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The implementation of electrification programs in non-interconnected rural areas in Colombia is a challenge for the country in order to reduce the social gap in these regions. This task is responsibility of the Mining and Energy Planning Unit (UPME), which has as challenges the implementation of renewable energy projects that allow diversifying the national energy matrix. For this reason, this paper proposes a support framework for multicriteria decision-making in the electricity supply of non-interconnected rural areas for the Colombian Caribbean Region. The multicriteria method of the Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchical Process (FAHP) was used, which allows the incorporation of a fuzzy triangular scale to improve the imprecision in the judgments made by experts. A hierarchical structure with 6 renewable energy alternatives, 4 criteria and 16 sub-criteria was designed, which allowed the implementation of a paired comparison survey that was answered by 10 experts from the region. The results obtained show the relevance of all alternatives, which is evidenced by a percentage difference of less than 5% between all the options. The best alternative was solar PV (20,27%). Regarding the criteria, the most relevant were economic (39,6%) and environmental (30,8%). The most relevant sub-criterion was the renewable fraction, related to the possible reuse of equipment (20,2%).

This Article submits a review of the integration of renewable energies in the contemporary distribution of generated energy. A technological supervision is implemented to observe in a systematic manner the behavior of state of the art technologies in renewable energies, in the search of energetic sustainability, making an analysis of the distribution of the most representative Microgrids at world level. it is to be noted, the great inclusion of energy obtained through solar panels, and Eolic generators. However, there is a great participation of generators from diesel vapor, and gas; while in the storage system batteries are predominant, and sometimes, flywheels and supercapacitors surface. These results are possibly due to the promotion and experience of including new techniques and use of energy resource methodologies.Keywords: Renewable Energies, Distributed Generation, Microgrid, Generation Systems, Energetic sustainability.JEL Classifications: Q01, Q4, Q42DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.9570

The two-parameter Weibull probability density function (PDF) is widely utilized by different researchers and engineers to fit wind speed data for statistical analysis and modeling. The characterization of wind resources in the frequency and probability domain is necessary to estimate the power output potential of new wind energy projects. Considering that exist a variety of Weibull equations evidenced in the literature review, this article evaluates 11 different methods to calculate the shape and scale parameters of the Weibull PDF. In this sense, it was written an algorithm within a Matlab function that solves the 11 methods for calculating the Weibull PDF parameters. Wind speed data extracted from the ERA5 database was used as input data for applying the proposed algorithm, and statistical parameters such as the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), the Relative Root Mean Square Error (RRMSE), and chi-square test (X2) we utilized for assessing the performance of each one of the 11 methods for modeling the wind distribution. The statistical results pointed that the numerical iteration methods (e.g. maximum likelihood method) showed better results than parameterized equations such as the Graphical Method, hence, this research recommends the implicit methods for determining Weibull PDF parameters of wind speed data. International Information and Engineering Technology Association

This paper presents the analysis of energy management and financial planning that is carried out in the design and implementation of photovoltaic systems in urban areas of the city of Barranquilla, Colombia. A questionnaire with a Likert scale and 36 items was designed, which was answered by subjects with managerial functions of the 16 companies dedicated to the implementation of photovoltaic (PV) projects in Barranquilla. The instrument was validated by expert judgment with a reliability of 0.84 with Cronbach's Alpha. For the analysis of results, techniques of central tendency and variability were used. The results show that energy management in the implementation of PV projects is moderate, indicating that there is no predominant presence of indicators of improvement and energy performance in these projects. Financial planning has a moderate significance, indicating that the financial analysis methods that are being used in these PV systems projects have a basic analysis.Keywords: Energy Management, Financial Planning, Photovoltaic EnergyJEL Classifications: P18, P11, Q20DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.7587

