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The strongly correlated material FeSi exhibits several unusual thermal, magnetic, and structural properties under varying pressure-temperature (P-T) conditions. It is a potential thermoelectric alloy and a materials of several geological implications as a possible constituent at the Earth's core mantle boundary (CMB). The phase transition behavior and lattice dynamics of FeSi under different P-T conditions remain elusive. A previous theoretical work predicted a pressure induced B20-B2 transition at ambient temperature, yet the transition is only observed at high P-T conditions in the experiments. Furthermore, the closing of the electronic gap due to a dramatic renormalization of the electronic structure and phonon anomalies has been reported based on density function calculations. In this study we have performed high pressure powder diffraction and Nuclear Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering (NRIXS) measurements up to 120 GPa to understand the phase stability and the lattice dynamics. Our study shows evidence for a nonhydrostatic stress induced B20-B2 transition in FeSi around 36 GPa for the first time. The Fe partial phonon density of states (PDOS) and thermal parameters were derived from NRIXS up to 120 GPa with the density function theoretical (DFT) calculations. These calculations further predict and are consistent with pressure-induced metallization and band gap closing around 12 GPa., Comment: 8 pages, 6 figures and supplementary information

Background Vasospasm is a major problem following microsurgical reconstruction which can result in the partial or complete loss of the flap tissue. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficiency of hydrodilatation for the prevention of vasospasm. Methods Thirty male Wistar rats were used for this experimental study. Femoral arteries of were exposed, photographed, and transected. In group 1, group 2, and group 3 papaverine solution, hydrodilatation, and minimal mechanical dilatation (control group) was performed, respectively. The anastomosis was completed and the arteries were photographed again 10 minutes after completion of the anastomosis. Following 7-day period samples for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and light microscopy were obtained. Results The mean vessel diameters prior to transection were 0.43, 0.45, and 0.52 mm in the papaverine, hydrodilatation, and control groups, respectively. The mean vessel diameter 10 minutes following the completion of anastomosis was 0.76, 0.75, and 0.51 mm in the papaverine, hydrodilatation, and control groups, respectively. Median score for papaverine group regarding histological parameters of regular endothelial lining and lumen, neutrophil infiltration, vascular congestion, and edema in tunica adventitia was 2, 3, 2, and 3 positive, respectively. Median score for the papaverine group regarding histological parameters of regular endothelial lining and lumen, neutrophil infiltration, vascular congestion, and edema in tunica adventitia was 3, 3, 3, and 3 positive, respectively. All the histological scores were negative in the control group. The difference between the control group and the experiment groups 1 and 2 was significant regarding all four histological parameters (p Conclusion Hydrodilatation and papaverine application were both effective in preventing vasospasm following microsurgical intervention but papaverine caused slightly less damage to the endothelial lining and less edema in the tunica adventitia when compared with the hydrodilatation. Hydrodilatation group showed a vasodilatory effect that was statistically similar to that of papaverine, which has a proven efficacy.

Nasal reconstruction is one of the most challenging procedures in plastic surgery. To get optimal aesthetic and functional results, the surgeon should know all the options well. Forehead flap is the gold standard technique for closure of medium to large defects of the nose. Although it provides a very good color and texture match, it may become a difficult option in patients with poor condition. The aim of this study was to define a simpler technique for nasal reconstruction using combined local flaps.Twelve patients, operated using a dorsal nasal flap combined with a nasolabial perforator propeller flap, were presented in the study. Properties of the patients, defect size and locations, and complications were evaluated.The mean size of the reconstructed defects was 10.1 cm2. No flap loss was observed. Venous congestion was the most common complication and resolved spontaneously in all cases. Two cases had partial distal necrosis, which also healed spontaneously.Closure was achieved successfully in all cases with a medium to large nasal defect using a combined dorsal nasal flap and nasolabial perforator propeller flap. This method can be used as an alternative to forehead flap.

