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1. Exploring Benzyl Alcohol Derivatives and Related Compounds in the Cleaning of Oil Paintings

Author: Liu, Chun, Alvarez-Martin, Alba, and Keune, Katrien
Abstract: This study examines five benzyl alcohol derivatives and three chemically similar compounds and compares them against benzyl alcohol in gelled emulsions for the removal of overpaint during cleaning of oil paintings. Comparative cleaning tests using xanthan gels, Pemulen® TR-2 gels, and neat solvent were made on overpaint on fragments of a seventeenth-century test painting. This approach demonstrated that molecular changes to a benzyl alcohol core resulted in enhanced control during the cleaning process. In some cases a benzyl alcohol derivative enabled selective removal of non-original material, when benzyl alcohol appeared to affect the original paint. Select derivatives were also tested in an area of overpaint on a sixteenth-century oil on panel painting by Jan van Scorel in the Rijksmuseum Collection through modifying the chemical activity of benzyl alcohol. Finally, two GC-MS-based methods were used to monitor benzyl alcohol retention and possible oxidation in paint layers post-treatment.
Published: 2023
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2. Understanding and optimizing Evolon® CR for varnish removal from oil paintings

Author: Chun Liu, Katrien Keune, Jesse Buijs, Joris Sprakel, Dorien Westert, Laura Raven, Petria Noble, Alba Alvarez Martin, Lambert Baij, and Norbert J. Geels
Subjects: Archeology, Portable laser speckle imaging, Materials science, Evolon $$^\circledR$$ ® CR, Fine Arts, Varnish, Conservation, chemistry.chemical_compound, Adsorption, Oil paint cleaning, Varnish removal, Acetone, VLAG, QD71-142, Evolon CR, Dominant factor, Solvent, chemistry, Chemical engineering, visual_art, visual_art.visual_art_medium, Chemical stability, Absorption (chemistry), Solvent exposure, Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Analytical chemistry
Abstract: Evolon$$^\circledR$$ ® CR is increasingly used in paintings conservation for varnish removal from oil paintings. Its key benefits over traditional cotton swabs are limiting solvent exposure and reducing mechanical action on the paint surface. However, this non-woven microfilament textile was not originally engineered for conservation use and little is known about its chemical stability towards organic solvents. Moreover, the physical processes of solvent loading and release by Evolon$$^\circledR$$ ® CR, as well as solvent retention inside paint after cleaning, have not been studied. These three topics were investigated using a multi-analytical approach, aiming for an improved understanding and optimized use of Evolon$$^\circledR$$ ® CR for varnish removal. Our results show that the tissue is generally chemically and physically stable to organic solvents when exposed on timescales that are typical in conservation practice. However, a pre-treatment step of Evolon$$^\circledR$$ ® CR is necessary to avoid the release of unwanted saturated fatty acids into the paint during varnish removal. We show that the primary mechanism of solvent uptake by the fibers is adsorption rather than absorption and that the dominant factor dictating the maximum solvent load is the volume of the voids between the fibers. Finally, solvent induced dynamics after application of solvent-loaded Evolon$$^\circledR$$ ® CR within the paint film was monitored using portable laser speckle imaging on model paints. A method to quantify solvent-retention in real-time was developed and revealed that the presence of varnish on paintings results in lower dynamics of solvents within the paint in comparison to unvarnished paint. Comparing various solvents, it was found that cleaning with acetone resulted in a roughly six-fold increase in dynamics compared to ethanol and isopropanol.
Published: 2021

3. High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry and Nontraditional Mass Defect Analysis of Brominated Historical Pigments

Author: Koen Janssens, G. Asher Newsome, and Alba Alvarez-Martin
Subjects: Electrospray ionization, Context (language use), Mass spectrometry, Orbitrap, 01 natural sciences, Mass Spectrometry, Analytical Chemistry, law.invention, Isotopes, law, Paint, Coloring Agents, Process engineering, Complex data type, Kendrick mass, 010405 organic chemistry, Chemistry, business.industry, 010401 analytical chemistry, 0104 chemical sciences, Visualization, Oil paint, visual_art, visual_art.visual_art_medium, Paintings, business
Abstract: The implementation of high-resolution mass spectrometry systems offers new possibilities for the analysis of complex art samples such as historical oil paintings. However, these multicomponent systems generate large and complex data sets that require advanced visualization tools to aid interpretation, especially when no chromatographic separation is performed. In the context of this research, it was crucial to propose a data analysis tool to identify the products generated during the synthesis, drying, and aging of historical pigments. This study reports for the first time a nontraditional mass defect analysis of oil paint samples containing a fugitive brominated-organic pigment, eosin or geranium lake, by using direct infusion electrospray ionization in combination with a high-resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometer. The use of nontraditional Kendrick mass defect plots is presented in this study as a processing and visualization tool to recognize brominated species based on their specific mass defect and isotope pattern. The results demonstrate that this approach could provide valuable molecular compositional information on the degradation pathways of this pigment. We anticipate that mass defect analysis will become highly relevant in future degradation studies of many more historical organic pigments.
Published: 2021

4. Creating Effective Public Health Messengers

Author: Barbara Alvarez Martin and Gene W. Matthews
Published: 2022

5. Investigation of volatile organic compounds in museum storage areas

Author: Richard Barden, Gwénaëlle M. Kavich, Alba Alvarez-Martin, Diane Wendt, Mary Wilcop, and Rachel Anderson
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, American history, Smithsonian institution, National museum, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Business, 010501 environmental sciences, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, 01 natural sciences, Pollution, Environmental planning, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: This study investigates the complex mixture of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released by and accumulated within a collection of historic medicinal, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic artifacts housed at the National Museum of American History (Smithsonian Institution). In recent years, staff have become concerned, both for the safety of the objects and for personnel working in the collection, about strong unremediated odors accumulating within several storage cabinets. Museum staff also wondered if non-odorous off-gassing might need remediation. Solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis (SPME–GC–MS) was used to identify VOCs present in the storage room housing the collection. Over 160 compounds were detected and identified overall. Among these, 49 appeared to be directly related to ingredients used in the manufacture of many collection items. The results of the study suggest that SPME–GC–MS can be a strong tool for the rapid screening of multicomponent museum collections exhibiting off-gassing problems, before the pursuit of other more tedious analytical approaches. Additionally, the study reveals valuable insight into the characteristic volatile emission of historic medicinal, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic artifacts, increasing understanding of, and decision-making for, similar collections of objects. Eventually, it is hoped that this information can be used to inform mitigation strategies for the capture and reduction of VOCs in collections storage areas.
Published: 2021

6. Understanding air-tight case environments at the National Museum of the American Indian (Smithsonian Institution) by SPME-GC-MS analysis

Author: Kelly McHugh, Gwénaëlle M. Kavich, Cali Martin, Alba Alvarez-Martin, and Rebecca A. Kaczkowski
Subjects: Archeology, Engineering, Architectural engineering, Smithsonian institution, National museum, business.industry, Materials Science (miscellaneous), 010401 analytical chemistry, Context (language use), Spme gc ms, 02 engineering and technology, Conservation, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, Exhibition, Chemistry (miscellaneous), 0210 nano-technology, business, General Economics, Econometrics and Finance, Spectroscopy
Abstract: Some volatile organic compounds (VOCs), generated and accumulated in exhibition cases, are capable of inducing degradation in historical artifacts. In this context, it is of special importance to distinguish between VOCs emitted by the construction materials and/or the historical objects, with the ultimate goal of proposing an appropriate mitigation strategy. To pursue this goal, a comprehensive analysis based on solid phase microextraction (SPME) coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) has been optimized. The sampling setup used in this study does not require any modification of the exhibition design, and the testing remained nearly invisible and unobtrusive to museum visitors. This methodology has been applied to an issue encountered at the National Museum of the American Indian (Smithsonian Institution), where an unpleasant smell was detected in airtight exhibition cases already on display containing sensitive historical objects. The analysis of the volatiles emitted by construction materials allowed for identification of characteristic markers emitted by each material, and the ability to identify their overall contribution in the exhibition case. Via this method, SPME-GC-MS confirmed via the detection of some specific markers that the unpleasant smell was released by one of the construction materials and had accumulated in the exhibition case. In addition, due to the measurements taken in different positions around the exhibition cases, results were useful to point out the range of efficiency of the sorbent material placed in some of the exhibition cases as a first attempt of mitigation technique.
Published: 2020

7. Interface for Reproducible, Multishot Direct Analysis of Solid-Phase Microextraction Samples

Author: Gwénaëlle M. Kavich, G. Asher Newsome, and Alba Alvarez-Martin
Subjects: Dart, Reproducibility, Analyte, Chromatography, Chemistry, 010401 analytical chemistry, Sampling (statistics), 010402 general chemistry, Mass spectrometry, Solid-phase microextraction, 01 natural sciences, DART ion source, 0104 chemical sciences, Analytical Chemistry, Fiber, computer, computer.programming_language
Abstract: An enclosed interface that joins a direct analysis in real time (DART) probe, solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fiber, and the inlet of a high-resolution mass spectrometer is described. Unlike other systems to couple SPME sampling to ambient mass spectrometry, the interface is able to perform discrete analyses on different areas of a single SPME fiber device for up to three technical replicate measurements of one sampling event. Inlet flow speed and desorption temperature are optimized, and reproducibility is demonstrated between replicate analyses on the same derivatized SPME fiber and with sequential fiber sampling events, yielding analyte measurement center of variance (CV) from 3 to 6%. Conditioning is also performed with the enclosed DART. The interface is a straightforward addition to commercially available technologies, and machine diagrams for custom components operated with SPME/DART/MS equipment are included.
Published: 2020

8. Additional file 1 of Understanding and optimizing Evolon�� CR for varnish removal from oil paintings

Author: Baij, Lambert, Liu, Chun, Buijs, Jesse, Alvarez Martin, Alba, Westert, Dorien, Raven, Laura, Geels, Norbert, Noble, Petria, Sprakel, Joris, and Keune, Katrien
Abstract: Additional file 1. Supplementary information for Understanding and optimizing Evolon�� CR for varnish removal from oil paintings.
Published: 2021
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9. Serum levels of infliximab and adalimumab are associated with deep remission in inflammatory bowel disease

Author: Pascual-Marmaneu O, Belles-Medall M, Ferrando-Piqueres R, Almela-Notari P, Mendoza-Aguilera M, and Alvarez-Martin T
Subjects: Adalimumab, Crohn disease, Colitis ulcerative, Phormacokinetics, Inflammatory bowel diseases, Therapeutic drug monitoring, Infliximab
Abstract: Objective: Deep remission defined by clinical-biomarker remission and mucosal healing has emerged as a new therapeutic target in inflammatory bowel disease. The aim of this study was to define an optimal cut- off concentration for infliximab and adalimumab during maintenance therapy associated with deep remission. The secondary objective, was to evaluate the influence of variables on anti tumor necrosis factor-alpha concentrations and deep remission. Method: Retrospective study including 120 and 122 patients inflammatory bowel disease diagnosed who received maintenance therapy with infliximab and adalimumab. Biomarker remission was considered by C-reactive protein < 5 mg/L and fecal calprotectin < 100 mu g/g. Crohn's disease clinical remission was defined by a Harvey Bradshaw score < 5 and mucosal healing by a simple endoscopic score for Crohn's disease< 3. In ulcerative colitis, it was defined as a Mayo total score < 3 and Mayo endoscopic subscore < 2. Receiver operating characteristic test was performed to determine drug concentration thresholds associated with deep remission. Anti tumor necrosis factor- alpha concentrations were classified into quartiles. X-2 and Kruskal-Wallis test were used to compare discrete and continuous variables between quartile groups. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify patient characteristics andserological facto C-reactive protein rs associated with deep remission. Results: Anti tumor necrosis factor-alpha concentrations were higher inpatients with deep remission, in infliximab (4.4, interquartile range: 3.3-6.5 vs 2.3, interquartile range: 1.1-4.2 mu g/mL, P < 0.005) and adalimumab (6.3, interquartile range: 4.2-8.2 vs 3.9, interquartile range: 2.4-5.5 mu g/mL,P < 0.005). A Receiver operating characteristic test identified a concentration threshold of 3.1 mu g/mL in infliximab (area under the Receiver operating characteristic test curve, 0.72) and 6.3 mu g/mL in adalimumab (area underreceiver operating characteristic test curve, 0.75) associated with deep remission. Factors associated with the highest quartiles of serum infliximab concentration were: elevated body mass index, absence of previous inflammatory bowel disease-surgery, C-reactive protein < 5 mg/L, and fecal calprotectin < 100 mu g/g. In adalimumab, higher quartiles were related to concomitant immunosuppressants, low body mass index, absence of previous inflammatory bowel disease-surgery, and C-reactive protein < 5 mg/L and fecal calprotectin < 100 mu g/g. Multivariate regression identified fecal calprotectin < 100 mu g/g, C-reactive protein < 5 mg/L, infliximab >= 3.1 mu g/mL and adalimumab concentrations >= 6.3 mu g/mL as factors significantly associated with deep remission. Conclusions: Trough infliximab and adalimumab concentrations, C-reactive protein < 5 mg/L and fecal calprotectin < 100 mu g/g are associated with deep remission during maintenance therapy. Cutoff point of 3.1 and 6.3 g/mL for inflixi-mab and adalimumab respectively, were identified as deep remission predictors.
Published: 2021

10. Identifying VOCs in exhibition cases and efflorescence on museum objects exhibited at Smithsonian’s National Museum of the American Indian-New York

Author: Susan Heald, Frederik Vanmeert, Leah Bright, G. Asher Newsome, Rebecca A. Kaczkowski, Alba Alvarez-Martin, John George, Lauren Osmond, Gwénaëlle M. Kavich, and Emily Kaplan
Subjects: Archeology, lcsh:Fine Arts, lcsh:Analytical chemistry, 02 engineering and technology, Conservation, 01 natural sciences, Exhibition, Volatile organic compounds, Solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography, lcsh:QD71-142, National museum, Physics, 010401 analytical chemistry, Direct analysis in real time, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Archaeology, 0104 chemical sciences, Efflorescence, Chemistry, lcsh:N, Organic component, Material analysis, 0210 nano-technology, Engineering sciences. Technology, Art, Preventive conservation
Abstract: Two mass spectrometry (MS) methods, solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography (SPME–GC–MS) and direct analysis in real time (DART-MS), have been explored to investigate widespread efflorescence observed on exhibited objects at the Smithsonian’s National Museum of the American Indian in New York (NMAI-NY). Both methods show great potential, in terms of speed of analysis and level of information, for identifying the organic component of the efflorescence as 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinol (TMP-ol) emitted by the structural adhesive (Terostat MS 937) used for exhibit case construction. The utility of DART-MS was proven by detecting the presence of TMP-ol in construction materials in a fraction of the time and effort required for SPME–GC–MS analysis. In parallel, an unobtrusive SPME sampling strategy was used to detect volatile organic compounds (VOCs) accumulated in the exhibition cases. This sampling technique can be performed by collections and conservation staff at the museum and shipped to an off-site laboratory for analysis. This broadens the accessibility of MS techniques to museums without access to instrumentation or in-house analysis capabilities.
Published: 2020

11. Additional file 1 of Identifying VOCs in exhibition cases and efflorescence on museum objects exhibited at Smithsonian’s National Museum of the American Indian-New York

Author: Alvarez-Martin, Alba, George, John, Kaplan, Emily, Osmond, Lauren, Bright, Leah, G. Asher Newsome, Kaczkowski, Rebecca, Vanmeert, Frederik, Kavich, Gwénaëlle, and Heald, Susan
Abstract: Additional file 1: Table S1. Efflorescence sampled at NMAI-NY. Table S2. Construction materials sampled at NMAI-NY. Table S3. Exhibition cases analysed by SPME-GC-MS. Figure S1. DART-MS configuration for the analysis of: a exhibition case materials and b efflorescence. Figure S2. Diffraction patterns of the efflorescence formed on a Chican Ostionoid wooden bowl; 04/2409 and b Kwakwaka'wakw headdress cotton fabric; 23/8252. Figure S3. ATR-FTIR spectrum of Chican Ostionoid wooden bowl; 04/2409. Figure S4. a SPME fiber in direct contact with Manteño-Huancavilca stone seat; 01/6380 and (b) GC-MS Total Ion Chromatogram (TIC) profile of the same fiber. Figure S5. Duplicate SPME fibers in direct contact with: a Kwakwaka’wakw headdress; 23/8252 and b Paviotso (Northern Paiute) duck decoy; 13/4190. GC-MS Total Ion Chromatogram (TIC) profile of duck decoy transported by: c express mail and d hand-carry.
Published: 2020
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12. Effluent valorization in copper hydrometallurgy plant

Author: N. Moreno Bermejo, F. Arroyo Torralvo, Y. Luna Galiano, F. Alvarez-Martin, Luis F. Vilches, and Carlos Leiva
Subjects: 021110 strategic, defence & security studies, Hydrometallurgy, Waste management, Elution, 0211 other engineering and technologies, chemistry.chemical_element, 02 engineering and technology, Raffinate, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology, Copper, Metal, chemistry, Geochemistry and Petrology, visual_art, visual_art.visual_art_medium, Leaching (metallurgy), 0210 nano-technology, Solvent extraction, Effluent, Nuclear chemistry
Abstract: Copper is commonly produced by hydrometallurgical processes. The production of this metal results in the formation of emissions (unwanted solids, liquids and gases). In this paper, an effluent from a Cu producer company is valorized by means of Fe and Cu recovery. In the current process, an effluent from the secondary solvent extraction (secondary raffinate) was sent to neutralization plant to be discharged. In this paper a modification of the process is proposed. The secondary raffinate was contacted with TP207 resin for Fe3 + and Cu recovery. Metals were eluted from the resins using another real effluent (primary raffinate, effluent from the primary solvent extraction) from the same plant. Experiments for the uptake and elution were carried out in batch and in columns. The effect of pH, resin dosing, and temperature onto metals retention are analyzed. Retention efficiencies (loading capacities) were 50.1% (8.1 mg·g− 1) for Cu and 54.8% (23.2 mg·g− 1) for Fe3 + under the optimal operational conditions (pH = 0.45 and T = 65 °C). These values were confirmed in column tests. It is possible to recover Fe3 + and Cu from the secondary raffinate, leaving most of Fe2 + and other elements in solution. The experimental affinities that TP207 showed are: Cu > Fe3 + > Fe2 + > Zn. The elution of Fe and Cu was quantitatively achieved with concentrated H2SO4 solution. When acidified primary raffinate was used as eluting solution, an enriched solution containing 14.3 g Cu·L− 1, 20.3 g Fe2 +·L− 1, and 18.6 de g Fe3 +·L− 1 was obtained. This enriched primary raffinate can be reintroduced in the process as leaching solution. So, after the modification of the process, using secondary raffinate as loading solution and acidified primary raffinate as eluting solution, the ion-exchange stage could substitute the external FeSO4 addition. In addition, 30–80 kg Cu·h− 1 are reintroduced in the process.
Published: 2017

13. SPME-GC–MS for the off-gassing analysis of a complex museum object

Author: Gwénaëlle M. Kavich and Alba Alvarez-Martin
Subjects: Chromatography, 010401 analytical chemistry, Extraction (chemistry), Sampling (statistics), Spme gc ms, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Object (computer science), Mass spectrometry, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, Analytical Chemistry, Outgassing, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Environmental science, Sampling time, 0210 nano-technology, Derivatization, Spectroscopy
Abstract: The identification of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by a complex museum object, composed of materials of different nature, has been optimized by solid-phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC–MS). The performance of two fiber coatings and four sampling times were tested and compared in order to define the best sampling conditions. The method allowed a fair extraction of volatile and semivolatile compounds emitted naturally by the object, without any type of accelerating aging. In addition, on-fiber derivatization was applied to improve the extraction efficiency and reduce the sampling time of harmful carboxylic acids emitted by the object. The results obtained are of prime importance to show the off-gassing activity of a valuable museum object in order to take further decisions related with its storage and display conditions.
Published: 2021

14. Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author: Haidong, Wang, Mohsen, Naghavi, Christine, Allen, Ryan M, Barber Zulfi, qar A, Bhutta, Austin, Carter, Daniel C, Casey Fiona, J Charlson, Alan Zian, Chen Matthew, M Coates, Megan, Coggeshall, Lalit, Dandona, Daniel J, Dicker Holly, E Erskine, Alize J, Ferrari, Christina, Fitzmaurice, Kyle, Foreman, Mohammad H, Forouzanfar Maya, S Fraser, Nancy, Fullman, Peter W, Gething Ellen, M Goldberg, Nicholas, Graetz, Juanita A, Haagsma Simon, I Hay, Chantal, Huynh, Catherine O, Johnson Nicholas, J Kassebaum, Yohannes, Kinfu, Xie Rachel, Kulikoff, Michael, Kutz, Hmwe H, Kyu Heidi, J Larson, Janni, Leung, Xiaofeng, Liang, Stephen S, Lim, Margaret, Lind, Rafael, Lozano, Neal, Marquez, George A, Mensah, Joe, Mikesell, Ali H, Mokdad Meghan, D Mooney, Grant, Nguyen, Elaine, Nsoesie, David M, Pigott, Christine, Pinho, Gregory A, Roth Joshua, A Salomon, Logan, Sandar, Naris, Silpakit, Amber, Sligar, Reed J, D Sorensen, Jeff rey, Stanaway, Caitlyn, Steiner, Stephanie, Teeple, Bernadette A, Thomas, Christopher, Troeger, Amelia, VanderZanden, Stein Emil, Vollset, Valentine, Wanga, Harvey A, Whiteford, Timothy, Wolock, Leo, Zoeckler, Kalkidan Hassen, Abate, Cristiana, Abbafati, Kaja M, Abbas, Foad, Abd-Allah, Semaw Ferede, Abera Daisy, M X, Abreu Laith, J Abu-Raddad, Gebre Yitayih, Abyu, Tom, Achoki, Ademola Lukman, Adelekan Zanfi, na Ademi, Arsène Kouablan, Adou José, C Adsuar, Kossivi Agbelenko, Afanvi, Ashkan, Afshin, Emilie Elisabet, Agardh, Arnav, Agarwal, Anurag, Agrawal, Aliasghar Ahmad, Kiadaliri Oluremi, N Ajala, Ali Shafqat, Akanda Rufus, Olusola Akinyemi, Tomi F, Akinyemiju, Nadia, Akseer, Faris Hasan, Al Lami, Samer, Alabed, Ziyad, Al-Aly, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K, M Alam, Deena, Alasfoor, Saleh Fahed, Aldhahri Robert, William Aldridge, Miguel Angel, Alegretti Alicia, V Aleman, Zewdie Aderaw, Alemu Lily, T Alexander, Samia, Alhabib, Raghib, Ali, Ala’a, Alkerwi, François, Alla, Peter, Allebeck, Rajaa, Al-Raddadi, Ubai, Alsharif, Khalid A, Altirkawi Elena, Alvarez Martin, Nelson, Alvis-Guzman, Azmeraw T, Amare Adeladza, Kofi Amegah, Emmanuel A, Ameh, Heresh, Amini, Walid, Ammar, Stephen Marc, Amrock Hjalte, H Andersen, Benjamin O, Anderson Gregory, M Anderson, Carl Abelardo, T Antonio, Atsede Fantahun, Aregay, Johan, Ärnlöv, Valentina S, Arsic Arsenijevic, Al, Artaman, Hamid, Asayesh, Rana Jawad, Asghar, Suleman, Atique, Euripide Frinel, G Arthur, Avokpaho, Ashish, Awasthi, Peter, Azzopardi, Umar, Bacha, Alaa, Badawi, Maria C, Bahit, Kalpana, Balakrishnan, Amitava, Banerjee, Aleksandra, Barac, Suzanne L, Barker-Collo, Till, Bärnighausen, Lars, Barregard, Lope H, Barrero, Arindam, Basu, Sanjay, Basu, Yibeltal Tebekaw, Bayou, Shahrzad, Bazargan-Hejazi, Justin, Beardsley, Neeraj, Bedi, Ettore, Beghi, Haileeyesus Adamu, Belay, Brent, Bell, Michelle L, Bell Aminu, K Bello, Derrick A, Bennett Isabela, M Bensenor, Adugnaw, Berhane, Eduardo, Bernabé, Balem Demtsu, Betsu Addisu, Shunu Beyene, Neeraj, Bhala, Ashish, Bhalla, Sibhatu, Biadgilign, Boris, Bikbov, Aref A, Bin Abdulhak, Brian J, Biroscak, Stan, Biryukov, Espen, Bjertness, Jed D, Blore Christopher, D Blosser, Megan A, Bohensky, Rohan, Borschmann, Dipan, Bose, Rupert R, A Bourne, Michael, Brainin, Carol E, G Brayne, Alexandra, Brazinova, Nicholas J, K Breitborde, Hermann, Brenner, Jerry D, Brewer, Alexandria, Brown, Jonathan, Brown, Traolach S, Brugha Geoff, rey Colin, Buckle Zahid, A Butt, Bianca, Calabria, Ismael Ricardo, Campos-Nonato Julio, Cesar Campuzano, Jonathan R, Carapetis, Rosario, Cárdenas, David O, Carpenter Juan, Jesus Carrero, Carlos A, Castañeda-Orjuela Jacqueline, Castillo Rivas, Ferrán, Catalá-López, Fiorella, Cavalleri, Kelly, Cercy, Jorge, Cerda, Wanqing, Chen, Adrienne, Chew, Peggy Pei-Chia, Chiang, Mirriam, Chibalabala, Chioma Ezinne, Chibueze, Odgerel, Chimed-Ochir, Vesper Hichilombwe, Chisumpa Jee-Young, Jasmine Choi, Rajiv, Chowdhury, Hanne, Christensen, Devasahayam Jesudas, Christopher Liliana, G Ciobanu, Cirillo Massimo, Aaron J, Cohen, Valentina, Colistro, Mercedes, Colomar, Samantha M, Colquhoun, Cyrus, Cooper, Leslie Trumbull, Cooper, Monica, Cortinovis, Benjamin C, Cowie John, A Crump, James, Damsere-Derry, Hadi, Danawi, Rakhi, Dandona, Farah, Daoud, Sarah C, Darby Paul, I Dargan, José das, Neves, Gail, Davey, Adrian C, Davis Dragos, V Davitoiu, E Filipa, de Castro, Pieter de, Jager Diego, De Leo, Louisa, Degenhardt, Robert P, Dellavalle, Kebede, Deribe, Amare, Deribew, Samath D, Dharmaratne Preet, K Dhillon, Cesar, Diaz-Torné, Eric L, Ding Kadine, Priscila Bender, dos Santos, Edem, Dossou, Tim R, Driscoll, Leilei, Duan, Manisha, Dubey, Bruce Bartholow, Duncan Richard, G Ellenbogen, Christian Lycke, Ellingsen, Iqbal, Elyazar, Aman Yesuf, Endries Sergey, Petrovich Ermakov, Babak, Eshrati, Alireza, Esteghamati, Kara, Estep, Imad D, A Faghmous, Saman, Fahimi, Emerito Jose, Aquino Faraon, Talha A, Farid Carla, Sofi a, e Sa, Farinha, André, Faro, Maryam S, Farvid, Farshad, Farzadfar, Valery L, Feigin, Seyed-Mohammad, Fereshtehnejad, Jeff erson, G Fernandes, Joao C, Fernandes, Florian, Fischer, Joseph R, A Fitchett, Abraham, Flaxman, Nataliya, Foigt, F Gerry, R Fowkes, Elisabeth Barboza, Franca Richard, C Franklin, Joseph, Friedman, Joseph, Frostad, Thomas, Fürst, Neal D, Futran Seana, L Gall, Ketevan, Gambashidze, Amiran, Gamkrelidze, Parthasarathi, Ganguly, Fortuné Gbètoho, Gankpé, Teshome, Gebre, Tsegaye Tsewelde, Gebrehiwot Amanuel, Tesfay Gebremedhin, Alemseged Aregay, Gebru Johanna, M Geleijnse, Bradford D, Gessner Aloke, Gopal Ghoshal, Katherine B, Gibney Richard, F Gillum, Stuart, Gilmour, Ababi Zergaw, Giref, Maurice, Giroud, Melkamu Dedefo, Gishu, Giorgia, Giussani, Elizabeth, Glaser, William W, Godwin, Hector, Gomez-Dantes, Philimon, Gona, Amador, Goodridge, Sameer Vali, Gopalani Richard, A Gosselin, Carolyn C, Gotay, Atsushi, Goto, Hebe N, Gouda, Felix, Greaves, Harish Chander, Gugnani, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Gupta, Reyna A, Gutiérrez, Nima, Hafezi-Nejad, Demewoz, Haile, Alemayehu Desalegne, Hailu Gessessew, Bugssa Hailu, Yara A, Halasa Randah, Ribhi Hamadeh, Samer, Hamidi, Jamie, Hancock, Alexis J, Handal Graeme, J Hankey, Yuantao, Hao, Hilda L, Harb, Sivadasanpillai, Harikrishnan, Josep Maria, Haro, Rasmus, Havmoeller, Susan R, Heckbert Ileana, Beatriz Heredia-Pi, Pouria, Heydarpour, Henk B, M Hilderink, Hans W, Hoek Robert, S Hogg, Masako, Horino, Nobuyuki, Horita, H Dean, Hosgood Peter, J Hotez, Damian G, Hoy, Mohamed, Hsairi, Aung Soe, Htet Maung, Maung Than, Htike, Guoqing, Hu, Cheng, Huang, Hsiang, Huang, Laetitia, Huiart, Abdullatif, Husseini, Inge, Huybrechts, Grace, Huynh, Kim Moesgaard, Iburg, Kaire, Innos, Manami, Inoue, Veena J, Iyer Troy, A Jacobs, Kathryn H, Jacobsen, Nader, Jahanmehr, Mihajlo B, Jakovljevic, Peter, James, Mehdi, Javanbakht, Sudha P, Jayaraman Achala, Upendra Jayatilleke, Panniyammakal, Jeemon, Paul N, Jensen, Vivekanand, Jha, Guohong, Jiang, Ying, Jiang, Tariku, Jibat, Aida, Jimenez-Corona, Jost B, Jonas Tushar, Kant 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David, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Roy, Ambuj, Roy, Nawal K, Ruhago, George Mugambage, Sagar, Rajesh, Saha, Sukanta, Sahathevan, Ramesh, Saleh, Muhammad Muhammad, Sanabria, Juan R, Sanchez-Niño, Maria Dolore, Sanchez-Riera, Lidia, Santos, Itamar S, Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Savic, Miloje, Sawhney, Monika, Schaub, Michael P, Schmidt, Maria Inê, Schneider, Ione J C, Schöttker, Ben, Schutte, Aletta E, Schwebel, David C, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Servan-Mori, Edson E, Shackelford, Katya A, Shaddick, Gavin, Shaheen, Amira, Shahraz, Saeid, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shakh-Nazarova, Marina, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shen, Jiabin, Shen, Ziyan, Shepard, Donald S, Sheth, Kevin N, Shetty, Balakrishna P, Shi, Peilin, Shibuya, Kenji, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Shiue, Ivy, Shrime, Mark G, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silberberg, Donald H, Silva, Diego Augusto Santo, Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alve, Silverberg, Jonathan I, Simard, Edgar P, Singh, Abhishek, Singh, Gitanjali M, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Om Prakash, Singh, Prashant Kumar, Singh, Virendra, Soneji, Samir, Søreide, Kjetil, Soriano, Joan B, Sposato, Luciano A, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Stein, Dan J, Stein, Murray B, Stranges, Saverio, Stroumpoulis, Konstantino, Sunguya, Bruno F, Sur, Patrick, Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L, Szoeke, Cassandra E I, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tabb, Karen M, Takahashi, Ken, Takala, Jukka S, Talongwa, Roberto Tchio, Tandon, Nikhil, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taye, Bineyam, Taylor, Hugh R, Ao, Braden J Te, Tedla, Bemnet Amare, Tefera, Worku Mekonnen, Have, Margreet Ten, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Tesfay, Fisaha Haile, Tessema, Gizachew Assefa, Thomson, Alan J, Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L, Thrift, Amanda G, Thurston, George D, Tillmann, Taavi, Tirschwell, David L, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Topouzis, Foti, Towbin, Jeffrey Allen, Traebert, Jefferson, Tran, Bach Xuan, Truelsen, Thoma, Trujillo, Ulise, Tura, Abera Kenay, Tuzcu, Emin Murat, Uchendu, Uche S, Ukwaja, Kingsley N, Undurraga, Eduardo A, Uthman, Olalekan A, Dingenen, Rita Van, van Donkelaar, Aaron, Vasankari, Tommi, Vasconcelos, Ana Maria Nogale, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Vidavalur, Ramesh, Vijayakumar, Lakshmi, Villalpando, Salvador, Violante, Francesco S, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Wagner, Joseph A, Wagner, Gregory R, Wallin, Mitchell T, Wang, Linhong, Watkins, David A, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, White, Richard A, Wijeratne, Tissa, Wilkinson, James D, Williams, Hywel C, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Woldeyohannes, Solomon Meseret, Wolfe, Charles D A, Won, Sungho, Wong, John Q, Woolf, Anthony D, Xavier, Deni, Xiao, Qingyang, Xu, Gelin, Yakob, Bereket, Yalew, Ayalnesh Zemene, Yan, Lijing L, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Ye, Pengpeng, Yebyo, Henock Gebremedhin, Yip, Paul, Yirsaw, Biruck Desalegn, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yonga, Gerald, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Shicheng, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zannad, Faiez, Zavala, Diego E, Zeeb, Hajo, Zeleke, Berihun M, Zhang, Hao, Zodpey, Sanjay, Zonies, David, Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna, Vos, Theo, Lopez, Alan D, and Murray, Christopher J L
Subjects: VITAL-STATISTICS, INTEGRATED APPROACH, ECONOMIC-DEVELOPMENT, DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE, UNITED-STATES, Global Health, Communicable Disease, Communicable Diseases, cause of death, Medicine, General & Internal, Life Expectancy, General & Internal Medicine, Humans, Mortality, Medicine(all), Science & Technology, Mortality, Premature, Medicine (all), EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRANSITION, GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators, CIVIL REGISTRATION, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Articles, 11 Medical And Health Sciences, ROAD TRAFFIC INJURIES, ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, VERBAL AUTOPSY, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Human
Abstract: Background Improving survival and extending the longevity of life for all populations requires timely, robust evidence on local mortality levels and trends. The Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study (GBD 2015) provides a comprehensive assessment of all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2015. These results informed an in-depth investigation of observed and expected mortality patterns based on sociodemographic measures. Methods We estimated all-cause mortality by age, sex, geography, and year using an improved analytical approach originally developed for GBD 2013 and GBD 2010. Improvements included refinements to the estimation of child and adult mortality and corresponding uncertainty, parameter selection for under-5 mortality synthesis by spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, and sibling history data processing. We also expanded the database of vital registration, survey, and census data to 14 294 geography-year datapoints. For GBD 2015, eight causes, including Ebola virus disease, were added to the previous GBD cause list for mortality. We used six modelling approaches to assess cause-specific mortality, with the Cause of Death Ensemble Model (CODEm) generating estimates for most causes. We used a series of novel analyses to systematically quantify the drivers of trends in mortality across geographies. First, we assessed observed and expected levels and trends of cause-specific mortality as they relate to the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator derived from measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. Second, we examined factors affecting total mortality patterns through a series of counterfactual scenarios, testing the magnitude by which population growth, population age structures, and epidemiological changes contributed to shifts in mortality. Finally, we attributed changes in life expectancy to changes in cause of death. We documented each step of the GBD 2015 estimation processes, as well as data sources, in accordance with Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting (GATHER). Findings Globally, life expectancy from birth increased from 61.7 years (95% uncertainty interval 61.4-61.9) in 1980 to 71.8 years (71.5-72.2) in 2015. Several countries in sub-Saharan Africa had very large gains in life expectancy from 2005 to 2015, rebounding from an era of exceedingly high loss of life due to HIV/AIDS. At the same time, many geographies saw life expectancy stagnate or decline, particularly for men and in countries with rising mortality from war or interpersonal violence. From 2005 to 2015, male life expectancy in Syria dropped by 11.3 years (3.7-17.4), to 62.6 years (56.5-70.2). Total deaths increased by 4.1% (2.6-5.6) from 2005 to 2015, rising to 55.8 million (54.9 million to 56.6 million) in 2015, but age-standardised death rates fell by 17.0% (15.8-18.1) during this time, underscoring changes in population growth and shifts in global age structures. The result was similar for non-communicable diseases (NCDs), with total deaths from these causes increasing by 14.1% (12.6-16.0) to 39.8 million (39.2 million to 40.5 million) in 2015, whereas age-standardised rates decreased by 13.1% (11.9-14.3). Globally, this mortality pattern emerged for several NCDs, including several types of cancer, ischaemic heart disease, cirrhosis, and Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. By contrast, both total deaths and age-standardised death rates due to communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional conditions significantly declined from 2005 to 2015, gains largely attributable to decreases in mortality rates due to HIV/AIDS (42.1%, 39.1-44.6), malaria (43.1%, 34.7-51.8), neonatal preterm birth complications (29.8%, 24.8-34.9), and maternal disorders (29.1%, 19.3-37.1). Progress was slower for several causes, such as lower respiratory infections and nutritional deficiencies, whereas deaths increased for others, including dengue and drug use disorders. Age-standardised death rates due to injuries significantly declined from 2005 to 2015, yet interpersonal violence and war claimed increasingly more lives in some regions, particularly in the Middle East. In 2015, rotaviral enteritis (rotavirus) was the leading cause of under-5 deaths due to diarrhoea (146 000 deaths, 118 000-183 000) and pneumococcal pneumonia was the leading cause of under-5 deaths due to lower respiratory infections (393 000 deaths, 228 000-532 000), although pathogen-specific mortality varied by region. Globally, the effects of population growth, ageing, and changes in age-standardised death rates substantially differed by cause. Our analyses on the expected associations between cause-specific mortality and SDI show the regular shifts in cause of death composition and population age structure with rising SDI. Country patterns of premature mortality (measured as years of life lost [YLLs]) and how they differ from the level expected on the basis of SDI alone revealed distinct but highly heterogeneous patterns by region and country or territory. Ischaemic heart disease, stroke, and diabetes were among the leading causes of YLLs in most regions, but in many cases, intraregional results sharply diverged for ratios of observed and expected YLLs based on SDI. Communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases caused the most YLLs throughout sub-Saharan Africa, with observed YLLs far exceeding expected YLLs for countries in which malaria or HIV/AIDS remained the leading causes of early death. Interpretation At the global scale, age-specific mortality has steadily improved over the past 35 years; this pattern of general progress continued in the past decade. Progress has been faster in most countries than expected on the basis of development measured by the SDI. Against this background of progress, some countries have seen falls in life expectancy, and age-standardised death rates for some causes are increasing. Despite progress in reducing age-standardised death rates, population growth and ageing mean that the number of deaths from most non-communicable causes are increasing in most countries, putting increased demands on health systems. Copyright (C) The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Published: 2016

15. Cellular Injuries in Cronobacter sakazakii CIP 103183T and Salmonella enterica Exposed to Drying and Subsequent Heat Treatment in Milk Powder

