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Purpose: To prescribe training loads to improve performance, one must know how an athlete is responding to loading. The maximal rate of heart-rate increase (rHRI) during the transition from rest to exercise is linearly related to changes in endurance exercise performance and can be used to infer how athletes are responding to changes in training load. Relationships between rHRI and anaerobic exercise performance have not been evaluated. The objective of this study was to evaluate relationships between rHRI and anaerobic exercise performance. Methods: Eighteen recreational strength and power athletes (13 male and 5 female) were tested on a cycle ergometer for rHRI, 6-second peak power output, anaerobic capacity (30-s average power), and blood lactate concentration prior to (PRE), and 1 (POST1) and 3 (POST3) hours after fatiguing high-intensity interval cycling. Results: Compared with PRE, rHRI was slower at POST1 (effect size [ES] = −0.38, P = .045) but not POST3 (ES = −0.36, P = .11). PPO was not changed at POST1 (ES = −0.12, P = .19) but reduced at POST3 (ES = −0.52, P = .01). Anaerobic capacity was reduced at POST1 (ES = −1.24, P P P P = .11). rHRI was positively related to PPO (B = 0.19, P = .03) and anaerobic capacity (B = 0.14, P = .005) and inversely related to blood lactate concentration (B = −0.22, P = .04). Conclusions: rHRI is linearly related to acute changes in anaerobic exercise performance and may indicate how athletes are responding to training to guide the application of training loads.

Araştırmada Wingate anaerobik testinde (WAnT) yükün, test süresinin ve cinsiyetin güç çıktılarına etkileri incelenmiştir. Araştırmaya, 14’ü kadın 33 orta düzeyde aktif genç yetişkin (yaş; 20.9±1.8 yıl) katılmıştır. Katılımcılar laboratuvarı 7 kez ziyaret etmiştir. İlk ziyarette vücut kompozisyonu ölçümleri ve adaptasyon çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Sonraki 6 ayrı ziyarette ise vücut ağırlıklarının % 8,5’ine ve yağsız vücut ağırlığının %11’ine göre verilen yüklerde en az 2 gün arayla sıra takip etmeksizin 15 sn, 20 sn ve 30 sn WAnT uygulamaları yapılmıştır. Cinsiyetin WAnT güç çıktılarına etkisi split-plot ANOVA ile incelenmiştir. Anlamlılık düzeyi p0.05). Araştırma bulguları, WAnT’la ilgili süre ve yük önerilerinde cinsiyet faktörünün göz önünde bulundurulması gerektiğini göstermektedir., The study aimed to investigate the effects of the interactions among the test durations, loads and gender on the anaerobic power in the Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT). Thirty-three moderately active young adults (age; 20.9±1.8 years), 14of whom are women, participated in the study. The measurements were performed on seven separate visits at least two days apart. On the first visit, body composition measurements and a familiarization process were performed. In the next six visits, 15-s, 20-s and 30-s WAnT at both 8.5% of body mass and 11% of lean body mass were performed randomly. The effects of gender on power output changes in WAnT were examined with split-plot ANOVA. The significance level was set at p0.05). The findings indicate that gender differences should be considered regarding the duration of the test and optimal load for WAnT.

Title: The effect of the menstrual cycle on performance in sports Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of the menstrual cycle on performance in sport using the results obtained from previous studies dealing with the effect of the menstrual cycle on performance in sport. Methods: This thesis was carried out as a systematic review. Sources of information were scientific articles and studies from the PubMed, Scopus, EBSCOhost and EBSCOhost databases and literature related to the influence of the menstrual cycle on sports performance. Results: A total of 45 studies were selected for this study (9 cross-sectional, 33 cohort and 3 intervention studies). A total of 3086 probands (2364 from cross-sectional, 644 from cohort and 78 from intervention studies) aged 18 to 35 years were included. Conclusion: In most cases, no effect of MC on sports performance was found. If any effect was observed, the worst phase of MC for performance appeared to be the mid-luteal phase, while the best was the follicular phase. Keywords: menstrual cycle, menstrual phase, follicular phase, luteal phase, strength, power, force, muscular performance, aerobic, aerobic power, aerobic capacity, endurance, endurance power, endurance capacity, anaerobic, anaerobic power, anaerobic capacity, athletic...