Mekanik araçlar üzerinde yaptığımız çalışma ile araçlar üzerinde titreşime sebep olan durumlar araştırılmıştır. Bu titreşimlerin en aza indirgenebilmesi için öncelikle titreşimlerin yoğun olabileceği bölgeler üzerinde deneyler yapılmıştır. Bu deneyler neticesinde araç üzerinde titreşimin yoğun olduğu alanlar saptanmıştır. Titreşim ölçümleri, 2017 model 1400 kg ve 1492 kg net ağırlığa sahip benzinli ve dizel binek araçlar kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Yapılan çalışmalar sonucunda mekanik titreşime sebep olan sebepler saptanmaya çalışılmıştır. Bunlar; • Motor Problemleri • Aks Dingil problemleri • Fren Sorunu • Titreyen ve sallanan tekerlekler • Lastik Problemleri ve yol sorunları olarak saptanmıştır. Bu titreşim problemlerinin giderilmesi için yapılması gereken işlemler aşağıdaki gibidir. ; • Yetersiz hava emişi veya yakıt emişi kimyasal çevrimi olumsuz etkilediğinden dolayı yenileri ile değiştirilmesi titreşimin azaltılmasında yardımcı olur. • Araçlarımız hareketli parçalardan oluşmaktadır bu nedenle tam performans alınabilmesi için toleransların ve ölçümlerin tam olarak yapılması gerekir. • Kaliperler fren rotorlarını sıkarak aracı durdurmaya çalışır böylece fren balataları bozulmuş rotoru her zamanki gibi kavrayamaz. Bu da titreşime sebep olur. • Cıvata ile somunların tam veya torkunda sıkılması sağlanmalıdır., We use tools to work on mechanical tools. You are in places where the vibration of priority is high in order to minimize this vibration. As a result of these experiments, the instrument is concentrated. Vibration measurements were made on the 2017 model gasoline and diesel passenger cars with 1400 kg and 1492 kg net weight. Why it might cause the construction of the cause; • Engine Problems • Axle axle problems • Brake Problem • Swinging and rocking wheels • Tire problems and road problems have been identified. This is necessary to eliminate vibration problems; • Since insufficient air suction or fuel absorption has a negative effect on the chemical cycle, replacement with new ones helps to reduce vibration. • Our tools are made of moving parts, so full performance and tolerances must be made to ensure full performance. • The brake pedal which stops the vehicle by squeezing the brake rotor and the brake pads cause vibration due to the inability to grasp the defective rotor as usual. • Bolts and nuts must be tightened or tightened.

Background Fibula osteocutaneous flap is associated with a higher rate of reexploration in mandible reconstruction due to limited space for the fixation of various tissue components on multiple segments of the fibula flap. To maintain optimal circulation to the flap and to prevent negative outcomes because of partial or total flap loss, we shared our experiences on salvaging the free fibula flap with vascular compromise in the first reexploration and we developed an algorithm. Methods From 1992 to 2018, 12 patients between the ages of 48 to 63 (mean: 52.5) who had presented with oral squamous cell carcinoma (n = 10) followed by osteoradionecrosis of the mandible (n = 2) were explored. The operative findings were; (1) occlusions of vein (3 cases); (2) occlusions of artery (4 cases); and (3) occlusions of both artery and vein (5 cases). After correcting the kinking or evacuating the hematoma, the arterial inflow was initially reestablished by anterograde flow. If this was nonfunctional, retrograde flow from the distal end of the peroneal artery was provided. For the vein, anterograde venous drainage was reestablished. If the thrombus extended deep into the peroneal vein, regular venous return was blocked on the anterograde side, and the flap remained congested therefore retrograde venous drainage was performed regardless of the valves in the vein. However, the two ends of the peroneal artery were anastomosed to prevent thrombosis of the artery. Results The success rate of revised cases was 75% (9/12). All failed cases had presented with both artery and vein occlusion (three cases). Pectoralis major musculocutaneous flap and anterolateral thigh flap were needed for the external surface in two cases. Skin graft was required for seven cases to restore intraoral lining. Six patients underwent dental rehabilitation with prosthetic implants. Conclusion Immediate reexploration is mandatory to salvage the flap.

Background Nasolabial flap is a work-horse flap for coverage of many facial units. However, these flaps have limited mobility and these limit their use in many instances. Facial artery with its numerous small cutaneous perforators can be a source for free-style skin flaps that can be islanded and have greater reach, one of which is nasolabial perforatory flap. Methods The authors present a case series of 35 patients with central facial unit defects reconstructed by a single flap harvested from the nasolabial sulcus. Results In our series, we did not encounter any significant flap loss and patient satisfaction was high both functionally and aesthetically. Main drawbacks were temporary venous congestion and hair bearing flaps in male patients. Conclusion The authors think with its reliability and versatility nasolabial perforator flaps, based on the same donor area as the traditional nasolabial flap can be a valuable addition to our arsenal in reconstruction of central facial unit defects.

Radiation-induced wounds are extremely difficult to treat. They may lead to severe infections and can even be life-threatening. Wound dressings, negative pressure wound treatment, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, and antibiotics are the main treatment modalities for radiation-induced wounds. Amniotic membrane is the innermost surface of the placenta. It has been shown that amniotic membrane induces re-epithelization, regulates angiogenesis, and decreases inflammation and fibrosis. Our proposed theory was that amniotic membrane can have a role in treating radiation-induced wounds by inducing epithelization and increasing wound tensile strength. Out of 24 rats, 3 groups were composed. In group A, 21 days after one session of radiotherapy, a 2-cm incision was made on the gluteal region then an amniotic membrane was placed under the skin flaps. In group B, 21 days after one session of radiotherapy, a 2-cm incision made on the gluteal region and wound is sutured back after 2 × 2 cm of area was undermined. In group C, no radiotherapy is given. We just made an incision and sutured it back again with the same size of area undermined. Three weeks after these surgeries, wound regions were excised en bloc and taken out for biomechanical and histopathological assessments. The end results in amniotic membrane group (group A) were statistically higher than those in the other groups in the terms of wound healing and biomechanical measurements. After biomechanical and histopathological evaluation, amniotic membrane, with its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, angiogenic, and epithelial-inductive effects, was found to be affective in post-radiation wound treatment. Due to the features of amniotic membrane mentioned above, it can be an option in treatment of patients which received neoadjuvant radiotherapy to prevent future wounds. It can also be used for the care and treatment of post-radiation wounds. Level of Evidence: Not ratable

