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Cities play a pivotal role in progressing cultural tourism, embracing everyday life, where particular cityscapes afford a diversity of cultural practices. The ethnographic storying of two city public artworks presents a backcloth of historical, cultural and religio-political outlooks. Public art and idiosyncratic atmospherics provide conflicting narratives of how pubic art attends wider religion-tourism concerns. Both public artworks observe ‘together-apart’ imaginings of a past-present legacy. This study traces their effect, through researcher short vignettes, visual culture and poetic reflection. This study contributes to the religion-tourism nexus, drawing on political, cultural, religious and social perspectives, which underpin these urban tourism sites. Public art has to make sense, have cultural competence and resonate with citizens.

An in-depth understanding of multisensory customer experiences could inform and transform service experiences across the touchpoints of customer journeys. Sensory research in service and marketing disciplines mostly refers to individual senses in isolation. However, relevant insights could be gleaned from other disciplines to explore the multisensory nature of customer experiences. Noting the fragmented state of research surrounding such topics, the current article presents a systematic, objective overview of the content and theoretical foundations underlying the notion of multisensory customer experiences. Seeking a holistic understanding and research agenda for service research, the authors adopt both text mining and co-citation analyses overlaying findings from the cross-disciplinary foundation to uncover relevant theoretical, conceptual, and methodological developments. The resulting research agenda encourages scholars to employ diverse theories and methods to investigate multisensory stimuli, their integration, and perception, as well as the link between multisensory customer experiences and emotions. These insights then can inform the design of multisensory omnichannel service experiences.

Purpose Previous research has been unable to provide a comprehensive method for measuring environment-based experience and its outcomes although it is an essential determinant of the museum experience. Therefore, this paper aims to present a measurement method for exploring how visitors’ servicescape experiences affect their positive word-of-mouth intention (PWOM). Design/methodology/approach Data were collected by surveying 810 visitors to 3 museums (i.e. Louvre, Pera and Key) representing different museum types. The research model was validated by using partial least squares structural equation modeling. Findings The predicted associations between sensory, spatial and social experiences, and PWOM were confirmed for Pera. In the Louvre and Key, however, only sensory and social experiences were positively associated with PWOM. In addition, the moderating effect of building type on the relationship between spatial experience and PWOM was demonstrated. Originality/value This paper contributes to the servicescape, customer experience and museum literature in several ways. Firstly, this study proposes a measurement method for servicescape experiences. Secondly, this study introduces servicescape experiences as new types of customer experience. Thirdly, this study provides insightful implications for the museum literature and professionals by highlighting how servicescape experiences affect PWOM across different types of museums.

This paper examines how displaying fans in the stadium using different types of visual content (pictures and videos) influences media consumers’ responses to sport leagues previously unknown to the...

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of atmospheric cues encountered in the complex retail environment of pharmacies and, in addition, to test the boundary conditions for the formation of experience-rich emotions. Following this rationale, the research succeeds to partially explain patronage decisions and behavior in pharmacies.Design/methodology/approachA quantitative methodology was used, using a structured questionnaire. Data were collected using a multistage sampling approach of days of the week and times of each day, seeking responses from customers exiting three, aesthetically diverse types of pharmacies in the wider area of Athens, Greece. Structural equation modeling techniques were used to test the measurement using SmartPLS3 statistical software.FindingsThe results primarily confirm the multidimensionality and complexity of atmospherics in pharmacies and the consequent effect on customers’ emotional state. Emotions, amplified by repeat visitation, have both a direct and a mediated effect on customer loyalty while emotional attachment acts as the mediator.Originality/valueThe recent elevation of pharmacies from a mere convenient shopping destination of mostly emergency goods to a shopping alternative for a wide variety of well-being goods and services, necessitates the shift of focus of research from the technical expertise of the pharmacist to the enabling dimensions of the retailing environment. The paper answers this need and test the boundary conditions for the development of experience-rich emotions in retailing. The proposed model indicates the significant impact of atmospherics in customer decision-making even in the complex setting of pharmacies.

The threat of online shopping propels brick-and-mortar retailers to innovate and design their retail atmosphere to create unforgettable shopping experiences to compete effectively and retain customers. The study firstly identifies store atmospherics factors that enhance the shopping experience and secondly explores the hypothesized relationships between store atmospherics dimensions (lighting, music, layout, and employee interaction) and customer experience. Furthermore, the effect of customer experience and repurchase intention is also explored. A self-administered survey was used, and data were collected from 390 respondents who visit physical clothing stores regularly in the City of Johannesburg in South Africa. The survey results were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) for descriptive statistics. Covariance-Based Structural Equation Modelling (CB-SEM) was utilized for the path analysis. The findings reveal that only store layout, lighting, and employee interaction are essential elements in creating pleasurable customer in-store experiences (β = 0.163, p = 0.05; β = 0.207, p = 0.01; β = 0.293, p = 0.001). It is also evident that consumers perceive music to be less effective in enhancing their shopping experiences (β = 0.048, p = ns). Moreover, the results show that enriching customer experiences stimulate repeat purchases (β = 0.745, p = 0.001). The findings demonstrate that innovating the store environment should be based on shop layout, illumination, and employee contact to create appealing experiences. This study contributes to consumer and retailing services literature. Acknowledgment This study is based on the research supported partly by the University of the Witwatersrand Chancellor’s Female Academic Leaders Fellowship.

Retail layouts and atmospherics have been widely investigated within the physical retail environment, Research suggests that there is limited understanding of these elements in the virtual environm...

Practice centers (dojos) in the Japanese new religion Mahikari are perceived to be spaces suffused with divine light. This article examines this understanding in terms of the enactment of a particu...

