” con otros en los que se trataba de decidir unilateralmente las disputas invocando la dimensión económica y gubernativa del poder de los príncipes. Pero también en este periodo se pasó de la consideración de la competencia jurisdiccional como mal necesario, último recurso al que había de llegarse para mantener la armonía entre autoridades, a la normalización del conflicto en una nueva taxonomía “de jurisdicción” y “de atribuciones” de cuño francés. Giving, taking away and declaring jurisdiction was one of the most important royalties of the monarch in the Ancien Régime and one of the most difficult to delegate. It was no less so in a world in which any act of power involving the alteration of the legal situations obtained by the unequal subjects that composed it required knowledge of the cause, and in which sovereignty was expressed in the capacity to judge others without being judged. For this reason, the examination of the methods and practice followed for the determination of jurisdictional competences and disputes becomes a privileged observatory for studying the crisis of the judicial Monarchy and its replacement by an administrative State in a Spain that in 1768 was bicontinental and in 1845 peninsular and little more than Antillean. This book gives an account of all the methods which, without being able to attack the root of the problem consisting of the multiplicity of privileged jurisdictions, were tried to reduce its consequences in a period framed by the expansion of these jurisdictions and the birth of the contentious-administrative jurisdiction. This work of constitutional history does not lose sight of the political value of the power to determine competences first between courts and then between powers and authorities, and thus to "supplement the constitution", and notes how, for almost a century, systems for resolving competences that obeyed the character of a "trial between judges" coexisted in tension with others in which the aim was to unilaterally decide disputes by invoking the economic and governmental dimension of the power of the princes. But this period also saw a shift from the consideration of jurisdictional competence as a necessary evil, a last resort to be resorted to in order to maintain harmony between authorities, to the normalisation of the conflict in a new French-style taxonomy of "jurisdiction" and "attributions".

One of the most distinguishing factors between a developed and a developing country is the application of technology. This paper examines the fundamental issue of two nations, same technology, different outcomes in the application of technology in Africa and the America. The paper is a conceptual framework within the context of the existing literature or secondary data where relevant literature that has direct bearing to the subject was interrogated like textbooks, journals, and internet materials. Technological Determinism and Mediamorphosis Theories serve the study goal. The paper argued that changes in the media landscape from the traditional to the modern platform, and the increasing yearning for real-time information, have not only showcased the indispensability of information and communication for society development but have buttressed the position that network societies are now better connected. Westernised societies are linked with those in the global south, and individuals and media organisations alike are creating content. Within this context, Digital Dichotomy Theory (DD-Theory) is proposed for understanding the application of technology in the two nations. The paper interrogates Africa and the Americas in the journey towards building knowledge societies in terms of technological infrastructure and systems. The analysis rekindles the global information order of the past, such as media dominance, information inequality, and asymmetrical and imbalanced information flow. Keywords: Africa, America, application, different outcomes and same technology.

Nuestro trabajo se detiene en el análisis de una serie de contribuciones en las que identificamos la labor filológica de Bartolomé Mitre (1821-1906): un político, militar, periodista e historiador argentino que combinó la función pública —llegó incluso a ser presidente de la Nación— con los quehaceres intelectuales. Su enfoque profundizó la adopción de un punto de vista ideologizado y condenatorio respecto de las cualidades del hombre americano: apuntaba las insondables diferencias entre las "semi-civilizaciones" antecolombianas y las sociedades europeas, sostenía que la historia americana se circunscribía al territorio en el que se hallaba y denunciaba la impropiedad de las reconstrucciones filológicas que traían aparejados falaces derroteros migratorios. Si bien acuñó una noción absolutamente interesante como la de "ideología idiomática" (1894), al estudiar las lenguas americanas procuraba poner de manifiesto una idea sin ningún tipo de asidero científico en la actualidad: la precariedad de pensamiento del hombre originario de América, su "barbarie congénita" y sus penurias en materia de desarrollo cívico y moral.