Author: Emilie Lang, Stéphane Guyot, Caroline Peltier, Pablo Alvarez-Martin, Jean-Marie Perrier-Cornet, Patrick Gervais, Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques [Dijon] (PAM), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Novolyze [Dijon], Procédés Microbiologiques et Biotechnologiques (PMB), Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques (PAM), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques [Dijon] (PAM), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation [Dijon] (CSGA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bourgogne (UB), Association Nationale de la Recherche et de la Technologie (France) 2012/1631, Conseil Regional de Bourgogne through the Plan d'Actions Regional pour l'Innovation (PARI ALIM+), European Union through the PO FEDER-FSE Bourgogne, Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Salmonella, lcsh:QR1-502, medicine.disease_cause, lcsh:Microbiology, perméabilité membranaire, chemistry.chemical_compound, [SDV.IDA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Food engineering, Food science, drying, Original Research, propidium iodide, biology, Chemistry, Microbiology and Parasitology, plasma-membrane, Salmonella enterica, infant formula, Microbiologie et Parasitologie, Alimentation et Nutrition, saccharomyces-cerevisiae, enterobacter-sakazakii, traitement thermique, séchage, Microbiology (medical), Water activity, Membrane permeability, desiccation tolerance, 030106 microbiology, low-water activity, Microbiology, respiratory activity, 03 medical and health sciences, Cronobacter sakazakii, medicine, Food and Nutrition, Propidium iodide, activation respiratoire, Escherichia coli, foodborne pathogens, heat treatment, biology.organism_classification, 030104 developmental biology, membrane permeability, thermal inactivation, escherichia-coli, Bacteria
Abstract: International audience; Because of the ability of foodborne pathogens to survive in low-moisture foods, their decontamination is an important issue in food protection. This study aimed to clarify some of the cellular mechanisms involved in inactivation of foodborne pathogens after drying and subsequent heating. Individual strains of Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Senftenberg, and Cronobacter sakazakii were mixed into whole milk powder and dried to different water activity levels (0.25 and 0.58); the number of surviving cells was determined after drying and subsequent thermal treatments in closed vessels at 90 and 100 degrees C, for 30 and 120 s. For each condition, the percentage of unculturable cells was estimated and, in parallel, membrane permeability and respiratory activity were estimated by flow cytometry using fluorescent probes. After drying, it was clearly observable that the percentage of unculturable cells was correlated with the percentage of permeabilized cells (responsible for 20-40% of the total inactivated bacteria after drying), and to a lesser degree with the percentage of cells presenting with loss of respiratory activity. In contrast, the percentages of unculturable cells observed after heat treatment were strongly correlated with the loss of respiratory activity and weakly with membrane permeability (for 70-80% of the total inactivated bacteria after heat treatment). We conclude that cell inactivation during drying is closely linked to membrane permeabilization and that heat treatment of dried cells affects principally their respiratory activity. These results legitimize the use of time-temperature scales and allow better understanding of the cellular mechanisms of bacterial death during drying and subsequent heat treatment. These results may also allow better optimization of the decontamination process to ensure food safety by targeting the most deleterious conditions for bacterial cells without denaturing the food product.
Published: 2018

16. Caco-2 Invasion by Cronobacter sakazakii and Salmonella enterica Exposed to Drying and Heat Treatments in Dried State in Milk Powder

Author: Emilie Lang, Stéphane Guyot, Pablo Alvarez-Martin, Jean-Marie Perrier-Cornet, Patrick Gervais, Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques [Dijon] ( PAM ), Université de Bourgogne ( UB ) -AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté ( UBFC ), Novolyze [Dijon], Association Nationale de la Recherche et de la Technologie [GRANT NUMBER : 2012/1631 ], Novolyze (France), Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques [Dijon] (PAM), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Procédés Microbiologiques et Biotechnologiques (PMB), Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques (PAM), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques [Dijon] (PAM), and Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Microbiology (medical), Salmonella, Water activity, 030106 microbiology, lcsh:QR1-502, medicine.disease_cause, survival, Microbiology, stress responses, lcsh:Microbiology, resistance, stress, 03 medical and health sciences, Cronobacter sakazakii, Listeria monocytogenes, [SDV.IDA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Food engineering, water activity, medicine, Food science, foodborne pathogens, serovar typhimurium, 2. Zero hunger, biology, business.industry, [ SDV.IDA ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Food engineering, Salmonella enterica, Caco-2, invasion, Food safety, biology.organism_classification, virulence, 030104 developmental biology, escherichia-coli, Food processing, enterobacter-sakazakii, listeria-monocytogenes, business, Bacteria
Abstract: International audience; Due to the ability of foodborne pathogens to survive in low moisture food, the decontamination of milk powder is an important issue in food protection. The safety of food products is, however, not always insured and the different steps in the processing of food involve physiological and metabolic changes in bacteria. Among these changes, virulence properties may also be affected. In this study, the effect of drying and successive thermal treatments on the invasion capacity of Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Senftenberg, and Cronobacter sakazakii was assessed. Bacteria were dried on milk powder at three different water activity levels (0.25, 0.58, and 0.80) and heated at two different temperatures (90 degrees C and 100 degrees C) for 30 and 120 s. After recovery, stressed bacterial populations were placed in contact with Caco-2 cells to estimate their invasion capacity. Our results show that drying increases the invasion capacity of foodborne pathogens, but that heat treatment in the dried state did not exert a selective pressure on bacterial cells depending on their invasion capacity after drying. Taken together, our findings add to the sum of knowledge on food safety in dried food products and provide insight into the effects of food processing.
Published: 2017

17. Modeling the heat inactivation of foodborne pathogens in milk powder : High relevance of the substrate water activity

Author: Pablo Alvarez-Martin, Philippe Dantigny, Paul Molin, Patrick Gervais, Jean-Marie Perrier-Cornet, Stéphane Guyot, Layla Chemlal, Emilie Lang, Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques [Dijon] ( PAM ), Université de Bourgogne ( UB ) -AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté ( UBFC ), Novolyze [Dijon], Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne ( LUBEM ), Université européenne de Bretagne ( UEB ) -Université de Brest ( UBO ) -IFR148 ScInBioS, Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques [Dijon] (PAM), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Procédés Microbiologiques et Biotechnologiques (PMB), Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques (PAM), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques [Dijon] (PAM), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne (LUBEM), and Université de Brest (UBO)
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Salmonella, Hot Temperature, Time Factors, Water activity, Food Handling, Thermal resistance, 030106 microbiology, medicine.disease_cause, Foodborne Diseases, 03 medical and health sciences, Cronobacter sakazakii, Gram-Negative Bacteria, [SDV.IDA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Food engineering, Food Quality, medicine, Escherichia coli, Animals, Salmonella Senftenberg, Food science, Decontamination, 2. Zero hunger, Microbial Viability, biology, Moisture, Predictive microbiology, Chemistry, [ SDV.IDA ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Food engineering, Water, Human decontamination, Models, Theoretical, biology.organism_classification, Low water activity food, 6. Clean water, Milk, 13. Climate action, Salmonella Typhimurium, Food Microbiology, Powders, Bacteria, Food Science
Abstract: International audience; Due to the ability of foodborne pathogens to survive in low moisture foods, the decontamination of these products is an important issue in food hygiene. Up to now, such decontamination has mostly been achieved through empirical methods. The intention of this work is to establish a more rational use of heat treatment cycles. The effects of thermal treatment cycles on the inactivation of dried Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Senftenberg, Cronobacter sakazakii and Escherichia coli were assessed. Bacteria were mixed with whole milk powder and dried down to different water activity levels (0.11, 0.25, 0.44 and 0.58). The rate of inactivated bacteria was determined after thermal treatment at 85 °C, 90 °C, 95 °C and 100 °C, from 0 s to 180 s in closed vessels, in order to maintain aw during treatment. In a first step, logarithmic bacterial inactivation was fitted by means of a classical loglinear model in which temperature and aw have a significant effect (p < 0.05). DT,aw values were estimated for each T, aw condition and the results clearly showed that aw is a major parameter in the thermal decontamination of dried foods, a lower aw involving greater thermal resistance. In a second step, Bigelow's law was used to determine zT, a classical parameter relative to temperature, and yaw values, a new parameter relative to aw resistance. The values obtained for zT and yaw showed that the bacterium most resistant to temperature variations is Salmonella Typhimurium, while the one most resistant to aw variations is Escherichia coli. These data will help design decontamination protocols or processes in closed batches for low moisture foods.
Published: 2017

18. Caco-2 Invasion by

Author: Emilie, Lang, Stéphane, Guyot, Pablo, Alvarez-Martin, Jean-Marie, Perrier-Cornet, and Patrick, Gervais
Subjects: stress, Cronobacter sakazakii, Salmonella enterica, Caco-2, invasion, Microbiology, Original Research
Abstract: Due to the ability of foodborne pathogens to survive in low moisture food, the decontamination of milk powder is an important issue in food protection. The safety of food products is, however, not always insured and the different steps in the processing of food involve physiological and metabolic changes in bacteria. Among these changes, virulence properties may also be affected. In this study, the effect of drying and successive thermal treatments on the invasion capacity of Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Senftenberg, and Cronobacter sakazakii was assessed. Bacteria were dried on milk powder at three different water activity levels (0.25, 0.58, and 0.80) and heated at two different temperatures (90°C and 100°C) for 30 and 120 s. After recovery, stressed bacterial populations were placed in contact with Caco-2 cells to estimate their invasion capacity. Our results show that drying increases the invasion capacity of foodborne pathogens, but that heat treatment in the dried state did not exert a selective pressure on bacterial cells depending on their invasion capacity after drying. Taken together, our findings add to the sum of knowledge on food safety in dried food products and provide insight into the effects of food processing.
Published: 2017

19. Drying parameters greatly affect the destruction of Cronobacter sakazakii and Salmonella Typhimurium in standard buffer and milk

Author: Pablo Alvarez-Martin, Laurent Beney, Fiona Zoz, Stéphane Guyot, Emilie Lang, Patrick Gervais, Jean-Marie Perrier-Cornet, Cyril Iaconelli, Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques ( PAM ), Université de Bourgogne ( UB ) -AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Novolyze [Dijon], and Association Nationale de la Recherche et de la Technologie (France) [2012/1631 ]
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Enterobacter-sakazakii, Severe dehydration, Salmonella, Water activity, Survival, Microorganism, Desiccation tolerance, 030106 microbiology, Resistance, Drying conditions, Low-moisture foods, Infant formulas, Buffers, medicine.disease_cause, Microbiology, Cultivability, 03 medical and health sciences, Cronobacter sakazakii, Strain variability, medicine, Animals, Food science, Desiccation, Thermal-destruction, Microbial Viability, biology, business.industry, [ SDV.IDA ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Food engineering, Human decontamination, Food safety, biology.organism_classification, Kinetics, Milk, Infant formula, Salmonella Typhimurium, Food Microbiology, business, Bacteria, Food Science
Abstract: International audience; Salmonella Typhimurium and Cronobacter sakazakii are two foodborne pathogens involved in neonatal infections from milk powder and infant formula. Their ability to survive in low-moisture food and during processing from the decontamination to the dried state is a major issue in food protection. In this work, we studied the effects of the drying process on Salmonella Typhimurium and Cronobacter sakazakii, with the aim of identifying the drying parameters that could promote greater inactivation of these two foodborne pathogens. These two bacteria were dried under different atmospheric relative humidities in milk and phosphate-buffered saline, and the delays in growth recovery and cultivability were followed. We found that water activity was related to microorganism resistance. C. sakazakii was more resistant to drying than was S. Typhimurium, and milk increased the cultivability and recovery of these two species. High drying rates and low final water activity levels (0.11-0.58) had a strong negative effect on the growth recovery and cultivability of these species. In conclusion, we suggest that effective use of drying processes may provide a complementary tool for food decontamination and food safety during the production of low-moisture foods.
Published: 2017

20. PKP-008 Implementation of a monitoring protocol for digoxin

Author: L Belles Medall, O Pascual Marmaneu, R Ferrando Piqueres, M Medoza Aguilera, T Garcia Martinez, C Liñana Granell, and T Alvarez Martin
Subjects: Protocol (science), Medical services, Digoxin, Pharmacokinetics, business.industry, Anesthesia, medicine, Renal function, Dosing, Plasma levels, business, Loading dose, medicine.drug
Abstract: Background The lack of standardisation in digoxin impregnation prompted us to analyse plasma levels (Cp) of digoxin during the previous 5 months. There only were 16 patients monitored (56.2% men), aged 77.4±10.8 years, with a glomerular filtration rate (FG) of 47.2±23 mL/min. Of these, only 18.7% were performed after the first dose and only 12.5% took into account FG when dosing. The average Cp for digoxin was 1.43±1.0 ng/mL, with variability of 69.9%. Purpose The development of a protocol of digoxin impregnation was proposed. A simple explanatory table was developed indicating the loading dose administered according to FG and recommended times for pharmacokinetic monitoring and the second dose. Material and methods The protocol was agreed with some medical services (internal medicine, cardiology, emergencies, intensive care medicine and neurology) through clinical sessions given by the pharmacist. The pharmacists insisted on dose adjustment according to FG and monitoring plasma levels of digoxin after the first loading dose for a Bayesian estimation. The project started in November 2015 and pharmacokinetic monitoring carried out over 5 months was analysed prospectively. Data (age, sex, FG, service, Cp, protocol compliance and pharmacokinetic recommendations) were obtained from the unit of clinical pharmacokinetics through the computer application Gestlab. Results A total of 32 patients (28.1% men), aged 81±7.6 years, with FG 56.3±22.9 mL/min were included in the analysis of protocol compliance. The distribution of requests for clinical service was: 37.5% internal medicine, 21.8% neurology, 21.8% cardiology and 6.2% emergencies. 84.4% of monitoring was performed after the first dose. In 62.5% of patients the dose was adjusted according to FG. The average level of digoxin Cp was 1.07±0.28 ng/mL. Conclusion Favourable changes generated after application of the new protocol were better coordination among prescribers, an increase of 50% in the number of patients monitored, reducing the average Cp of digoxin in the first pharmacokinetic monitoring period, with less interindividual variability (26%). No conflict of interest
Published: 2017

21. CP-081 Innovation and development impact of activities in antimicrobial stewardship programmes

Author: FJ Maiques-Llacer, R Ferrando-Piqueres, C Raga-Jimenez, Belles-Medall, M Mendoza-Aguilera, T Alvarez-Martin, O Pascual-Marmaneu, and B Montañes-Pauls
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Psychological intervention, Retrospective cohort study, Clinical pharmacy, Health care, Emergency medicine, medicine, Antimicrobial stewardship, Dosing, Medical prescription, Hospital pharmacy, business, Intensive care medicine
Abstract: Background Since April 2014, an antimicrobial stewardship programme (ASP) has been implemented in hospitalisation units in a 580 bed hospital. The ASP team comprises two clinical pharmacists, two infectious diseases physicians and two microbiologists who, through weekly meetings, carry out their activities. The reasons for intervention are: not justified associations, dosing, pharmacokinetic monitoring, duration of antibiotic use more than 8 days and inappropriate prescription as indication and/or sensitivity testing. Purpose The aim was to assess the degree of acceptance of interventions in antibiotic therapy mediated through the multidisciplinary team compared with those developed by the hospital pharmacy department. As a secondary objective, we analysed the type of interventions developed and the impact of ASP activity on consumption of antibiotics. Material and methods This was a retrospective observational study from its implementation period to February 2016. The hospital pharmacy department selected patients treated with antibiotics suitable for optimisation through the unit dose drug distribution and pharmacokinetics area, and depending on the degree of urgency, the intervention was direct (by contacting the prescriber orally or in writing) or through weekly meetings with the multidisciplinary team. As a pharmacoeconomic indicator, the number of defined daily doses (DDD)/100 days bed was estimated monthly, and the decline on the impact on healthcare that led to the implementation of the programme was quantified. Results are expressed as mean (SD) for quantitative variables and percentages for qualitative variables. A statistical study was performed using the χ 2 test for qualitative variables using STATA/IC-14.1. Results After 22 months of implementation, 289 episodes in 216 patients (aged 64.8 years, SD=18.1) was proposed to optimise antibiotic therapy. Interventions mediated by the multidisciplinary group were more accepted than those mediated directly by the hospital pharmacy department (83% vs 39%; p Conclusion The significantly greater efficiency of the interventions in the optimisation of antibiotic therapy mediated through multidisciplinary programmes was demonstrated. No conflict of interest
Published: 2017

22. PS-065 Standardisation in the preparation of intravenous mixtures

Author: R Ferrando Piqueres, E Ibañez Benages, T Alvarez Martin, M Mendoza Aguilera, O Pascual Marmaneu, Belles Medall, and S Conde Giner
Subjects: Patient safety, Indirect costs, business.industry, Added value, Medicine, Production (economics), Operations management, Hazardous drugs, Workload, Pharmacy, business, Occupational safety and health, medicine.drug
Abstract: Background Following the indications issued by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), it was compulsory to review the new recommendations for handling of hazardous drugs. Each hospital will use the NIOSH lists as a reference. Lack of resources and the increase in the assistance workload in the areas of elaboration are leading to the development of new systems to optimise production without reducing safety. One of the proposed strategies is the procedure of dose banding. This new approach standardises the doses in ranges or bands, accepting a percentage of maximum variation. Purpose To define the intravenous mixtures and the standardised optimal doses to be prepared in the pharmacy service according to the new regulations and available resources. Material and methods A review of all mixtures prepared in 2015 was carried out to find out the workload involved in the preparation of new mixtures. After review of the list 2 and 3 it was decided to prepare those drugs that provided added value (manipulator security, patient safety and cost optimisation). Possible theoretical doses were calculated based on the dosage of the drug (real weight/adjusted weight/ideal weight). We analysed whether the theoretical and the standardised dose was Conclusion Normalisation of intravenous mixtures allows more efficient management of the elaboration area. It is also expected that we will see a reduction in the errors in the production, a greater re-utilisation of the returned mixtures and, possibly, savings in direct and indirect costs.
Published: 2017

23. CP-119 New direct antiviral agents in hepatitis C: results in real life

Author: M Mendoza Aguilera, C Liñana Granell, R Ferrando Piqueres, O Pascual Marmeneu, T Alvarez Martin, and C Raga Jimenez
Subjects: Simeprevir, Ledipasvir, medicine.medical_specialty, Dasabuvir, Daclatasvir, Sofosbuvir, business.industry, Ombitasvir, Surgery, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Paritaprevir, Internal medicine, medicine, business, Viral load, medicine.drug
Abstract: Background New direct antiviral agents have caused marked evolution in the treatment of hepatitis C. However, it is necessary to demonstrate that this new therapeutic achieves higher response rates, lower complexity and better tolerability than older regimens in clinical practice. Purpose To analyse the viral response and tolerability of direct antiviral agents in clinical practice in patients with hepatitis C. Material and methods This was a prospective observational study conducted at the pharmaceutical care outpatient unit. All patients receiving treatment with new free interferon treatment from January 2015 to April 2016 were included. We evaluated analytical and clinical data: type of patient and treatment, degree of fibrosis, side effects, and viral load on completion of treatment and 24 weeks after completion of treatment. The information was obtained from the pharmacotherapeutic history, patient interview and laboratory register. Results are expressed as percentages and side effects as median (IQR) Results 229 patients were included (72% men; 51% naive; 22% coinfected): 10.6% had been treated with daclatasvir/sofosbuvir, 19.4% with ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir ± dasabuvir, 42.7% with ledipasvir/sofosbuvir and 27.3% with simeprevir/sofosbuvir. In 59.9% of cases, these treatments were combined with ribavirin. Degree of fibrosis: 0.9% F0, 6.1% F1, 22.5% F2, 22.5% F3 and 55.1% F4. Duration of treatment was 12 weeks for 86.7% of patients and 24 weeks for the reminder. When the treatment was finished, 89.7% obtained undetectable viral load, 0.4% detectable viral load, 6.6% unknown viral load and 1.3% death before the finish. At 24 weeks after the finished treatment, 95.8% obtained undetectable viral load: 100% of patients treated with daclatasvir/sofosbuvir, 91.4% treated with simeprevir/sofosbuvir, 98.1% treated with ledipasvir/sofosbuvir and 100% treated with ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir ± dasabuvir. Regarding side effects, 23.4% of patients had asthenia, 17.5% had skin reactions, 12.9% had gastrointestinal reactions and 22.6% other reactions. The median number of side effects was 1 (0–7). Conclusion New drugs show a high rate of response and are well tolerated. However, follow-up and pharmaceutical care in these patients has contributed to better management of side effects, resulting in better adherence and effectiveness. No conflict of interest
Published: 2017

