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9 pages, 4 figures, supplementary information https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-10265-1.-- This work is a contribution to CSIC PTI Teledetect, Changes in the Earth’s water cycle can be estimated by analyzing sea surface salinity. This variable reflects the balance between precipitation and evaporation over the ocean, since the upper layers of the ocean are the most sensitive to atmosphere–ocean interactions. In situ measurements lack spatial and temporal synopticity and are typically acquired at few meters below the surface. Satellite measurements, on the contrary, are synoptic, repetitive and acquired at the surface. Here we show that the satellite-derived sea surface salinity measurements evidence an intensification of the water cycle (the freshest waters become fresher and vice-versa) which is not observed at the in-situ near-surface salinity measurements. The largest positive differences between surface and near-surface salinity trends are located over regions characterized by a decrease in the mixed layer depth and the sea surface wind speed, and an increase in sea surface temperature, which is consistent with an increased stratification of the water column due to global warming. These results highlight the crucial importance of using satellites to unveil critical changes on ocean–atmosphere fluxes, This work was supported in part by the Spanish R&D project L-BAND (ESP2017-89463-C3-1-R), which is funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and “ERDF A way of making Europe”, and project INTERACT (PID2020-114623RB-C31), which is funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. , and in part by the European Space Agency by means of the Contract SMOS ESL L2OS. We also acknowledge funding from the Spanish government through the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S)

An average of 8 million tonnes of plastics enter the ocean each year. This the-sis means to identify solutions to some of the needs for an Ocean Cleanup Organisation using Earth observation satellites in low orbits. The study analyses several organisations in the sector and the current State of the Art of Earth observation used for marine activities. An estimation of the require-ments and costs for these potential missions has been evaluated, concluding that these organisations cannot afford the whole mission’s cost. The objective of the thesis is to give basic information for planning on how to start using Earth observation for these organisations. This project also includes a preliminary study of a value-cost model on satellite missions, and an extrapolationof the study into other markets. The technology used by them is in its early stages, but innovative ideas are emerging. Improving satellite imagery for detecting marine debris is required. At this moment, a combination with aerial imagery may seem the best option in terms of costs and technology.

Land-sea contamination observed in Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) brightness temperature images is found to have two main contributions: the floor error inherent of image reconstruction and a multiplicative error either in the antenna temperature or in the visibility samples measured by the correlator. The origin of this last one is traced down to SMOS calibration parameters to yield a simple correction scheme, which is validated against several geophysical scenarios. Autoconsistency rules in interferometric synthesis together with redundant and complementary calibration procedures provide a robust SMOS calibration scheme.

La nueva Torre de Control del Puerto de Barcelona, que está operativa desde Junio de 2008, cuenta en su parte superior con una estación de referencia GNSS. En sus inmediaciones se encuentra un mareógrafo Radar de la red REDMAR. En 2011 se consideró interesante comprobar el enlace altimétrico de ambas estaciones realizado en 2009, para detectar, en su caso, variaciones debidas a movimientos del terreno, ganados al mar en época reciente. En este artículo se describen los trabajos (2011 y 2012) de nivelación geométrica (con algún tramo con cinta metálica vertical), su metodología, correcciones y resultados. También se ha usado posicionamiento GPS y un clinómetro de precisión. Los asientos en la zona son del orden de 1 cm/año. La situación de Estaciones de medida en terrenos no estables obliga al seguimiento de sus asentamientos por consolidación

Effective monitoring of coral reefs is important for ecological and economic reasons, and satellite remote sensing has been shown to be useful for mapping and monitoring these ecosystems. This thesis will compare 2 multispectral systems and investigate the effects of increased spatial resolution on benthic classifications in the highly heterogeneous coral reef environment of Midway Atoll. It will evaluate the utility of QuickBird's increased spatial resolution compared to IKONOS imagery in the same study area at multiple scales. Previous studies (e.g. Mumby and Edwards, 2002; Capolsini et al. 2003; Wang et al. 2004; Benefeild et al. 2007) comparing various satellite sensors suggest that greater spatial resolution should lead to more accurate classifications, but a direct comparison of QuickBird and IKONOS sensors has not been carried out in marine environments. Light interactions in marine environments are complex and add difficulty to spectral discrimination, producing more variable results in classification accuracy than in terrestrial environments. This research does not find any significant improvements in thematic mapping accuracy of benthic environment from QuickBird's higher spatial resolution satellite imagery. Additionally, a cost benefit analysis did not show a decisive advantage in choosing either imagery type for the application of monitoring the extent, biodiversity, and health of coral reef habitats. http://archive.org/details/investigatingeff109453884 US Navy (USN) author. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

This paper will cover a variety of topics. First, it will overview the concepts of GRACE and GOCE satellite missions. Second, it will summarise some results of the assessment of the recent Earth global gravity field models, focusing on the study of the differences between satellite altimetry and tide gauge observations. Third, it will describe the computation and evaluation of a new geoid model for the Western Mediterranean area in the near future. All three topics will be set in the framework of the existing data and how airborne gravimetry can contribute. With the increased interest in coastal zone mapping because of threats like sea level change, airborne gravimetry can bridge the gap between land and satellite-altimeter-derived gravity data. As such, a proposal will be made to collect airborne gravimetry in key Mediterranean coastal zones.