Focusing on Lawrence’s non-fiction, and particularly on Studies in Classic American Literature and Reflections on the Death of a Porcupine, I argue that Lawrence’s interest in people was motivated by a particular vision of human freedom, which saw humanity as being in need of salvation. To see how Lawrence articulates this vision involves looking at the different senses of freedom, firstly in a negative and positive sense (as defined by Isaiah Berlin and Erich Fromm), subsequently in a deeper, more Spinozistic sense. Lawrence thinks that what we ordinarily call freedom is illusory, and that genuine freedom can only be won by developing alternative ways of understanding what it means to be free. Consequently, Lawrence rejects collective solutions to the problem of freedom, and sees liberation as an essentially individual experience. These ways of looking at freedom also shed light on Lawrence’s attitude towards America, democracy and equality.

In questo lavoro si analizza la storia dei movimenti nazionalisti baschi di tendenza radicale nell’esilio americano dalla fine della Guerra Civile fino agli anni settanta del XX secolo, riconoscendo e narrando le fratture e le continuità che si successero al loro interno. L’articolo prende in considerazione anche il tipo di relazione intercorsa tra queste organizzazioni, che in un certo senso rappresentano il prolungamento di Jagi-Jagi, con la nuova generazione abertzale sorta durante la dittatura e rappresentata dall’ETA. This article analyzes the history of the radical Basque nationalist movements in exile in America from the end of the Civil War till the 1970s, recognizing and narrating the breaks and the continuities that characterized them. The article also examines the kind of relations that developed between these organizations, which in a certain sense represent the continuation of Jagi-Jagi, with a new abertzale generation emerging during the dictatorship and embodied by ETA., Nazioni e Regioni, N. 5 (2015)

Cet article porte sur les critiques formulées par Frederick Law Olmsted à l’égard de la représentation du paysage en général et, en particulier, à l’égard de la peinture comme modèle de paysage. Il est avancé qu’Olmsted a été influencé par un courant de pensée de son époque qui considérait la peinture et la photographie comme des représentations superficielles, voire fausses, de la nature. Cette idée était récurrente dans les œuvres d’intellectuels comme R.W. Emerson, de naturalistes comme H.D. Thoreau, ou d’écrivains comme N. Hawthorne ou H. Melville. Olmsted parlait des paysages comme d’entités qui devaient être vécues plutôt que représentées. Par conséquent, les matériaux de l’architecture paysagère étaient pour lui des objets vivants et en constante évolution, impossibles à fixer dans une seule vue ou une série de vues. Cette évolution a entraîné une modification de la notion même de cadre. Au lieu d’être modelées sur des paysages encadrés, ses conceptions devenaient elles-mêmes des cadres. Olmsted a remplacé la notion de scène dans ses œuvres par celle de support. Ses parcs et ses banlieues étaient conçus non pas tant pour être regardés que pour présenter des relations sociales : pour voir d’autres personnes interagir de manière civilisée. Il allait donc dépasser les catégories esthétiques traditionnelles associées aux peintures, telles que la pastorale ou le pittoresque. Ainsi, ses créations sont devenues des cadres qui ont élevé la vie sociale moderne au rang de catégorie esthétique. This article focuses on Frederick Law Olmsted’s rejection of landscape representation in general and, particularly, of paintings as models for scenery. It is argued that Olmsted was influenced by a current of thought of his time that viewed painting and photography as superficial or even false representations of nature. This idea was a recurring one in the works of intellectuals like R.W. Emerson, naturalists like H.D. Thoreau, or writers like N. Hawthorne or H. Melville. Olmsted spoke of landscapes as entities that should be experienced rather than represented. Therefore, to him, landscape architecture’s working materials were living and ever-changing objects whcih could not be fixed in a single view or series of views. This shift had an impact on the very notion of frame. Instead of being modeled after framed landscapes, his designs would become frames in themselves. Olmsted replaced the notion of scene in his works with that of medium. His parks and suburbs were designed not so much to be looked at, but rather, so as to display social relations: to see other people interact in a civilized manner. He would consequently overcome traditional aesthetic categories associated with paintings, such as the pastoral or the picturesque. Instead, his designs became frameworks that elevated modern social life to an aesthetic category.