Whereas body-contouring surgery after massive weight loss in women receives much attention, little attention has been devoted to accentuating the male physique. Male patients after massive weight loss often suffer from redundant skin and soft tissue in the anterior and lateral chest region, causing various deformities of pseudogynecomastia. The authors present their approach to high-grade pseudogynecomastia correction with preservation of the NAC on an inferior dermoglandular pedicle with transverse scar only closure and without any meaningful liposuction. A description of comprehensive pseudogynecomastia correction with the aforementioned technique followed by review of 58 consecutive patients operated on in our clinic from January 2017 to June 2018. Epidemiological data such as age, weight, height, body mass index (BMI), weight loss, and the medical history of each patient were collected. All patients were photo-documented preoperatively and postoperatively in a standard manner. During the operation, weight of resected tissue and operative time were noted. Fifty-eight patients were operated on in a single stage. In our series, one patient had unilateral partial necrosis on nipple–areola complex, and two patients had minimal to moderate amounts of hematoma which were followed up without intervention. We did not encounter any infection-related complications or skin redundancy in our patients. Out of 58 patients, 55 of all the patients were highly satisfied with the aesthetic results. Three patients were mildly satisfied with the results, but they stress that moderate scar widening was the reason for the displeasure, not the definition of the chest which was deemed as satisfactory like the rest. Our technique obviates the need for skin resection in a second operation, allows immediate skin recontouring, and provides a viable nipple–areola complex at the desired location. The patient does not have to suffer prolonged stress while awaiting skin retraction and is protected from a second dose of anesthesia and hospitalization. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.

A fat graft is the closest thing to being the ideal soft tissue filler. Although it has many advantages, reliability of late-term survival is a never-ending debate. Although there are observational studies that research the effect of cigarette smoke on fat graft take in clinical setting, there has not been an objective experimental animal study on the affect of smoking on fat graft survival. The aim of our study is to search if smoking has an affect on fat grafts. Twenty-two Sprague-Dawley type rats were used. Exposure was maintained via a passive smoke exposure system. Rats were divided into three groups regarding their exposure period. At the end of the study, transferred fat grafts were extracted and weighed with a precision scale, an arterial blood sample was taken for biochemical analysis, and grafts were sent to the pathology laboratory for immunohistochemical assessment. There were meaningful differences between the control group and the other two groups in graft weight loss, serum cotinine, tissue MDA, adipose tissue/fibrosis ratio, stem cell counts, perilipin positive cell density and inflammation density. Furthermore, we detected meaningful correlations between serum cotinine, tissue MDA and graft weight loss. Fat graft takes with the same mechanisms as a wound heals. So like wound healing, cigarette smoke has a negative affect on fat graft survival. A fat graft is by its nature an elective procedure so to improve our late-term success, cigarette smoke exposure should be kept to a minimum for increased reliability. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

We present phonon dispersions, element-resolved vibrational density of states (VDOS) and corresponding thermodynamic properties obtained by a combination of density functional theory (DFT) and nuclear resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (NRIXS) across the metamagnetic transition of B2 FeRh in the bulk material and thin epitaxial films. We see distinct differences in the VDOS of the antiferromagnetic (AF) and ferromagnetic (FM) phase which provide a microscopic proof of strong spin-phonon coupling in FeRh. The FM VDOS exhibits a particular sensitivity to the slight tetragonal distortions present in epitaxial films, which is not encountered in the AF phase. This results in a notable change in lattice entropy, which is important for the comparison between thin film and bulk results. Our calculations confirm the recently reported lattice instability in the AF phase. The imaginary frequencies at the $X$-point depend critically on the Fe magnetic moment and atomic volume. Analyzing these non vibrational modes leads to the discovery of a stable monoclinic ground state structure which is robustly predicted from DFT but not verified in our thin film experiments. Specific heat, entropy and free energy calculated within the quasiharmonic approximation suggest that the new phase is possibly suppressed because of its relatively smaller lattice entropy. In the bulk phase, lattice degrees of freedom contribute with the same sign and in similar magnitude to the isostructural AF-FM phase transition as the electronic and magnetic subsystems and therefore needs to be included in thermodynamic modeling., 15 pages, 12 figures

