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Forest fires are one of the most devastating natural disasters that can have a significant impact on the environment, economy, and human lives. Early detection and prompt response are crucial to minimize the damage caused by forest fires. In recent years, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies have emerged as promising solutions for forest fire detection due to their low-cost and efficient monitoring capabilities. This paper proposes a low-cost forest fire detection system based on WSN and IoT. The system uses a network of sensor nodes that are strategically placed in the forest to monitor environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity, and smoke. The sensor data is transmitted to a central server, where advanced algorithms are used to detect and predict the occurrence of forest fires. The system provides real-time alerts to forest authorities and users using a mobile application that shows the fire maps and the current updates. The proposed system has been evaluated using based on experiments, and the results show that it can effectively detect forest fires with high accuracy, low false alarms, and low cost. This system has the potential to provide an efficient and cost-effective solution for forest fire detection and can play a vital role in protecting the environment and saving lives.

CNT is a novel material with exceptional properties. SWCNT thin films have been used in many different applications. To fabricate the SWCNT film, various methodologies have been introduced, however, the problem of fabricating uniform SWCNT thin film remains unsolved. Spray coating technique (SCT) is the most effective method for producing a uniform SWCNT thin film. The CNT thin films were deposited on glass substrates via SCT with different nozzle distances (from 2.5 cm to 12.5 cm). The morphological, topological, electrical and optical properties of CNT thin films were characterized using appropriate techniques. The electrical analysis depicted that the sheet resistance of thin films reduced from 40220 Ω/sq. to 1330 Ω/sq. as the spray nozzle distance was increased from 2.5 cm to 10 cm sheet resistance reached 2133 Ω/sq. for 12.5 cm which confirmed the concentration of CNT was highest at 10 cm nozzle distance. The optical analysis of the CNT thin films gave transmittance values in percentage of 64%, 60%, 52%, 43%, and 46%, respectively for the nozzle distance of 2.5 cm, 5 cm, 7.5 cm, 10 cm, and 12.5 cm. Transmittance percentage decreased from 2.5 cm to 10 cm nozzle distance, indicative of an uniform film coverage of CNT layer. The findings of this study could be a platform for producing an optimized CNT thin film using a SCT for optoelectronic devices.

Asmaa M El-Kady,1 Mostafa I EL-Amir,2 Mohammed H Hassan,3 Khaled S Allemailem,4 Ahmad Almatroudi,4 Alzahraa Abdelraouf Ahmad5 1Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt; 2Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt; 3Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt; 4Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudia Arabia; 5Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, EgyptCorrespondence: Asmaa M El-KadyDepartment of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, EgyptTel +201114229741Email Asmaa.elkady@med.svu.edu.egIntroduction: Schistosomiasis is an important neglected tropical disease (NTD) in several developing countries. Praziquantel is the principle and efficacious chemotherapeutic agent that has been used to treat schistosomiasis for decades. Unfortunately, emerging resistance to praziquantel with accompanying reduced efficacy is reported in some localities. Hence, genetic diversity among parasite populations is of significant interest in assessing the effects of selective pressure generated by praziquantel therapy that might result in encouraging the emergence of new genotypes that are either non-susceptible or drug-resistant. The present study aimed to investigate the genetic diversity of Schistosoma haematobium among human populations using the RAPD technique to help clarify disease epidemiology and transmission.Materials and Methods: S. haematobium eggs were isolated from 50 of 134 patients from four different localities in Qena Governorate, Upper Egypt. These patients complained of terminal hematuria and burning micturition. Samples were used for molecular analysis using RAPD-PCR primers (A02, A07, A09, A10).Results: Twenty S. haematobium isolates (40%) were amplified using the selected RAPD primers. Amplification patterns of these isolates showed distinct variation in the size and number of amplified fragments, indicating high genetic variation among these isolates.Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to characterize the genetic diversity of S. haematobium in human populations in Upper Egypt. Future studies on a larger geographic scale involving many districts in Upper Egypt should be encouraged. Information from such a study would provide better insight into clonal lineages of S. haematobium in this endemic area. In turn, understanding transmission of the parasite may have a major role in establishing control strategies for urogenital schistosomiasis in Upper Egypt.Keywords: Schistosomiasis haematobium, RAPD, Upper Egypt, genetic diversity