This paper develops the Möbius strip as an ‘ordering theory’ (Sandberg and Alvesson, 2020) that brings CCT studies into dialogue with mainstream marketing approaches. The aim is to work toward a transdisciplinary understanding of market spatiality, a topic that has become increasingly important for theorists and practitioners (Warnaby and Medway, 2013; Castilhos et al., 2016; Chatzidakis et al., 2018). Building on psychosocial interpretations of the Möbius strip as a ‘tactical’ way of thinking, a range of insights and ideas are organized along a single strip of theorization. This paper maps a continuous plane of logic between the concepts of space, place, emplacement, spatiality, implacement, and displacement. The potential applications of the Möbius strip are then demonstrated by showing how the transdisciplinary topic of ‘atmosphere’ can be theorized from multiple perspectives. The paper concludes by exploring how the Möbius strip might also be employed in other areas of marketing theory and practice, potentially generating further transdisciplinary conversations between CCT and the marketing mainstream.

Despite the significance of airport atmospherics and visitors’ experiences, relatively few studies address the effect of both the airport environment and experience on the intentions to revisit the destination. This study draws new insights by examining (1) the influence of airport atmospherics on airport experience and willingness to revisit a destination, and (2) the effect of the overall experience evaluations on the intentions to revisit the host country. Sense of place’s moderating role on the relationship between atmospherics, experience and destination revisit is also examined. After a pre-test focus group with airport marketing executives, a main survey study was employed comprised of 604 international travelers. The proposed framework was tested through Structural Equation Modelling. In light of the study’s findings, it was revealed that airport atmospherics serve as strong indicators of overall experience evaluations as well as of the willingness to revisit the destination. Additionally, evidence indicate that sense of place did not have a moderating effect in the aforementioned relationships, with respective managerial implications concerning the use of atmospheric stimuli in the airport context and recommendations for future research being provided.

As e-commerce approaches 17% of total retail sales companies are looking for opportunities to increase customer purchase conversion. In a competitive marketplace it becomes increasingly important to consider the effects of display techniques on purchase intention. Limited research has been conducted into interactivity, product display and their effect on purchase intentions on real-world retail websites, predominantly choosing to use random or student samples. This study investigates whether interactivity within retail websites positively correlates with purchase intentions for both low-cost and high-cost products and whether this effect is proportionally higher in high-cost products. It considers whether this purchase intention in high-cost products is influenced by higher levels of supplementary information. 405 participants experienced a simulated environment within a real-world retail website they had previously shopped at. Questionnaire results were analysed using ANCOVA and principal components analysis with three new components (purchase intention, attitude towards products and repeat product enjoyment) emerging. Results showed a higher purchase intention for more interactive products particularly more expensive ones. Interactive products produced a 54% higher purchase intention overall. In this paper, a new three-component solution to assess purchase intention for online home décor products is presented along with results which indicate that interactivity levels positively affect purchase intention for this particular product segment, particularly higher-cost products.

In this paper, a method to find the optimum spectrum for the illumination of objects in a retail environment is presented. A variety of familiar objects are illuminated with a number of illuminants of a predefined Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) of 3000 K, strategically selected from the entire range of metamers, which can be generated by the multi-channel luminaire under test. The solution space has been derived by solving basic colorimetric equations using a brute force method. In a paired comparison experiment, observers had to select the most “attractive” appearance for the presented objects. The results illustrate that objects may indeed appear more attractive for a statistically meaningful number of observers under a particular lighting condition. Assuming attractiveness of an object as a stimulus in the SOR framework, this approach facilitates the generation and the selection of the “optimum” spectrum based on the goals of the stakeholders in retail lighting applications.

This study aimed to unearth the attributes of green indoor atmospherics and uncovered their influence on guests’ and employees’ mental well-being and intention generation process by considering the...

Dispersive wave modes called tweek atmospherics produced by lightning strokes were observed using Stanford University designed AWESOME VLF receiver system installed at the University of Tunis El Manar, Tunisia (Geog. lat. 36.50 ° N; lon. 10.08 ° E). About 84 tweek atmospherics were analyzed during geomagnetically quiet days to provide important clues for estimating the effective ionospheric reflection height and electron density using the cut-off frequency of first modes. Variations of nighttime Wait ionospheric parameters ( h ′ and β ) have been studied using tweeks observed for the first time at the low latitude station in the North African region. The distance of the lightning located in a range of 500–5000 km and the accuracy obtained by single-site technique had been estimated by a comparison with independent data from the World-Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN).

Location plays a major role in outdoor atmospherics, which can provide an opportunity for the restaurant owner to create a strong first impression on consumers. This study investigated customer perspectives regarding the placement of cafés by employing a Kansei engineering–based approach. In this approach, the location-related features that are of concern to customers and Kansei words that are used by customers to express their impressions regarding a café’s outdoor atmospherics were identified through a customer survey and feature fatigue analysis. The associations between the location-related features and café impressions and their effects on customers’ visiting intention were also examined based on the stimulus–organism–response model. This approach achieved a customer Kansei–oriented location evaluation for cafés. The findings provide café proprietors a preliminary guideline for using location-related outdoor atmospherics as a strategy to produce the desired customer Kansei and reactions.

Mining generates a significant quantity of waste material including ballast, gravel, and slags, which are often deposited in areas without taking into account the environment impacts and the need to ensure the physical and chemical stability of the disposed waste. One of the less studied problems is the emission of particulate matter produced by wind erosion at the dumpsites. This erosion is mainly caused by two factors, wind speed and turbulence, due to surface phenomenon. Until now, the design of waste dumpsites in the Chilean mining industry has not considered these environmental conditions. Efforts to minimize disposal costs have always been achieved by depositing ballast without considering these variables. When wind impacts this unprotected surface, it creates a source of dust that requires some special attention. The problem that this research tries to solve is to reduce particulate material to the atmosphere from waste dumps in which, under certain atmospherics and geographic conditions, specifically on winter season, its concentrations overpass the maximum limit allowed by law, generating bronchopulmonary diseases and even closing partially or totally mine operation. The result is the creation of a waste dumpsite design model, with its corresponding algorithms, which will allow optimization of the waste dumpsite design. From these results, future researches could explore more sustainable mining, such as unit operations, drilling, blasting, load and crushing material, reducing particulate material emissions to the atmosphere, and minimizing environmental impact due to exploitation.