Özet Küçük Çocukların Bilgiyi İşleme Hızı Eda Tanyeli Bu tezin amacı yeni geliştirilen ve çok küçük çocukların bilgiyi işleme hızını ölçen yeni bir yöntemin geçerliğini araştırmaktır. Bu çalışmada 2 ve 3 yaş arası elli bir çocuk katılmıştır. Bu yöntem iki bölümden oluşmaktadır. İlk bölümde çocuğa iki ayrı kategori için (hayvan ve taşıt) iki ayrı hareket model oluşturularak gösterilmiş ve çocuğun bu hareketleri taklit etmesi istenmiştir. Yöntemin ikinci bölümünde ise her iki kategoriden öncekinden farklı örnekler karışık bir biçimde sunulmuştur. Çalışmanın bağımsız değişkeni, çocuğun bir objeyi gördüğü andan itibaren doğru hareketi başlattığı ana kadar geçen süredir (tepki zamanı). Araştırmanın hipotezleri şunlardır: (1) Çocukların tepki zamanı (doğru harekete başlama zamanı) yaşla beraber azalacaktır, (2) Çocukların tepki zamanlarındaki değişkenlik yaşla beraber azalacak, (3) Yöntemin ikinci ve daha zor olan bölümünde çocukların tepki zamanları uzayacaktır, (4) Cinsiyet farkı görülmeyecektir. Çalışmanın sonuçlan genel olarak tahmin edilen yönde çıkmasına rağmen bazı durumlarda sonuçlar istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir düzeyde fark göstermemiştir. Sonuç olarak, çalışmanın sonuçları, bu yöntemin 2 ve 3 yaş grubu çocuklarda bilgiyi işleme hızını ölçen iyi bir ölçek olarak kullanılabileceğini desteklemektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Bilgiyi işleme hızı, tepki zamanı, çok küçük çocuklar Abstract This study assessed the validity of a new task that aims to measure information processing speed in very young children. Fifty one children aged between 2 and 3 years participated in the study. The task is administered in two parts. The first part involves modelling for the children two separate actions for two separate object categories (animals and vehicles) and asking them to imitate the target action. In the second part of the task new exemplars of the two categories are presented in mixed order. The latency to start the action associated with the category is measured. The hypotheses were that the Reaction Time (RT) decreases with age, the variability of RT decreases with age, in the mixed category presentation part of the task, where the task gets more complex (more cognitive demand on the child) the RTs increase; both 2-and-3 -years-olds take longer to initiate the target action in the second part of the task and lastly there are no gender differences. Although the results were, by and large, in the predicted direction, in some cases the differences failed to reach significance. In general, the present results suggest that this task may be a good measure of speed of information processing for 2 and 3 years old children. Key Words: Information processing speed, reaction time, very young children IV 55