This paper presents the mechanical design of a single axis solar tracking system, as well as the electronic design of a system that to record in real time the electric power delivered by the solar tracker and to evaluate its performance. The interface was developed in Labview and it compares the power supplied by the tracker with the power supplied by static solar panel of the same characteristics. The performance is initially simulated using Pv-Syst software, and later validated with the data obtained by the interface. As a result, the use of the solar tracker increases the power delivered by a minimum of 19%, and it can go as high as 47.84%, with an average in increase in power of 19.5% in the monthly energy production. This experimental result was compared with the simulation by Pv-Syst software and shows a difference of only 2.5%, thus validating the reliability of the simulation. This behavior pattern coincides with previous studies carried out for equatorial latitudes. Este artículo presenta el diseño mecánico de un seguimiento solar de un solo eje. sistema, así como el diseño electrónico de un sistema que grabar en tiempo real la potencia eléctrica entregada por el seguidor solar y evaluar su actuación. La interfaz fue desarrollada en Labview y compara el energía suministrada por el seguidor con la energía suministrada por el panel solar estático de las mismas características. El rendimiento se simula inicialmente con Pv-Syst software, y posteriormente validado con los datos obtenidos por la interfaz. Como un Como resultado, el uso del seguidor solar aumenta la potencia entregada por un mínimo del 19%, y puede llegar hasta el 47,84%, con un promedio en aumento de potencia del 19,5% en la producción de energía mensual. Esto El resultado experimental se comparó con la simulación del software Pv-Syst. y muestra una diferencia de solo 2.5%, validando así la confiabilidad del simulación. Este patrón de comportamiento coincide con estudios previos realizados para latitudes ecuatoriales.

Plants microbial fuel cells (PMFC) is novel systemthat generates renewable, clean, and sustainable electricity with minimal environmentalimpact. However, PMFC has limitations in power generation and current density, since its production values is lower than other renewable technologies. Different studies show that the highest limitation for energy generation through MFC is the high resistivity of the cathode, and the solution is to replace the metallic electrodes with non-metallic materials to obtain a better performance, however, the application of these materials requires complex interdisciplinary work. This study conducted three experimental tests using metallic electrodes for the extraction of electrons and combined a black earth substrate with different natural materials, types of plants, and water to determine their influence in the increment of the electric power output.

The inclusion of photovoltaic energy in the Colombian energy matrix has had several difficulties due to the lack of energy policies and regulations in renewable energy projects. The lack of government support with subsidies that extend the coverage of PV energy projects in residential areas has made the collection of funds more challenging. This paper presents a techno-economic analysis for the implementation of grid-connected photovoltaic projects on the roofs of residential areas, under the net metering policy framework. For the profitability analysis, the discounted cash flow (DCF) method was used. The revenues were obtained from the forecasts of the electrical power production of the PV system, based on the characteristics of the Colombian Caribbean Region. For this purpose, the meteorological data (2013-2017) of this region were used as an input for the calculation of the economic benefits that can be achieved with the implementation of PV systems. Based on the technical sizing and economic assumptions, it was proved that the DCF method allows to accurately determine the optimal debt ratio. After evaluating the three scenarios proposed, it was demonstrated that profitability and self-sustainability, with investment from creditors, is obtained from the implementation of PV systems of at least 3 kWp.Keywords: PV Systems, Net Metering, Discounted Cash Flow Method, Optimal Debt RatioJEL Classifications: Q42; G32; G5DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.9560

The integration of renewable energies in the electric power system, as a solution to the growing demand for electricity in developing countries, has become a vital issue, such is the case of Mexico. The purpose of this work is the assessment of the economic and energy feasibility of a residential house grid-connected hybrid photovoltaic (PV)-wind system, in Mexico. The hybrid PV-wind system design is based on the existing renewable energy resources and considering a typical load profile. Also, an economic analysis is presented based on the two schemes approved for the sale of the surplus of the energy generated in Mexico: Net billing and net metering. The results obtained demonstrate the viability and profitability of the proposed small-size system. However, the results corroborate that government incentives are crucial to making the proposed system more attractive and affordable for residential users. La integración de energías renovables en el sistema eléctrico, como solución a la creciente demanda de electricidad en los países en desarrollo, ha convertirse en un tema vital, tal es el caso de México. El propósito de este trabajo es la evaluación de la viabilidad económica y energética de un residencial. casa sistema híbrido fotovoltaico (PV) -eólico conectado a la red, en México. El diseño del sistema híbrido fotovoltaico-eólico se basa en las renovables existentes. recursos energéticos y considerando un perfil de carga típico. Asimismo, se presenta un análisis económico con base en los dos esquemas aprobados para la venta de el excedente de la energía generada en México: facturación neta y medición neta. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran la viabilidad y rentabilidad del propuesto sistema de pequeño tamaño. Sin embargo, los resultados corroboran que los incentivos gubernamentales son cruciales para hacer más atractivo el sistema propuesto. y asequible para usuarios residenciales.