PurposeAlthough the store environment-impulse buying nexus is well documented, the influence of consumer motivations on this nexus is still underexplored. Consequently, this paper aims at explaining the mediating effect of emotional states and the moderating effect of hedonic shopping motives on the relationship between store atmospherics and impulse buying behavior.Design/methodology/approachPrimary data from 437 customers were generated through a questionnaire developed for this study. Respondents were accessed using mall-intercept technique. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was done to empirically estimate the model.FindingsResults indicate that pleasure and shopping enjoyment mediate the effect of store atmospherics on the impulse purchase behavior. The findings also show that hedonic shopping motives moderate the relationship between the store atmospherics and impulse purchase.Originality/valueThis study contributes by introducing the moderating role played by the hedonic shopping motives on the relationship between store atmospherics and impulse purchase. In addition, it introduces that shopping enjoyment and pleasure mediate the effect of perceived store atmospherics on impulse purchase.

The helium sorption cooler plays an important role in both ground and space application because it does not require a magnetic field and is not dependent on gravity. At present, one research focus of sorption cooler is the development of multistage to overcome the disadvantages of the originally developed single-stage structure. The other focus is the development of continuous sorption cooler. Although the sorption cooler has been widely employed in astronomy and Earth atmospherics sciences, space mission and other fields, there are still lots of technologies that can be further improved, such as superfluid film suppression, the development of high on–off ratio gas-gap heat switch and rapidly responsive sorption pump. This paper reviews the principle, structure and performance parameters of the sorption cooler and its suitability to the space application. In addition, the technical challenges and the efforts that scholars are trying will also be introduced.

A proposed design–ambient–social–trialability (DAST) framework for retail atmospherics broadens conceptualizations to encompass not only the in-store experience but also out-of-store experiences that the retailer can control or influence. In turn, it expands understanding of retail atmospherics to incorporate multiple retail touchpoints that a customer may encounter during a journey. This framework also introduces a new dimension to conceptualizations of retail atmospherics, namely, the notion of trialability. By integrating literature on store environment cues with notions of the in-store sensory experience, this study also reveals some mediating and moderating factors that clarify how the DAST factors influence consumers’ shopping behavior.

Climate change spells the end of tourism, and tourism is just one, and one of the least important, things to be so very near its end. This situation has emerged because of the global dominance of f...

This study applies a systematic categorization of general interior variables (GIV) to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of the shopping sensory environment. A survey-based study focusing on the im...

Radio atmospherics (sferics for short) are electromagnetic (EM) pulses discharged by lightning return strokes and can be used for D region remote sensing. A frequency-domain full-wave (FDFW) numerical model is developed to simulate sferics propagation in earth ionosphere waveguide (EIWG). For a certain sampling frequency, EM fields of sferics are decomposed into a series of plane waves in the spectral domain via 2-D spatial Fourier transforms. The magnetized cold plasma medium of ionosphere is divided into several thin layers with the arbitrary anisotropic dielectric constant for each layer. The EM fields at the sferics receiver site are evaluated by recursively computing the reflection and transmission matrices in all layer boundaries for all the plane wave components and performing 2-D numerical integration in the spectral domain. The earth flattening technique is adopted and the horizontal wave vector of each plane wave component is directly modified in the spectral domain to compensate for earth curvature effects. Interactions between plane waves and the magnetized cold plasma of ionosphere are analyzed and discussed. Comparisons between the FDFW computation and finite-difference time-domain simulation as well as field measured sferics are implemented to verify the accuracy and reliability of the proposed new model.

Nature‐based solutions (NBS) are becoming increasingly crucial as NBS brings diverse health‐related benefits to travelers and workers in the tourism business sector. This research explored the influence of green atmospherics as NBS on airport occupants' mental health value, image, and loyalty generation processes. A quantitative approach with a field survey method was employed. A structural equation modeling and metric invariance test were used as data analysis technique. Our empirical result revealed that green atmospherics as NBS significantly improve the occupants' mental health value and image of the airport, and these variables contribute to their loyalty enhancement for the airport. The effect of green spaces and natural surroundings on loyalty was maximized through mental health value and image. In addition, the linkages from natural surroundings to mental health value and image were stronger in the visitor group whereas the mental health value—loyalty relation was stronger in the worker group.

In the military, the concept of atmospherics is deployed to capture the environment within which operations take place, the receptivity of local populations, and how militaries are perceived. Yet, ...

As a dispersive wave mode produced by lightning strokes, tweek atmospherics provide important hints of lower ionospheric (i.e., D-region) electron density. Based on data accumulation from the WHU ELF/VLF receiver system, we develop an automatic detection module in terms of the maximum-entropy-spectral-estimation (MESE) method to identify unambiguous instances of low latitude tweeks. We justify the feasibility of our procedure through a detailed analysis of the data observed at the Suizhou Station (31.57°N, 113.32°E) on 17 February 2016. A total of 3961 tweeks were registered by visual inspection; the automatic detection method captured 4342 tweeks, of which 3361 were correct ones, producing a correctness percentage of 77.4% (= 3361/4342) and a false alarm rate of 22.6% (= 981/4342). A Short-Time Fourier Transformation (STFT) was also applied to trace the power spectral profiles of identified tweeks and to evaluate the tweek propagation distance. It is found that the fitting accuracy of the frequency–time curve and the relative difference of propagation distance between the two methods through the slope and through the intercept can be used to further improve the accuracy of automatic tweek identification. We suggest that our automatic tweek detection and analysis method therefore supplies a valuable means to investigate features of low latitude tweek atmospherics and associated ionospheric parameters comprehensively.