In supporting of production quality improvement, industry must be supported by reliable process system. Reliable measurement system also included in one system which is expected realibility. Specially for saturated steam flow measurement and calculation which is mostly done in the industry in relation to control production cost, should also be able to show accurate results. Now PLC has taken an important role in industry, beside as a control system, PLC also can be used to calculation a formula. This paper aims to use PLC as flow computer to calculate saturatedsteam density by adopting linear regression method which is divided into “n” section to increase the accuration with pressure as a input parameter. The results show a relatively small error value around 0,2% if we compare with standart linear regression method, where the value around 0,9%.

Asmaa M El-kady,1 Alzahraa Abdelraouf Ahmad,2 Tasneem M Hassan,2 Heba EM El-Deek,3 Samer S Fouad,4 Sultan S Althagfan5 1Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt; 2Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt; 3Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt; 4Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt; 5Department of Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia Introduction: Schistosomiasis is one of the most prevalent parasitic infections in developing countries. Although chemotherapy is one of the main strategies in controlling the disease, it is less effective in reversal of schistosome-induced pathology especially in the chronic and advanced stages of schistosomiasis. New strategies and prospective therapeutic agents with antifibrotic effects are needed. Eugenol has a wide anti-inflammatory effect. In the present study, we investigated the possible antischistosomal effect of eugenol on Schistosoma mansoni.Materials and methods: The murine model of S. mansoni was established in three groups of adult male Balb-c mice; group I (infected non-treated group) and groups II and III (infected groups) treated orally with eugenol and praziquantel (PZQ), respectively. The expression of the sensitive immunohistochemical marker α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in schistosome-infected tissues was determined. In addition, parasitological, biochemical, and histological parameters that reflect disease severity and morbidity were examined.Results: Eugenol treatment showed significant reduction in total worm burden by 19.2%; however, the oogram pattern showed no marked difference compared to that of the PZQ group. Yet, eugenol significantly reduced the serum levels of hepatic enzymes: aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase. Histopathological examination revealed a significant reduction in both numbers and diameters of hepatic granulomata, which was consistent with reduction in collagen fiber deposition. Additionally, the antifibrotic effect of eugenol was validated by its considerable reduction in the expression of the sensitive marker α-SMA in both eugenol- and PZQ-treated groups.Conclusion: Although eugenol could not totally eradicate adults of S. mansoni, the significant amelioration of liver enzymes and hepatic fibrosis potentiate eugenol’s role as a promising antifibrotic and a complementary antischistosomal agent. Keywords: eugenol, Schistosoma mansoni, praziquantel, liver enzymes, hepatic stellate cells, anti-inflammatory &nbsp

There is an interest to ensure sub-saturated water content in lines containing carbon dioxide in applications such as enhanced oil recovery and carbon sequestration, to reduce risks of hydrate blockage and corrosion. The water content of carbon dioxide at various temperatures and pressures has been measured in the past, but there is no consistent set of measurements that could be used for carbon dioxide storage and transportation design work. The solubility of water in a carbon dioxide rich gas phase at hydrate forming conditions was measured in this work. Pressures ranged from 12.06 to 29.30 bar along two isotherms, 1 °C and −7 °C, all within the gaseous carbon dioxide and hydrate stability zone. For the first time in these types of measurements, the solid phase was also characterized and confirmed to be carbon dioxide hydrate via X-ray computed tomography, simultaneous with water content measurements of the gas phase. Once carbon dioxide hydrate conversion had reached a maximum value (65% estimated by X-ray computed tomography), the equilibrium water content was measured. Prior to reaching this maximum carbon dioxide hydrate conversion, the water content in carbon dioxide was observed to decrease as liquid water converted to carbon dioxide hydrate. This slow conversion to hydrate, metastability of the hydrate phase, or unexpected phases may be responsible for the large discrepancy between prior data sets for similar carbon dioxide water content measurements.