This article presents the data of a PV system using fuzzy logic and the perturb and observe (P&O) algorithm, under sudden changes in the solar irradiance and the operating temperature of a PV module. The mathematical modeling of the PV module, the dc-dc converter and the fuzzy and P&O controllers were discussed in our previous work entitled "Fuzzy logic based MPPT controller for a PV System" (Algarin et al., 2017) [1] . Data are presented for six cases with different operating conditions: in the first case the two controllers were evaluated for standard test conditions with constant solar irradiance of 1000 W/m2 and constant temperature of 25 °C. In the remaining five cases sudden increases and decreases were made in the operating conditions of the PV module. Finally, the theoretical data of the PV system are presented, which can be used as a reference to analyze the data obtained with the two controllers in the six cases. Data are provided in Supplementary material in Tables 1–7 .

espanolSe analizan los resultados de la gestion administrativa en las instituciones educativas rurales del distrito de Santa Marta, Colombia, considerando dimensiones como enfoque administrativo, nivel de gestion, usos de investigacion de operaciones en educacion y toma de decision. Es una investigacion descriptiva, de campo y transversal, con poblacion de 25 instituciones rurales. El instrumento fue un cuestionario tipo escala de Likert con 48 items, validado mediante juicio experto y confiabilidad de 0.87 Alfa de Cronbach. La estadistica fue descriptiva, y se construyo un baremo de 5 categorias. Los resultados indican que no hay enfoque administrativo predominante en las instituciones educativas de la zona rural y que existe moderada presencia en el uso de tecnicas de investigacion operacional en la gestion administrativa de los colegios. Ademas, 72% de los directores no utilizan soportes para decidir, 48% no usa referentes teoricos, aunque existen condiciones para adelantar estudios de investigacion operacional en cada institucion. EnglishThe results of a study on the administrative management in rural educational institutions in the district of Santa Marta, Colombia, considering dimensions such as administrative approach, management level, uses of operations research in education and decision making are presented. The study is of descriptive type ad classified as a field and cross-sectional investigation, with a population of 25 rural institutions. The instrument used to gather the data was a Likert scale questionnaire with 48 items, validated by expert judgment and reliability of 0.87 using the Cronbach's Alpha. The statistic was descriptive and a scale of 5 categories was constructed. The results indicate that there is no predominant administrative approach in the educational institutions of the rural area and that there is a moderate presence in the use of operational research techniques applied to the administrative management of the institutions. Also, 72% of the school directors do not use supports for decision making, 48 % does not use theoretical references, although there are appropriate conditions to carry out operational research studies in each institution.

espanolEste articulo presenta el procedimiento para la seleccion de un conjunto de criterios para tener en cuenta en proyectos de planificacion energetica para las zonas rurales de Colombia utilizando fuentes renovables de energia. La implementacion de programas de electrificacion en las zonas rurales colombianas se enfrenta a diversos obstaculos, entre los que se destaca la inadecuada seleccion de criterios para valorar la pertinencia de los proyectos. A partir de una revision bibliografica se identificaron 33 criterios que fueron sometidos al juicio de expertos con un cuestionario basado en la escala de Likert. Para la seleccion se utilizo como referente la media aritmetica y el nivel de significancia. Se seleccionaron 20 subcriterios agrupados en 5 criterios: tecnicos, economicos, sociales, ambientales y riesgo; los cuales permiten una evaluacion integral de proyectos de planificacion energetica. EnglishThis paper presents the process of selecting a set of criteria for use in energy planning processes using renewable energy sources in rural areas of Colombia. The implementation of renewable energies in the electrification programs of rural areas in Colombia has several obstacles, among which the inadequate selection of criteria to assess the relevance of projects is highlighted. From a bibliographic review, 33 criteria were identified and submitted to expert judgment with a questionnaire based on the Likert scale. For the selection process, the arithmetic mean and the level of significance were used as reference. After processing the results, 20 subcriteria were selected and grouped into five criteria: technical, economic, social, environmental and risk; which allow a comprehensive evaluation of energy planning projects.