24. Healthcare Access and Quality Index based on mortality from causes amenable to personal health care in 195 countries and territories, 1990–2015: a novel analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author: Barber R. M. a, Fullman N. a, Sorensen R. J. D. a, Bollyky T. f, McKee M. i, Nolte E. g, Abajobir A. A. j, Abate K. H. n, Abbafati C. o, Abbas K. M. p, Abd-Allah F. q, Abdulle A. M. r, Abdurahman, A. A. ac, Abera, S. F. ad, ah Abraham, B. ai, Abreha, G. F. ad, Adane, K. af, Adelekan, A. L. aj, ak Adetifa, I. M. O. i al, Afshin A. a, Agarwal, A. ao, ap Agarwal, S. K. aq, S. ar, Agrawal, A. as, Ahmad Kiadaliri, A. au, Ahmadi, A. ax, Ahmed, K. Y. ay, Ahmed M. B. m, Akinyemi, R. O. ak, az Akinyemiju, T. F. ba, Akseer, N. am, bc Al-Aly, Z. bd, Alam, K. be, bf dn, dq Alam, N. bg, S. S. bh, Alemu, Z. A. ay, Alene, K. A. bi, Alexander L. a, Ali, R. bm, S. D. bn, bo bp, Alizadeh-Navaei, R. bq, Alkerwi, A. bs, Alla, F. bt, Allebeck, P. bu, Allen C. a, Al-Raddadi, R. cb, Alsharif, U. cd, Altirkawi, K. A. ce, Alvarez Martin, E. cf, Alvis-Guzman, N. cg, Amare, A. T. ch, cj gr, Amini E. s, t wy, Ammar, W. cl, Amo-Adjei, J. cm, cn Amoako, Y. A. co, Anderson B. O. e, Androudi, S. cq, Ansari, H. cr, Ansha, M. G. cs, Antonio, C. A. T. ct, Ärnlöv, J. bv, cv Artaman, A. cw, Asayesh, H. cx, Assadi, R. cy, Astatkie, A. cz, Atey, T. M. ag, Atique, S. da, Atnafu, N. T. dc, dd Atre, S. R. de, Avila-Burgos, L. df, Avokpaho, E. F. G. A. dg, Ayala Quintanilla, B. P. di, dj Awasthi, A. dk, Ayele, N. N. dl, Azzopardi, P. dm, dn dr, Ba Saleem, H. O. dt, Bärnighausen, T. du, dz ea, Bacha, U. eb, Badawi, A. an, ec Banerjee, A. ed, Barac, A. eg, Barboza, M. A. ej, ek Barker-Collo, S. L. el, Barrero, L. H. en, Basu, S. eo, Baune, B. T. ch, gr Baye, K. eq, Bayou, Y. T. er, Bazargan-Hejazi, S. es, et Bedi, N. eu, Beghi, E. ev, Béjot, Y. ew, Bello, A. K. ex, Bennett, D. A. bm, Bensenor, I. M. ez, Berhane, A. fa, Bernabé, E. fd, Bernal, O. A. fe, Beyene, A. S. ff, ki Beyene, T. J. eq, fi Bhutta, Z. A. bc, fj Biadgilign, S. fk, Bikbov, B. fl, Birlik, S. M. fm, Birungi, C. ef, Biryukov S. a, Bisanzio, D. bk, Bizuayehu, H. M. fn, Bose, D. fo, Brainin, M. fp, Brauer M. a, fq Brazinova, A. fr, fs Breitborde, N. J. K. fu, Brenner, H. fw, Butt, Z. A. fx, Cárdenas, R. fy, Cahuana-Hurtado, Campos-Nonato, I. R. df, dx Car, J. fz, Carrero, J. J. bw, Casey D. a, Caso, V. ga, Castañeda-Orjuela, C. A. gb, Castillo Rivas, J. gd, ge Catalá-López, F. gf, gg Cecilio, P. gh, Cercy K. a, Charlson F. J. a, j gi, Chen A. Z. a, Chew A. a, Chibalabala, M. gj, Chibueze, C. E. gk, Chisumpa, V. H. gl, gm Chitheer, A. A. gn, Chowdhury, R. go, Christensen, H. gp, Christopher, D. J. gq, Ciobanu, L. G. ci, Cirillo, M. gs, Coggeshall M. S. a, Cooper, L. T. gt, Cortinovis, M. fl, Crump, J. A. gu, Dalal, K. gv, Danawi, H. gw, Dandona L. a, gy Dandona, R. a gy, Dargan, P. I. gz, Das Neves, J. ha, hb Davey, G. hd, Davitoiu, D. V. he, Davletov, K. hf, De Leo, D. hh, Del Gobbo, L. C. eo, Del Pozo-Cruz, B. em, Dellavalle, R. P. hi, Deribe, K. ep, hj Deribew, A. al, Des Jarlais, D. C. hk, hl Dey, S. hm, Dharmaratne, S. D. hn, Dicker D. a, Ding, E. L. dx, Dokova, K. ho, Dorsey, E. R. hp, Doyle, K. E. hq, hr Dubey, M. hs, Ehrenkranz R. a, Ellingsen, C. L. hu, Elyazar, I. hv, Enayati, A. hw, Ermakov, S. P. hx, hy Eshrati, B. hz, ia Esteghamati, A. t wz, Estep K. a, Fürst T. h, ic ie, Faghmous I. D. A. i, Fanuel, F. B. B. cz, if Faraon, E. J. A. cu, ig Farid, T. A. ih, Farinha, C. S. E. S. ii, ij Faro, A. ik, Farvid, M. S. dw, il Farzadfar, F. u xa, Feigin, V. L. im, Feigl, A. B. du, Fereshtehnejad, S. -M. bx, Fernandes, J. G. in, J. C. io, Feyissa, T. R. ip, Fischer, F. iq, Fitzmaurice C. a, b ir, Fleming T. D. a, Foigt, N. is, Foreman K. J. a, ib Forouzanfar, M. H. it, Franklin, R. C. iu, Frostad J. a, Ghiwot T. T. n, Gakidou E. a, Gambashidze, K. iv, Gamkrelidze, A. iv, Gao, W. ix, Garcia-Basteiro, A. L. iy, iz Gebre, T. ja, Gebremedhin A. T. n, jb Gebremichael, M. W. ag, Gebru, A. A. ag, jc Gelaye, A. A. jd, Geleijnse, J. M. fh, Genova-Maleras, R. je, jf Gibney, K. B. jg, Giref, A. Z. eq, Gishu, M. D. fg, jh Giussani, G. ev, Godwin W. W. a, Gold A. a, Goldberg E. M. a, Gona, P. N. ji, Goodridge, A. jj, Gopalani, S. V. jk, Goto, A. jl, Graetz N. a, Greaves, F. ib, jm Griswold, M. a Guban, P. I. jn, Gugnani, H. C. jo, Gupta, P. C. jp, R. jq, R. jr, T. js, V. jt, Habtewold, T. D. fb, jv Hafezi-Nejad, N. t xb, Haile, D. eq, Hailu, A. D. ep, jx Hailu, G. B. ag, jc Hakuzimana, A. jz, ka Hamadeh, R. R. kb, Hambisa, M. T. ff, Hamidi, S. kc, Hammami, M. kd, Hankey, G. J. ke, kf kg, Hao, Y. kh, Harb, H. L. cl, Hareri, H. A. eq, Haro, J. M. mw, Hassanvand M. S. w, xc Havmoeller, R. ca, Hay, R. J. fd, kk Hay, S. I. a bl, Hendrie, D. kl, Heredia-Pi, I. B. df, Hoek, H. W. ju, km Horino, M. ko, Horita, N. kp, Hosgood, H. D. kq, Htet, A. S. kr, ks Hu, G. kt, Huang, H. ku, J. J. kv, Huntley B. M. a, Huynh C. a, Iburg, K. M. kw, Ileanu, B. V. kx, Innos, K. ky, Irenso, A. A. fg, kj Jahanmehr, N. kz, Jakovljevic, M. B. lb, James, P. dv, S. L. lc, Javanbakht, M. ld, Jayaraman, S. P. le, Jayatilleke, A. U. lf, lg Jeemon, P. gx, lh li, nh Jha, V. bm, lk John, D. ll, Johnson C. a, Johnson S. C. a, Jonas, J. B. lm, Juel, K. ln, Kabir, Z. lo, Kalkonde, Y. lp, Kamal, R. lq, Kan, H. ls, Karch, A. lt, lu Karema, C. K. id, lv Karimi, S. M. lw, Kasaeian A. t, y xd, Kassebaum N. J. a, lx Kastor, A. hs, Katikireddi, S. V. ly, Kazanjan, Keiyoro, P. N. lz, ma Kemmer, L. a Kemp, A. H. mc, me Kengne, A. P. jz, mf Kerbo, A. A. if, Kereselidze, M. iv, Kesavachandran, C. N. lq, Khader, Y. S. mg, Khalil I. a, Khan, A. R. ih, E. A. mh, G. mi, Khang, Y. -H. mj, Khoja, A. T. A. ml, Khonelidze, I. iv, Khubchandani, J. mm, Kibret, G. D. ay, Kim, D. mn, Kim P. a, Y. J. mo, Kimokoti, R. W. mp, Kinfu, Y. mq, Kissoon, N. fq, Kivipelto, M. by, Kokubo, Y. mr, Kolk, A. ms, Kolte, D. mt, Kopec, J. A. fq, Kosen, S. mu, Koul, P. A. mv, Koyanagi, A. mw, Kravchenko, M. mx, Krishnaswami, S. my, Krohn K. J. a, Kuate Defo, B. mz, Kucuk Bicer, B. nb, Kuipers, E. J. nd, Kulkarni, V. S. ne, Kumar, G. A. lj, Kumsa, F. A. fg, kj Kutz, M. a Kyu, H. H. a Lager, A. C. J. nf, Lal, A. ng, D. K. ni, Lalloo R. k, Lallukka, T. nj, Lan, Q. nl, Langan S. M. i, Lansingh, V. C. nm, nn Larson, H. J. a h, Larsson, A. no, Laryea, D. O. cp, Latif, A. A. np, Lawrynowicz, A. E. B. nq, Leasher, J. L. nr, Leigh, J. bf, Leinsalu, M. ky, nt Leshargie, C. T. ay, Leung J. e, j Leung, R. nu, Levi, M. nv, Liang, X. nw, Lim S. S. a, Lind M. a, Linn, S. nx, Lipshultz, S. E. ny, nz Liu, P. a Liu, Y. oa, L. -T. ob, oc Logroscino, G. od, Lopez, A. D. do, Lorch, S. A. oe, Lotufo, P. A. ez, Lozano, R. df, Lunevicius, R. of, og Lyons, R. A. mb, Macarayan, E. R. K. kv, Mackay, M. T. oh, Magdy Abd El Razek, H. oi, M. oj, Mahdavi, M. ok, ol Majeed, A. ib, Malekzadeh R. z, xe Malta, D. C. on, Mantovani LG, Manyazewal, T. op, Mapoma, C. C. gl, Marcenes, W. oq, Marks, G. B. md, ns Marquez, N. a Martinez-Raga, J. or, os Marzan, M. B. ot, Massano, J. hc, ou Mathur, M. R. ni, Maulik, P. K. ov, Mazidi, M. ow, McAlinden, C. ox, oy McGrath, J. J. l McNellan, C. a Meaney, P. A. oz, pa Mehari, A. pb, Mehndiratta, M. M. pc, Meier, T. pd, Mekonnen, A. B. bf, bj Meles, K. G. ad, Memish, Z. A. pe, pf Mengesha, M. M. ff, Mengiste, D. T. ae, Mengistie M. A. n, Menota, B. G. eq, Mensah, G. A. pg, Mereta S. T. n, Meretoja, A. dp, ph Meretoja, T. J. nk, pi Mezgebe, H. B. ag, Micha, R. pj, Millear A. a, Mills, E. J. pl, Minnig S. a, Mirarefin M. a, pm Mirrakhimov, E. M. pn, po Mock, C. N. c Mohammad, K. A. pp, Mohammed, S. ea, pq Mohanty, S. K. hs, Mokdad A. H. a, Mola, G. L. D. pr, Molokhia, M. fd, Monasta, L. ps, Montico, M. ps, Moradi-Lakeh M. a, pt Moraga, P. pz, Morawska, L. pv, pw Mori, R. qa, Moses M. a, Mueller, U. O. qc, Murthy, S. fq, Musa, K. I. qd, Nachega, J. B. qe, qf qg, Nagata, C. qh, Nagel, G. qj, Naghavi M. a, Naheed, A. bh, Naldi, L. qk, Nangia, V. ql, Nascimento, B. R. qm, qn Negoi, I. qo, Neupane, S. P. ks, Newton, C. R. qp, Ng M. a, Ngalesoni, F. N. qq, Ngunjiri, J. W. qr, Nguyen G. a, Ningrum, D. N. A. db, qs Nolte, S. cc, qt rj, Nomura, M. qv, Norheim, O. F. jx, Norrving, B. av, Noubiap, J. J. N. jz, qw Obermeyer, C. M. qx, Ogbo, F. A. qy, I. -H. ra, Okoro, A. rb, Oladimeji, O. rc, rd Olagunju, A. T. ci, Olivares, P. R. re, Olsen H. E. a, Olusanya, B. O. rf, J. O. rf, Opio, J. N. rg, Oren, E. rh, Ortiz, A. ri, Osborne, R. H. rk, Osman, M. dy, rl Owolabi, M. O. rm, rn Mahesh, P. A. ro, Pain A. W. a, Pakhale, S. rp, Palomares Castillo, E. rq, rr Pana, A. kx, Papachristou, C. cd, Parsaeian M. u, v xa, Patel, T. rs, Patton, G. C. dn, Paudel, D. rt, Paul, V. K. aq, Pearce N. i, Pereira, D. M. ru, Perez-Padilla, R. rv, Perez-Ruiz, F. rw, rx Perico, N. Pesudovs, K. ry, Petzold, M. rz, sa Phillips, M. R. oa, sb Pigott, D. M. a Pillay, J. D. sc, Pinho C. a, Polinder, S. nc, Pond, C. D. sd, Prakash, V. se, Purwar, M. sf, Qorbani, M. sg, Quistberg D. A. c, d Radfar, A. sh, Rafay, A. si, sj Rahimi, K. bm, Rahimi-Movaghar, V. aa, xf Rahman, M. sk, Rahman, M. H. U. hs, Rai, R. K. sl, Ram, U. hs, Rana, S. M. si, sj Rankin, Z. a Rao, P. V. sm, sn Rao, P. C. a Rawaf, S. ib, Rego, M. A. S. om, Reitsma M. a, Remuzzi, G. fl, so sp, Renzaho, A. M. N. N. qz, Resnikoff, S. sq, sr Rezaei, S. aw, Rezai, M. S. br, Ribeiro, A. L. qm, Roba, H. S. ff, Rokni, M. B. ac, Ronfani, Roshandel G. z, st xe, Roth G. A. a, Rothenbacher, D. qi, Roy, N. K. su, sv Sachdev, P. S. ss, sw Sackey, B. B. sx, Saeedi, M. Y. sy, Safiri, S. sz, Sagar, R. aq, Sahraian, M. A. ab, xg Saleh, M. M. ta, Salomon, J. A. du, Samy, A. M. tb, Sanabria, J. R. tc, td Sanchez-Niño, M. D. te, Sandar L. a, Santos, I. S. ey, J. V. hc, Santric Milicevic, M. M. eh, ei Sarmiento-Suarez, R. tf, Sartorius, B. tg, ti Satpathy, M. aq, Savic, M. hu, Sawhney, M. tj, Saylan, M. I. tk, Schöttker, B. fv, tl Schutte, A. E. tm, tn Schwebel, D. C. bb, Seedat, S. qf, Seid, A. M. ff, Seifu, C. 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G. dn, oh Wen, C. -P. iw, Werdecker, A. qb, Wesana, J. wl, wm Westerman, R. qc, wn Whiteford, H. A. a j, gi Wilkinson, J. D. ny, nz Wiysonge, C. S. qf, wo Woldeyes, Wolfe, C. D. A. fc, wp Won, S. mk, Workicho A. n, wq Workie, S. B. if, Wubshet, M. wr, ws Xavier, D. wt, G. wu, Yadav, A. K. hs, Yaghoubi, M. wv, Yakob, B. th, Yan, L. L. ww, Yano, Y. wx, Yaseri, M. la, xi Yimam, H. H. dc, Yip, P. xj, xk Yonemoto, N. xl, Yoon, S. -J. ty, Younis, M. Z. xm, C. xn, xo Zaidi, Z. xp, El Sayed Zaki, M. xq, Zambrana-Torrelio, C. xr, xs Zapata, T. xt, Zenebe, Z. M. ag, Zodpey, Zoeckler L. a, Zuhlke, L. J. xu, Murray C. J. L., Barber, Ryan, Fullman, Nancy, Sorensen, Reed, Thomas, Bollyky, Martin, Mckee, Ellen, Nolte, Amanuel, Alemu, Abajobir, Kalkidan, Hassen, Abate, Cristiana, Abbafati, Kaja, Abba, Foad, Abd Allah, Abdishakur, Abdulle, Ahmed, Abdulahi, Abdurahman, Semaw, Ferede, Abera, Biju, Abraham, Girmatsion, Fisseha, Abreha, Kelemework, Adane, Ademola, Lukman, Adelekan, Ifedayo, Morayo, Adetifa, Ashkan, Afshin, Arnav, Agarwal, Sanjay, Kumar, Agarwal, Sunilkumar, Agarwal, Anurag, Agrawal, Aliasghar, Ahmad, Kiadaliri, Alireza, Ahmadi, Kedir, Yimam, Ahmed, Muktar, Beshir, Ahmed, Rufus, Olusola, Akinyemi, Tomi, F, Akinyemiju, Nadia, Akseer, Ziyad, Al Aly, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, Alam, Sayed, Saidul, Alam, Zewdie, Aderaw, Alemu, Kefyalew, Addi, Alene, Lily, Alexander, Raghib, Ali, Syed, Danish, Ali, Reza, Alizadeh Navaei, Ala’A, Alkerwi, François, Alla, Peter, Allebeck, Christine, Allen, Rajaa, Al Raddadi, Ubai, Alsharif, Khalid, Altirkawi, Elena, Alvarez, Martin, Nelson, Alvis Guzman, Azmeraw, Amare, 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Robert, Dellavalle, Kebede, Deribe, Amare, Deribew, Don, De, Jarlais, Subhojit, Dey, Samath, Dharmaratne, Daniel, Dicker, Eric, Ding, Klara, Dokova, Ray, Dorsey, Kerrie, Doyle, Manisha, Dubey, Rebecca, Ehrenkranz, Christian, Lycke, Ellingsen, Iqbal, Elyazar, Ahmadali, Enayati, Sergey, Petrovich, Ermakov, Babak, Eshrati, Alireza, Esteghamati, Kara, Estep, Thomas, Fürst, Imad, Faghmou, Fanuel, Belayneh, Bekele, Fanuel, Emerito, Jose, Aquino, Faraon, Talha, Farid, Carla, Sofia, Sa, Farinha, Andre, Faro, Maryam, Farvid, Farshad, Farzadfar, Valery, Feigin, Andrea, Feigl, Seyed Mohammad, Fereshtehnejad, Jefferson, Fernande, João, Fernande, Tesfaye, Regassa, Feyissa, Florian, Fischer, Christina, Fitzmaurice, Thomas, Fleming, Nataliya, Foigt, Kyle, Foreman, Mohammad, Forouzanfar, Richard, Franklin, Joseph, Frostad, Tsegaye, Tewelde, G/hiwot, Emmanuela, Gakidou, Ketevan, Gambashidze, Amiran, Gamkrelidze, Wayne, Gao, Alberto, Garcia Basteiro, Teshome, Gebre, Amanuel, Tesfay, Gebremedhin, 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Soe, Htet, Guoqing, Hu, Hsiang, Huang, John, Huang, Bethany, Huntley, Chantal, Huynh, Kim, Moesgaard, Iburg, Bogdan, Vasile, Ileanu, Kaire, Inno, Asnake, Ararsa, Irenso, Nader, Jahanmehr, Mihajlo, Jakovljevic, Peter, Jame, Spencer, Lewi, James, Mehdi, Javanbakht, Sudha, Jayaraman, Achala, Upendra, Jayatilleke, Panniyammakal, Jeemon, Vivekanand, Jha, Denny, John, Catherine, Johnson, Sarah, Johnson, Jost, Jona, Knud, Juel, Zubair, Kabir, Yogeshwar, Kalkonde, Ritul, Kamal, Haidong, Kan, Andre, Karch, Corine, Kakizi, Karema, Seyed, Karimi, Amir, Kasaeian, Nicholas, Kassebaum, Anshul, Kastor, Srinivasa, Vittal, Katikireddi, Konstantin, Kazanjan, Peter, Njenga, Keiyoro, Laura, Kemmer, Andrew, Haddon, Kemp, Andre, Pascal, Kengne, Amene, Abebe, Kerbo, Maia, Kereselidze, Chandrasekharan, Nair, Kesavachandran, Yousef, Saleh, Khader, Ibrahim, Khalil, Abdur, Rahman, Khan, Ejaz, Ahmad, Khan, Gulfaraz, Khan, Young Ho, Khang, Abdullah, Tawfih, Abdullah, Khoja, Irma, Khonelidze, Jagdish, Khubchandani, Getiye, Dejenu, Kibret, Daniel, Kim, Pauline, Kim, Yun, Jin, Kim, Ruth, Kimokoti, Yohannes, Kinfu, Niranjan, Kissoon, Miia, Kivipelto, Yoshihiro, Kokubo, Anneli, Kolk, Dhaval, Kolte, Jacek, Kopec, Soewarta, Kosen, Parvaiz, Koul, Ai, Koyanagi, Michael, Kravchenko, Sanjay, Krishnaswami, Kristopher, Krohn, Barthelemy, Kuate, Defo, Burcu, Kucuk, Bicer, Ernst, Kuiper, Veena, Kulkarni, Anil, Kumar, Fekede, Asefa, Kumsa, Michael, Kutz, Hmwe, Kyu, Anton, Carl, Jonas, Lager, Aparna, Lal, Dharmesh, Kumar, Lal, Ratilal, Lalloo, Tea, Lallukka, Qing, Lan, Sinead, Langan, Van, Lansingh, Heidi, Larson, Anders, Larsson, Dennis, Odai, Laryea, Asma, Abdul, Latif, Alicia, Elena, Beatriz, Lawrynowicz, Janet, Leasher, James, Leigh, Mall, Leinsalu, Cheru, Tesema, Leshargie, Janni, Leung, Ricky, Leung, Miriam, Levi, Xiaofeng, Liang, Stephen, Lim, Margaret, Lind, Shai, Linn, Steven, Lipshultz, Patrick, Liu, Yang, Liu, Loon Tzian, Lo, Giancarlo, Logroscino, Alan, Lopez, Scott, Lorch, Paulo, Lotufo, Rafael, 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Palomare, Castillo, Adrian, Pana, Christina, Papachristou, Mahboubeh, Parsaeian, Tejas, Patel, George, Patton, Deepak, Paudel, Vinod, Paul, Neil, Pearce, David, Pereira, Rogelio, Perez Padilla, Fernando, Perez Ruiz, Norberto, Perico, Konrad, Pesudov, Max, Petzold, Michael, Robert, Phillips, David, Pigott, Julian, David, Pillay, Christine, Pinho, Suzanne, Polinder, Constance, Pond, V, Prakash, Manorama, Purwar, Mostafa, Qorbani, Alex, Quistberg, Amir, Radfar, Anwar, Rafay, Kazem, Rahimi, Vafa, Rahimi Movaghar, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad, Hifz, Ur, Rahman, Rajesh, Kumar, Rai, Usha, Ram, Saleem, Rana, Zane, Rankin, Paturi, Vishnupriya, Rao, Puja, Rao, Salman, Rawaf, Maria, Albertina, Santiago, Rego, Marissa, Reitsma, Giuseppe, Remuzzi, Andre, N, N, Renzaho, Serge, Resnikoff, Satar, Rezaei, Rezai, Antonio, Ribeiro, Hirbo, Shore, Roba, Mohammad, Bagher, Rokni, Luca, Ronfani, Gholamreza, Roshandel, Gregory, Roth, Dietrich, Rothenbacher, Nawal, Roy, Perminder, Sachdev, Ben, Benasco, Sackey, Mohammad, Yahya, Saeedi, Saeid, Safiri, Rajesh, Sagar, Mohammad, Ali, Sahraian, Muhammad, Muhammad, Saleh, Joshua, Salomon, Abdallah, Samy, Juan, Ramon, Sanabria, Maria, Dolores, Sanchez, Niño, Logan, Sandar, Itamar, Santo, João, Vasco, Santos, Milena, Santric, Milicevic, Rodrigo, Sarmiento Suarez, Benn, Sartoriu, Maheswar, Satpathy, Miloje, Savic, Monika, Sawhney, Mete, Saylan, Ben, Schöttker, Aletta, Schutte, David, Schwebel, Soraya, Seedat, Abdulbasit, Musa, Seid, Canaan, Negash, Seifu, Sadaf, Sepanlou, Berrin, Serdar, Edson, Servan Mori, Tesfaye, Setegn, Katya, Anne, Shackelford, Amira, Shaheen, Saeid, Shahraz, Masood, Ali, Shaikh, Marina, Shakh Nazarova, Mansour, Shamsipour, Sheikh, Mohammed, Shariful, Islam, Jayendra, Sharma, Rajesh, Sharma, Jun, She, Sara, Sheikhbahaei, Jiabin, Shen, Peilin, Shi, Mika, Shigematsu, Min Jeong, Shin, Rahman, Shiri, Haitham, Shoman, Mark, Shrime, Ephrem, Lejore, Sibamo, Sibamo, Inga, Dora, Sigfusdottir, Diego, Augusto, Santo, Silva, Dayane, 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Js, Thakur, Alan, Thomson, Taavi, Tillmann, Tenaw, Yimer, Tiruye, Ruoyan, Tobe Gai, Marcello, Tonelli, Roman, Topor Madry, Miguel, Tortajada, Christopher, Troeger, Thomas, Truelsen, Abera, Kenay, Tura, Uche, Uchendu, Kingsley, N, Ukwaja, Eduardo, Undurraga, Chigozie, Jesse, Uneke, Olalekan, Uthman, Job, F, Van, Boven, Rita, Van, Dingenen, Santosh, Varughese, Tommi, Vasankari, Narayanaswamy, Venketasubramanian, Francesco, Violante, Sergey, Vladimirov, Vasiliy, Victorovich, Vlassov, Stein, Emil, Vollset, Theo, Vo, Joseph, Wagner, Tolassa, Wakayo, Stephen, Waller, Judd, Walson, Haidong, Wang, Yuan Pang, Wang, David, Watkin, Elisabete, Weiderpa, Robert, Weintraub, Chi Pang, Wen, Andrea, Werdecker, Joshua, Wesana, Ronny, Westerman, Harvey, Whiteford, James, Wilkinson, Charles, Shey, Wiysonge, Belete, Getahun, Woldeye, Charles, Wolfe, Sungho, Won, Abdulhalik, Workicho, Shimelash, Bitew, Workie, Mamo, Wubshet, Denis, Xavier, Gelin, Xu, Ajit, Kumar, Yadav, Mohsen, Yaghoubi, Bereket, Yakob, 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Mall, Leshargie, Cheru Tesema, Leung, Janni, Leung, Ricky, Levi, Miriam, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lim, Stephen S, Lind, Margaret, Linn, Shai, Lipshultz, Steven E, Liu, Patrick, Liu, Yang, Lo, Loon-Tzian, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Lopez, Alan D, Lorch, Scott A, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lozano, Rafael, Lunevicius, Raimunda, Lyons, Ronan A, Macarayan, Erlyn Rachelle King, Mackay, Mark T, El Razek, Hassan Magdy Abd, El Razek, Mohammed Magdy Abd, Mahdavi, Mahdi, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Mantovani, Lorenzo G, Manyazewal, Tsegahun, Mapoma, Chabila C, Marcenes, Wagner, Marks, Guy B, Marquez, Neal, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Marzan, Melvin Barriento, Massano, João, Mathur, Manu Raj, Maulik, Pallab K, Mazidi, Mohsen, McAlinden, Colm, McGrath, John J, McNellan, Claire, Meaney, Peter A, Mehari, Alem, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Meier, Toni, Mekonnen, Alemayehu B, Meles, Kidanu Gebremariam, Memish, Ziad A, Mengesha, Melkamu Merid, Mengiste, Desalegn Tadese, Mengistie, Mubarek Abera, Menota, Bereket Gebremichael, Mensah, George A, Mereta, Seid Tiku, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Mezgebe, Haftay Berhane, Micha, Renata, Millear, Anoushka, Mills, Edward J, Minnig, Shawn, Mirarefin, Mojde, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M, Mock, Charles N, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mohanty, Sanjay K, Mokdad, Ali H, Mola, Glen Liddell D, Molokhia, Mariam, Monasta, Lorenzo, Montico, Marcella, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Moraga, Paula, Morawska, Lidia, Mori, Rintaro, Moses, Mark, Mueller, Ulrich O, Murthy, Sriniva, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Nachega, Jean B, Nagata, Chie, Nagel, Gabriele, Naghavi, Mohsen, Naheed, Aliya, Naldi, Luigi, Nangia, Vinay, Nascimento, Bruno Ramo, Negoi, Ionut, Neupane, Sudan Prasad, Newton, Charles R, Ng, Marie, Ngalesoni, Frida Namnyak, Ngunjiri, Josephine Wanjiku, Nguyen, Grant, Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini, Nolte, Sandra, Nomura, Marika, Norheim, Ole F, Norrving, Bo, Noubiap, Jean Jacques N, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Okoro, Anselm, Oladimeji, Olanrewaju, Olagunju, Andrew Toyin, Olivares, Pedro R, Olsen, Helen E, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Opio, John Nelson, Oren, Eyal, Ortiz, Alberto, Osborne, Richard H, Osman, Majdi, Owolabi, Mayowa O, PA, Mahesh, Pain, Amanda W, Pakhale, Smita, Castillo, Elizabeth Palomare, Pana, Adrian, Papachristou, Christina, Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, Patel, Teja, Patton, George C, Paudel, Deepak, Paul, Vinod K, Pearce, Neil, Pereira, David M, Perez-Padilla, Rogelio, Perez-Ruiz, Fernando, Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Pigott, David M, Pillay, Julian David, Pinho, Christine, Polinder, Suzanne, Pond, Constance D, Prakash, V., Purwar, Manorama, Qorbani, Mostafa, Quistberg, D Alex, Radfar, Amir, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Ram, Usha, Rana, Saleem M, Rankin, Zane, Rao, Paturi Vishnupriya, Rao, Puja C, Rawaf, Salman, Rego, Maria Albertina Santiago, Reitsma, Marissa, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Renzaho, Andre M N N, Resnikoff, Serge, Rezaei, Satar, Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh, Ribeiro, Antonio L, Roba, Hirbo Shore, Rokni, Mohammad Bagher, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roth, Gregory A, Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Roy, Nawal K, Sachdev, Perminder S, Sackey, Ben Benasco, Saeedi, Mohammad Yahya, Safiri, Saeid, Sagar, Rajesh, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Saleh, Muhammad Muhammad, Salomon, Joshua A, Samy, Abdallah M, Sanabria, Juan Ramon, Sanchez-Niño, Maria Dolore, Sandar, Logan, Santos, Itamar S, Santos, João Vasco, Milicevic, Milena M Santric, Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Savic, Miloje, Sawhney, Monika, Saylan, Mete I, Schöttker, Ben, Schutte, Aletta E, Schwebel, David C, Seedat, Soraya, Seid, Abdulbasit Musa, Seifu, Canaan Negash, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Serdar, Berrin, Servan-Mori, Edson E, Setegn, Tesfaye, Shackelford, Katya Anne, Shaheen, Amira, Shahraz, Saeid, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shakh-Nazarova, Marina, Shamsipour, Mansour, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Sharma, Jayendra, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shen, Jiabin, Shi, Peilin, Shigematsu, Mika, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Shoman, Haitham, Shrime, Mark G, Sibamo, Ephrem Lejore Sibamo, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silva, Diego Augusto Santo, Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alve, Sindi, Shireen, Singh, Abhishek, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Om Prakash, Singh, Prashant Kumar, Singh, Virendra, Sinke, Abiy Hiruye, Sinshaw, Aklilu Endalamaw, Skirbekk, Vegard, Sliwa, Karen, Smith, Alison, Sobngwi, Eugene, Soneji, Samir, Soriano, Joan B, Sousa, Tatiane Cristina Morae, Sposato, Luciano A, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steel, Nichola, Steiner, Caitlyn, Steinke, Sabine, Stokes, Mark Andrew, Stranges, Saverio, Strong, Mark, Stroumpoulis, Konstantino, Sturua, Lela, Sufiyan, Muawiyyah Babale, Suliankatchi, Rizwan Abdulkader, Sun, Jiandong, Sur, Patrick, Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan 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Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Wen, Chi-Pang, Werdecker, Andrea, Wesana, Joshua, Westerman, Ronny, Whiteford, Harvey A, Wilkinson, James D, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Woldeyes, Belete Getahun, Wolfe, Charles D A, Won, Sungho, Workicho, Abdulhalik, Workie, Shimelash Bitew, Wubshet, Mamo, Xavier, Deni, Xu, Gelin, Yadav, Ajit Kumar, Yaghoubi, Mohsen, Yakob, Bereket, Yan, Lijing L, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Yimam, Hassen Hamid, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa, Zambrana-Torrelio, Carlo, Zapata, Toma, Zenebe, Zerihun Menlkalew, Zodpey, Sanjay, Zoeckler, Leo, Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna, and Murray, Christopher J L
Subjects: Dánartíðni, Lífslíkur, Life expectancy, Diseases, Health insurance, Globan Burden of Disease, Healthcare Access, DEVELOPMENT GOALS, Methods, Psychology, LIFE EXPECTANCY, Risk assessment, Public health, Globan Burden of Disease, Injuries, Tölfræði, Sjúkdómar, Statistics, DEATH, Þjóðir, Staðtölur, 11 Medical And Health Sciences, Healthcare access, Health status indicators, Health policy, Global burden of disease, Gæðastjórnun, Sálfræði, COMPARATIVE RISK-ASSESSMENT, Lýðheilsa, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Standards, UNITED-STATES, Sjúkratryggingar, Medicine, General & Internal, General & Internal Medicine, Heilbrigðisstefna, SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS, Mortality, Public health systems, medicine (all), Áhættugreining, Science & Technology, Health services accessibility, Staðlar, TRENDS, Heilbrigðisþjónusta, MEDICAL-CARE, AVOIDABLE MORTALITY, Áverkar, Aðferðafræði, Quality of health care, EUROPEAN COUNTRIES, Heilbrigðiskerfi
Abstract: Background National levels of personal health-care access and quality can be approximated by measuring mortality rates from causes that should not be fatal in the presence of effective medical care (ie, amenable mortality). Previous analyses of mortality amenable to health care only focused on high-income countries and faced several methodological challenges. In the present analysis, we use the highly standardised cause of death and risk factor estimates generated through the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) to improve and expand the quantification of personal health-care access and quality for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015. Methods We mapped the most widely used list of causes amenable to personal health care developed by Nolte and McKee to 32 GBD causes. We accounted for variations in cause of death certification and misclassifications through the extensive data standardisation processes and redistribution algorithms developed for GBD. To isolate the effects of personal health-care access and quality, we risk-standardised cause-specific mortality rates for each geography-year by removing the joint effects of local environmental and behavioural risks, and adding back the global levels of risk exposure as estimated for GBD 2015. We employed principal component analysis to create a single, interpretable summary measure-the Healthcare Quality and Access (HAQ) Index-on a scale of 0 to 100. The HAQ Index showed strong convergence validity as compared with other health-system indicators, including health expenditure per capita (r= 0.88), an index of 11 universal health coverage interventions (r= 0.83), and human resources for health per 1000 (r= 0.77). We used free disposal hull analysis with bootstrapping to produce a frontier based on the relationship between the HAQ Index and the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a measure of overall development consisting of income per capita, average years of education, and total fertility rates. This frontier allowed us to better quantify the maximum levels of personal health-care access and quality achieved across the development spectrum, and pinpoint geographies where gaps between observed and potential levels have narrowed or widened over time. Findings Between 1990 and 2015, nearly all countries and territories saw their HAQ Index values improve; nonetheless, the difference between the highest and lowest observed HAQ Index was larger in 2015 than in 1990, ranging from 28.6 to 94.6. Of 195 geographies, 167 had statistically significant increases in HAQ Index levels since 1990, with South Korea, Turkey, Peru, China, and the Maldives recording among the largest gains by 2015. Performance on the HAQ Index and individual causes showed distinct patterns by region and level of development, yet substantial heterogeneities emerged for several causes, including cancers in highest-SDI countries; chronic kidney disease, diabetes, diarrhoeal diseases, and lower respiratory infections among middle-SDI countries; and measles and tetanus among lowest-SDI countries. While the global HAQ Index average rose from 40.7 (95% uncertainty interval, 39.0-42.8) in 1990 to 53.7 (52.2-55.4) in 2015, far less progress occurred in narrowing the gap between observed HAQ Index values and maximum levels achieved; at the global level, the difference between the observed and frontier HAQ Index only decreased from 21.2 in 1990 to 20.1 in 2015. If every country and territory had achieved the highest observed HAQ Index by their corresponding level of SDI, the global average would have been 73.8 in 2015. Several countries, particularly in eastern and western sub-Saharan Africa, reached HAQ Index values similar to or beyond their development levels, whereas others, namely in southern sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, and south Asia, lagged behind what geographies of similar development attained between 1990 and 2015. Interpretation This novel extension of the GBD Study shows the untapped potential for personal health-care access and quality improvement across the development spectrum. Amid substantive advances in personal health care at the national level, heterogeneous patterns for individual causes in given countries or territories suggest that few places have consistently achieved optimal health-care access and quality across health-system functions and therapeutic areas. This is especially evident in middle-SDI countries, many of which have recently undergone or are currently experiencing epidemiological transitions. The HAQ Index, if paired with other measures of health-systemcharacteristics such as intervention coverage, could provide a robust avenue for tracking progress on universal health coverage and identifying local priorities for strengthening personal health-care quality and access throughout the world., Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2017