Objectives The aim of this study was to address the diagnostic efficacy of cone beam computed tomographic (CBCT) imaging in periodontics based on a systematic search and analysis of the literature using the hierarchical efficacy model. Methods A systematic search of the electronic databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane was conducted until February 2019 to identify studies addressing the efficacy of CBCT imaging in Periodontics. The identified studies were subjected to pre-identified inclusion criteria followed by an analysis using a hierarchical model of efficacy (model) designed for an appraisal of the literature on a diagnostic imaging modality. Two examiners performed the eligibility and quality assessment of relevant studies, and consensus was reached where disagreement was found. Results The search resulted in 64 studies. Of these, 35 publications were allocated to the relevant level of efficacy and quality assessments wherever applicable. The overall diagnostic accuracy studies showed the risk of bias and applicability concerns in the use of CBCT to be low to moderate. In addition, CBCT is accurate in identifying periodontal defects when compared to other modalities. The studies on the level of patient outcomes agreed that CBCT is a reliable tool for the assessment of the outcomes after the treatment of periodontal defects. Conclusion CBCT was found to be beneficial and accurate in cases of infra-bony defects and furcation involvements.

Objectives/Interrogation: Scaphoid-non-union-advance collapse (SNAC) or scapholunate-advance collapse (SLAC) is one of the associated conditions following neglected unstable scaphoid fracture. Surgical treatment for degenerative joint disease of the radioscapholunate joint is arthrodesis. We document[for full text, please go to the a.m. URL], 14th Triennial Congress of the International Federation of Societies for Surgery of the Hand (IFSSH), 11th Triennial Congress of the International Federation of Societies for Hand Therapy (IFSHT), 11th Triennial Congress of the International Federation of Societies for Hand Therapy (IFSHT)

Background: While childhood diabetes incidence is rising, especially in toddlers, once or twice-daily toddler-friendly insulin mixtures were withdrawn, imposing four to five miniscule injections, on needle-phobic toddlers. Although more injections may mean more needle-dribbling, such potential dose-loss is unstudied.Objective: Study insulin loss in toddlers' dose range if one-drop dribbled during injection from half-unit pens (SemiPens). Drop-loss is assessed relative to current insulin dose adjustment, and if significant, propose solutions.Methods: The SemiPens, New HumaPen Luxura HD® (HumaPen) and NovoPen Junior® (NovoPen), with 31G-5mm BD-MicroFine needles were used to study drop size or dose-fraction lost if one drop dribbled in dose range 0.5-10 units.Results: HumaPen and NovoPen produced sizable drops mean standard deviation (SD) 0.30 (0.05) and 0.36 (0.06) units/drop (p 20% is hardly required.Therefore, the unintentional dosing change if a drop dribbles is clinically important particularly on using multiple doses below 6 units, compared with fewer larger daily injections. We propose using U20 insulin in disposable SemiPens to make DeciPen, with fivefold-reduction in insulin loss if a drop is lost through dribbling or skin-leak.Conclusion: The one-drop insulin loss is statistically significant, clinically important, and potentiates glycemic variability. Disposable DeciPen may minimize insulin dribbling and leaking and fivefold improve dose accuracy and precision; and ensure reproducibility without prolonging injection time.

As oil and gas industry strive for better gas hydrate management methods, there is the need for better understanding of hydrate formation and plugging tendency in a multiphase flow. In this work, an industrial-scale high pressure flowloop was used to investigate gas hydrate formation and hydrate slurry conditions at different flow conditions; fully dispersed and partially dispersed systems. It has been shown that hydrate formation in partially dispersed system can be more problematic as compared to fully dispersed system. For hydrate formation in partially dispersed system, it was observed that there is rapid hydrate growth and rapid increase in pressure drop upon hydrate formation. This is in-contrast to fully dispersed system in which there is gradual increase in the pressure drop of the system. Further, for partially dispersed system, studies have shown that there is hydrate film growth at the pipe wall. This film growth increases the probability of hydrate particle agglomeration and bedding phenomenon, which that lead to flowline plugging. As there is different hydrate formation and plugging mechanism for fully and partially dispersed system, it is thus necessary to investigate and compare systematically the mechanism for both systems. In this project, all experiments were specifically designed to mimic the flow systems that can be found in actual oil and gas pipelines (full and partial dispersion) and understand the transportability of hydrate particles in both systems. Two variables were investigated in this work; amount of water (water cut, WC) and pump speed (fluid mixture velocity). Three different water cuts were investigated; 30, 50 and 90 vol.% water cut. Similarly, three different pump speeds were investigated; 0.91, 1.89, 2.99 m/s. The results from these meausrements were analyzed in terms of relative pressure drop (?Prel) and hydrate volume fraction (fhyd). It was observed that for all water cuts investigated in this work, the ?Prel decreases with increasing pump speed, at a similar hydrate volume fraction. Flowloop plugging occurred for tests with 50 vol.% water cut and pump speeds lower than 1.89 m/s, and for tests with 90 vol.% water cut at a pump speed of 0.91 m/s. Additionally, in all 90 vol.% water cut tests, emulsion breaking where the two phases (oil and aqueous water) separated was observed upon hydrate formation.