As a companion paper to Zhou RX et al. (2020) , this study describes application of the automatic detection and analysis module to identify all the tweek atmospherics detectible in the WHU ELF/VLF receiver data collected at Suizhou station during the period of 3 February through 29 February 2016. Detailed analysis of the identified low-latitude tweek events reveals that the occurrence rate varies considerably — from 800 to 6000 tweeks per day, and exhibits a strong diurnal and local time dependence, the peak occurring before local midnight. The diurnal variation of identified tweeks was similar to that of the lightning data obtained by the World-Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN).. Estimates of the propagation distance and ionospheric reflection height of tweek atmospherics suggest that the majority (~92%) of the low latitude tweeks originate from the lightning activity within a radius of 4000 km and that they are very likely to reflect from the lower ionospheric D-region at the height range of 75–85 km. At these lower ionospheric reflection altitudes, ~74% of the corresponding electron densities from the tweek spectral measurements are within 24.5–27.5 cm-3. The daily variation of estimated D-region electron densities in the considered period (February 2016) also exhibits a small overall increasing trend from early to later in the month.

This study relies on the Stimulus-Organism-Response (S–O-R) paradigm to explore the mediating role of the desire to stay at the shopping mall in the relationship between shopper positive attitudes towards three atmospheric cues (color schemes, lighting, and music) and the shopping outcomes of shopper satisfaction, positive Word-of-Mouth (WOM) and patronage intentions. Moreover, the study elaborates on the path from the desire to stay to positive WOM and patronage intentions by considering the mediating role of shopper satisfaction. A survey-based study comprising a sample size of 451 mall shoppers has been developed to test the proposed research model. The results indicate that the desire to stay mediates the relationship between shoppers’ positive attitudes towards color schemes and music, on one hand, and shopper satisfaction and positive WOM, on the other hand. Although the desire to stay has a direct effect on positive WOM, it does not directly impact patronage intention. However, the latter path becomes significant when considering the mediating role of shopper satisfaction, indicating that satisfying mall stays enhance desirable outcomes. Based on these findings, implications for theory and retailers are discussed.

The Latin American Giant Observatory (LAGO) is a distributed cosmic ray observatory at a regional scale in Latin America, by deploying a large network of Water Cherenkov detectors (WCD) and other astroparticle detectors in a wide range of latitudes from Antarctica to M\'exico, and altitudes from sea level to more than 5500 m a.s.l. Detectors telemetry, atmospherics conditions and flux of secondary particles at the ground are measured with extreme detail at each LAGO site by using our own-designed hardware and firmware (ACQUA). To combine and analyse all these data, LAGO developed ANNA, our data analysis framework. Additionally, ARTI, a complete framework of simulations designed to simulate the expected signals at our detectors coming from primary cosmic rays entering the Earth atmosphere, allowing a precise characterization of the sites in realistic atmospheric, geomagnetic and detector conditions. As the measured and synthetic data started to flow, we are facing challenging scenarios given a large amount of data emerging, performed on a diversity of detectors and computing architectures and e-infrastructures. These data need to be transferred, analyzed, catalogued, preserved, and provided for internal and public access and data-mining under an open e-science environment. In this work, we present the implementation of ARTI at the EOSC-Synergy cloud-based services as the first example of LAGO' frameworks that will follow the FAIR principles for provenance, data curation and re-using of data. For this, we calculate the flux of secondary particles expected in up to 1 week at detector level for all the 26 LAGO, and the 1-year flux of high energy secondaries expected at the ANDES Underground Laboratory and other sites. Therefore, we show how this development can help not only LAGO but other data-intensive cosmic rays observatories, muography experiments and underground laboratories., Comment: [30Dic21. No changes in the paper. Corrected mistake in ArXiv' metadata: swapping given name order: Juan Antonio Rubio-Montero -> Antonio Juan Rubio-Montero]

In order to turn the trend of decreasing numbers of visitors in shopping areas, retailers seem to agree on the importance of creating experiences for consumers. Yet sense of place research focusing on shopping areas is limited and has not yet fully explored the extent to which sense of place is related to shopping behaviour within physical shopping areas. In this study, we used the concept of sense of place to study a consumer's experience in inner-city retail environments. The main objective was to investigate (1) the relationship between shopping area evaluation and sense of place, (2) the relationship between sense of place and shopping behaviour, (3) the presence or absence of a relationship between shopping area evaluation and shopping behaviour, and (4) the moderating effect of personal and situational characteristics on these relationships. We estimate a path analysis model using survey data that were collected among 380 consumers in 3 shopping areas in the Amsterdam region. The findings suggest that sense of place is a better predictor of shopping behaviour than consumers' evaluation of shopping area characteristics. Therefore, it is important for retailers and shopping area managers to focus on creating a retail environment that stimulates formation of a sense of place.

Lightning strikes can be routinely observed by the radio receivers that measure electromagnetic signals in the very low frequency range. The acquired pulses called atmospherics provide valuable details about source lightning discharges and also about the Earth‐ionosphere waveguide where they can propagate thousands of kilometers. The automatic acquisition of the events requires also automatic methods for extraction of atmospherics' details to confirm the observed trends with statistical significance. For this purpose, we have developed a method based on a deep learning approach to automatically obtain the type of atmospherics, their exact time, and the frequency range from the frequency‐time spectrograms. The method that employs convolutional neural networks is designed to be adaptable to scientific needs and provide reliable results according to the requirements on the sensitivity to events, computation performance, and precision of extracted details. The efficiency and specific steps of our method are demonstrated for data recorded by the ELMAVAN‐G instrument. The comprehensive description of the method allows its usage for regular characterization of the ionospheric D‐layer or for other similar applications in the future.