Sprint interval training (SIT) sets are commonly used by coaches in the training routine of swimmers competing in short-distance events; however, data regarding their relevance to competitive events are scarce. The aim of this study was to examine whether performance variables differed or correlated between a 4 × 50-m maximal swimming set (with a work-to-rest ratio of 1:4) and the 100-m freestyle event. Eleven male and 16 female competitive swimmers aged 16.1 ± 1.1 years participated in the study. All swimmers trained at least six times a week and had training experience of more than 4 years. They completed the two freestyle tests on different days, in random and counterbalanced order. In each test, speed, blood lactate, stroke rate (SR), and stroke index (SI) were measured. Speed, blood lactate, and SR were higher at the 4 × 50 m compared to the 100 m and were positively correlated between tests (p < 0.001). The SI did not differ significantly, but was positively correlated between tests. Males were faster and had a higher SI than females, but genders did not differ in lactate. Since performance variables were better in the SIT set and correlated with those in the 100-m bout, we suggest that the 4 × 50-m set can be used to improve performance in the 100-m freestyle event. Moreover, this set can help coaches identify which swimmers will swim fastest in the event.

Ulupinar, S, Ozbay, S, Gencoglu, C, and Ince, I. Performance differences between Greco-Roman and freestyle wrestlers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2021-This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to summarize evidence on performance differences between Greco-Roman (GR) and freestyle (Fr) wrestlers. Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria (91 individual data and a total of 752 wrestlers). The analysis of handgrip strength comprised 9 outcomes from 5 studies with no significant difference between GR and Fr wrestlers. The analysis of isometric (back or leg) strength comprised 15 outcomes from 6 studies with a significant effect favoring GR wrestlers. The analysis of muscle power comprised 15 outcomes from 5 studies with a significant effect favoring GR wrestlers. The analysis of strength endurance comprised 4 outcomes from 3 studies with no significant difference between GR and Fr wrestlers. The analysis of anaerobic capacity and power comprised 6 outcomes from 3 studies with no significant difference between GR and Fr wrestlers. The analysis of speed comprised 19 outcomes from 7 studies with a significant effect favoring GR wrestlers. The analysis of flexibility comprised 20 outcomes from 6 studies with a significant effect favoring Fr wrestlers. This study indicated that GR wrestlers had greater isometric strength, muscle power, and speed performance, but Fr wrestlers had greater flexibility. Given the significant effect sizes favoring GR wrestlers, it is possible that they focused on training strategies to improve physical strength-power performance. However, considering the significant effect size favoring Fr wrestlers, it is possible that they focused on training strategies to improve flexibility because Fr wrestling techniques require a larger range of motion during both attack and defense.

The specificity of training as well as the specificity of monitoring the training process are believed to be fundamental principles to efficiently plan and carry out the preparation and performance development of athletes. The Anaerobic Intermittent Kick Test (TAIKT) is a sport-specific field test used to specifically evaluate the anaerobic profile of Taekwondo athletes. The aim of this study was to verify whether TAIKT and the ‘gold standard’ Wingate Anaerobic test (WAnT) were both efficient means to optimally determine the anaerobic power and anaerobic capacity of Greek Taekwondo athletes at a middle-high technical level. Fifteen athletes, 10 females and 5 males (mean age 23.4 ± 4.14 years), underwent the two anaerobic tests (TAIKT and WAnT). The peak of power, the anaerobic capacity, and the peak of blood lactate (BL) were recorded. The two tests showed a moderate correlation with the r value ranging between 0.353 and 0.428, if applied to a sample of middle-high technical level athletes. Regarding the peak of BL, data indicated 40% concordance between the two tests with a coefficient of variation of 12%. Consequently, the two tests were correlated even if not interchangeable due to the different type of exercise required in these assessments. In conclusion, to assess the anaerobic performances and physiological characteristics of Taekwondo athletes, independently of their technical level, the WAnT resulted suitable, while to better assess the functional performance and specific demands of Taekwondo, the TAIKT is more indicated.

