Search

Objectives To evaluate the diagnostic MRI compatibility of different fixed orthodontic retainers using a high-resolution 3D-sequence optimized for artifact reduction. Materials and methods Maxillary and mandibular retainers made of five different materials were scanned in vitro and in vivo at 3 T MRI using an MSVAT-SPACE sequence. In vitro, artifact volumes were determined for all maxillary and mandibular retainers (AVmax; AVmand). In vivo, two independent observers quantified the extent of artifacts based on the visibility of 124 dental and non-dental landmarks using a five-point rating scale (1 = excellent, 2 = good, 3 = acceptable, 4 = poor, 5 = not visible). Results Rectangular-steel retainers caused the largest artifacts (AVmax/AVmand: 18,060/15,879 mm3) and considerable diagnostic impairment in vivo (mean landmark visibility score ± SD inside/outside the retainer areas: 4.8 ± 0.8/2.9 ± 1.6). Smaller, but diagnostically relevant artifacts were observed for twistflex steel retainers (437/6317 mm3, 3.1 ± 1.7/1.3 ± 0.7). All retainers made of precious-alloy materials produced only very small artifact volumes (titanium grade 1: 70/46 mm3, titanium grade 5: 47/35 mm3, gold: 23/21 mm3) without any impact on image quality in vivo (each retainer: visibility scores of 1.0 ± 0.0 for all landmarks inside and outside the retainer areas). Conclusions In contrast to steel retainers, titanium and gold retainers are fully compatible for both head/neck and dental MRI when using MSVAT-SPACE. Clinical relevance This study demonstrates that titanium and gold retainers do not impair the diagnostic quality of head/neck and dental MRI when applying an appropriate artifact-reduction technique. Steel retainers, however, are not suitable for dental MRI and can severely impair image quality in head/neck MRI of the oral cavity.

An equitable water supply is pre-requisite under limited water availability. The varying irrigations have diverse impact on growth behavior of wheat crop (Triticum aestivum L.) under site specific environments. A research was conducted in the University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan in the student sector to compare the output of the wheat lines under various irrigation regimes in 2018-2019. Five wheat lines (V1=9496, V2=ZA-10, V3=Galaxy-2013, V4=ZA-6, V5=9493), were tested against various irrigations (2, 3 and 4 irrigations) in their growth period. Treatments were organized in randomized complete block design (RCBD) in factorial arrangement. Data was analyzed using LSD test with 5% probability. Analysis of genotypes under different irrigations revealed that, the wheat line ZA-6 has better growth performance and highest yield than others under three irrigations. Moreover, this line showed highest economic benefits (Rs. 63892) than all other genotypes when supplied with three irrigations. In conclusion ZA-6 was the potential line of wheat under Faisalabad conditions and can be recommended to farmers for cultivation with three irrigations.

Globally, optimized doses of exogenously applied growth regulators hold the potential to sustainably boost the growth and productivity of leguminous crops, including green gram. A field investigation was undertaken at the Agronomy Farm of the University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan in 2021–2022 to determine the highest-performing doses of foliar-applied salicylic acid (S1 = 0 and S2 = 75 ppm) and gibberellic acid (G1 = 0, G2 = 30, G3 = 60, G4 = 90 and G5 = 120 ppm) for green gram (cv. NIAB-MUNG 2011) sown under irrigated conditions in a semiarid climate. The response variables included physiological growth traits (CGR and net assimilation rate (NAR)), yield attributes (plant height (PH), PBs and the number of pods per plant−1 (NP), pod length (PL) and SW, grain (GY) and biological yields (BY), the biosynthesis of pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll along with carotenoids) and protein (P) contents. The results revealed that S2G5 remained unmatched in that it exhibited the highest crop growth rate, while it remained on par with S2G4 and S2G3 in terms of its net assimilation rate. Additionally, S2G5 maximized plant height, the number of pod-bearing branches and pods per plant, pod length, seed number per pod−1 and 1000-seed weight, which led to the highest grain yield and biological yield (104% and 69% greater than those of the control, respectively). Moreover, the same treatment combination also surpassed the rest of the treatments because it recorded the largest amounts of chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, and the P content was increased to 24% greater than that observed for the control treatment. Thus, the exogenous application of salicylic acid (75 ppm) and gibberellic acid (120 ppm) might be recommended to green gram growers to sustainably increase the plant’s yield and nutritional value, and these findings may serve as a baseline for conducting more studies to test higher doses of these growth regulators.