To understand the main attributes with impact on museum’s visitors’ experience, this study analyses the e-WOM communication in the form of the reviews shared by customers on TripAdvisor. A qualitative and exploratory approach was applied through a thematic content analysis on 1403 reviews from five Portuguese museums with a presence on that online platform. The results revealed the attributes and sub-attributes with more impact on the visitor’s experience. Exhibition’s Quality and Ambient Conditions greatly influence the reviewers, and Staff Behaviour and Signs & Signage are the attributes with less impact on the experience. Given the recognized lack of research regarding the museums’ atmospherics features, this study provides contributions to literature and practice by giving continuity to the gaps identified in previous studies. This research brings useful light tips for museums’ management to explore and improve their services and take advantage of e-WOM as a marketing tool. Due to the recognizable increase of technology in museums, the sub-attribute Multimedia Displays arise reveals the importance of exploring this feature in future research. O setor dos museus cresceu consideravelmente no último terço do século XX (Harris, 2013). Entre 2012 e 2020 o número de equipamentos culturais desta natureza aumentou 60% (UNESCO, 2020) em todo o Mundo. Assim como em Portugal, onde se verificou um aumento de 238 museus em 2019 face ao ano de 2000 (Fundação Francisco Manuel dos Santos, 2020). Segundo o International Council of Museums (ICOM) (2018): “O museu é uma instituição permanente sem fins lucrativos, ao serviço da sociedade e do seu desenvolvimento, aberta ao público, que adquire, conserva, investiga, comunica e expõe o património material e imaterial da humanidade e do seu meio envolvente com fins de educação, estudo e deleite.” (Museum Definition, Prospects and Potentials report and recommendations, ICOM’s Executive Board, December 2018). Os museus, tal como outras atrações culturais, têm um papel importante na indústria do turismo (Bauer, Sohn & Oliveira, 2019; Durão, 2009) e contribuem para o crescimento da economia local (Llop & Carod, 2012). Embora o crescimento do turismo seja uma realidade do século XXI (Pennings, 2015), a pandemia Covid-19 veio inverter a tendência de crescimento e este sector tornou-se um dos mais afetados, tendo registado, em 2020, uma queda de 74% em relação ao ano anterior (UNWT, 2021). De acordo com a UNESCO (2020), apesar de, um modo geral, o turismo cultural ter sido particularmente afetado, nomeadamente os museus, as respostas e soluções para manter as operações surgiram de forma célere e eficaz. Cada vez mais, os museus utilizam ferramentas da Internet para atrair visitantes (Bauer et al., 2019) e, simultaneamente, acompanhar o seu comportamento através dos comentários partilhados através de electronic Word of Mouth (e-WOM) nas redes sociais (Alexander, Blank & Hale, 2009; Antón, Camarero & Garrido, 2019; Dellarocas, 2003; Hausmann, 2012; Kempiak, Hollywood, Bolan & McMahon-Beattie, 2017; Rodgers & Wang, 2011). Babić Rosario et al. (2020: 427) definiram e-WOM como a “comunicação relativa ao consumo, gerada pelo consumidor, que implica ferramentas digitais e que é dirigida a outros consumidores”. O e-WOM pode ser de conteúdo positivo, negativo, uma combinação de positivo e negativo ou neutro (Rodgers & Wang, 2011). A avaliação do conteúdo gerado e partilhado nas redes sociais, denominada de valência, tem recebido atenção crescente na academia (Cheung & Thadani, 2010; Filieri, 2016; Zanibellato et al., 2018) na medida que os consumidores têm propensão em atribuir forte relevância e confiança ao mesmo. As avaliações negativas tendem ainda a ser mais valorizadas do que as positivas e as classificações extremas tendem a ser consideradas não confiáveis (Filieri, 2016). No TripAdvisor os utilizadores fazem a avaliação da experiência através dos comentários (reviews) e da classificação de 1 a 5 (rating). Através do rating é possível avaliar a qualidade do produto (Hong & Pittman, 2020) e a satisfação (Zanibellato et al., 2018). Segundo os estudos de Alexander et al. (2018) e Yoon et al. (2019) há uma correlação entre o rating e a valência de e-WOM. O e-WOM permite saber o que é que os consumidores dizem de um produto (neste caso os museus) e criar campanhas de e-WOM para atingir objetivos de marketing (Chu & J. Kim, 2018). Assim, os museus devem trabalhar o e-WOM como uma ferramenta de marketing (Hausmann, 2012) e desenhar as experiências oferecidas tendo em vista proporcionar satisfação dos seus visitantes. A literatura reconhece que visitantes satisfeitos geram avaliações positivas (Antón et al., 2019). De acordo com McLean (1997), o produto do museu é a experiência da visita e esta resulta dos serviços tangíveis e não tangíveis. A experiência começa antes da entrada no museu (Rowley, 1999) com uma pesquisa sobre o museu e os seus serviços (Alexander et al., 2018). Uma vez no museu, o visitante experiencia a exposição e todos os serviços disponíveis (Chan, 2009; de Rojas & Camarero, 2008). A experiência continua depois da saída do edifício, estende-se às memórias e às partilhas em redes sociais e avaliações no TripAdvisor (Alexander et al., 2018). Zanibellato et al. (2018) estudaram as características/atributos que influenciam a experiência do visitante (de forma positiva ou negativa) através da informação partilhada pelos visitantes dos 10 museus mais comentados no TripAdvisor. A partir dos conceitos de atmospherics e servicescape, Conti et al. (2020) desenvolveram o conceito de museumscape. Com base, essencialmente, na teoria de Bitner (1992) definiram as seis categorias que influenciam a experiência do visitante: Ambient Conditions, Staff Behaviour, Facilities and Convenience, Art Gallery Quality, Exhibition Space