25. A Two-Component Regulatory System Controls Autoregulated Serpin Expression in Bifidobacterium breve UCC2003

Author: Mary O'Connell Motherway, Marco Ventura, Elena Foroni, Douwe van Sinderen, Pablo Alvarez-Martin, and Francesca Turroni
Subjects: DNA, Bacterial, Transcription, Genetic, DNA Mutational Analysis, ved/biology.organism_classification_rank.species, Mutant, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay, Biology, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Recognition sequence, Genes, Reporter, Electrophoretic mobility shift assay, Promoter Regions, Genetic, Gene, Serpins, Regulation of gene expression, Binding Sites, Bifidobacterium breve, Ecology, ved/biology, Gene Expression Profiling, Promoter, Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial, Molecular biology, Response regulator, Bifidobacterium, Protein Binding, Transcription Factors, Food Science, Biotechnology
Abstract: This work reports on the identification and molecular characterization of a two-component regulatory system (2CRS), encoded by serRK , which is believed to control the expression of the ser 2003 locus in Bifidobacterium breve UCC2003. The ser 2003 locus consists of two genes, Bbr_1319 ( sagA ) and Bbr_1320 ( serU ), which are predicted to encode a hypothetical membrane-associated protein and a serpin-like protein, respectively. The response regulator SerR was shown to bind to the promoter region of ser 2003 , and the probable recognition sequence of SerR was determined by a combinatorial approach of in vitro site-directed mutagenesis coupled to transcriptional fusion and electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs). The importance of the serRK 2CRS in the response of B. breve to protease-mediated induction was confirmed by generating a B. breve serR insertion mutant, which was shown to exhibit altered ser 2003 transcriptional induction patterns compared to the parent strain, UCC2003. Interestingly, the analysis of a B. breve serU mutant revealed that the SerRK signaling pathway appears to include a SerU-dependent autoregulatory loop.
Published: 2012