The aims of this study were to quantify T1/T2-relaxation times of the dental pulp, develop a realistic tooth model, and compare image quality between cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of single teeth using a wireless inductively coupled intraoral coil.T1/T2-relaxometry was performed at 3 T in 10 healthy volunteers (283 teeth) to determine relaxation times of healthy dental pulp and develop a realistic tooth model using extracted human teeth. Eight MRI sequences (DESS, CISS, TrueFISP, FLASH, SPACE, TSE, MSVAT-SPACE, and UTE) were optimized for clinically applicable high-resolution imaging of the dental pulp. In model, image quality of all sequences was assessed quantitatively (contrast-to-noise ratio) and qualitatively (visibility of anatomical structures and extent of susceptibility artifacts using a 5-point scoring scale). Cone-beam computed tomography served as the reference modality for qualitative assessment. Statistical analysis was performed using 2-way analysis of variance, Fisher exact test, and Cohen κ.In vivo, relaxometry of dental pulps revealed T1/T2 relaxation times at 3 T of 738 ± 100/171 ± 36 milliseconds. For all sequences, an isotropic resolution of (0.21 mm) 3 was achieved, with acquisition times ranging from 6:19 to 8:02 minutes. In model, the highest contrast-to-noise ratio values were observed for UTE, followed by TSE and CISS. The best image/artifact quality, however, was found for DESS (mean ± SD: 1.3 ± 0.3/2.2 ± 0.0), FLASH (1.5 ± 0.3/2.4 ± 0.1), and CISS (1.5 ± 0.4/2.5 ± 0.1), at a level comparable to CBCT (1.2 ± 0.3/2.1 ± 0.1).Optimized MRI protocols using an intraoral coil at 3 T can achieve an image quality comparable to reference modality CBCT within clinically applicable acquisition times. Overall, DESS revealed the best results, followed by FLASH and CISS.

Purpose To assess magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) artefacts caused by different computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) retainers in comparison with conventional hand bent stainless steel twistflex retainers in vivo. Materials and methods MRI scans (3 Tesla) were performed on a male volunteer with different CAD/CAM retainers (cobalt–chromium, CoCr; nickel–titanium, NiTi; grade 5 titanium, Ti5) and twistflex retainers inserted. A total of 126 landmarks inside and outside the retainer area (RA; from canine to canine) were evaluated by two blinded radiologists using an established five-point visibility scoring (1: excellent, 2: good, 3: moderate, 4: poor, 5: not visible). Friedman and two-tailed Wilcoxon tests were used for statistical analysis (significance level: p Results Twistflex retainers had the strongest impact on the visibility of all landmarks inside (4.0 ± 1.5) and outside the RA (1.7 ± 1.2). In contrast, artefacts caused by CAD/CAM retainers were limited to the dental area inside the RA (CoCr: 2.2 ± 1.2) or did not impair MRI-based diagnostics in a clinically relevant way (NiTi: 1.0 ± 0.1; Ti5: 1.4 ± 0.6). Conclusion The present study on a single test person demonstrates that conventional stainless steel twistflex retainers can severely impair the diagnostic value in head/neck and dental MRI. By contrast, CoCr CAD/CAM retainers can cause artefacts which only slightly impair dental MRI but not head/neck MRI, whereas NiTi and Ti5 CAD/CAM might be fully compatible with both head/neck and dental MRI.

Stratification and rollover are two least understood operationally critical phenomena in liquefied natural gas (LNG) storage. Stratification is a prerequisite for rollover, but very little is known...

Background: (ABO) Blood type has an effect on general health including oral health. Dental caries are the common infectious disease of the mouth. Saliva plays significant roles in oral cavity; for example, salivary immunoglobulin’s play important role in immunity of the body and the mouth. Various studies conducted on the different effects of IgA on oral cavity, especially dental caries, and found controversial results. The aim of the current study is to assess of the prevalence of caries experience among different blood type in relation to salivary IgA. Materials and Methods: Two hundred and nine students in college of dentistry, Baghdad University aged 20 years old were selected; they were divided to four groups regarding to their blood type, Dental experience was diagnosed and recorded according to DMFs Index, this allows recording decayed lesion by severity. Saliva sample pooled for analysis. Results: In the current study the blood type O was more common followed by A and B, whereas the less common was AB type, also the present study found only few students with AB-. Caries experiences (DMFs) found to be statistically significant among different blood types, since DMFs was higher among type AB and lowest among A blood type. Level of salivary IgA was high among blood type O and low among blood type AB. Also its level among blood group with Rh- higher than that with Rh+. Finally, this study found that there is inverse relation between dental caries and salivary IgA. Conclusion: ABO blood type and Rh have an effect on prevalence of caries and level of IgA in saliva.