Aesthetics, Signs and Signage. Os autores, através de uma pesquisa exploratória por entrevistas diretas aos visitantes de três museus italianos, estudaram o espaço do museu e o ambiente físico e o seu impacto no Word of Mouth (WOM). Sendo uma área de investigação emergente (Alexander et al., 2018; Conti et al., 2020; Hausmann, 2012; Zanibellato et al., 2018), são identificadas pertinentes lacunas de investigação, nomeadamente o facto de haver poucos estudos sobre e-WOM no campo museológico e sobre a influência do ambiente e espaço físico dos museus na experiência de visita. Assim, e nesta sequência, o objetivo principal desta pesquisa é estudar os atributos dos museus com impacto na experiência do visitante através do e-e-WOM. Os objetivos específicos deste estudo são os seguintes: • Analisar o perfil do visitante com base na sua atividade no TripAdvisor: origem, experiência como utilizador na plataforma (status) e data da experiência; • Classificar os atributos da experiência de visita ao museu de acordo com a sua natureza: produto principal, serviços periféricos e ambiente; • Identificar os atributos e subatributos mais relevantes da experiência de visita ao museu, mencionados pelos reviewers; • Examinar a relação entre a performance dos atributos do museu e a satisfação. Desenvolveu-se um estudo qualitativo exploratório (Creswell, 2007; Merriam & Tisdell, 2016) com uma abordagem dedutiva e indutiva (Bardin, 1977). A informação foi recolhida de uma fonte secundária (Adams, Khan, Raeside & White, 2007), nomeadamente de documentos virtuais (Bryman, 2012): reviews partilhadas no TripAdvisor.com. Esta abordagem foi inspirada em estudos anteriores (Zanibellato et al., 2018; Alexander et al., 2018). O estudo empírico debruçou-se sobre o caso português. As avaliações estudadas pertencem aos cinco museus portugueses, com presença no TripAdvisor, com mais avaliações nas categorias de Museus de Arte e Museus de Especialidade: Museu Calouste Gulbenkian, Museu Nacional do Azulejo, Museu Coleção Berardo, Museu Nacional dos Coches e Museu Nacional de Arte Antiga. Os 1403 comentários recolhidos pertencem aos anos de 2018 e 2019 e foram escritos em língua inglesa. A informação foi tratada através de uma análise temática de conteúdo categorial (Adams et al., 2007; Bardin, 1977; Esteves, 2006) com recurso ao software Nvivo 12. As categorias, baseadas em Conti et al. (2020), surgiram de acordo com os temas repetidos; de seguida, esses temas foram divididos em subcategorias e posteriormente as referências foram distribuídas conforme a direção/valência (positivo, negativo ou neutro) (Rodgers & Wang, 2011; Zanibellato et al., 2018). Por último, procedeu-se à quantificação para encontrar a frequência de ocorrências (Esteves, 2006) e, assim, analisar os atributos e subatributos com mais impacto na experiência do visitante. Em relação aos reviewers, verificou-se que a maioria são de origem Norte Americana e Europeia e que apresentam um elevado grau de experiência enquanto utilizadores do TripAdvisor (status). Os resultados mostram que a classificação dos museus é positiva (4.5 na escala de 1 a 5), assim como as referências das reviews são maioritariamente positivas, em linha com outros estudos (Alexander et al., 2018; Yoon et al., 2019). A codificação revelou os cinco principais atributos que impactam a experiência do visitante, com algumas diferenças em relação aos atributos definidos no estudo de Conti et al. (2020): Ambient Conditions, Exhibition’s Quality, Facilities and Convenience, Museum Space Aesthetics, Signs & Signage, and Staff Behaviour. Também surgiram novos subatributos em relação aos trabalhos de Zanibellato et al. (2018) e de Conti et al. (2020). A principal conclusão da análise de resultados é que o produto principal do museu (Exhibition’s Quality) é o maior influenciador da visita, seguido das condições do ambiente. Os atributos que impactam menos a experiência do visitante são Signs & Signage e Staff Behaviour. Os resultados permitem confirmar as conclusões de Zanibellato et al. (2018) sobre algumas características que impactam a experiência apenas quando há um acontecimento negativo, como é o caso de Staff Behaviour e dos subatributos Display e Acessibility. Ao cruzar os dois estudos, um sobre o conceito de museumscape (Conti et al., 2020) e o outro sobre a análise de e-WOM no contexto museológico (Zanibellato et al., 2018), foi possível desenvolver uma abordagem mais alargada ao e-WOM e ao museumscape, reforçada com a emergência de novos subatributos. As pistas encontradas neste estudo podem ser ferramentas úteis para os museus explorarem e melhorarem os seus serviços e também para mostrar como seria importante considerar as comunicações de e-WOM nas estratégias de marketing. A recolha manual das 1403 reviews e da respetiva informação sobre cada review foi a maior dificuldade encontrada durante a pesquisa, pelo que, para futura investigação, recomenda-se a utilização de um software de recolha de dados adequado ou então, quando possível, a recolha da informação de forma gradual. Este estudo foi realizado antes da Covid-19, pelo que os atributos revelados podem ser úteis para estudar estratégias de espaço e serviço no contexto pandémico e pós-pandémico. Um dos subatributos que parece ser merecedor de atenção futura, devido ao crescimento da utilização de tecnologia por parte dos museus (Luo, 2020; Trunfio & Campana, 2019), é o subatributo referente aos dispositivos Multimedia (Multimedia Displays). Este estudo também deixa como sugestão para investigação futura aprofundar as razões que explicam o decréscimo de reviews de um ano para o outro quando o número de visitantes aumentou. Finalmente, parece ainda ser merecedor de investigação futura, o estudo da influência das reviews partilhadas por outros utilizadores (Yoon et al., 2019) nas reviews atuais.