Trabajo de fin de Grado. Grado en Estudios Ingleses. Curso académico 2021-2022, Este análisis busca reflejar cómo Eduardo Manostijeras, de Tim Burton, ofrece una crítica mordaz a los suburbios americanos, que detrás de colores llamativos esconden una hipocresía que impide que su protagonista desarrolle su verdadera identidad. Para ello, primero se introduce el argumento y el contexto de la película. Después se examinan con detalle las características del género Gótico, profundizando en su subgénero, el Gótico suburbano. Además, se ofrece una explicación sobre la importancia de los espacios en el Gótico y de cómo Burton también adapta el género para crear un cuento de hadas moderno. Se comenta el papel del outsider como el principal protagonista de la filmografía de Burton, ya que se convierte en el principal medio para criticar la ideología de los suburbios americanos. Por último, una conclusión expone el mérito del director no solo por el giro dado a elementos góticos clásicos, sino también por dar voz a aquellos que normalmente no la tienen., This analysis aims to portray how Tim Burton’s Edward Scissorhands contains a cutting and mordant critique towards American suburban ideology, which, behind flashy colours, conceals a hypocrisy that hinders the protagonist’s ability to develop his real identity. In order to do so, it firstly introduces the plot and context of the movie. Then, it moves on to examine the characteristics of the Gothic genre, inspecting its subgenre, the suburban gothic. It offers an explanation on the importance of Gothic spaces and how Burton also adapts the genre to create a modern fairy tale. The role of the outsider as the main character of Burton’s filmography is examined, as it is also the means to criticise American suburbs ideology. And it finally concludes acknowledging the merit of the director not only for the twist he gives to Gothic classic elements, but also for giving voice to those who typically do not have one.

Los libros de trajes, como fuentes propias del Renacimiento europeo, establecen unos modelos de representación específicos concernientes a un sistema de pensamiento patriarcal, euro y androcéntrico. En ellos, las imágenes que se proyectan sobre el continente americano pueden ser entendidas desde el concepto de [des]cubrirse, en un sentido ambivalente: el descubrimiento de un «Nuevo Mundo» y el de nuevos grupos humanos. En el presente artículo, exploraremos dicha acepción ligada al cuerpo femenino, a través de la noción de desnudez, en los grabados que componen la segunda edición del libro de trajes de Cesare Vecellio, Habiti antichi et moderni di tutto il mondo (1598). Desde una perspectiva interseccional género/estatus/raza, entendemos este como un ejercicio de reflexión sobre la elaboración de ciertas imágenes fijas y estereotipadas que se mantendrán en el tiempo como una genealogía del conocimiento. En tant que sources de la Renaissance européenne, les recueils de costumes établissent des modèles spécifiques de représentation qui se rapportent à un système de pensée patriarcal, euro et androcentrique. Dans ces ouvrages, les images projetées sur le continent américain peuvent être appréhendées à partir du concept [dé]couvrir, dans un sens ambivalent : on [dé]couvre un « Nouveau Monde », on [dé]couvre de nouveaux groupes humains. Dans cet article, nous explorerons ce concept en privilégiant le corps féminin et la notion de nudité dans les gravures qui composent la seconde édition du recueil de costumes de Cesare Vecellio, intitulé Habiti antichi et moderni di tutto il mondo (1598). À travers le trinôme genre/statut/race, nous entendons procéder ici à une réflexion sur l'élaboration de certaines images stéréotypées qui se fixent, à travers le temps, dans une généalogie des savoirs. Costume books, as Renaissance sources, manifest specific representation codes, inside a patriarchal, androcentric and eurocentric view. Depictions on the American continent can be interpreted through the concept of [dis]covering as a double entendre: discovery of a «New World» and of new human groups. In this article, we explore this meaning linked to the female body, through the notion of nudity, in the second edition of Cesare Vecellio Habiti antichi et moderni di tutto il mondo (1598). From an intersectional perspective, we understand this as a reflection exercise on the elaboration of certain fixed and stereotyped images that will be maintained over time as a genealogy of knowledge.

Es una buena noticia editorial el libro editado por Sarah Albiez-Wieck, Lina Mercedes Cruz Lira y Antonio Fuentes Barragán. Como bien señala Jean-Paul Zúñiga en el prefacio, se trata de una contribución colectiva —polifónica, la llama la editorial—, donde la conjunción de autores nóveles y expertos, de distinta procedencia y formación, lejos de resultar un obstáculo, ha sido tal vez uno de los valores a resaltar de la publicación. El libro trata de las relaciones entre honor y mestizaje en una perspectiva dinámica que resalta lo cambiante en la historia. Todos los autores hacen gala del valor de la comparación en el análisis, mostrando evidencias y situaciones de diversos lugares de la América colonial hispana, combinando además estudios del mundo rural y del urbano.