International audience; A single valued neutrosophic set (SVNS) is a useful tool to portray uncertainty in multi attribute decision-making. In this article, we develop hybrid averaging and hybrid geometric aggregation operator using sine trigonometric function to handle uncertainty in single valued neutrosophic information, which are, sine trigonometric-single valued neutrosophic hybrid weighted averaging (ST-SVNHWA) operator and , sine trigonometric-single valued neutrosophic hybrid weighted geometric (ST-SVNHWG) operator. We investigate properties, namely, idempotancy, monotonicity and boundedness for the proposed operators. Moreover, we give an algorithm to solve multi-criteria decision-making issues which involve SVN information with ST-SVNHWA and ST-SVNHWG operators. Finally, an illustrative example of agricultural land selection is provided to verify the effectiveness. Sensitivity and comparative analyses are also implemented to assess the stability and validity of our method.

The aim of this study was to validate geometric accuracy and in vivo reproducibility of landmark-based cephalometric measurements using high-resolution 3D Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) at 3 Tesla. For accuracy validation, 96 angular and 96 linear measurements were taken on a phantom in 3 different positions. In vivo MRI scans were performed on 3 volunteers in five head positions. For each in vivo scan, 27 landmarks were determined from which 19 angles and 26 distances were calculated. Statistical analysis was performed using Bland-Altman analysis, the two one-sided tests procedure and repeated measures one-way analysis of variance. In comparison to ground truth, all MRI-based phantom measurements showed statistical equivalence (p 0.05). Ranges between maximum and minimum in vivo values were consistently smaller than 2° and 2 mm, respectively (average ranges: 0.88°/0.87 mm). In conclusion, this study demonstrates that accurate and reproducible 3D cephalometric analysis can be performed without exposure to ionizing radiation using MRI.

Despite heavy insulation, the unavoidable heat leak from the surroundings into an LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) storage tank causes boil-off-gas (BOG) generation. A comprehensive dynamic CFD simulation of an onshore full-scale LNG tank in a regasification terminal is presented. LNG is approximated as pure methane, the axisymmetric VOF (Volume of Fluid) model is used to track the vapour-liquid interface, and the Lee model is employed to account for the phase change including the effect of static pressure. An extensive investigation of the heat ingress magnitude, internal flow dynamics, and convective heat transfer gives useful insights on the boiling phenomena and a reliable quantification of the BOG. Surface evaporation is the governing boiling mechanism and nucleate boiling is unlikely with proper insulation. The critical wall superheat marking the transition from surface evaporation to nucleate boiling is estimated as 2.5–2.8 K for LNG.

Spherical fuzzy set is the generalized structure over existing structures of fuzzy sets to deals with uncertainty and imprecise information in decision-making problems. Viewing the effectiveness of the spherical fuzzy set, we developed a decision-making algorithm to deal with multi-criteria decision-making problems. In this paper, we extend operational laws to propose spherical fuzzy Choquet integral weighted averaging (SFCIWA) operator based on spherical fuzzy numbers. Further, the proposed SFCIWA operator is applied to multi-attribute group decision-making problems. Also, we propose the GRA method to aggregate the spherical fuzzy information. To implement the proposed models, we provide some numerical applications of group decision-making problems. Also compared with the previous model, we conclude that the proposed technique is more effective and reliable.