This paper presents the implementation of a fuzzy controller on the Arduino Mega board, for tracking the maximum power point of a photovoltaic (PV) module; using low cost materials. A dc-dc converter that incorporates a driver circuit to control the turning on and offof the Mosfet transistor was designed. The controller was evaluated in a PV system consisting of a 65 W PV module and a 12 V/55Ah battery. The results demonstrate the superiority of the fuzzy controller compared to the traditional P & O algorithm, in terms of efficiency and oscillations around the operating point. Este documento presenta la implementación de un controlador difuso en la placa Arduino Mega, para rastrear el punto de máxima potencia de un módulo fotovoltaico (PV); Utilizando materiales de bajo coste. Se diseñó un convertidor dc-dc que incorpora un circuito controlador para controlar el encendido y apagado del transistor Mosfet. El controlador se evaluó en un sistema fotovoltaico que consta de un módulo fotovoltaico de 65 W y una batería de 12 V / 55Ah. Los resultados demuestran la superioridad del controlador difuso en comparación con el algoritmo P & O tradicional, en términos de eficiencia y oscilaciones alrededor del punto de operación.

Plants Microbial Fuel Cells (PMFC) is a new technology that generates electricity in a renewable, clean and sustainable way. In spite of these advantages, it still faces limitations in power generation and current density, reaching lower production values than other renewable technologies. Different studies maintain that the high resistivity of the cathode is the main limitation in the generation of energy; therefore, non-metallic materials to obtain a better performance are replacing the metallic electrodes. The implementation of these materials applied to PMFC requires a complex interdisciplinary work. Through three experimental tests using metallic electrodes for the extraction of electrons, this research study shows that the treatment of the substrate with natural materials, the volume plant roots, and substrate temperature and humidity control have a significant influence in the increase of the electric potential and the generated current.

This paper presents the data of multimodal functions that emulate the performance of an array of five photovoltaic modules under partial shading conditions. These functions were obtained through mathematical modeling and represent the P–V curves of a photovoltaic module with several local maximums and a global maximum. In addition, data from a feedforward neural network are shown, which represent an approximation of the multimodal functions that were obtained with mathematical modeling. The modeling of multimodal functions, the architecture of the neural network and the use of the data were discussed in our previous work entitled “Search for Global Maxima in Multimodal Functions by Applying Numerical Optimization Algorithms: A Comparison Between Golden Section and Simulated Annealing” [1]. Data were obtained through simulations in a C code, which were exported to DAT files and subsequently organized into four Excel tables. Each table shows the voltage and power data for the five modules of the photovoltaic array, for multimodal functions and for the approximation of the multimodal functions implemented by the artificial neural network. In this way, a dataset that can be used to evaluate the performance of optimization algorithms and system identification techniques applied in multimodal functions was obtained. Keywords: Artificial neural networks, Multimodal functions, Optimization algorithms, Partial shading, Photovoltaic modules

Simultaneous occurrences of events have been a crucial and hard problem since the beginning of the research about automaton and simulation theories of discrete event systems, for more than 50 years. This article addresses some diagnosis problems in industrial processes, situations such as simultaneity of events, false positives, and partial recognition of event sequences. V-nets are presented as a means to model dynamic processes without the state machine concept and, the robustness and capability to identify different sequences of discrete events. With the V-nets formalism, it is possible to identify the evolution of the discrete events, simultaneous occurrences of events, partial recognition, counting the number of times that each discrete event occurred in a temporal sequence and this formalism also has the capability to model sequences of sequences. An example of one industrial application is presented and a comparative analysis of the Time Petri Nets, Timed Automata, and Chronicles with the V-nets is exposed.