Photographs are commonly used in store atmospherics research, although their ecological validity lacks conclusive support. To this end, we examine the effect of different representation media of a retail environment (i.e. one photograph, three photographs, or a real store visit) on customer experience, satisfaction, and behavioural and attitudinal loyalty. Two studies examine the robustness of our findings across low- and high-experience stores. The results show that only in the high-experience store environment, a real store visit results in a significantly higher average perceived customer experience. Moreover, the chosen representation medium affects satisfaction and behavioural loyalty in both store types. Again, a real store visit results in higher scores. Upon studying low-experience stores and/or focusing on attitudinal loyalty as the outcome variable, pictures, however, do seem to be ecologically valid. To conclude, whether it is safe to simulate a retail environment with photographs depends on the particular retail context and the outcome variables under study.

The occupancy and activity estimation are fields that have been severally researched in the past few years. However, the different techniques used include a mixture of atmospheric features such as humidity and temperature, many devices such as cameras and audio sensors, or they are limited to speech recognition. In this work is proposed that the occupancy and activity can be estimated only from the audio information using an automatic approach of audio feature engineering to extract, analyze and select descriptors/variables. This scheme of extraction of audio descriptors is used to determine the occupation and activity in specific smart environments, such that our approach can differentiate between academic, administrative or commercial environments. Our approach from the audio feature engineering is compared to previous similar works on occupancy estimation and/or activity estimation in smart buildings (most of them including other features, such as atmospherics and visuals). In general, the results obtained are very encouraging compared to previous studies., European Commission

The response of electric field intensity of VLF radio atmospherics during two tropical cyclones Fani (May 2019) and Amphan (May 2020) has been summarized in this paper. The amplitudes of VLF radio atmospherics (or VLF sferics) received at Cooch Behar (CHB) and Kolkata (CUB) at three discrete frequencies (4 kHz, 7 kHz, and 9 kHz) showed distinct variations with respect to the reference level during the two cyclonic storms, which is explained using the electrical structure and distribution of cloud-to-ground lightning associated with the cyclones.

The cultures of South-east Asia provided plentiful inspiration for the setting and art direction in Walt Disney Animation Studios’ ”Raya and the Last Dragon”. This fantasy adventure required many unique environments ranging from desert landscapes to tropical forests, each describing rich lighting scenarios paired with the appropriate atmospherics. Many departments collaborated to create the extensive amount of atmospherics required by such varied and lush locations. Simultaneously, emphasis was placed on making the atmospheric Lighting workflow more efficient. We focused on improvements to allow Lighting artists more flexibility and control over making complicated atmospheric setups without having to request new assets or assistance from the Effects department on every shot. This in turn would save time and relieve significant production strain.

Purpose The best possible way for brick-and-mortar retailers to maximise engagement with personalised shoppers is capitalising on intelligent insights. The retailer operates differently with diversified items and services, but influencing retail atmospheric on personalised shoppers, the perception remains the same across industries. Retail atmospherics stimuli such as design, smell and others create behavioural modifications. The purpose of this study is to explore the atmospheric effects on brick-and-mortar store performance and personalised shopper's behaviour using cognitive computing based in-store analytics in the context of emerging market. Design/methodology/approach The data are collected from 35 shoppers of a brick-and-mortar retailer through questionnaire survey and analysed using quantitative method. Findings The result of the analysis reveals month-on-month growth in footfall count (46%), conversation rate (21%), units per transaction (27%), average order value (23%), dwell time (11%), purchase intention (29%), emotional experience (40%) and a month-on-month decline in remorse (20%). The retailers need to focus on three control gates of shopper behaviour: entry, browsing and exit. Attention should be paid to the cognitive computing solution to judge the influence of retail atmospherics on store performance and behaviour of personalised shoppers. Retail atmospherics create the right experience for individual shoppers and forceful use of it has an adverse impact. Originality/value The paper focuses on strategic decisions of retailers, the tactical value of personalised shoppers and empirically identifies the retail atmospherics effect on brick-and-mortar store performance and personalised shopper behaviour.

To extend the existing knowledge about international tourists' shopping behaviors, this study examined the formation of their retention by considering the effect of self-image congruity, shopping value, emotional experiences, satisfaction, and ambient atmospherics of shopping places in tourist sites located in South Korea. A field survey was conducted. The collected data was analyzed using structural equation modeling and a test for metric invariance. Our empirical result showed that international tourists’ self-image congruity with a shopping place significantly enhances its subsequent constructs. Shopping value, emotional experiences and satisfaction with shopping experiences were also significant contributors to increasing shopper retention toward the same shopping place, playing a significant mediating role. Moreover, ambient atmospherics had a significant moderating impact on forming shopper retention. Furthermore, shopper satisfaction included the greatest influence on retention. Overall, the proposed theoretical framework sufficiently accounted for retention.