To evaluate whether magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can serve as an alternative diagnostic tool to the “gold standard” cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in 3D cephalometric analysis. In this prospective feasibility study, 12 patients (8 males, 4 females; mean age ± SD, 26.1 years ± 6.6) underwent 3D MRI and CBCT before orthognathic surgery. 3D cephalometric analysis was performed twice by two independent observers on both modalities. For each dataset, 27 cephalometric landmarks were defined from which 35 measurements (17 angles, 18 distances) were calculated. Statistical analyses included the calculation of Euclidean distances, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), Bland-Altman analysis, and equivalence testing (linear mixed effects model) with a predefined equivalence margin of ± 1°/1 mm. Analysis of reliability for CBCT vs. MRI (intra-rater I/intra-rater II/inter-rater) revealed Euclidean distances of 0.86/0.86/0.98 mm vs. 0.93/0.99/1.10 mm for landmarks, ICCs of 0.990/0.980/0.986 vs. 0.982/0.978/0.980 for angles, and ICCs of 0.992/0.988/0.989 vs. 0.991/0.985/0.988 for distances. Bland-Altman analysis showed high levels of agreement between CBCT and MRI with bias values (95% levels of agreement) of 0.03° (− 1.49; 1.54) for angles and 0.02 mm (− 1.44; 1.47) for distances. In the linear mixed effects model, the mean values of CBCT and MRI measurements were equivalent. This feasibility study indicates that MRI enables reliable 3D cephalometric analysis with excellent agreement to corresponding measurements on CBCT. Thus, MRI could serve as a non-ionizing alternative to CBCT for treatment planning and monitoring in orthodontics as well as oral and maxillofacial surgery. • Clinically established 3D cephalometric measurements performed on MRI are highly reliable and show an excellent agreement with CBCT (gold standard). • The MRI technique applied in this study could be used as a non-ionizing diagnostic tool in orthodontics as well as oral and maxillofacial surgery. • Since most patients benefiting from 3D cephalometry are young in age, the use of MRI could substantially contribute to radiation protection and open up new possibilities for treatment monitoring.

3D cephalometric analysis performed on cone-beam or multi-slice computed tomography (CBCT, MSCT) has superior diagnostic value compared to 2D cephalometry based on radiographs. However, this comes at the expense of increased radiation risks for the predominantly young patients. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has the potential to overcome this diagnostic dilemma but has not been established for 3D cephalometry so far. Since landmark reliability forms the basis for 3D cephalometry, we evaluated the in vivo reliability of established 3D landmarks using MRI. Sixteen orthodontic patients underwent MRI at 3 Tesla using a 0.5 mm 3D sequence. On each MRI scan, 44 cephalometric landmarks were determined. Image analysis was performed twice by two independent observers. Intra- and inter-rater agreement was assessed by mean measurement errors and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Measurement errors were calculated as Euclidean distances and distances for x-, y-, and z-coordinates. Overall, MRI-based 3D cephalometric landmarks revealed a high reliability comparable to prior in vivo studies using CBCT/MSCT. Intra- and inter-rater ICCs were consistently higher than 0.9. Intra-rater comparisons showed mean measurement differences (ranges) of 0.87 mm (0.41–1.63) for rater I and 0.94 mm (0.49–1.28) for rater II. Average inter-rater difference was 1.10 mm (0.52–2.29). Distinct differences in reliability between the various landmarks were observed, corresponding well with the landmarks’ specific shapes. The present study demonstrates that MRI enables reliable determination of 3D cephalometric landmarks in vivo. This study emphasizes the potential of MRI to perform treatment planning and monitoring in orthodontics as well as oral and maxillofacial surgery without radiation exposure.

In this article we used picture linguistic fuzzy Choquet integral weighted averaging (PLFCIWA) operator for multi-attribute group decision making problem, where the attribute weight information are completely unknown. Firstly, we utilized the PLFCIWA operator to aggregate the total preference value of each alternative by decision makers. An optimization model are used to obtain the weighting vector of the criteria, using the basic ideal of traditional grey relational analysis (GRA) method. The degree of grey relation between every alternative and positive-ideal solution and negative-ideal solution is computed. Then, a relative relational degree is defined to find the ranking order of all alternatives by calculating the degree of grey relation to both the positive-ideal solution (PIS) and negative ideal solution (NIS) simultaneously. Finally, a descriptive example is solved to satisfy effectiveness and practicality of the proposed techniques.

The main aim of this paper is to introduce asingle structure which carries the subsets of X as well as the subsets of Yunder the parameter for studying the information about the orderedpair of soft subsets of X and Y. Such a structure is called a binary soft structurefrom X to Y. The purpose of this paper is to introduce certain binary soft weakaxioms that are analogous to the axioms of topology.