ÖZET Ailedeki Boşanmanın ve Boşanmamış/Ayrılmamış Ebeveynler Arasındaki Çatışmanın Genç Türk Kadınlarının Karşı Cinsle İlişkileri Üzerindeki Etkisi By Hande Kılınç Kunt Bu çalışmada, Boğaziçi Universitesi'nde okuyan, boşanmamış/ayrılmamış ailelerden gelen 272 kız öğrencinin ve boşanmış/ayrılmış ailelerden gelen 37 kız öğrencinin oluşturduğu 309 kişilik bir örneklemin karşı cinsle ilişkileri araştırılmaktadır. Aynı zamanda, aile içi çatışmanın çok olduğu boşanmamış/ayrılmamış ailelerden gelen kızların (N = 39), aile içi çatışmanın az olduğu boşanmamış/ayrılmamış ailelerden gelen kızların (N = 34) ve boşanmış/ayrılmış ailelerden gelen kızların (N= 37) karşı cinsle ilişkileri araştırılmaktadır. Karşı Cinse Güven Ölçeği (The Heterosexual Trust Scale), Evlilikle İlgili Tutumlar Ölçeği (The Marital Attitudes Scale), Çocukların Evlilik Çatışmasını Algısı Ölçeği (The Children's Perception of Interparental Conflict Scale) ve Kişisel Geçmiş Anket Formu (Personal History Questionnaire) bu çalışmada kullanılmıştır. Boşanmış/ayrılmış ailelerden gelen kızlar, boşanmamış/ayrılmamış ailelerden gelen kızlarla karşılaştırıldığında, evlilikle ilgili daha olumsuz tutum gösterirken, karşı cinse olan güven konusunda bir fark göstermemektedirler. Boşanmış/ayrılmış ailelerden gelen kızlar, çatışmanın az olduğu boşanmamış/ayrılmamış ailelerden gelen kızlarla karşılaştırıldıklarında, evlilikle ilgili olarak daha olumsuz tutumlar göstermektedirler. Diğer yandan, çatışmanın çok olduğu boşanmamış/ayrılmamış ailelerden gelen kızlar en yüksek düzeyde karşı cinse güvensizlik gösterirken, boşanmış/ayrılmış ailelerden gelen viiikızlar en düşük düzeyde karşı cinse güvensizlik göstermektedirler. Bu 3 aile grubundan gelen kızlar, karşı cinsle flört yaşantıları gözönüne alınarak karşılaştırıldığında, düşük çatışmanın olduğu boşanmamış/ ayrılmamış ailelerden gelen kızlar, ilişkileriyle ilgili olarak daha çok memnuniyet belirtirken, diğer gruplardaki kızlar daha çok kararsızlık ve memnuniyetsizlik belirtmektedirler. 3 gruptaki kızlar içinde, en çok boşanmış/ayrılmış ailelerden gelen kızlar flört etmeye başladıklarını bildirmişlerdir. Her grubun içindeki kızların flört etmeye başlama yaşı 16'ya yakın olarak bulunmuştur. Fakat gruplar arasında, flört yaşantılarının diğer kalite veya miktar özellikleri açısından önemli bir fark görülmemektedir Boşanma/ayrılma değişkenleri araştırılırken, ebeveynlerinin her ikisi de yeniden evlenen kızların hepsi mevcut bir ilişkileri olduğunu belirtmiştir. Diğer yandan, ebeveynleri yeniden evlenmeyen kızların yarıya yakını şu anda bir ilişkide olmadıklarını belirtmişlerdir. Ebeveynlerinin her ikisi de yeniden evlenen kızların, en düşük düzeyde karşı cinse güvensizlik gösterdikleri ve ebeveynlerinden sadece biri evlenen kızların, en yüksek düzeyde karşı cinse güvensizlik gösterdikleri bulunmuştur. Vesayeti altında olmadıkları babayla iyi ilişkileri olan kızların, babayla kötü ilişkileri olan kızlara oranla, karşı cinse güvensizliklerinin daha düşük düzeyde olduğu bulunmuştur. Ailelerinde boşanma/ayrılma olduğu dönemde yuva çağında veya ergenliğin ileri aşamalarında olan kızlar, ilişkilerinin büyük bir çoğunluğunda diğer gruplardaki kızlara oranla daha fazla memnuniyet bildirmişlerdir. Boşanma/ayrılma sonrasındaki dönemde, ebeveynlerinin arasındaki ilişkinin iyi olduğunu bildiren kızların, erken flört etmeye başladıkları, 2 aydan uzun süren ilişkilerinin fazla olduğu ve genelde ilişkilerinin uzun sürdüğü bulunmuştur. Boşanma/ayrılma değişkenleri ile evlilikle ilgili tutum değişkeni ve geçmiş flört yaşantıları arasında yapılan analizlerde anlamlı bir farklıklık bulunmamıştır. ix ABSTRACT The Impact of Parental Divorce/Separation and Interparental Conflict in Intact Families on Heterosexual Functioning of Young Turkish Women By Hande Kılınç Kunt The present study investigates the heterosexual functioning of 309 young Turkish women, studying in Boğaziçi University, 272 from intact and 37 from divorced/separated families. With intact group divided into 2 groups, the heterosexual functioning of young Turkish women coming from high conflictual intact (N = 39), low conflictual intact (N = 34) and divorced/separated families (N = 37) were investigated. The Heterosexual Trust Scale, the Marital Attitudes Scale, the Children's Perception of Interparental Conflict Scale and the Personal History Questionnaire were used. Compared to daughters from intact families, those from divorced/separated families held more negative attitudes toward marriage but did not differ on heterosexual trust. Subjects from divorced/separated families had higher negative marital attitudes than those coming from low conflict intact families. Subjects of high conflict intact families had the highest level of heterosexual mistrust and subjects of divorced/separated families had the lowest levels of heterosexual mistrust. For dating experiences, subjects from low conflictual intact group reported more satisfaction whereas others reported more indecisiveness and dissatisfaction in the current dating relationship. More subjects in divorced/separated group reported having started dating compared to others in high conflict and low conflict groups. The age at first dating was around 16 for those subjects who had started dating among 3 parental groups. But, the groups did not appear to be vidifferent from each other with respect to the quality and quantity of other dating experiences. For divorce/separation variables, subjects with both of the parents remarried reported the lowest levels of and subjects with only one remarried parent reported the highest levels of mistrust. While all of the subjects whose both parents were remarried were currently involved in a romantic relationship, nearly half of the subjects with none of their parents being remarried were not currently involved in a relation. Subjects with good relations with the noncustodial fathers reported lower levels of mistrust than those who have bad relations with their fathers. And, most of the subjects whose parents divorced/separated when they were in preschool or in late adolescence reported higher levels of satisfaction in current dating relationship among 3 groups. Subjects whose parents had good relations in the post-life have begun dating earlier, had more relations lasting longer than 2 months and more long lasting relationships than those whose parents had acrimonious relations in the post-divorce life. None of the analyses yielded statistically significant results for marital attitudes and dating history variables in terms of the divorce/separation variables. VI i 129