26. Global, regional, national, and selected subnational levels of stillbirths, neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality, 1980-2015 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author: Vasiliki Stathopoulou, Kiran Thapa, Vesper Hichilombwe Chisumpa, Azeem Majeed, Hjalte Holm Andersen, Devasahayam J. Christopher, Alireza Mohammadi, John J. McGrath, Konstantin Kazanjan, Naohiro Yonemoto, Guoqing Hu, Yousef Khader, Suzanne Barker-Collo, Frida Namnyak Ngalesoni, Jennifer O Lam, Laetitia Huiart, Xiaofeng Liang, Amanuel Tesfay Gebremedhin, Lalit Dandona, Felix Masiye, Joseph R Fitchett, Derrick A Bennett, Rosana E. Norman, Theo Vos, Tuomo J. Meretoja, Rahman Shiri, Melvin Barrientos Marzan, Charles R. Newton, Kelly Cercy, Masoud Vaezghasemi, Elena Alvarez Martin, Christopher Troeger, Ismael R. Campos-Nonato, Amany H Refaat, Ruben Castro, Amiran Gamkrelidze, Michael R. Phillips, Samath D Dharmaratne, Reed J D Sorensen, Roderick J. Hay, Johan Ärnlöv, Ivo Rakovac, Alexandra Brazinova, Nancy Fullman, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Liliana G Ciobanu, Nader Jahanmehr, Yuming Guo, Luigi Naldi, Rana Jawad Asghar, Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot, Corine Karema, Biju Abraham, Rynaz H S Rabiee, Emerito Jose A. Faraon, Philimon Gona, Jonathan I. Silverberg, Alexandria Brown, Kovin Naidoo, Suleman Atique, Yun Jin Kim, Benn Sartorius, Hwashin Hyun Shin, George Mugambage Ruhago, Adugnaw Berhane, Tesfaye Tekle, Abdur Rahman Khan, Vipin Gupta, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Héctor Gómez-Dantés, Jun She, Ted R. Miller, Tolesa Bekele, Yohannes Kinfu, Srinivas Murthy, Alaa Badawi, Mahfuzar Rahman, Raghib Ali, Robert G. Weintraub, Nicholas Steel, Khalid A Altirkawi, Muhammad Imran Nisar, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Thomas N. Williams, Adrian Davis, Usha Ram, Nobuyuki Horita, Qingyang Xiao, Bishal Gyawali, Burcu Kucuk Bicer, Eun-Kee Park, Subas Neupane, Mohammad Tavakkoli, Lorenzo Monasta, Roman Topor-Madry, Marc-Alain Widdowson, James Leigh, Padukudru Anand Mahesh, Stephen M. Amrock, Stefan Ma, Virendra Singh, Amir Kasaeian, Mahdi Mahdavi, Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi, Kim Moesgaard Iburg, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Julio Cesar Campuzano, Maria Dolores Sanchez-Niño, Jean B. Nachega, Hamid Asayesh, Pratik Pinal Doshi, Charles Shey Wiysonge, Peter J. Hotez, Ying Jiang, Girma Temam Shifa, Warren D. Lo, Francis Apolinary Mhimbira, Joan B. Soriano, Ritul Kamal, Young-Ho Khang, Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji, Daniel C Casey, Adeladza Kofi Amegah, Demewoz Haile, Tomi Akinyemiju, Andrew L. Thorne-Lyman, Achala Upendra Jayatilleke, Rajeev Gupta, Rosario Cárdenas, Peter W. Gething, Ami R. Moore, Marie Ng, Maigeng Zhou, Ferrán Catalá-López, Anders Larsson, Ratilal Lalloo, Panniyammakal Jeemon, Bach Xuan Tran, Chigozie Jesse Uneke, Marina Shakh-Nazarova, Jamie Hancock, Yohannes Adama Melaku, Jasvinder A. Singh, Isabela M. Benseñor, Shafiu Mohammed, Rajiv Chowdhury, Hedyeh Ebrahimi, Yoshihiro Kokubo, Belinda K Lloyd, Samir Bhatt, Geoffrey Buckle, Tissa Wijeratne, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Robert W Aldridge, Luca Ronfani, Raj Kumar Verma, Jagdish Khubchandani, Irma Khonelidze, Ai Koyanagi, Teshome Gebre, Michael Kutz, Om Prakash Singh, Ana Maria Nogales Vasconcelos, Margaret Lind, Svetlana Popova, Hmwe H Kyu, Tom Achoki, Laith J. Abu-Raddad, Zacharie Tsala Dimbuene, Henock Yebyo, Mehdi Yaseri, Max Petzold, Sungho Won, Semaw Ferede Abera, Devina Nand, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Abdishakur M. Abdulle, Yingfeng Zheng, Soewarta Kosen, Aleksandra Barac, Mahboubeh Parsaeian, Yuichiro Yano, Charles D.A. Wolfe, Simon I. Hay, Luke D. Knibbs, Balem Demtsu Betsu, Solomon Abrha Damtew, Ileana Heredia-Pi, Boris Bikbov, Bemnet Amare Tedla, Daniel Kim, Ulrich O Mueller, Khurshid Alam, Andrew H. Kemp, Austin Carter, Chuanhua Yu, Ibrahim A Khalil, João Mário Pedro, Atsushi Goto, Arsène Kouablan Adou, Scott B. Patten, Nicola Low, Julio Cesar Montañez Hernandez, Heidi J. Larson, Worku Tefera, Sanjay Zodpey, Kalpana Balakrishnan, Hsing-Yi Chang, Jacqueline Castillo Rivas, Donal Bisanzio, Hilda L Harb, Meghan D. Mooney, John N Newton, Vasiliy Victorovich Vlassov, Marcella Montico, Mojde Mirarefin, Vinay Nangia, Edgar P. Simard, Ben Schöttker, Michael Brainin, Ziad A. Memish, Rafael Lozano, Damian G Hoy, Gebre Yitayih Abyu, Alexis J Handal, Saleem M Rana, Francesco Saverio Violante, Monika Sawhney, Eyal Oren, Iqbal R. F. Elyazar, Oluremi N Ajala, Christopher J L Murray, Chioma Ezinne Chibueze, Rupert R A Bourne, Euripide Frinel G Arthur Avokpaho, Andreas A Kudom, Hilton Lam, Aman Yesuf Endries, Farshad Pourmalek, Andre Pascal Kengne, Gholamreza Roshandel, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Bolajoko O. Olusanya, Tommi Vasankari, Zahid A Butt, Alemseged Aregay Gebru, Samer Hamidi, Soraya Seedat, Xie Rachel Kulikoff, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Gelin Xu, Shireen Sindi, Ruoyan Tobe-Gai, Haidong Wang, Johanna M. Geleijnse, Rajesh Kumar Rai, Ryan M Barber, André Karch, Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider, Hebe N. Gouda, Sibhatu Biadgilign, Erika Ota, Kerrie E. Doyle, Olalekan A. Uthman, Jed D. Blore, Walid Ammar, Guohong Jiang, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Ibrahim Abubakar, Konstantinos Stroumpoulis, Megan Coggeshall, Charles N Mock, Ronan A Lyons, Jose Martinez-Raga, Thomas Fürst, Ambuj Roy, Mustafa Z. Younis, Harish Chander Gugnani, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Lidia Morawska, Noore Alam, Paul S. F. Yip, Grant Nguyen, Randah R. 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Sykes, Juan Sanabria, Ronny Westerman, Julian David Pillay, Cassandra Szoeke, Umar Bacha, Edward J Mills, Manisha Dubey, Aliya Naheed, Al Artaman, Jiabin Shen, Michael Burch, Reza Malekzadeh, Hans W. Hoek, David C. Schwebel, Alireza Esteghamati, Seok Jun Yoon, Leilei Duan, Matthew M Coates, Arnav Agarwal, Soumya Swaminathan, Quyen Nguyen, Hye-Youn Park, Peter Nguhiu, Bereket Yakob, Patrick Liu, Elisabeth Barboza França, Tigist Assefa Bayou, Azmeraw T. Amare, Farshad Farzadfar, Tariku Jibat, Jost B. Jonas, Kaja Abbas, Thomas Truelsen, Maryam S. Farvid, Louisa Degenhardt, George A. Mensah, Till Bärnighausen, Ivy Shuie, Jee-Young Jasmine Choi, Amitava Banerjee, Zubair Kabir, Ingrid Wolfe, Patrick Martial Nkamedjie Pete, Preet K Dhillon, Kathryn H. Jacobsen, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Gagandeep Kang, Aminu K. Bello, Bineyam Taye, Mohsen Naghavi, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Walter Mendoza, M. Patrice Lindsay, Sergey K Vladimirov, Tesfaye Setegn, Angel J Paternina Caicedo, Eric L. Ding, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Stephen S Lim, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Alan D. Lopez, G Anil Kumar, João C. Fernandes, In-Hwan Oh, Rasmus Havmoeller, Amanuel Alemu Abajobir, Pengpeng Ye, Gabrielle deVeber, Espen Bjertness, Hao Zhang, Ali H. Mokdad, Yogeshwar Kalkonde, Peter Memiah, Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suarez, Konrad Pesudovs, Yong Zhao, Joseph Friedman, Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi, Hadi Danawi, André Faro, Kevin N. Sheth, Abera Kenay Tura, Sajjad Ur Rahman, Sergey Soshnikov, Ajit Kumar Yadav, Michelle L. Bell, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Miia Kivipelto, Pieter de Jager, Yongmei Li, Giancarlo Logroscino, Sivadasanpillai Harikrishnan, Talha Farid, Zewdie Aderaw Alemu, Alemayehu Amberbir, Niveen M E Abu-Rmeileh, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Parvaiz A Koul, Edson Serván-Mori, Anil Kaul, Cheng Huang, Kalkidan Hassen Abate, Hsiang Huang, Foad Abd-Allah, Marek Majdan, Sait Mentes Birlik, Jung-Chen Chang, Rahul Gupta, Luciano A. Sposato, Sergey Petrovich Ermakov, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Yibeltal Tebekaw Bayou, Christian Lycke Ellingsen, Ole Frithjof Norheim, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Hajo Zeeb, Norberto Perico, Jun Zhu, Bruno F. Sunguya, Parthasarathi Ganguly, Fisaha Haile Tesfay, Min-Jeong Shin, Ashish Awasthi, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, Alan J Thomson, Mostafa Qorbani, Ye Jin, Don C. Des Jarlais, Itamar S. Santos, Juanita A. Haagsma, Anwar Rafay, Jacob Olusegun Olusanya, José Neves, Gregory M Anderson, Amador Goodridge, Bolanle F Banigbe, David Rojas-Rueda, Pedro R. Olivares, Rakhi Dandona, Stefanos Tyrovolas, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Stein Emil Vollset, Andrea Werdecker, Mohamed Hsairi, Chandrasekharan Nair Kesavachandran, Jeanne Françoise Kayibanda, Alemayehu B. Mekonnen, Addisu Shunu Beyene, Lela Sturua, Inga Dora Sigfusdottir, Amber Sligar, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Shiwei Liu, Melkamu Dedefo Gishu, Chantal Huynh, Lope H Barrero, Linhong Wang, Neeraj Bedi, Masood Ali Shaikh, Ricky Leung, Mehdi Javanbakht, Alemayehu Hailu, Kimani M Harun, Ubai Alsharif, Richard C. Franklin, Zoubida Zaidi, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek, Masako Horino, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Marcello Tonelli, Juan Jesus Carrero, Cyrus Cooper, Rajaa Al-Raddadi, Juan Liang, Leslie Cornaby, Awoke Misganaw, Norito Kawakami, Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, Daniel J. Weiss, Abhishek Singh, Vivekanand Jha, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Serge Resnikoff, Gizachew Assefa Tessema, Alem Mehari, Wagner Marcenes, Chabila C Mapoma, Ababi Zergaw Giref, Farhad Pishgar, Khassoum Diallo, Nicholas J K Breitborde, Emmanuel A. Ameh, Justin Beardsley, Ademola Lukman Adelekan, Joshua A. Salomon, Mamo Wubshet, Diego De Leo, Daniel Pope, Elisabete Weiderpass, Gregory A. Roth, Niranjan Kissoon, Kaire Innos, João Vasco Santos, Rajesh Sagar, Bradford D. Gessner, Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, John J Huang, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Samantha M. Colquhoun, Eduardo Bernabé, Nadia Akseer, Maheswar Satpathy, Fotis Topouzis, Health Services Management & Organisation (HSMO), Public Health, Psychiatry, Neurology, Wang, Haidong, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Coates, Matthew M, Coggeshall, M, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Murray, Christopher JL, Coggeshall, Megan, Dandona, Lalit, Diallo, Khassoum, Franca, Elisabeth Barboza, Fraser, Maya, Fullman, Nancy, Gething, Peter W, Hay, Simon I, Kinfu, Yohanne, Kita, Maaya, Kulikoff, Xie Rachel, Larson, Heidi J, Liang, Juan, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lind, Margaret, Lopez, Alan D, Lozano, Rafael, Mensah, George A, Mikesell, Joseph B, Mokdad, Ali H, Mooney, Meghan D, Nguyen, Grant, Rakovac, Ivo, Salomon, Joshua A, Silpakit, Nari, Sligar, Amber, Sorensen, Reed J D, Vos, Theo, Zhu, Jun, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulle, Abdishakur M, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Aboyans, Victor, Abraham, Biju, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M E, Abyu, Gebre Yitayih, Achoki, Tom, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adelekan, Ademola Lukman, Adou, Arsène Kouablan, Agarwal, Arnav, Ajala, Oluremi N, Akinyemiju, Tomi F, Akseer, Nadia, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K M, Alasfoor, Deena, Aldridge, Robert William, Alegretti, Miguel Angel, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'A, Alla, Françoi, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Martin, Elena Alvarez, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amberbir, Alemayehu, Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Ameh, Emmanuel A, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Andersen, Hjalte H, Anderson, Gregory M, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Assadi, Reza, Atique, Suleman, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Banerjee, Amitava, Banigbe, Bolanle F, Barac, Aleksandra, Barber, Ryan M, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Bärnighausen, Till, Barrero, Lope H, Bayou, Tigist Assefa, Bayou, Yibeltal Tebekaw, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Bekele, Tolesa, Bell, Michelle L, Bello, Aminu K, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabé, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Bhatt, Samir, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bikbov, Bori, Birlik, Sait Mente, Bisanzio, Donal, Bjertness, Espen, Blore, Jed D, Bourne, Rupert R A, Brainin, Michael, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J K, Brown, Alexandria, Buckle, Geoffrey Colin, Burch, Michael, Butt, Zahid A, Campos-Nonato, Ismael Ricardo, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carpenter, David O, Carrero, Juan Jesu, Carter, Austin, Casey, Daniel C, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Rivas, Jacqueline Castillo, Castro, Ruben Estanislao, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Cercy, Kelly, Chang, Hsing-Yi, Chang, Jung-Chen, Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesuda, Colquhoun, Samantha M, Cooper, Cyru, Cornaby, Leslie, Damtew, Solomon Abrha, Danawi, Hadi, Dandona, Rakhi, das Neves, José, Davis, Adrian C, de Jager, Pieter, De Leo, Diego, Degenhardt, Louisa, Deribe, Kebede, Deribew, Amare, Jarlais, Don C De, Deveber, Gabrielle A, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Dhillon, Preet K, Ding, Eric L, Doshi, Pratik Pinal, Doyle, Kerrie E, Duan, Leilei, Dubey, Manisha, Ebrahimi, Hedyeh, Ellingsen, Christian Lycke, Elyazar, Iqbal, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Faraon, Emerito Jose Aquino, Farid, Talha A, Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sa, Faro, André, Farvid, Maryam S, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Joao C, Fischer, Florian, Fitchett, Joseph R A, Foigt, Nataliya, Franklin, Richard C, Friedman, Joseph, Fürst, Thoma, Gambashidze, Ketevan, Gamkrelidze, Amiran, Ganguly, Parthasarathi, Gebre, Teshome, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Gebru, Alemseged Aregay, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Gessner, Bradford D, Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Gomez-Dantes, Hector, Gona, Philimon, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Goto, Atsushi, Gouda, Hebe N, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Gyawali, Bishal, Haagsma, Juanita A, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Haile, Demewoz, Hailu, Alemayehu Desalegne, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hancock, Jamie, Handal, Alexis J, Hankey, Graeme J, Harb, Hilda L, Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai, Harun, Kimani M, Havmoeller, Rasmu, Hay, Roderick J, Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Hoek, Hans W, Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H Dean, Hotez, Peter J, Hoy, Damian G, Hsairi, Mohamed, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, Cheng, Huang, John J, Huang, Hsiang, Huiart, Laetitia, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Idrisov, Bulat T, Innos, Kaire, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jahanmehr, Nader, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jee, Sun Ha, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Guohong, Jiang, Ying, Jibat, Tariku, Jin, Ye, Jonas, Jost B, Kabir, Zubair, Kalkonde, Yogeshwar, Kamal, Ritul, Kan, Haidong, Kang, Gagandeep, Karch, André, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Kasaeian, Amir, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kayibanda, Jeanne Françoise, Kazanjan, Konstantin, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemp, Andrew Haddon, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Keren, Andre, Kereselidze, Maia, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalil, Ibrahim A, Khan, Abdur Rahman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young-Ho, Khonelidze, Irma, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Cho-il, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Yun Jin, Kissoon, Niranjan, Kivipelto, Miia, Knibbs, Luke D, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A, Koyanagi, Ai, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kudom, Andreas A, Kumar, G Anil, Kyu, Hmwe H, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lam, Hilton, Lam, Jennifer O, Lansingh, Van C, Larsson, Ander, Leigh, Jame, Leung, Ricky, Li, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, Lindsay, M Patrice, Liu, Patrick Y, Liu, Shiwei, Lloyd, Belinda K, Lo, Warren D, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Low, Nicola, Lunevicius, Raimunda, Lyons, Ronan A, Ma, Stefan, Razek, Hassan Magdy Abd El, Razek, Mohammed Magdy Abd El, Mahdavi, Mahdi, Majdan, Marek, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Mapoma, Chabila C, Marcenes, Wagner, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Marzan, Melvin Barriento, Masiye, Felix, Mcgrath, John J, Meaney, Peter A, Mehari, Alem, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mekonnen, Alemayehu B, Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary, Miller, Ted R, Mills, Edward J, Mirarefin, Mojde, Misganaw, Awoke, Mock, Charles N, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Monasta, Lorenzo, Hernandez, Julio Cesar Montañez, Montico, Marcella, Moore, Ami R, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Morawska, Lidia, Mori, Rintaro, Mueller, Ulrich O, Murphy, Georgina A V, Murthy, Sriniva, Nachega, Jean B, Naheed, Aliya, Naidoo, Kovin S, Naldi, Luigi, Nand, Devina, Nangia, Vinay, Neupane, Suba, Newton, Charles R, Newton, John N, Ng, Marie, Ngalesoni, Frida Namnyak, Nguhiu, Peter, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Pete, Patrick Martial Nkamedjie, Norheim, Ole F, Norman, Rosana E, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Ojelabi, Foluke Adetola, Olivares, Pedro R, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Oren, Eyal, Ota, Erika, Pa, Mahesh, Park, Eun-Kee, Park, Hye-Youn, Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, Caicedo, Angel J Paternina, Patten, Scott B, Pedro, João Mário, Pereira, David M, Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Pillay, Julian David, Pishgar, Farhad, Polinder, Suzanne, Pope, Daniel, Popova, Svetlana, Pourmalek, Farshad, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rabiee, Rynaz H S, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Raju, Murugesan, Ram, Usha, Rana, Saleem M, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Rao, Puja, Refaat, Amany H, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Resnikoff, Serge, Reynolds, Alex, Rojas-Rueda, David, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roth, Gregory A, Roy, Ambuj, Ruhago, George Mugambage, Sagar, Rajesh, Saleh, Muhammad Muhammad, Sanabria, Juan R, Sanchez-Niño, Maria Dolore, Santos, Itamar S, Santos, João Vasco, Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Savic, Miloje, Sawhney, Monika, Schneider, Ione J C, Schöttker, Ben, Schwebel, David C, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Servan-Mori, Edson E, Setegn, Tesfaye, Shahraz, Saeid, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shakh-Nazarova, Marina, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shen, Jiabin, Sheth, Kevin N, Shibuya, Kenji, Shin, Hwashin Hyun, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Shuie, Ivy, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silva, Diego Augusto Santo, Silverberg, Jonathan, Simard, Edgar P, Sindi, Shireen, Singh, Abhishek, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Om Prakash, Singh, Prashant Kumar, Singh, Virendra, Soriano, Joan B, Soshnikov, Sergey, Sposato, Luciano A, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steel, Nichola, Stroumpoulis, Konstantino, Sturua, Lela, Sunguya, Bruno F, Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L, Szoeke, Cassandra E I, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taye, Bineyam, Tedla, Bemnet Amare, Tefera, Worku Mekonnen, Tekle, Tesfaye, Shifa, Girma Temam, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Tesfay, Fisaha Haile, Tessema, Gizachew Assefa, Thapa, Kiran, Thomson, Alan J, Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Topouzis, Foti, Tran, Bach Xuan, Troeger, Christopher, Truelsen, Thoma, Dimbuene, Zacharie Tsala, Tura, Abera Kenay, Tyrovolas, Stefano, Ukwaja, Kingsley N, Uneke, Chigozie Jesse, Uthman, Olalekan A, Vaezghasemi, Masoud, Vasankari, Tommi, Vasconcelos, Ana Maria Nogale, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Verma, Raj Kumar, Violante, Francesco S, Vladimirov, Sergey K, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wang, Linhong, Wang, Yanping, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Weiss, Daniel J, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Widdowson, Marc-Alain, Wijeratne, Tissa, Williams, Thomas Neil, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wolfe, Charles D A, Wolfe, Ingrid, Won, Sungho, Wubshet, Mamo, Xiao, Qingyang, Xu, Gelin, Yadav, Ajit Kumar, Yakob, Bereket, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Ye, Pengpeng, Yebyo, Henock Gebremedhin, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zeeb, Hajo, Zhang, Hao, Zhao, Yong, Zheng, Yingfeng, Zhou, Maigeng, Zodpey, Sanjay, and Murray, Christopher J L
Subjects: Pediatrics, Nutrition and Disease, Global Health, Communicable Disease, 0302 clinical medicine, Voeding en Ziekte, Infant Mortality, Compensation law of mortality, Global health, Medicine, LIFE EXPECTANCY, 030212 general & internal medicine, DEVELOPING-COUNTRIES, 10. No inequality, Medicine(all), NEWBORN BABIES, Medicine (all), Mortality rate, 1. No poverty, DEATH, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, General Medicine, 11 Medical And Health Sciences, Stillbirth, 3. Good health, Child Mortality, SURVIVAL, CHILD-MORTALITY, HEALTH, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, DEVELOPMENT GOAL 4, Human, INTERVENTIONS, medicine.medical_specialty, RJ, INTEGRATED APPROACH, Developing country, Communicable Diseases, neonatal, 03 medical and health sciences, Medicine, General & Internal, 030225 pediatrics, General & Internal Medicine, Life Science, Humans, Global Burden of Disease Study, VLAG, Estimation, Science & Technology, business.industry, Klinisk medicin, Infant, GBD 2015 Child Mortality Collaborators, Infant mortality, Malaria, Child mortality, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, Life expectancy, Clinical Medicine, RG, business, Demography
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Established in 2000, Millennium Development Goal 4 (MDG4) catalysed extraordinary political, financial, and social commitments to reduce under-5 mortality by two-thirds between 1990 and 2015. At the country level, the pace of progress in improving child survival has varied markedly, highlighting a crucial need to further examine potential drivers of accelerated or slowed decreases in child mortality. The Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study (GBD 2015) provides an analytical framework to comprehensively assess these trends for under-5 mortality, age-specific and cause-specific mortality among children under 5 years, and stillbirths by geography over time. METHODS: Drawing from analytical approaches developed and refined in previous iterations of the GBD study, we generated updated estimates of child mortality by age group (neonatal, post-neonatal, ages 1-4 years, and under 5) for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational geographies, from 1980-2015. We also estimated numbers and rates of stillbirths for these geographies and years. Gaussian process regression with data source adjustments for sampling and non-sampling bias was applied to synthesise input data for under-5 mortality for each geography. Age-specific mortality estimates were generated through a two-stage age-sex splitting process, and stillbirth estimates were produced with a mixed-effects model, which accounted for variable stillbirth definitions and data source-specific biases. For GBD 2015, we did a series of novel analyses to systematically quantify the drivers of trends in child mortality across geographies. First, we assessed observed and expected levels and annualised rates of decrease for under-5 mortality and stillbirths as they related to the Soci-demographic Index (SDI). Second, we examined the ratio of recorded and expected levels of child mortality, on the basis of SDI, across geographies, as well as differences in recorded and expected annualised rates of change for under-5 mortality. Third, we analysed levels and cause compositions of under-5 mortality, across time and geographies, as they related to rising SDI. Finally, we decomposed the changes in under-5 mortality to changes in SDI at the global level, as well as changes in leading causes of under-5 deaths for countries and territories. We documented each step of the GBD 2015 child mortality estimation process, as well as data sources, in accordance with the Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting (GATHER). FINDINGS: Globally, 5·8 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 5·7-6·0) children younger than 5 years died in 2015, representing a 52·0% (95% UI 50·7-53·3) decrease in the number of under-5 deaths since 1990. Neonatal deaths and stillbirths fell at a slower pace since 1990, decreasing by 42·4% (41·3-43·6) to 2·6 million (2·6-2·7) neonatal deaths and 47·0% (35·1-57·0) to 2·1 million (1·8-2·5) stillbirths in 2015. Between 1990 and 2015, global under-5 mortality decreased at an annualised rate of decrease of 3·0% (2·6-3·3), falling short of the 4·4% annualised rate of decrease required to achieve MDG4. During this time, 58 countries met or exceeded the pace of progress required to meet MDG4. Between 2000, the year MDG4 was formally enacted, and 2015, 28 additional countries that did not achieve the 4·4% rate of decrease from 1990 met the MDG4 pace of decrease. However, absolute levels of under-5 mortality remained high in many countries, with 11 countries still recording rates exceeding 100 per 1000 livebirths in 2015. Marked decreases in under-5 deaths due to a number of communicable diseases, including lower respiratory infections, diarrhoeal diseases, measles, and malaria, accounted for much of the progress in lowering overall under-5 mortality in low-income countries. Compared with gains achieved for infectious diseases and nutritional deficiencies, the persisting toll of neonatal conditions and congenital anomalies on child survival became evident, especially in low-income and low-middle-income countries. We found sizeable heterogeneities in comparing observed and expected rates of under-5 mortality, as well as differences in observed and expected rates of change for under-5 mortality. At the global level, we recorded a divergence in observed and expected levels of under-5 mortality starting in 2000, with the observed trend falling much faster than what was expected based on SDI through 2015. Between 2000 and 2015, the world recorded 10·3 million fewer under-5 deaths than expected on the basis of improving SDI alone. INTERPRETATION: Gains in child survival have been large, widespread, and in many places in the world, faster than what was anticipated based on improving levels of development. Yet some countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, still had high rates of under-5 mortality in 2015. Unless these countries are able to accelerate reductions in child deaths at an extraordinary pace, their achievement of proposed SDG targets is unlikely. Improving the evidence base on drivers that might hasten the pace of progress for child survival, ranging from cost-effective intervention packages to innovative financing mechanisms, is vital to charting the pathways for ultimately ending preventable child deaths by 2030. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Erratum: Department of Error, The Lancet,Volume 389, Issue 10064, 2017, Page e1. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32608-3
Published: 2016