As a new extension of a cubic set, the notion of a cubic picture fuzzy set is introduced.The propose work is separated into two portions. Firstly, establish the concept of cubic picturefuzzy set and explore associated properties. Secondly, establish internal (external) cubic picturefuzzy sets and define P-order and R-order union and intersection. Deliver some examples to supportof established P-order and R-order union and intersection of internal (external) cubic picture fuzzysets.

In this article, we introduced N-fuzzy bi-topological space by using the conceptsof fuzzy bi-topological space. We further define some basic properties of N-fuzzy bi-topologicalspaces, secondly we study the concepts of natural separation axioms of bi-topological in N-fuzzybi-topological space which is pair wise separation Axioms mixed topology with the help of twoN-fuzzy topologies of a N-fuzzy bi-topological space. Relation between such pairwise separationaxioms and natural fuzzy separation axioms of the mixed fuzzy topological space are investigated.&nbsp

In this article, we introduce binary soft pre-separation axioms inbinary soft topological space along with several properties of binary soft pre, i = 0; 1; 2, binary soft pre regular,binary soft pre, binary soft pre normal andbinary soft axiom using binary soft points. We alsomention some binary soft invariance properties namely binary soft topologicalproperty and binary soft hereditary property. We hope that these results willbe useful for the future study on binary soft topology to carry out generalbackground for the practical applications and to solve the thorny problemscontaining doubts in different grounds.

A well-insulated LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) tank is a key facility in a regasification terminal. The management of Boil off Gas (BOG) produced from a LNG storage tank due to heat leak from the surrounding is an important issue. Many small-scale experimental studies have been reported on evaporation-condensation of different volatile liquids. However, these studies cannot mimic the behaviour of an industrial process. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation is the preferred alternative to study boiling phenomena at a large scale. However, no such study exists for LNG. A comprehensive dynamic CFD model presented in this study for an onshore full-scale LNG storage tank is a maiden attempt to fill that gap. We carry out a thorough investigation of internal flow dynamics and heat transfer characteristics owing to free convection. Our work provides insights on the boiling phenomena and allows reliable quantification of BOG production.

In this paper, we definetrapezoidal cubic fuzzy numbers and their operational laws. Started on theseoperational laws, each collection operators, with trapezoidal cubic fuzzyweighted arithmetic averaging operator and weighted geometric averagingoperator are purposed. Expected values, score function, and accuracy functionof trapezoidal cubic fuzzy numbers are defined. Overcoming on these, mindful oftrapezoidal cubic fuzzy multi-criteria decision making program is proposed. Adelineation illustration example is given to exhibit the sound judgment andopenness of the procedure.

There are many aggregation operators and their applications have been developed up to date, butin this paper we introduced the idea of generalized aggregation operator. The main idea of this paper is to study the generalized aggregation operators with cubic numbers. In this paper, we introduced three types of cubic aggregation operators called generalized cubic weighted averaging (GCWA) operator, generalized cubic ordered weighted averaging (GCOWA) operator and generalized cubic hybrid averaging (GCHA) operator. We extend the theory of cubic numbers to generalized ordered weighted averaging operators that are characterized by interval membership and exact membership. In last section we provide an application of these aggregation operators to multiple attribute group decision making problem.

The concept of this paper to study some IOWA operator to aggregating the individual cubicpreference relations (CPR). This paper deal further the study of their properties of group decision problems with the help of CPR, we have proved that the collective preference relation obtained by IOWA operator, then we applied the aggregation operator of individual judgment by using IOWA operators as aggregation procedure by (RAMM) method. Additionally, the result of group Consistency IOWA (C-IOWA) operator is greater than the arithmetic mean of all the individual consistency degree. The numerical application verified the result of this paper.

The world has now evolved into a digital hub. Multimedia data such as images, videos and audio streams are being transferred, shared and accessed extensively. This extensive data is being channeled mostly through the internet. Transferring multimedia data over internet securely is one of the issues faced in the digital world [1, 2]. Several traditional encryption schemes in practice are not secure enough for encoding, due to a higher correlation in the multimedia data. Because of this high correlation, new schemes were developed and analyzed to achieve high quality encryption for images, videos and other types of multimedia data. Several security parameters are used to assess the efficiency of the encryption algorithm. These include entropy, correlation, Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), Unified Average Change Intensity (UACI), Avalanche Effect, Number of Pixel Change Rate (NPCR) and Key Sensitivity. This paper addresses the limitations faced in the encryption process presented in Anees et al.'s work [3] and proposes an enhanced version for the encryption process.