Özet Zihinsel Durum Belirten Eylemler ile Zillin Kuramı arasındaki îlişki Teri Granti Bu çalışmanın amacı, yanlış kanı atfım anlama ile dil becerileri (i) zihinsel durum belirten eylemleri {sanmak, düşünmek, bilmek, vb.) anlama, ve (ii) tümleç cümlelerini üretme ve anlama arasındaki ilişkiyi araştırmaktır. Araştırmaya 3;0-6;6 yaşlan arasında, her altı aylık dönemde 10 çocuk olmak üzere, toplam 70 anaokulu çocuğu katılmıştır. Araştırmada zihin kuramı ölçümü için Wimmer ve Perner'ın (1983) birinci aşama yanlış kanı atfı testlerinden `umulmayan içerik testi` ve `umulmayan yer testi` kullanılmıştır. Zihinsel durum belirten eylemlere ilişkin bilginin ölçümü için Astington ve Pelletier'ın (2001) testi uyarlanmış, tümleç cümlelerin ölçümü için ise resimli hikayeler kullanılmıştır. Bu çalışmanın denenceleri şunlardır: 1) Yaşla birlikte yanlış kanı atfı testlerindeki basan da artacaktır. 2) Yanlış kanı atfı testlerini geçen çocuklar, zihinsel durum belirten eylemleri de {sanmak, düşünmek, bilmek) anlıyor olacaklardır. 3) Yanlış kanı atfı testlerini geçen çocuklar, tümleç cümlelerini üretme ve anlama ile ilgili testlerde de başanlı olacaklardır. Bulgular çocuklann, yanlış kanı atfı testlerinde 3 yaşından itibaren başanlı olmaya başladıklarını ancak bu becerilerinin tam olarak 4 yaş dolayında ortaya çıktığını göstermiştir. Çocuklann zihinsel durum belirten eylemler arasında en erken Abstract The Relationship between Metacognitive Vocabulary & Theory of Mind Development by Ten Granti The aim of the present study was to investigate the relation between false belief understanding and the linguistic capacities of (i) mental verb comprehension, and (ii) complement sentence production and comprehension. The sample included 70 preschool children within the 3;0-6;6 age range with 10 children in each six- month period. The materials used to assess theory of mind development were Wimmer and Perner's (1983) first order false belief tests `the unexpected contents task` and `the unexpected location task`. For the assessment of mental verb knowledge Astington and Pelletier's (2001) task was adapted, while knowledge of complement constructions was assessed by using picture-stories. It was hypothesized that the linguistic capacities of comprehension and production of complement sentences, and understanding of mental verbs would have been established before false belief understanding. The findings revealed that children start to establish some understanding about other minds starting around three years of age. Children's performance revealed highest level of understanding for the verb sanmak 'think with implication of false belief as compared to other mental verbs, but understanding of mental verbs did not precede false belief understanding. Memory for false beliefs expressed in complement clauses with the verb sanmak 'think with implication of false belief and age were found to be predicting factors for false belief understanding. IV 94

VI Kısa Özet Türkiye'de Çocuk Yetiştirme Stili ve Aile Yapısının Ergenlik Çağındaki Öğrencilerin Okul Başarısına Etkileri Friederike Heyndrickx Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, ergenlik çağındaki öğrencilerin okul başarısına etki eden faktörlerin incelenmesidir. Anne ve babanın otoritatif tutumu, annenin çalışma durumu, ebeveynlerin evlilik tatminleri, ebeveynlerin eğitim seviyeleri ve eğitimin önemi bir model içinde yordayıcı değişkenler olarak kullanılmıştır. Modelde (1) yordayıcı değişkenlerin ergenlik çağındaki öğrencilerin okul başarısına doğrudan etkisi olabileceği, (2) anne ve babanın otoritatif tutumunun ebeveynlerin eğitim seviyeleri, annenin çalışma durumu, ebeveynlerin evlilik tatminleri ve okul başarısı arasında aracı rolü oynayabileceği, (3) eğitimin önemi ve ebeveynlerin evlilik tatminlerinin anne ve babanın otoritatif tutumu ve okul başarısı arasında modere edici rol oynayabileceği önerilmiştir. Çalışmada istanbul'daki dört adet özel lisede öğrenim görmekte olan ve anne-babasıyla beraber yaşayan ergenlik çağındaki 302 genç yer almıştır. Verilerin toplanmasında aile yapısıyla ilgili anket, Otoritatiflik Ölçeği (anne ve babalar için ayrı ayrı), eğitimin önemi ile ilgili sorular ve Ebeveynlerin Evlilik Tatminleri Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Bulgulara göre bütün ergenlerde annenin psikolojik özerklik sağlamasının ve eğitimin öneminin (olumsuz anlamda sorulduğunda) okul başarısını yordadığı bu değişkenlerden annenin psikolojik özerklik sağlamasının etkisinin dahavıı güçlü olduğu bulunmuştur. Annenin psikolojik özerklik sağlamasının bağımsız değişkenler arasında herhangi bir aracı rolünün olmadığı bulunmuştur. Modere edici etkiler açısından da bakıldığında bir istisna dışında herhangi bir kanıt bulunamamıştır: sadece kızlarda, eğitimin öneminin (olumlu anlamda sorulduğunda) babanın psikolojik otonomi sağlaması ve okul başarısı arasındaki ilişkiyi modere ettiği görülmüştür. Araştırmadan elde edilen bulgular diğer araştırma bulguları çerçevesinde tartışılmış ve ileride gerçekleştirilecek araştırmalar için tavsiyeler sunulmuştur. IV Abstract The Role of Parenting and Family Background on Turkish Adolescents' Academic Achievement. by Friederike Heyndrickx The major aim of the present study was to investigate the prediction of adolescents' academic achievement in the Turkish culture. Authoritativeness of the mother and the father, maternal employment, parental marital satisfaction, parental educational level and importance of education were proposed as predictive variables within a model. In the model it is suggested that (1) the predictive variables could have a direct effect on adolescents' academic achievement, (2) authoritativeness of mother and father could have a mediating role between parental education, maternal employment, parental marital satisfaction, and academic achievement, (3) importance of education and parental marital satisfaction could have a moderating role between authoritativeness of mother and father and academic achievement. A sample of 302 high-school students attending four private schools in Istanbul and living within an intact family were included in the study. A background questionnaire, Authoritativeness Measure (for mothers and fathers separately), importance of education questions and a parental Marital Satisfaction Scale were used for collecting data. The results indicated that for all adolescents, psychological autonomy of the mother and importance of education (asked in the negative) predicted academic achievement, with maternalpsychological autonomy granting being a stronger predictor. No mediating effects of psychological autonomy granting of the mother were found between any of the designated independent variables. Nor was there any evidence for moderating effects, with a single exception: in the case of girls, importance of education (asked in the positive) appeared to moderate the relationship between psychological autonomy granting of the father and their academic achievement. The findings were discussed in the context of the literature and suggestions were made for further research. 90