27. Recovery Estimation of Dried Foodborne Pathogens Is Directly Related to Rehydration Kinetics

Author: Patrick Gervais, Cyril Iaconelli, Pablo Alvarez-Martin, Fiona Zoz, Laurent Beney, Stéphane Guyot, Emilie Lang, Jean-Marie Perrier-Cornet, Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques ( PAM ), Université de Bourgogne ( UB ) -AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Novolyze [Dijon], Novolyze, and Agence Nationale de la Recherche et de la Technologie
Subjects: Salmonella typhimurium, Bacterial Diseases, 0301 basic medicine, Survival, Physiology, Microorganism, [ SDV.AEN ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Food and Nutrition, Cell Membranes, Resistance, lcsh:Medicine, Escherichia-coli, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lactic Acid Bacteria, Foodborne Organisms, Salmonella, Medicine and Health Sciences, Food science, Prokaryotes, lcsh:Science, membrane, Multidisciplinary, biology, Dehydration, Enteric Bacteria, Salmonella enterica, Bacterial Infections, Anhydrobiosis, Bacterial Pathogens, Death, Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology, Pathogens, Cellular Structures and Organelles, Research Article, Water activity, Desiccation tolerance, 030106 microbiology, Microbiology, 03 medical and health sciences, Cronobacter sakazakii, Enterobacteriaceae, medicine, Humans, Desiccation, Microbial Pathogens, Bacteria, business.industry, lcsh:R, Organisms, Food Consumption, Biology and Life Sciences, Cell Biology, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Food safety, Infant formula, Food Microbiology, Fluid Therapy, lcsh:Q, Physiological Processes, business
Abstract: International audience; Drying is a common process which is used to preserve food products and technological microorganisms, but which is deleterious for the cells. The aim of this study is to differentiate the effects of drying alone from the effects of the successive and necessary rehydration. Rehydration of dried bacteria is a critical step already studied in starter culture but not for different kinetics and not for pathogens. In the present study, the influence of rehydration kinetics was investigated for three foodborne pathogens involved in neonatal diseases caused by the consumption of rehydrated milk powder: Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Senftenberg and Cronobacter sakazakii. Bacteria were dried in controlled relative humidity atmospheres and then rehydrated using different methods. Our results showed that the survival of the three pathogens was strongly related to rehydration kinetics. Consequently, rehydration is an important step to consider during food safety assessment or during studies of dried foodborne pathogens. Also, it has to be considered with more attention in consumers' homes during the preparation of food, like powdered infant formula, to avoid pathogens recovery.
Published: 2016

28. A Conserved Two-Component Signal Transduction System Controls the Response to Phosphate Starvation in Bifidobacterium breve UCC2003

Author: Gerald F. Fitzgerald, Aldert Zomer, Nicolas Sauvageot, Matilde Fernández, Kerry Joan O'Connell, Pablo Alvarez-Martin, Douwe van Sinderen, Mary O'Connell-Motherway, and John MacSharry
Subjects: Energy and redox metabolism [NCMLS 4], ved/biology.organism_classification_rank.species, Mutant, Oligonucleotides, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay, Biology, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Phosphates, Transformation, Genetic, Bacterial Proteins, Phosphate Transport Proteins, Phosphorylation, Gene, Regulation of gene expression, Binding Sites, Bifidobacterium breve, Ecology, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, ved/biology, Computational Biology, Promoter, Pathogenesis and modulation of inflammation Infection and autoimmunity [N4i 1], Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial, Microarray Analysis, Mutagenesis, Insertional, Response regulator, Transformation (genetics), Regulon, Biochemistry, Bifidobacterium, Signal Transduction, Food Science, Biotechnology
Abstract: This work reports on the identification and molecular characterization of the two-component regulatory system (2CRS) PhoRP, which controls the response to inorganic phosphate (P i ) starvation in Bifidobacterium breve UCC2003. The response regulator PhoP was shown to bind to the promoter region of pstSCAB , specifying a predicted P i transporter system, as well as that of phoU , which encodes a putative P i -responsive regulatory protein. This interaction is assumed to cause transcriptional modulation under conditions of P i limitation. Our data suggest that the phoRP genes are subject to positive autoregulation and, together with pstSCAB and presumably phoU , represent the complete regulon controlled by the phoRP -encoded 2CRS in B. breve UCC2003. Determination of the minimal PhoP binding region combined with bioinformatic analysis revealed the probable recognition sequence of PhoP, designated here as the PHO box, which together with phoRP is conserved among many high-GC-content Gram-positive bacteria. The importance of the phoRP 2CRS in the response of B. breve to P i starvation conditions was confirmed by analysis of a B. breve phoP insertion mutant which exhibited decreased growth under phosphate-limiting conditions compared to its parent strain UCC2003.
Published: 2012

29. The Role of Monthly Spending Money in College Student Drinking Behaviors and Their Consequences

Author: Barbara Alvarez Martin, Thomas P. McCoy, Robert H. DuRant, Ananda Mitra, Maria T. Parries, Heather L. O. Champion, and Scott D. Rhodes
Subjects: Adult, Male, Adolescent, Alcohol Drinking, Universities, education, Alcohol abuse, Poison control, Public Policy, Violence, Logistic regression, Suicide prevention, Occupational safety and health, Risk-Taking, Personal income, Residence Characteristics, Environmental health, Dangerous Behavior, Injury prevention, medicine, Humans, Students, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Human factors and ergonomics, medicine.disease, Alcoholism, Socioeconomic Factors, Female, Psychology, Alcoholic Intoxication, Social psychology
Abstract: Alcohol use among college students is pervasive and affected by economic factors such as personal income and alcohol price. The authors examined the relationship among students' spending money, drinking rate, and alcohol-related consequences.In 2005, the authors conducted a Web-based survey among a random sample of 3,634 undergraduate students from 2 large universities.The authors used multiple logistic regression to model drinking behaviors and multiple linear regression to model alcohol-related consequences.The lowest reported levels of average monthly spending money were associated with reduced levels of drinking and getting drunk. Spending money was independently associated with experiencing alcohol-related consequences caused by a student's own drinking, even after the authors controlled for personal drinking behaviors. The effects for consequences caused by others' drinking were significant for students who had gotten drunk.These findings have implications for alcohol price and marketing, particularly around colleges, and suggest actions for parents to consider.
Published: 2009

30. Party Behaviors and Characteristics and Serial Drunkenness Among College Students

Author: Maria T. Parries, J. Newman, Ananda Mitra, Thomas P. McCoy, Robert H. DuRant, Heather L. O. Champion, Scott D. Rhodes, and Barbara Alvarez Martin
Subjects: Adult, Male, Automobile Driving, Periodicity, Health (social science), Evening, Alcohol Drinking, Universities, Injury control, education, Poison control, Social Environment, Toxicology, Suicide prevention, Occupational safety and health, Risk-Taking, Surveys and Questionnaires, Injury prevention, Ethnicity, Forensic engineering, Humans, Medicine, Interpersonal Relations, Students, Demography, business.industry, Human factors and ergonomics, Psychiatry and Mental health, Recreation, Female, business, human activities, Alcohol consumption, Social psychology
Abstract: Objective: This study examined the relationships between party behaviors and social contextual factors for the largest party attended by college students and serial drunkenness by students over the 3 traditional weekend party days (Thursday-Saturday). Method: On two separate 3-day party time periods in the spring of 2006, a random sample of 3,600 students from two large public universities completed a Web-based survey. The survey was administered on a Sunday evening and assessed alcohol consumption, party behaviors and observations, and other social contextual factors occurring during the 3 previous days. Serial drunkenness was measured as having gotten drunk on 0-3 days for the specified 3-day period for students who had attended one or more parties. Results: Multivariate analysis indicated that serial drunkenness was associated with being white, being single without a partner, having ridden with a drinking driver over the weekend, drunken behaviors by other students at the largest party attended, the number of drinks the student consumed before attending the party, the number of drinks consumed at the largest party, and the number of friends that attended the party with the student. A lower frequency of serial drunkenness was associated with the perception that alcohol was difficult to obtain. Conclusions: The availability of alcohol before and at the largest party attended over the weekend, attending the party with a larger number of friends, and drunken behaviors by other students at the party, plus riding with a drinking driver after the party, were associated with serial drunkenness over the 3-day period by the students at these two universities. Language: en
Published: 2008

31. Energy consumption comparison between air conditioning system Mini-Split and Variable Refrigerant Flow in an educational building

Author: Barros Alvarez, Martin Angel, Balbis Morejon, Milen, Tovar Ospino, Ivan, Castro Pena, Juan Jose, De Leon Siado, Lina Maria, Silva Ortega, Jorge Ivan, and Rosales Villa, Dora Edith
Subjects: Energy consumption, Variable refrigerant volume (VRF), Consumo energético, Simulación dinámica, Eficiencia energética, Energy efficiency, Volumen de Refrigerante Variable (VRF), Educational buildings, Edificaciones educativas, Dynamic simulation
Abstract: Este estudio compara el comportamiento del consumo energético para dos tecnologías diferentes de climatización al interior del laboratorio de Máquinas Eléctricas de la Universidad de la Costa CUC. Durante el desarrollo de esta investigación se caracterizó el recinto y se identificaron los equipos con consumo significativo, destacándose el sistema de climatización como el de mayor consumo de energía. Teniendo en cuenta lo anterior, se realizó una comparación del consumo energético entre el sistema de climatización (tipo mini Split) con un sistema de volumen de refrigerante variable (VRF), considerando las mismas condiciones de carga interna y externas asociadas al estudio deedificaciones educativas. Esta comparación se llevó a cabo realizando mediciones de potencia eléctrica activa y consumo de energía del sistema actual durante un período de una semana típica de operación. Estos resultados se compararon por medio del modelamiento y simulación dinámica del desempeño energético del recinto, mediante el empleo del software EnergyPlus (E+) como herramienta predictiva y con asignación de la tecnología de acondicionamiento de aire tipo VRF. Los resultados de esta simulación evidenciaron el potencial de ahorro del 30% ante esta variación tecnológica. In this Study the behavior of energy consumption for two different air conditioning technologies into the Electrical Machines Laboratory at Universidad de la Costa CUC was compared. During this investigation the building was assesed, and the equipments with significant energy consumption were identified, realizing the climate system being the highest one. Considering the above, a comparison of energy consumption was made between mini-split technology with a system of variable refrigerant volume (VRF), using the same internal and external conditions associated to the study of educational buildings. This comparison was carried out by measuring active electric power and energy
Published: 2015

32. Congenital heart block: current thoughts on management, morphologic spectrum, and role of intervention

Author: Teresa Alvarez Martin
Subjects: Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, Pregnancy, Fetal Therapies, business.industry, MEDLINE, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Infant, Newborn, Mothers, General Medicine, medicine.disease, Congenital heart block, Dexamethasone, Fetal Diseases, Fetal Heart, Heart Block, Intervention (counseling), Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, medicine, Humans, Female, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business, Autoantibodies
Published: 2014

33. Human papillomavirus (HPV) E6/E7 mRNA as a triage test after detection of HPV 16 and HPV 18 DNA

Author: Cid Lama, Ana, Pérez Castro, Sonia, López Miragaya, Maria Isabel, Torres Piñon, Julio, Pato Mosquera, Mónica, Alvarez Martin, Maria Jesus, Iñarrea Fernández, Amparo, Lamas Gonzalez, Maria José, and Sarán Díez, Maria Teresa
Published: 2013

