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The current study examines the relationship between sleep duration and variability with sensation- seeking and risky behaviors in a sample of Iranian undergraduate students.The participants in this study were 385 undergraduate students in Tehran. To collect data, we used the Sensation Seeking Scale, Risk Behavior Scale, and two questions related to sleep duration and sleep variability.The results showed a positive relationship between sleep deprivation and irregular sleep schedule with sensation-seeking and risk behavior tendencies in students.This association could point to an indirect impact of sleep deprivation on sensationseeking and risk behavior, for example, by altering brain regions responsible for self- control.

Crouzon syndrome(CS) is the most common craniosynostosis condition.This report presents a rare case of a 25-year-old male CS patient referred for orthodontic treatment with the chief complaint of severe irregularities in the arrangement of teeth and abnormal facial appearance.The clinical,cephalometric features and initial orthodontic management of this patient are discussed

Background and Objective: People’s perceptions toward insomnia are influenced by the socio-cultural context of their lives. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate beliefs, attitudes, and practices of the participants about causes of insomnia and its management. Materials and Methods: Nineteen participants with a self-reported history of insomnia from the community were recruited in this study. Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted. The interviews were recorded and tran-scribed verbatim. The transcriptions were analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: Four themes were identified: underlying causes of insomnia, help-seeking barriers, my coping strategies, and good food - bad drugs. Participant’s reactions to insomnia depended on their broader socio-cultural beliefs. Conclusion: Studying these perceptions and responses in our sample would contribute to better understanding of patients’ therapeutic preferences. It would also help to identify effective socio-cultural beliefs on insomnia self-management methods. Identification of these beliefs and practices also can contribute to adaptation of common insom-nia treatments.

This article analyzes gender differences in the dream content of Iranian college students and compares the findings with normative American findings and with findings from studies of Indian and Japanese college students. The study utilized 218 dream reports collected with the Most Recent Dream method from 103 females and 115 males at the University of Tehran in Tehran. In general, the Iranian findings are similar to findings in the American, Indian, and Japanese studies. However, there were differences from the American norms that were sometimes similar to differences also found in Indian and Japanese college students, which may reflect cultural differences between Eastern and Western cultures. Future investigations with larger samples may reveal further the main interests and concerns of Iranian college students and help develop a better understanding of cross-cultural similarities and differences in dream content.

Objective: The aim of this study was to examine reality testing in schizophrenic children and compare it with normal children using minus responses subcomponent in ego impairment index of the Rorschach test.Methods: In a descriptive design, 20 accidentally sampled children, including 10 schizophrenic and 10 normal children, were recruited in to two groups and were compared in terms of reality testing subcomponent of Ego Impairment Index (EII). After initial interview, the Rorschach inkblot test was administered on the two groups, and Distorted Quality responses (FQ-) were calculated. The results were then analyzed by independent t-test and Cohen’s d for effect size.Results: The result of independent t-test revealed that the mean of minus responses in schizophrenic children was significantly higher than that of normal children. In addition, the usefulness of the Rorschach ego impairment index (EII) in evaluating reality testing in schizophrenic children was confirmed. In addition, it was found that defect in reality testing is one of the prominent characteristics of schizophrenic children. Conclusion: The higher minus responses in schizophrenic children indicate that schizophrenic children have weaker functioning in reality testing compared with normal children.