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Funding information: This study was funded by Australian Research Council Linkage Grants (LP110200603 awarded to RH, DS and Iain Field, and LP160100162 awarded to IJ, Martina Doublin, MC, GC, DS, Iain Suthers and RH) with contributions from the Taronga Conservation Society Australia, NSW National Parks and the Australian Antarctic Division. Coastal pelagic ecosystems are highly variable in space and time, with environmental conditions and the distribution of biomass being driven by complex processes operating at multiple scales. The emergent properties of these processes and their interactive effects result in complex and dynamic environmental mosaics referred to as “seascapes”. Mechanisms that link large-scale oceanographic processes and ecological variability in coastal environments remain poorly understood, despite their importance for predicting how ecosystems will respond to climate change. Here we assessed seascape variability along the path of the rapidly intensifying East Australian Current (EAC) Southern Extension in southeast Australia, a hotspot of ocean warming and ecosystem tropicalisation. Using satellite and in situ measures of temperature, salinity and current velocity coupled with contemporaneous measurements of pelagic biomass distribution from nine boat-based active acoustic surveys in five consecutive years, we investigated relationships between the physical environment and the distribution of pelagic biomass (zooplankton and fish) at multiple timescales. Survey periods were characterised by high variability in oceanographic conditions, with variation in coastal conditions influenced by meso-to-large scale processes occurring offshore, including the position and strength of eddies. Intra-annual variability was often of a similar or greater magnitude to inter-annual variability, suggesting highly dynamic conditions with important variation occurring at scales of days to weeks. Two seascape categories were identified being characterised by (A) warmer, less saline water and (B) cooler, more saline water, with the former indicating greater influence of the EAC on coastal processes. Warmer waters were also associated with fewer, deeper and less dense biological aggregations. As the EAC continues to warm and penetrate further south, it is likely that this will have substantial effects on biological activity in coastal pelagic ecosystems, including a potential reduction in the accessibility of prey aggregations to surface-feeding predators and to fisheries. These results highlight the import role of offshore oceanographic processes in driving coastal seascape variability and biological activity in a region undergoing rapid oceanic warming and ecological change. Publisher PDF

This study was funded by Australian Research Council Linkage Grants (grant nos. LP110200603 and LP160100162), with contributions from the Taronga Conservation Society Australia. Understanding how marine predators encounter prey across patchy landscapes remains challenging due to difficulties in measuring the three-dimensional structure of pelagic prey fields at scales relevant to animal movement. We measured at-sea behaviour of a central-place forager, the little penguin (Eudyptula minor), over 5 years (2015–2019) using GPS and dive loggers. We made contemporaneous measurements of the prey field within the penguins' foraging range via boat-based acoustic surveys. We developed a prey encounter index by comparing estimates of acoustic prey density encountered along actual penguin tracks to those encountered along simulated penguin tracks with the same characteristics as real tracks but that moved randomly through the prey field. In most years, penguin tracks encountered prey better than simulated random movements greater than 99% of the time, and penguin dive depths matched peaks in the vertical distribution of prey. However, when prey was unusually sparse and/or deep, penguins had worse than random prey encounter indices, exhibited dives that mismatched depth of maximum prey density, and females had abnormally low body mass (5.3% lower than average). Reductions in prey encounters owing to decreases in the density or accessibility of prey may ultimately lead to reduced fitness and population declines in central-place foraging marine predators. Publisher PDF

Accountability pressures have been found to increase worker engagement and reduce adverse biases in people interacting with automated technology, but it is unclear if these effects can be observed ...

In human-automation systems, where high situation awareness is associated with better decision-making, understanding accountability may be crucial to preventing automation complacency. In supervisory control automation, there is some evidence that accountability increases human-automation performance; however, with increasingly intelligent automated agents, human-agent work relationships may resemble more interactive control compared to supervisory control. We investigate the effects of social accountability in a simulated joint task environment and hypothesize that people under an accountability condition would cooperate more with an automated agent than people under a non-accountability condition, in a shared cognitive task. Results from our study support this hypothesis. However, for the accountability group, people’s performance in terms of units processed was lower, and this group also self-reported lower performance and attentional control, with higher frustration. These findings indicate that accountability may slow the decision-making process through added pressure, with some costs to short term efficiency.

Are we not at this very moment in the process of barring the issue that our whole essay attempts, and of encircling our position from all sides? (OB, 169). One of the most provocative aspects of the work of Emmanuel Levinas, for many readers, seems to be his misuse of the term "ethics" in describing what it is he is doing. Ethical philosophy, in the tradition of Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics and Kant's Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals, has set itself the task of providing a philosophical reflection on ethical action. It has attempted to provide some basic rules for conduct that can assist ethical decision making in particular circumstances. Levinas, in Otherwise than Being (OB) and elsewhere, does not only fail to do this; he in fact presents an "ethics" that is not even to be thought of as thematizing the world of concrete action in any way. He not only fails to provide rules for action, he presents a theory in which to describe an action as ethical would be a strict impossibility; it would be to misunderstand the very meaning of the ethical. Why this disorienting transformation in vocabulary? In fact, the traditional ethical realm has not disappeared from Levinas's account, it has merely been displaced and renamed-- the sphere of ethical action in the traditional sense is the sphere of justice in Levinas. But while it is useful to recognize this, it should not allow us to be less disturbed by what Levinas has done. For while there continues to be a sphere of ethical (or in his terminology, just) action, his sphere of justice remains deeply connected with what he calls ethics. To understand the former, we will have to try to understand the latter. The question remains of whether Levinas provides us any guidance for just action. I would argue that this at least is a legitimate question, as opposed to two possible questions regarding ethics, which I will claim are simply based on a misunderstanding: that is, does Levinas gives us the means to predicate "ethical" of some actions and not others; and does he provide us with any way to guide our own ethical decisions. "Ethics" for Levinas is simply not something of which these questions could be asked. I would like, then, to explore the relation of ethics to justice in Levinas, by way of the parallel relation of the saying to the said. I will argue that action must be described in terms of justice and not ethics. Then I will attempt to show that Otherwise than Being itself can be considered as an attempt at a just action in philosophy-which for Levinas means that it has the specific task of thematizing the relation between the just and the ethical. Extrapolating from this reading of Otherwise than Being as a performative philosophical intervention in the sphere of justice, I will argue that Levinas has in fact provided some general criteria for what a just action must look like. Ethics is to justice as Saying is to Said The relation between ethics and justice, for Levinas, parallels the relation between the saying and the said. In fact, more than merely being in parallel, ethics/justice and saying/said are two ways of talking about the same relation. One of the preeminent features of the saying, the first that any discussion of Otherwise than Being, as well as Levinas's own discussion within the text, must run up against, is that the saying cannot be said without betraying it. It is that which cannot be fixed in discourse, nor even in synchronic time. It is a pre-originary, irrecuperable past. The said, on the contrary, is discourse insofar as it is set down and given meaning, it is philosophy as phenomenology or ontology, it is ethics in the traditional sense of rules for conduct. The said organizes, structures, assigns meanings, compares, asks questions. The saying interrupts all of these-it is an-archical, the overturning of any possible arche. The said is the order of being, and the saying is the "otherwise than being" which, as Levinas insists, is not simply a "being otherwise" (OB, 3). …