Nigerian Veterinary Journal, Vol. 32(3): 2011; 204 - 207

The toxicity profile of 70% methanolic extract of Sorghum bicolor leaf base widely used in ethnomedicine was evaluated in male rats treated daily for 28 days using 100 – 400 mg/kg p. o. doses. No adverse clinical signs were observed. There was no significant change in the feed intake, body weight and relative organ weight except the significant (P < 0.05) reduction in weight of kidneys and increase in relative weight of the testes observed at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg respectively. No gross or histopathological changes were seen in the kidneys, heart, spleen, lungs, liver and testes. No significant effect was observed in the haematological indices (packed cell volume, heamoglobin, totaland differential white blood cells), hepatic function indices (glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, glutamate pyruvate transaminase, direct bilirubin, total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, albumin, totalprotein) as well as renal function indices (urea and creatinine). Uric acid was however reduced significantly (P < 0.05). Study of effect on serum lipid profile showed no significant effect on cholesterol but a significant reduction of triglyceride at 200 mg/kg p. o. dose. The results suggest that S. bicolor leaf extract is relatively safe.

Objectives: To evaluate the role of transvaginal ultrasound (TVUS) in studying the anatomical bases of genuine stress urinary incontinence (SUI) and understanding the causes of success and failure of operations aiming at the treatment of incontinence. Patients and Methods: This study included 15 continent females (Group I, healthy control) and 46 patients complaining of SUI (Group II). All cases were subjected to full history, physical examination, urodynamic evaluation and TVUS examination. In 42 patients of Group II, TVUS was repeated one year after treatment of incontinence, while four patients were lost to follow-up. In 36 of these 42 cases (85.7%), treatment was successful (Group IIIa), while treatment had failed and SUI had persisted or recurred within one year in six cases (Group IIIb, 14.3%). We used TVUS to measure the bladder-symphysis distance (BS), the rotational angle (RA), the bladder neck motility (BNM) and the vertical bladder neck descent. Results: While the mean BS was insignificantly shorter in Group II compared to Group I (2.24 ± 0.7cm versus 2.4 ± 0.5 cm, p = 0.08), the mean RA, BNM and vertical bladder neck descent were significantly larter in Group II (115 ± 17o 29 ± 16o 1.4 ± 0.4 cm for Group II versus 94 ± 15o 20 ± 5o 0.34 ± 0.4 cm for Group I). The comparison between Groups I and II showed that the TVUS-measured parameters correlated well with the clinical condition. A comparison between Group IIIa (BS = 2.2 ± 1 cm, RA = 100 ± 19o BNM = 22 ± 4o and vertical bladder neck descent = 0.38 ± 0.5 cm) and Group IIIb (BS = 2.2 ± 0.5 cm, RA = 117 ± 16o, BNM = 30 ± 9o and vertical bladder neck descent = 1.4 ± 0.3 cm) showed that the TVUS-measured parameters correlated well with the surgical outcome. Conclusions: TVUS is a valuable tool for the diagnosis and postoperative evaluation of SUI and may help in understanding the causes of success and failure of surgical treatment of SUI. L'échographie endovaginale est une exploration précieuse dans l'incontinence d'effort de la femme Objectifs: Evaluer l'apport de l'échographie endo-vaginale dans l'étude des bases anatomiques de l'incontinence urinaire d'effort avérée de la femme et comprendre les causes du succès et de l'échec de la chirurgie de l'incontinence. Patientes et Méthodes: Cette étude avait inclus 15 femmes continentes constituant le Groupe I ou groupe contrôle et 46 patients