The main aim of this article is to introduce Soft strong separation axioms in soft bi topological spaces. We discuss soft strong separation axioms in soft bi topological spaces with respect to ordinary point and soft points. Further study the behavior of soft strong T0 space, soft strong T1 and soft strong T2 spaces at different angles with respect to ordinary points as well as with respect to soft points. Hereditary properties are also talked over.

Abstaract−This paper solves multicriteria decision making problems based on cubic set. The whole cubic set information given by the decision maker has been presented in a matrix form along with the weights assigned to each criteria. We have applied proposed method to select best alternative among available altermatives

In this paper, using N-structure, the notion of an N-ideal in a BE-algebra is introduced. To obtain a more general form ofan N-ideal, a point N-structure which is (k-conditionally) employed in an N-structure is proposed. Using these notions, the conceptof an ([e], [e]∨ [ck])-ideal is introduced and related properties are investigated. The notion ([e], [e]∨ [ck])-ideal is a generalization of([e], [e]∨ [c])-ideal. We derive some characterizations of ([e],[e] ∨ [ck])-ideals of BE-algebras

A natural way to model dynamic systems under uncertainty is to use fuzzy boundary value problems (FBVPs) and related uncertain systems. In this paper we use fuzzy Laplace transform to find the solution of two-point boundary value under generalized Hukuhara differentiability. We illustrate the method for the solution of the well known two-point boundary value problem Schrodinger equation, and homogeneous boundary value problem. Consequently, we investigate the solutions of FBVPs under as a new application of fuzzy Laplace transform., arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1403.0242

In this paper, we generalize the fuzzy Laplace transformation (FLT) for the nth derivative of a fuzzy-valued function named as nth derivative theorem and under the strongly generalized differentiability concept, we use it in an analytical solution method for the solution of an nth order fuzzy initial value problem (FIVP). This is a simple approach toward the solution of nth order fuzzy initial value problem (FIVP) by the nth generalized (FLT) form, and then we can use it to solve any order of FIVP. The related theorems and properties are proved. The method is illustrated with the help of some examples. We use MATLAB to evaluate the inverse Laplace transform.

The solution of integro-differential equations have a major role in the fields of science and engineering. Different approaches both numerical and analytic are used to solve these type of equations. In this paper, the solution of fuzzy convolution Volterra integro-differential equation is investigated using fuzzy Laplace transform method under generalized Hukuhara differentiability. Finally, the method is illustrated with few examples to show the ability of the proposed method., Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1403.0571

Fuzzy partial integro-differential equations have a major role in the fields of science and engineering. In this paper, we propose the solution of fuzzy partial Volterra integro-differential equation with convolution type kernel using fuzzy Laplace transform method (FLTM) under Hukuhara differentiability. It is shown that FLTM is a simple and reliable approach for solving such equations analytically. Finally, the method is illustrated with few examples to show the ability of the proposed method., Comment: 11 pages. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1403.7936

In this paper, using N-structure, the notion of an N-ideal in a BE-algebra is introduced. Conditions for an N-structure to be an N-ideal are provided. To obtain a more general form of an N-ideal, a point N-structure which is (k conditionally) employed in an N-structure is proposed. Using these notions, the concept of an N-ideal is introduced and related properties are investigated. N-ideal is a generalized form of N-ideal. Characterizations of N-ideals are discussed.

In this article, we give some characterization results offuzzy left(right) ideals, fuzzy generalized bi-ideals and -fuzzy bi-ideals of an LA-semigroup. We also give some characterizations of LA-semigroups by the properties of fuzzy ideals., arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1210.6518

In this paper, we introduce the concept of (α,β)-intuitionistic fuzzy sub-hemiring, (left, right, two sided) ideals of hemirings, where α,β are any two of {∈,q,∈∨q,∈∧q} with α≠∈∧q, by using belongs to relation (∈) and quasi-coincidence with relation (q) between intuitionistic fuzzy points and intuitionistic fuzzy sets, and investigate related properties. Moreover, we define prime(semiprime) (α,β)-intuitionistic fuzzy ideals of hemirings and investigate some different properties of these ideals.