ÖZET İlköğretim Birinci Sınıf Türk Çocuklarında İşler Bellek, Kısa Süreli Bellek, Bilgi işlem Hızı ve Akışkan Zeka Arasındaki İlişkiler Burcu Özdemir (Öğüt) Bu tezin amacı, işler bellek, kısa süreli bellek, bîlgi-işlem hızı ve akışkan zeka arasındaki ilişkileri araştırarak, Conway, Cowan, Bunting, Therriault ve Mînkofifun (2002) çalışmasında ortaya çıkan ilişkiler örüntüsünü, çocuklar üzerinde tekrarlamaktır. Bahsedilen çalışmada, akışkan zekaya doğrudan bağlı olan değişkenin kısa süreli bellek ya da bilgi-işlem hızı değil, yalnızca işler bellek olduğu bulunmuştur. Bahsedilen çalışma, yetişkinlerle yapılmıştır, ancak bu tezin örneklemi 2 ayrı özel okulda okumakta olan 77 ilköğretim birinci sınıf çocuğudur. Araştırmacı tarafindan, 7 tanesi bilgi-işlem hızım, 1 tanesi de işler belleği ölçme amaçlı 8 bilgisayarlı ölçüm gefiştirilmiştir. Kısa süreli bellek, WISC testinin Türkçe versiyonunun sayı dizileri ile, akışkan zeka da Zihinsel Beceriler Grup Tesrfnin Sözsüz Bateri' si ile ölçülmüştür. Veri analizleri, modelleme temeline dayanan AMOS 4.0 programı ile yapılmıştır. Çalışmanın sonuçlan Conway ve arkadaşlarının bulmuş olduğu modeli oluşturamamış; kısa süreli bellek ile bflgj-işlem hızı akışkan zekaya bağlıyken, işler-belleğin ilgisi bulunamamıştır. Ancak, araştırmaya yönelik yeni bir model, bu durumun, işler bellek ölçerinin değişkeni verimli bir şekilde viölçemediği ve kısa süreli bellek testlerinden birinin, işler bellek testi gibi çalıştığı için meydana geldiğini göstermiştir. Çalışmanın sonuçlarına bu açıdan bakıldığında, Conway ve arkadaşlarının (2002) elde ettiği sonuçların kısmen tekrarlanmış olduğu görülmektedir. Sonuç olarak, yapılacak yeni çalışmalarda, işler bellek ve ona benzer değişkenlerin ölçümü için birden çok ölçerin kullanılması tavsiye edilmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: İşler bellek, kısa süreli bellek, bîlgi-işlem hızı, akışkan zeka, Türk çocukları, modelleme vıı ABSTRACT Working Memory Capacity, Short-Term Memory Capacity, Information Processing Speed and Fluid Intelligence Relationships in First Grade Turkish Children by Burcu Özdemir (Öğüt) This study investigated the relationships network among working memory capacity, short-term memory capacity, information processing speed and fluid intelligence in children, attempting to replicate the findings of Conway, Cowan, Bunting, Therriault and MinkofFs (2002) study, carried out on young adults. This study found that it was the working memory and not the short-term memory or processing speed that predicted fluid intelligence. 77 first grade Turkish children from two private schools in Istanbul participated in the present study. The researcher developed 8 computerized tests, 7 for the measurement of information processing speed and 1 for working memory capacity. Short-term memory was measured by the number sequences tests of the Turkish adaptation of WISC Test, and fluid intelligence was measured by the Nonverbal Battery of Cognitive Abilities Group Test (Form 5). Method of analysis was structural equation modeling, using AMOS 4.0 software package. The results showed that the model that emerged out of Conway et al. (2002) study could not be replicated; as short-term memory capacity and the information processing speed predicted fluid intelligence whereas working ivmemory did not. However, an exploratory model revealed that this was due to the inefficiency of the working memory task and one of the short-term memory tasks' functioning as a rather working memory task. When the results are re-inspected from this perspective, the Conway et al. (2002) study results were partly replicated. It is suggested that working memory and similar constructs should be measured by more than one task. Key Words: Working memory, short-term memory, information processing speed, fluid intelligence, Turkish children, structural equation modeling 78