se plaignant d'incontinence urinaire d'effort le groupe II ou groupe cas. Pour tous les cas l'histoire de la maladie a été notée et une exploration clinique, urodynamique et par échographie endo vaginale a été réalisée. Chez 36 patientes du Groupe II (85,7%) le traitement était efficace (Groupe IIIa), tandis qu'il y'a eu échec du traitement avec persistance de l'incontinence urinaire d'effort dans une proportion de 14.3% (Groupe IIIb). Nous avions utilisé l'échographie endo vaginale pour mesurer la distance vessie-symphyse pubienne, l'angle de rotation, la mobilité du col vésical et la descente verticale du col vésical. Résultats: Tandis que la distance moyenne vessie-symphyse était significativement plus courte dans le groupe II compare au groupe I (2.24 ± 0.7cm contre 2.4 ± 0.5 cm, p = 0.08), la moyenne d'angle de rotation, de mobilité du col vésical et de descente du col vésical était significativement plus large dans le Groupe II (115 ± 17o 29 ± 16o 1.4 ± 0.4 cm pour le Groupe II contre 94 ± 15o 20 ± 5o 0.34 ± 0.4 cm pour le Groupe I). La comparaison entre les deux groupes avait montré que les paramètres mesurés par échographie endo vaginale étaient corrélés avec le tableau clinique. Une comparaison entre le groupe IIIa (distance pubis-symphyse = 2.2 ± 1 cm, angle de rotation = 100 ± 19o, mobilité du col vésical = 22 ± 4o et desente du col vésical = 0.38 ± 0.5 cm) et le Groupe IIIb (distance vessie-pubis = 2.2 ± 0.5 cm, angle de rotation = 117 ± 16o, mobilité du col vésical = 30 ± 9o et descente verticale du col vésical = 1.4 ± 0.3 cm) avait montré que les paramètres mesurés par l'échographie endo vaginale avaient une bonne corrélation avec les résultats de la chirurgie. Conclusions: L'échographie endo vaginale est une exploration précieuse dans le diagnostic et l'évaluation post opératoire de l'incontinence urinaire d'effort. Elle peut aider à la compréhension des causes de réussite et d'échec dans le traitement de l'incontinence urinaire d'effort. African Journal of Urology Vol.10(1) 2004: 30-37

While the incidence of toddlers’ diabetes is soaring, their mainstay insulins were withdrawn, namely the weak 10% or 20% insulin mixtures (WIM), which were injected only once or twice daily. Consequently, toddlers are coerced to use an insulin pump, multi-dose insulin regime (MuDIR), mix or dilute insulins. This paper highlights the difficulties and proposes a simple solution. While an insulin pump is the best available option, it is not readily available for everyone. Mixing insulins is not sufficiently precise in small doses. Although diluting insulin would allow precise dosing and reduce the dose variability secondary to dribbling after injections, it, like insulin mixing, deprives children from using the pen and related child-friendly accessories. In MuDIR, we inject 4-5 small doses of insulin instead of 1-2 daily larger doses of WIM. Thus, on using a half unit (½unit) insulin pen, a dose of 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 units are adjusted in steps of 100%, 50%, 33% or 25%; unlike the advisable 5%-20%. This does not easily match the tiny erratic meals of grazing toddlers. Maternal anxiety peaks on watching yo-yoing glycemia. Carers have to accept either persistently high sugar or wild fluctuation. The risks of such poor glycemic pattern are increasingly recognized. Using insulin U20 in a ½unit disposable pen allows deci-unit dosing, with 5%-20% dose-tuning, greater accuracy on delivering small doses and reduction of dose variability from dribbling. Deci-unit dosing may help avoid wide glycemic swings and provide the affordable alternative to insulin pumps for toddlers. Deci-unit pen materializes the Human Rights of Children, a safer and effective treatment.