34. PKP-036 Linezolid dose optimisation using monte carlo simulation

Author: M Mendoza Aguilera, Belles Medall, M Tripiana Rallo, S Vidal Sabater, V Bossó Ribelles, E Ibañez Benages, B Gallego Iglesias, and T Alvarez Martin
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, education.field_of_study, business.industry, Population, Pharmacology, medicine.disease_cause, Surgery, Minimum inhibitory concentration, Regimen, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Pharmacokinetics, Staphylococcus aureus, Pharmacodynamics, Linezolid, medicine, General Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics, Coagulase, education, business
Abstract: Background The pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) index for the efficacy of linezolid is defined as the area under the plasma drug concentration-time curve (AUC 24 )/minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Purpose To establish linezolid dosing regimen to achieve the expected PK/PD target using THE Monte Carlo simulation for successful therapy. Material and methods The pharmacokinetic parameters of linezolid were obtained from published studies. MIC data were collected of our centre for the years 2013 and 2014 for Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase negative staphylococcus (CNS) isolates. The pharmacokinetic parameters were defined as a log normal distribution in the Monte Carlo simulation, and in the case of MIC, a discrete distribution. A Monte Carlo simulation with 10 000 subjects was performed using the SimulAr program. Acumulative fraction of response (CFR) was calculated (CFR values of >90% represent an optimal regimen). Optimal AUC/MIC ≥100 was considered. Results After literature review, a population pharmacokinetic study of linezolid was selected in adult patients suffering from Gram positive bacterial infections. A one compartment PK model was used with a first order elimination process and the final equation model for Linezolid clearance (Cl Lin )=0.0258xCreatinine clearance (Cl Cr ) (L/h)+2.03 with interindividual variability of 30.5%. Cl Cr was estimed using the Cockcroft and Gault method. MICs for S aureus were fixed at 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 8 μl/mL, with a relative distribution of 0.0075, 0.3387, 0.4807, 0.1667 and 0.0064, respectively. For CNS, MICs were fixed at 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 μl/mL with a relative distribution of 0.3267, 0.6707, 0.0013 and 0.0013, respectively. The simulation analysis for S aureus suggested doses of 900, 1200, 1800 and 2400 mg/day for Cl Cr 125 mL/min, respectively. For CNS, doses of 600, 900 and 1200 mg/day were suggested for Cl Cr 125 mL/min, respectively. Conclusion According to the population pharmacokinetic model and the MIC chosen, linezolid doses should be individualised based on patient Cl Cr and strain of staphylococcus spp isolated. References and/or Acknowledgements Matsumoto, Shigemi A, Takeshita A, et al . Int J Antimicrob Agents 2014;44:242-7 No conflict of interest.
Published: 2016

35. Access and branch management on distributed personal digital libraries

Author: Castellanos Alvarez, Martin Alexander., Lavariega, Juan Carlos., Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Pérez, Raúl., and Bustamante, Carlos.
Subjects: Tecnología, Colaboración distribuida, INGENIERÍA Y TECNOLOGÍA::CIENCIAS TECNOLÓGICAS::TECNOLOGÍA INDUSTRIAL::ORGANIZACIÓN DE RECURSOS HUMANOS [Area]
Abstract: Due to the great volume of digital documents that currently exist, several technologies have appeared to organize, maintain and help users process such amount of information, among them are the personal digital libraries, they allow the creation and administration of collections of digital documents. There are plenty of personal digital library systems available, from general purpose to very specialized versions focusing on a single topic of the domain area, some of them are very popular and have been deployed on several organizations, but there are still areas of opportunity that have not been covered and one that's fundamental for team work and that most of them lack, is a distributed collaboration model without the intervention of a central coordinator, the creation of such model this would give users the necessary tools to implement distributed library cooperation, discover, consume and contribute to public material available in other libraries, and achieve true portability and ubiquitous access even without an Internet connection. The present work proposes a collaboration model that allows users to discover and branch collections built by other users of personal digital libraries while giving users the control and management tools to handle changes and conflicts between collections.
Published: 2011

36. Exact steady state analysis in power converters using Floquet decomposition

Author: Jose Juan Rincon Pasaye, Jose Alberto Alvarez Martin, and Jesus Rico Melgoza
Subjects: Floquet theory, Periodic function, Steady state, Control theory, Stochastic matrix, Applied mathematics, Converters, Matrix decomposition, Electronic circuit, Power (physics), Mathematics
Abstract: In this paper, a methodology based on Floquet decomposition is presented as an alternative solution to obtain the steady state values of power converters. The entire procedure is based on the previous computation of the transition matrix or an approximate of it. Floquet theory is used to provide direct expressions for the steady state solution of systems forced by periodic functions. The application of this analytical expression to power converter circuits is presented through two simple but practical power electronic components.
Published: 2011

37. Impact of a randomized campus/community trial to prevent high-risk drinking among college students

Author: Mark Wolfson, Erin L. Sutfin, Mary Claire O'Brien, Ananda Mitra, Heather L. O. Champion, Robert H. DuRant, Edward H. Ip, Kimberly G. Wagoner, Jill N. Blocker, Thomas P. McCoy, Barbara Alvarez Martin, and Scott D. Rhodes
Subjects: Male, Adolescent, Alcohol Drinking, Universities, education, Psychological intervention, Medicine (miscellaneous), Binge drinking, Poison control, Toxicology, Social Environment, Suicide prevention, Occupational safety and health, Article, Binge Drinking, Young Adult, Risk-Taking, Residence Characteristics, Environmental health, Intervention (counseling), Injury prevention, ComputingMilieux_COMPUTERSANDEDUCATION, North Carolina, Medicine, Humans, Students, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Internet, business.industry, Human factors and ergonomics, Psychiatry and Mental health, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, business
Abstract: BACKGROUND: High-risk drinking by college students continues to pose a significant threat to public health. Despite increasing evidence of the contribution of community-level and campus-level environmental factors to high-risk drinking, there have been few rigorous tests of interventions that focus on changing these interlinked environments. The Study to Prevent Alcohol Related Consequences (SPARC) assessed the efficacy of a comprehensive intervention using a community organizing approach to implement environmental strategies in and around college campuses. The goal of SPARC was to reduce high-risk drinking and alcohol-related consequences among college students. METHODS: Ten universities in North Carolina were randomized to an Intervention or Comparison condition. Each Intervention school was assigned a campus/community organizer. The organizer worked to form a campus-community coalition, which developed and implemented a strategic plan to use environmental strategies to reduce high-risk drinking and its consequences. The intervention was implemented over a period of 3 years. Primary outcome measures were assessed using a web-based survey of students. Measures of high-risk drinking included number of days alcohol was consumed, number of days of binge drinking, and greatest number of drinks consumed (all in the past 30 days); and number of days one gets drunk in a typical week. Measures of alcohol-related consequences included indices of moderate consequences due to one's own drinking, severe consequences due to one's own drinking, interpersonal consequences due to others' drinking, and community consequences due to others' drinking (all using a past 30-day time frame). Measure of alcohol-related injuries included (i) experiencing alcohol-related injuries and (ii) alcohol-related injuries caused to others. RESULTS: We found significant decreases in the Intervention group compared with the Comparison group in severe consequences due to students' own drinking and alcohol-related injuries caused to others. In secondary analyses, higher levels of implementation of the intervention were associated with reductions in interpersonal consequences due to others' drinking and alcohol-related injuries caused to others. CONCLUSIONS: A community organizing approach promoting implementation of environmental interventions can significantly affect high-risk drinking and its consequences among college students. Language: en
Published: 2011

38. ORPHAN DRUGS FOR RARE DISEASES IN THE EUROPEAN UNION: BRIDGING THE GAP BETWEEN DRUG DEVELOPMENT AND UNMET MEDICAL NEEDS?

Author: Catala-Lopez, F, Peiro, S, Genova-Maleras, R, Garcia-Altes, A, Sanfelix-Gimeno, G, Alvarez-Martin, E, Morant-Ginestar, C, and Ridao, M
Published: 2011

39. Fixed drug combinations in hypertension: a budget impact analysis for the spanish health system on the marketing of a fixed combination of olmesartan/amlodipine

Author: Ferro-Rey, MB, Roca-Cusachs, A, Sicras-Mainar, A, Alvarez-Martin, C, and de Salas-Cansado, M
Subjects: Budget impact analysis, Health costs, Hypertension, Fixed combination olmesartan/amlodipine, Modelling
Abstract: Objective: To carry out a budget impact analysis (BIA) of olmesartan/amlodipine (20/5, 40/5 and 40/10 mg) marketed as a fixed combination (FC) in its approved indication for the National Health System (NHS). Desig: We developed a decision tree model in order to estimate usual hypertension treatment algorithm in Spanish clinical practice. Settings: The BIA has been developed from the perspective of the NHS for a period of 3 years (years 2010-2012). Participants: Spanish hypertensive population >= 35 years old. Interventions: Introduction into the market of a fixed combination (FC) olmesartan/amlodipine in Spain. Primary measures: Expected costs to be assumed by the Spanish NHS (RRP-VAT) for hypertensive population able to be treated with the FC versus currently assumed costs by the NHS with free combination olmesartan and amlodipine. Results: Estimated pharmaceutical costs in hypertensive population treated with olmesartan and amlodipine (2 pills) would be (sic)25.2 M (1(st) year), (sic)26.4 M (2011), (sic)27.6 M (2012), with a total 3-year period of (sic)79.2 M. According to patient tree model, the population able to be treated with FC would be 71,283 patients (2010), with a growth rate of 4.8% in the successive years, which supposes an annual cost of (sic)21.2 M (2010), (sic)21.8M (2011) and (sic)22.4 M (2012), with a total 3-year period of (sic)65.4 M. The MA shows savings of (sic)13.8 M in a total 3-year period. Conclusion: The BIA of FC olmesartan/amlodipine could generate net savings of (sic)13.8 M for the NHS in the period ranging from years 2010 to 2012. (C) 2010 Elsevier Espana, S.L. All rights reserved.
Published: 2011

40. High-risk versus low-risk football game weekends: differences in problem drinking and alcohol-related consequences on college campuses in the United States

Author: Ananda Mitra, Heather L. O. Champion, Barbara Alvarez Martin, Thomas P. McCoy, Maria T. Parries, Cynthia K. Buettner, Jill N. Blocker, Scott D. Rhodes, and David W. Andrews
Subjects: Male, Universities, education, Football, Poison control, Logistic regression, Suicide prevention, Occupational safety and health, Odds, Young Adult, Risk Factors, Surveys and Questionnaires, Injury prevention, Forensic engineering, Medicine, Humans, Students, Chi-Square Distribution, business.industry, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, United States, Logistic Models, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Female, Ordered logit, business, human activities, Alcoholic Intoxication, Demography
Abstract: Collegiate football games provide multiple social opportunities for alcohol use by students over the course of the weekend. The goal of this study was to examine alcohol use and alcohol-related consequences on football game weekends to determine differences based on characteristics of the game. METHODS: A random sample of students from two large, public universities in the United States completed a survey on the Sunday-Friday following a high-risk weekend (HRW, important, home game) and low-risk weekend (LRW, no home game or game of importance) (N = 3,238 total). The survey measured the number of days students drank (0-3) and got drunk (0-3) over the weekend and whether 1+ consequences were experienced due to one's own drinking (yes/no) and due to others' drinking (yes/no). RESULTS: Ordinal logistic regression analyses revealed greater odds of drinking alcohol (OR = 1.70, CI = 1.46-1.97) and getting drunk (OR = 1.49, CI = 1.27-1.76) on HRW versus LRW. Logistic regression analyses revealed greater odds of experiencing 1+ consequences as a result of one's own drinking (OR = 1.38, CI = 1.16-1.63) and experiencing 1+ consequences as a result of others' drinking (OR = 1.52, CI = 1.30-1.78) on HRW versus LRW. DISCUSSION: These findings suggest that additional prevention efforts aimed at reducing risky drinking are needed over HRW and have implications for campus administrators, law enforcement, and substance abuse program coordinators. Language: en
Published: 2009

41. The GTC facility instruments: a status review

Author: J. M. Rodríguez Espinosa and Pedro Alvarez Martin
Subjects: Gran Telescopio Canarias, Physics, Telescope, Scientific instrument, Integral field spectrograph, Aeronautics, law, Thursday, First light, Spectrograph, First generation, Remote sensing, law.invention
Abstract: The Gran Telescopio Canarias (GTC) 10.4m telescope received its First Light on July 13, 2007. At present the GTC is undergoing commissioning tests. Night time observations are being carried out routinely from Monday through to Thursday every week. The GTC will begin science observation by the end of the year, and will be offered to the community in September 2008 for the semester starting in March 09. The two first generation science instruments are getting ready to be mounted on the telescope. In this talk I will go through the main features of the first generation science instruments and describe their status of completion. I will also devote some time to the second-generation instruments that are currently at various states of advancement. These include EMIR, a wide field multi-object K band cryogenic spectrograph, and FRIDA, which is a near IR Adaptive Optics fed integral field spectrograph. Finally, I will describe a set of smaller instruments that will complement and indeed extend the observing capabilities of the GTC soon after the start of science operation.
Published: 2008

42. How ready are colleges for an environmental approach that utilizes campus/community coalitions?

Author: Mary Claire O'Brien, Barbara Alvarez Martin, Ralph B. D'Agostino, Heather L. O. Champion, Robert H. DuRant, Mark Wolfson, and Thomas P. McCoy
Subjects: Health (social science), Alcohol Drinking, Universities, media_common.quotation_subject, Poison control, Plan (drawing), Environment, Suicide prevention, Training (civil), Occupational safety and health, Education, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Optimism, Political science, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, media_common, 030505 public health, business.industry, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Human factors and ergonomics, General Medicine, Public relations, Community-Institutional Relations, Alcoholism, 0305 other medical science, business, Inclusion (education)
Abstract: While there is optimism about an environmental management approach that utilizes campus-community coalitions to reduce levels of high-risk drinking, the readiness of schools to implement such an approach is unknown. We surveyed 100 colleges regarding their readiness based on eight factors: existence of a task force to address alcohol use on campus; the inclusion of the college/university President; inclusion of a community representative; frequent meetings; external funding to address alcohol use; previous environmental training; changes implemented as a result of environmental training; and a plan to institute environmental training in the future. Having an alcohol task force or coalition (57%) was associated with participation by the president and/or community representative on the task force, having extramural funding to address high-risk drinking, training in environmental management, implementation of changes after the training, plans for future training, school size, Greek organizations on campus, and being a state university.
Published: 2007

43. The GTC facility instruments: main features and readiness status

Author: María Luisa García-Vargas, J. M. Rodríguez Espinosa, and Pedro Alvarez Martin
Subjects: Gran Telescopio Canarias, Ir camera, Physics, Scientific instrument, Telescope, law, Polarimetry, First light, Wide field, Spectrograph, Remote sensing, law.invention
Abstract: The Gran Telescopio Canarias (GTC) 10.4m telescope will be having its first light soon after this meeting. A fairly complete set of science instruments are being prepared for installation at the GTC soon after first light or a couple of year after in the case of the second generation instruments. In this talk I will describe the main features of the various instruments and discuss their completion status. In particular I will dwell on the Tuneable filters combined with a wide field and charge shuffling capabilities of OSIRIS, Elmer's outstanding throughput, and the thermal IR polarimetry and coronagraphy capabilities of CanariCam. I will also show the wide field multi-object K band spectroscopic capabilities of EMIR, the first of the second-generation instruments. Finally, I will describe CIRCE, a near IR camera being offered by the UF for GTC, and FRIDA, a near IR AO geared imager and IFU spectrograph meant to exploit the GTC AO system.
Published: 2006

44. Reproductive performance of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) in captivity under different management systems in Argentina

Author: R. Alvarez, Martin, O. Kravetz, Fernando, and Revues Inra, Import
Subjects: [SDV.SA.ZOO] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Zootechny, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Published: 2006

45. Fiebre prolongada y dolor costal derecho en paciente con antecedentes de brucelosis

Author: J.M. Villar del Moral, M. J. Alvarez Martin, J. M. Ramia Angel, D. Garrote Lara, M.T. Villegas Herrera, and J. A. Ferron Orihuela
Subjects: Gynecology, medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, medicine, General Medicine, business
Published: 2003

46. Clinical and correlated histopathological findings in oral mucosal lesions of smokers, Colombia

Author: M. Villaroel, E.D.C. Alvarez Martin, A.M. Gaviria, G.J. Alvarez, Y. Mosquera, and R. Jimenez
Subjects: Pathology, medicine.medical_specialty, Otorhinolaryngology, business.industry, Oral mucosal lesions, Medicine, Surgery, Oral Surgery, business
Published: 2007

47. The spectrophtal: An instrument for ocular spectrophotometry and fluorophotometry

Author: Manuel Gonzalez de la Rosa, Maximino Galan Nunez, Pedro Alvarez Martin, and Sergio Gonzalez Martin-Fernandez
Subjects: Materials science, medicine.diagnostic_test, Pigmentation, business.industry, Iris, Fluorophotometry, Fluoresceins, eye diseases, Sensory Systems, Rats, Photometry, Vitreous Body, Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, Ophthalmology, Optics, Evaluation Studies as Topic, Spectrophotometry, medicine, Animals, Humans, Optometry, Fluorescein, business
Abstract: We describe the technical characteristic of a new instrument, which is controlled by a microcomputer and is aimed at ocular spectrophotometric and fluorophotometric studies. We also discuss some practical applications.
Published: 1985

48. [Untitled]

Author: A. Gutiérrez Maroto, J. Guijarro Galiano, J. B. Alvarez Martin, and J. Monseur Lespagnard
Subjects: Cinnabar, engineering, Geochemistry, Mineralogy, Geology, Pyrite, engineering.material, Optical emission spectrometry
Abstract: The «Cuarcita del Criadero» of the Almaden ore Deposit is formed by two quartzitic zones, one upper and the other lower, separated by the denominated intermediate shales. The Upperr Quartzitic Zone comprises of the banging to the foot wall: the mineralized Iayer of «San Nicolas», the mineralized layer of «San Francisco» and the Intermediate Quartzites whereas the Lower Quartzitic Zone contains the mineralized layer of «San Pedro». In the present paper, we investigate, by means of plasma emission spectrometry by inductive coupling the distribution of certain trace elements, thirteen in pyrites, twelve in cinnabars and seventeen in the shaly strata of the mineralized layer of «San Nicolas», in order to establish the geochemical character of the pyrite, cinnabar and of the shaly strata just as the origin of the two sulphides.
Published: 1988

49. [Histochemical studies on fibers of Asclepias]

Author: E, DORADO BERNAL and M, DE LOS DESAMPARADOS ALVAREZ MARTIN
Subjects: Plants, Asclepias
Published: 1953

50. The Impact of Drying on Foodborne Pathogens Salmonella enterica and Cronobacter sakazakii

Author: Emilie Lang, Stéphane Guyot, Pablo Alvarez-Martin, Jean-Marie Perrier-Cornet, Patrick Gervais, Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques ( PAM ), Université de Bourgogne ( UB ) -AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Novolyze [Dijon], and université de Bourgogne, PAM
Subjects: [ SDV.IDA ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Food engineering, [SDV.IDA] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Food engineering
Abstract: International audience; [Technical Session 1 – Intervention Strategies] Introduction: Salmonella enterica and Cronobacter sakazakii are foodborne pathogens responsible for severe infant illness. Their ability to survive in harsh environmental conditions make these species a matter of concern for the low moisture food industry. Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate and understand the impact of drying conditions on survival, physiology, and invasion capacity of Salmonella Typhimurium and C. sakazakii.Methods: Salmonella Typhimurium and C. sakazakii were mixed into whole milk powder and dried at different water activity (aw) levels (0.25, 0.58 and 0.80). For each strain, the impact of each drying condition was evaluated by estimating the loss of cultivability, membrane permeabilization, and the loss of a respiratory enzymatic activity by flow cytometry. The invasion capacity in Caco-2 cells was, also, evaluated after drying for each bacterium by the gentamicin test.Results: Our results showed that intermediary initial drying kinetics increased bacterial inactivation. No significant differences were observed between bacterial cultivability at aw 0.25 and 0.58. Nevertheless, the bacterial cultivability was significantly higher (p

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