The purpose of· this study was to understand and investigatethe effects of the classroom social environment on the academicachievement of the students. Specifically, the impact of theclassroom environment of junior high school classrooms onacademic aChievement was investigated.Two hundred and forty five junior high school studentsparticipated in this study. Hundred and five subjects were sixthgraders, 140 subjects were seventh graders. This study wasaccomplished by administering a questionnaire. The Turkishtranslated version of Classroom Environment Scale (Tuter, 1989)was used in this study. The ~ndependent variable was classroomsocial environment as perceived by the children in that classroommeasured by administering Classroom Environment Scale. Thedependent variable was students' academic achievement measuredby grades those students got at the end of the second semester.Turkish Literature; Turkish History and Mathematics courses werechosen to be investigated.Stepwise Mul tiple Regression Analyses were performed on thesubscale scores of the Classroom Environment Scale and the gradesof each student for different course in order to determine therelationships between the subscales of the CES and academicachievement as measured by grades.Rule Clarity, Teacher Control, Order and Organisationsubscales were found to be effective in explaining thedifference in academic achievement.Further research with larger samples, different gradelevels, different sGhools may help us to gain a betterunderstanding of the relationship between classroom environmentand academic achievement. 60

This study investigated the relationship between life events,locus of control and psychological adiustment in adolescents. It washypothesized that, when faced with negative life events in the pastyear, adolescents those who have an external locus of control willhave more problems in social relationships, emotional stability,conformity, adiustment to reality and leadership than those whohave internal locus of control. The participants of the study were191 high school students in Robert College. The measurementinstruments were the Junior High Life Experiences Survey, theInternal-External Control Scale and the Minnesota Counseling Inventory.Five multiple regression analyses were performed on the fiveMinnesota Counseling Inventory subscales. In the case of EmotionalStability and Adjustment to Reality, when faced with negative lifeevents, external students showed more problems than internal ones.in the case of Conformity, negative life events scores alone increasedthe conformity problems. In the case of Social Relationshipsand leadership, the positive life events score was found to bepredictive. Also the results showed that girls were more externallyoriented, less emotionally stable and less conforming. Some speculationswere discussed related to the findings and suggestions forfurther studies were given. 78

The present study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties ofthe Turkish translation of Four S~dst8m Anxiet!d Questionnaire. This aimcelled for an administration of the FSAQ and other anxiety Questionnaires(STAI and APQ) to 8 normal and a patient group.A total of 342 subjects were employed in the study. Two hundred andsixty seyen of them made up the university students group. They were allenroll ed as undergraduate students at the Bosphorus University andrepresented the normal population. The remaining 75 SUbjects made up theanx10us group. They were all patIents who were under treatment at thePsychiatry Cllnic of Marmara University.All subjects admin1stered the FSAQ, The SUbjects ln the student groupwere adminestered the APQ and the STAi as walLIn order to evaiuate thetest retest reliebllity of the FSAQJ 120 university students wereadminestered the questionnaire for a second time nine days after the initialadmlnistrat1on.In general, the psychometric properties of the Turkish translation ofthe FSAQ may be summarized as follows, All four scales of the FSAQ end thequestionnaire as a whole appears to haY9 a high splithalf rellabi1ity.Eventhough the test retest rel1abll1ty of the Questtonna1re is rather hIgh forfemales,1t is only moderate for males. The FSAQ also seem to hays a yeryh1gh cr1ter1on val1dHy. Its concurrent val1dftYJ 6S evaluated fromcomparisons with the ST AI and the APQ scale, seems to be rather modest.The results IndIcated that the psychometr1c propert1es of the TurkIshtransl ati on of the FSAQ seem to be rather sat i sfactorYJ and it can beemployed with confidence in clin1cal prectlce and in research. 64