The purpose of research presented in this paper is to determine how selected characteristics of a city event affect the satisfaction of visitors. In particular, the aim is to identify factors related to event atmospherics that determine visitor satisfaction in the city destination in continental part of Croatia. For this purpose, questionnaire was created based on previously conducted research by Bitner (1992), Oliver (1980, 1997), Baker and Crompton (2000), and Lee, Lee, Lee, and Babin (2008). It comprised measures for assessing event atmospherics, visitor satisfaction, and demographic characteristics of the respondents. The research was conducted among visitors of a city event that takes place every year during December 2018. A total of 191 questionnaires were obtained during the one-month period. Principal component analysis was utilised to determine the factor structure of city event atmospherics. In addition, multiple regression analysis was conducted to determine which factors may serve as predictors of visitor satisfaction in city event context. As a result, the analyses revealed four factors related to city event atmospherics. In addition, these factors positively and significantly affected visitor satisfaction, indicating that they have important role in determining visitor satisfaction in a city event context. These findings can contribute to the knowledge advancement of the city events, their influence on tourist satisfaction, and consequently, to better understand specific groups of visitors as well as establish efficient marketing and promotion strategies.

Subject and Purpose. Tweek-atmospherics (night-time low-frequency atmospherics), along with radio transmission by VLF radio stations, are used to study the lower ionosphere. The predictions of the available analytical theory regarding the polarization of such atmospherics and the previously accumulated experimental material describe the left elliptical polarization as a characteristic feature of the tweek-atmospherics in their tail section. The horizontal geomagnetic field’s component in reflection layer of the lower ionosphere should lead, within the theory framework, to non-reciprocity of the “east–west” and “west – east” propagation of tweeks. The study aim was to determine the polarization of tweek-atmospherics using three-component records and to statistically evaluate the null hypothesis regarding to two polarization parameters of tweek-atmospherics. Methods and Methodology. By the ensemble of experimental tweek-atmospheric records of about 300 examples, that is large enough for statistical processing, the polarization was studied along the atmospherics’ waveforms. Results. For the first (fundamental) harmonic, two characteristics of the polarization of the tweek-atmospherics (the polarization ratio and the phase difference) were calculated and analyzed, depending on the parameter identical to an incidence angle. The difference in the polarization ratio values has found between tweek-atmospherics with near-equatorial paths and atmospherics outside the geomagnetic equator area, where the condition of quasi-longitudinal wave propagation along the geomagnetic field is satisfied. Conclusions. Study has shown that the non-reciprocity of the propagation of tweek-atmospherics in the “east–west” and “west–east” directions regarding the geomagnetic field is observed as statistically significant differences in the phase difference at an incidence angle about 40...60˚ that correspond to an ending of head area of atmospheric waveforms.

The main purpose of the current study is to examine customer satisfaction, atmospheric and customer behaviour using SOR model. In addition to that, the study has examined the mediating role of customer satisfaction in the relationship between Atmospherics on Customer Behaviour. In recent Past, the main focus for the organizations was to identify the factors that can help in enhancing the loyalty of the customers. Additionally, their focus is also on delivering superior services by which they can keep the customers loyal. The study is of the view that the organizationsmake these efforts with desires to keep these customers retain, which will help them in increasing the profits and revenues. However, the current study has filled this gap. However, this study is among the pioneering studies on this issue Employing the survey-based methodology; the SEM-PLS technique is used to test the hypothesized relationships. So, the current study has used SEM-PLS as a statistical tool to answer the research questions raised in this study and research objectives envisaged in the current study. The data is collected from the SPA customers in Thailand. The findings of the study have provided support to the theoretical foundation and the proposed hypothesis of the current study. The current study will be helpful for policymakers and practitioners in understanding the issues work customer satisfaction, atmospheric and customer behaviour using SOR model. In author knowledge, this is among very few pioneering studies on this issue.

This study developed and tested a conceptual model delineating the interrelationships among hedonic shopping orientation, consumer need for mobile app atmospherics, entertainment gratification, mobile irritation, and intention to reuse mobile apps for apparel shopping. A total of 216 U.S. mobile shoppers in the age range of 18–34 participated in the study. Consumers with a higher need for mobile app atmospherics tended to experience increased entertainment gratification and reduced irritation in using mobile apps. Hedonic shopping orientation was found to be an antecedent of consumer need for mobile app atmospherics. However, hedonic shoppers’ mixed emotions toward mobile apps were confirmed through the positive influences of hedonic shopping orientation on both entertainment gratification and irritation. Consumer need for mobile app atmospherics played a significant role in predicting the intention to reuse mobile apps for apparel shopping, along with entertainment gratification and mobile irritation. This study extended the research scope of mobile shopping behavior and provided implications for mobile app retailing.

Purpose Clustering is a highly popular and widely used tool for identifying data-based market segments. The purpose of this paper is to apply cluster analysis to identify homogeneous subgroups among impulse buyers based on their demographic characteristics and their preference of atmospheric elements. Design/methodology/approach Based on a survey approach with 480 fashion consumers, the study discusses impulse purchases during financial crisis. SPSS process is used to determine the effect of atmospherics on impulse purchases as well as the moderating role of demographics. Cluster analysis (k-means method) is used to determine specific segments of impulsive consumption. Findings Despite a significant effect of atmospherics on consumers’ impulsiveness, the frequency of purchases is not significantly affected indicating that the economic environment may shape impulsive behavior. Gender, age and education seem to moderate the above relationship. Demographics and store atmospherics define specific segments of impulse buyers. Research limitations/implications The study identifies the clusters formed through the interaction of atmospherics with demographics. It further identifies the impact of atmospheric factors in the case of an economy in crisis. In times of financial hardship, store atmospherics, although appealing, do not seem to adequately promote impulse buying behavior. Understanding consumer’s impulsive behavior based on distinctive profiles is of outmost importance to retailers seeking to increase consumption, in particular under conditions of financial hardship. Originality/value The present study explores the role of environmental characteristics on consumers’ impulse behavior amidst a financial crisis and identifies the characteristics of specific segments of consumption.

There is no direct training in atmospherics in schools of architecture. It appears on no syllabus. —Mark Wigley, “The Architecture of Atmosphere”1Many kinds of writing across the history of cin...