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COVID-19 is an infectious disease that has spread globally, and the best way to slow down transmission is to maintain a safe distance. Due to the COVID-19 spread, social distancing has become very vital. Furthermore, the formation of groups and crowds cannot be left unseen. Even when the necessary regulations have been implemented by governments worldwide, people tend not to follow the rules. We wanted to make it possible for authorities in areas like schools, universities, industries, hospitals, restaurants, etc., to monitor people breaking social distancing rules and take appropriate measures to control the virus from spreading. To monitor and control the crowd, society requires a system that does not put other people's lives at risk. Therefore, it is critical that we stop it from spreading further. Initially, the government imposed a lockdown to control the spread of the virus. Due to the lockdowns, the economy had experienced some negative effects. Due to the economic slowdown, people were allowed to go out and carry on with their regular tasks, leading to crowding in many places, intentionally or unintentionally. The research work aims to make a crowd detection and alert system in public places like hospitals, schools, universities, and other public gathering events. The proposed idea has two modules; a deep CNN CrowdNet people counting algorithm to detect the distance between humans in highly dense crowds and an IoT platform for sending information to the authorities whenever there is a violation. Image processing is carried out in two parts: extraction of frames from real-time videos using YOLO CV, and the second is processing the frame to detect the number of people in the crowd. The crowd counting algorithm, along with the vaccination, will enforce safety rules in people-gathering places and minimize health risks and spread. The image processing YOLO model mainly targets people not following social distancing norms and standing very close by. The data for the violations are sent online to the IoT platform, where the value is compared to a threshold. The platform aids in sending alerts to the concerned authorities in case of significant violations. Warnings are sent through e-mail or personal messages to the concerned authorities and the location. This model prevents the presence of an official to check whom all are violating the rules. There is no need for human intervention and risking their lives; direct messages can be sent through the IoT platform to authorities if there is a crowd formation. Data analytics can help find out the peak hours of crowding and help control the crowd much more efficiently. CrowdNet, a deep CNN algorithm, will estimate the number of humans in a given frame to classify the locations where most people communicate and check whether the safe distance is not reached and the number of times it is not reached. Our system sends the number of people available in the frame at that moment and whether they are maintaining social distancing or not. The Deep CNN algorithm will filter the objects by capturing high-level semantics required to count only the humans and calculate the distance between the humans alone. The base neural network is Alexnet to estimate whether it is safe or not and then send it to the respective authority. This proposed idea using CrowdNet CNN and IoT combination will help find out peak hours of crowding and help control the spread of the disease during social distance violations without human intervention. Thus, social distancing in public places is automated using the real-time deep learning-based framework via object detection, tracking, and controlled disease.

Cyriac Abby Philips, Sasidharan Rajesh, Philip Augustine, Guruprasad Padsalgi, Rizwan Ahamed The Liver Unit, Cochin Gastroenterology Group, Ernakulam Medical Centre, Cochin, Kerala, India Abstract: Portosystemic shunt (PS) syndrome encompasses a spectrum of disease manifestations ranging from asymptomatic portal hypertension to recurrent and refractory hepatic encephalopathy, ultimately culminating in progressive hepatic failure in patients of cirrhosis and associated large PSs. PSs commonly seen in cirrhosis include splenorenal, gastrorenal, and dilated paraumbilical veins, all of which can present with recurrent or refractory hepatic encephalopathy. In this exhaustive review, we describe the anatomy of PSs, elucidate new theories on their pathophysiology, discuss the clinical implications of PSs in cirrhosis, provide details on different techniques (classical and novel) of shunt embolization, and explore all the pertinent current literature on shunt embolization for refractory and recurrent hepatic encephalopathy, all of which are enumerated with extensive images and illustrations. Keywords: portosystemic shunts, hepatic encephalopathy, cirrhosis, portal hypertension, embolization, shunt occlusion

The present investigations were carried out at Shandaweel Agricultural Research Station, Sohag Governorate, Egypt during 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 seasons to survey onion pollinators, study the population dynamic of the dominant pollinators during the flowering season and their diurnal activity. Also, to make a comparison between seed yield of caged and uncaged (open-pollinated) plants. Data revealed that onion flowers were visited by 21 species of insects belong to 14 families and 7 orders. Of all species 16 species were identified and 5 were not identified 2 species belong to Sarcophaga genus and 3 belong to Syrphus genus. Order Diptera was most abundant 30% followed by Hymenoptera 21%, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera 14%, and 7% for Hemiptera, Neuroptera and Thysanoptera. Of all the insect visitors, Apis mellifera L., Musca domestica (Macq.), Lucilia illustris Meigen and Syrphus spp. were the most abundant visitors. The pollinators were detected during the last week of March till the last week of April. The populations of A. mellifera and M. domestica gave the highest and significant values followed by L. illustris and Syrphus spp. The activity of these pollinators increased gradually at morning and reaches its peak at 12:00 h., with averages of 4.58, 4.39, 4.00 and 2.21 pollinators/25 plants /min. / plant, respectively in the first, and 3.52, 4.18, 3.09 and 2.33 pollinators/25 plants /min. / plant, respectively in the second season. Also, the yield of seeds from plants covered and isolated from insects decreased significantly with an averages of (45.40 and 47.60 seeds/ 20 umbels),whereas open-pollinated plants produced (711.60 and 721.10 seeds/ 20 umbels) at 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 seasons respectively.

Background: Recent studies have shown that benzene extract of Ocimum sanctum (O. sanctum) leaves induces the ultrastructural changes in the epithelial cells of the cauda epididymis, its subsequent recovery in the seminiferous epithelium and fertility of male albino rats.Objective: Our aim was to investigate the effect of benzene extract of O.sanctum leaves on the cauda epididymal sperm parameters, morphology and their organelles at the ultrastructural level in albino rats. Materials and Methods: Wistar male rats (n=20) were allocated into two groups of control (n=10) and test group (n=10). The test group received benzene extract of O.sanctum leaves (250mg/kg/day) for 48 consequence days. Five animals from each group were used for fertility test. Twenty-four hours after the last dose, the rest of the control (n=5) and treated (n=5) animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and then the cauda epididymal plasma was used for sperm analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopic (TEM) studies. Results: Sperm analysis of test group exhibited significant (p≤0.001) decrease in the sperm count, motility, speed and increase in sperm anomalies when compare to control group. SEM and TEM observation in treated animals indicated the morphological changes in plasma membrane as well as in the acrosomal membrane of spermatozoa, formation of a balloon-like cytoplasmic droplet in the mid-region of abnormal tail and disorganization or degeneration of mitochondria of sperm mitochondrial sheaths. Conclusion: The effects observed in this study may have resulted from a general alteration in the cauda epididymal milieu, probably due to androgen deficiency consequent to the anti-androgenic property of O.sanctum leaves

CD4 + T cells are generally regarded as helpers and regulators of the immune response. Although cytolytic CD4 + T cells have been described, whether those generated during the course of a viral infection play a role in virus control remains unknown. Here we show that during acute infection with ectromelia virus, the mouse homolog of the human virus of smallpox, large numbers of CD4 + T cells in the draining lymph node and liver of resistant mice have a cytotoxic phenotype. We also show that these cells kill targets in vivo in a perforin-dependent manner and that mice with specific deficiency of perforin in CD4 + T cells have impaired virus control. Thus, perforin-dependent CD4 + T-cell killing of infected cells is an important mechanism of antiviral defense.