Solar and wind energy systems, without storage, cannot satisfy variable load demands, but their combined use can help to solve the problem of the balance between generation and consumption. Energetic complementarity studies are useful to evaluate the viability of the use of two or more renewable energy sources with high variability in a specific interval of time in a determined region. In this paper, the monthly energetic complementarity study of solar and wind resources of Colombia is carried out. A novel approach to conduct the study is proposed. A dataset with the average monthly solar radiation and wind speed values is obtained from high-resolution images of renewable resources maps, using image processing algorithms. Then, the dataset is used to calculate the energetic complementarity of the sources employing the negative of the Pearson correlation coefficient. The obtained values are transformed to energetic complementarity maps, previously eliminating the protected areas. The obtained results show that there is a good energetic complementarity in the north and northeastern regions of the country throughout the year. The results indicate that projects related to the joint use of solar and wind generation systems could be developed in these regions. Los sistemas de energía solar y eólica, sin almacenamiento, no pueden satisfacer las demandas de carga variable, pero su uso combinado puede ayudar a resolver el problema del equilibrio entre generación y consumo. Los estudios de complementariedad energética son útiles para evaluar la viabilidad del uso de dos o más fuentes de energía renovable con alta variabilidad en un intervalo de tiempo específico en una región determinada. En este artículo, el estudio mensual de complementariedad energética de los recursos solar y eólico de Colombia se lleva a cabo. Se propone un enfoque novedoso para realizar el estudio. Un conjunto de datos con el promedio Los valores mensuales de radiación solar y velocidad del viento se obtienen a partir de imágenes de alta resolución de renovables. mapas de recursos, utilizando algoritmos de procesamiento de imágenes. Luego, el conjunto de datos se utiliza para calcular el complementariedad energética de las fuentes empleando el negativo del coeficiente de correlación de Pearson. Los valores obtenidos se transforman en mapas de complementariedad energética, eliminando previamente la áreas protegidas. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que existe una buena complementariedad energética en el regiones del norte y noreste del país durante todo el año. Los resultados indican que los proyectos relacionados con el uso conjunto de sistemas de generación solar y eólica podrían desarrollarse en estas regiones.

This paper presents a study of the installation of a hybrid PV-Wind power generation system for social interest houses in the city of San Luis Potosi, Mexico. To assess the benefits of the implementation of this type of systems, a technological, economic and environmental evaluation is carried out based on the available renewable energy resources and considering a typical load profile of consumers. The obtained results show the feasibility of installation of small capacity hybrid generation systems in the city, however governmental incentives must be implemented to make more attractive and affordable the proposed systems for medium/low income users.

Decision-making in energy planning can be approached as a problem of multicriteria decision analysis in which different types of factors are involved. This task must take into account several aspects due to the increasing complexity of social, technological and economic factors. In this context, this paper uses the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to prioritize a set of criteria, subcriteria and alternatives as a support for decision-making in the process of energy planning with renewable energies for rural areas in the Caribbean region of Colombia. Based on the participation of experts, 5 criteria, 20 subcriteria and 4 alternatives were defined. Using the AHP, the same group of experts was consulted in order to prioritize all aspects. The results showed that the most relevant criteria were the technical with 24.7%. Next were environmental (21.7%), social (19.6%), economic (17.8%) and risk (16.3%). The best renewable energy alternative was solar with 45.3%. La toma de decisiones en la planificación energética se puede abordar como un problema del análisis de decisiones multicriterio en el que intervienen diferentes tipos de factores. Esta tarea debe tener en cuenta varios aspectos debido a la creciente complejidad de los factores sociales, tecnológicos y económicos. En este contexto, este documento utiliza el proceso de jerarquía analítica (AHP) para priorizar un conjunto de criterios, subcriterios y alternativas como apoyo para la toma de decisiones en el proceso de planificación energética con energías renovables para áreas rurales en la región del Caribe de Colombia. Sobre la base de la participación de expertos, se definieron 5 criterios, 20 subcriterios y 4 alternativas. Usando el AHP, se consultó al mismo grupo de expertos para priorizar todos los aspectos. Los resultados mostraron que los criterios más relevantes fueron los técnicos con un 24,7%. Los siguientes fueron: ambiental (21.7%), social (19.6%), económico (17.8%) y riesgo (16.3%). La mejor alternativa de energía renovable fue la solar con un 45,3%.

El trabajo presenta la modelación del comportamiento energético y la determinación de los parámetros del circuito equivalente de un panel fotovoltaico con el empleo de técnicas de inteligencia artificial. Para tal efecto, se desarrolló en Matlab un algoritmo genético que permite obtener los parámetros físicos no brindados por los fabricantes para la implementación de funciones matemáticas que se homologuen al comportamiento dinámico de un panel solar. El algoritmo desarrollado en Matlab permite determinar, además, la eficiencia del algoritmo seguidor del punto de máxima potencia del inversor, el cual es un parámetro de no simple obtención o no determinado en condiciones de campo. Finalmente, el algoritmo se probó satisfactoriamente en un panel solar monocristalino de 50W obteniendo adecuados resultados en comparación con el modelo experimental para diferentes niveles de irradiación solar. Los resultados demuestran que el proceso desarrollado constituye una herramienta que puede ser aplicada a paneles fotovoltaicos en condiciones de campo. The paper presents the modeling of the energy behavior and determination of equivalent circuit parameters for a photovoltaic panel using artificial intelligence techniques. For this purpose, it was performed a genetic algorithm in Matlab, which calculates the physical parameters not provided by manufacturers to implement mathematical functions that approve the dynamic behavior of a solar panel. In addition, the algorithm can determine the efficiency of the maximum power point tracking algorithm of the inverter, which is a parameter of not simple obtaining or not determined under field conditions. Finally, the algorithm was successfully tested in a monocrystalline solar 50W panel with excellent results, compared to the experimental model for different levels of solar irradiation. The results demonstrate that the developed process is a tool that can be applied to photovoltaic panels under field conditions.

En este artículo de investigación científica y desarrollo tecnológico, se presenta el diseño de un sistema de control de autorregulación de oxígeno, mediante lógica difusa, que permite suministrar a un paciente una cantidad exacta de la fracción inspirada de oxígeno FIO2 teniendo en cuenta los niveles de saturación de oxígeno. Para tal efecto, se realizó el modelado matemático de la curva de disociación de hemoglobina a partir de datos obtenidos por oximetría que relacionan la saturación de oxígeno O2 y la presión de oxígeno PAO2. Posteriormente, se realizó el modelado de una válvula proporcional para aplicaciones médicas, la cual recibe una señal de corriente obtenida a partir de la mezcla de aire y oxígeno. Finalmente se diseñó el controlador difuso tipo Sugeno con una entrada, una salida para la apertura de la válvula y once reglas difusas definidas a partir de la entrevista con especialistas. De esta forma se realizó una investigación del tipo factible soportada en un diseño de campo y en uno documental. Los resultados obtenidos demostraron la efectividad del controlador difuso para mantener la válvula en un nivel exacto de FIO2 compuesto por la mezcla de aire y oxígeno. This research presents the design of an oxygen auto-regulation control system based on fuzzy logic, which allows delivering an exact quantity of the fraction of inspired oxygen FIO2 to the patient based on the oxygen saturation levels. For this, it was performed the math modeling of hemoglobin dissociation curve from data obtained by oximetry relating oxygen saturation O2 and Oxygen pressure PAO2. Then, a proportional valve for medical applications was modeled; this receives a current signal obtained from the air-oxygen blend. Finally, it was designed a fuzzy controller from the Sugeno type with one input, one output for the valve and eleven fuzzy rules specified from the interview with medical specialists. A feasible type research was done, supported on a field design and a documentary one. Results shown the effectiveness of the fuzzy controller to keep the valve to an exact level of FIO2 consisting of an air-oxygen blend.

The prospective of Colombia's energy demand will be defined by economic, social, cultural and political phenomena. Modeling the factors that determine demand can be broadly divided into quantitative and qualitative. The quantitative phenomena, demography, energy efficiency and the direct consumption of fuels; qualitative effects are specific conditions, which are defined within each scenario as variables that will have effects on quantitative phenomena. In the baseline scenario, the transportation sector is expected to remain as the largest representative of Colombia's energy demand, although its participation in the year 2050 will be reduced by approximately 7%. The residential sector will have a reduced growth supported by the law 1715 that will increase distributed generation and implement more efficient lighting systems. A scenario focused on energy diversification shows a reduction in demand since the short term. Transport sector is maintained with similar behaviors in all scenarios as the goods transport networks keep the same. Keywords: Energy Prospective, Energy Demand, Economic & Energy. JEL Classifications: Q47, Q41, Q50