We compared the effect of bilateral knee joint cooling with or without a pre-cooling warm-up on sprint cycling performance to a non-cooling control condition. Seventeen healthy young males (25 ± 2 years, 174 ± 6 cm, 70 ± 9 kg) performed three conditions in a counterbalanced order (condition 1: warming + cooling + cycling; condition 2: cooling + cycling; condition 3: cycling). For warming, a single set of cycling intervals (a 10 s sprint with maximal effort followed by a 180 s active recovery; resistive load 4% and 1% body mass for sprint and recovery, respectively) was performed. For cycling, five sets of cycling intervals were performed. For cooling, 20 min of bilateral focal knee joint cooling was applied. Peak and average values of anaerobic capacity and wheel cadence during each set across conditions were statistically compared. There was no condition effect over set (condition × set) in anaerobic capacity (F8,224 < 1.49, p > 0.16) and wheel cadence (F8,224 < 1.48, p > 0.17). Regardless of set (condition effect: F2,224 > 8.64, p < 0.0002), conditions 1 and 2 produced higher values of anaerobic capacity (p ≤ 0.05). Similarly (condition effect: F2,224 > 4.62, p < 0.02), condition 1 showed higher wheel cadence (p < 0.02) than condition 3. A bilateral joint cooling for 20 min with or without pre-cooling warm-up may improve overall sprint cycling capacity during five sets of cycling intervals when compared to the non-cooling condition.

Aim: To investigate the effects of caffeine (CAF) ingestion on anaerobic work capacity (AWC) and muscular endurance in the bench press exercise at predictive intensities equivalent to 20, 25, and 30% of 1RM. Methods: Thirteen males (age: 23 ± 3 years; body mass 83.5 ± 4.9 kg; height 172.8 ± 5.0 cm and 1RM 82 ± 24 kg) had their 1RM test evaluated in the bench press exercise and the time until failure was performed at intensities equivalent to 20%, 25%, and 30% of 1RM to CAF (350mg) or placebo (PLA, cellulose). AWC was measured from the linear equation: “Force = Critical Force + (AWC x 1/timeout)”. Results: CAF enhanced the time until failure at 20% of 1RM (PLA = 202.6 ± 29.1s; CAF = 243.2 ± 20.6s), but there was no ergogenic effect at 25% (PLA = 188.8 ± 23.5 s; CAF = 195.6 ± 27.1 s), and 30% (PLA = 147.4 ± 15.8 s; CAF = 145.4 ± 14.8 s). AWC in CAF was lower than PLA (PLA = 6378.0 ± 1214.9 J; CAF = 3246.4 ± 1389.7 J; p = 0.03; Effect size = 0.88). Critical Force (N) was not different between treatments PLA 29.97 ± 11.54% of 1RM and CAF 3.74 ± 3.69% of 1 RM (p=0.47; Effect size= 0.28). Conclusion: Acute CAF intake (350mg) reduces the AWC and increases the time until failure at 20% of 1 RM, but not Critical Force and muscular endurance at 25% and 30% of 1 RM in the bench press.

Objetivo: Analizar las respuestas agudas de una prueba de subida de escaleras con equipo especifico sobre distintas variables mecánicas, metabólicas y fisiológicas en un grupo de bomberos profesionales. Método: 34 bomberos (Edad: 42.7 ± 8.2 años; Peso: 76.16 ± 6.70 kg; Estatura: 177 ± 5 cm) realizaron una prueba de subida de una escalera de seis plantas con equipo específico a la máxima velocidad. Antes y después de dicha prueba, se evaluó su capacidad de salto vertical (CMJ) y la fuerza muscular de las piernas en el ejercicio de sentadilla completa con una carga similar a la carga del equipo específico (35 kg, VMP35kg); se analizaron también diferentes variables fisiológicas (saturación de oxígeno [O2] y frecuencia cardiaca [FC]) y metabólicas (lactato en sangre [La]). Los participantes se agruparon en 3 rangos de edad (G1: 26-35 años; G2: 36-45 años; G3: ≥ 46 años). Resultados: Se observó una pérdida significativa (p < 0.001) en la capacidad de salto CMJ y en la VMP35kg tras la prueba de subida de escaleras, junto con un aumento significativo (p < 0.001) en [La] y en la FC. Entre grupos de edad, se hallaron diferencias significativas (p < 0.05) en el salto CMJ y en la VMP de la sentadilla con 35 kg en los G1 y G2 con respecto al G3, siempre a favor de los grupos de menos edad. Conclusiones: El ejercicio de subida de escaleras con el equipo específico produjo una disminución significativa del rendimiento en la fuerza muscular de las piernas, así como un aumento significativo en las variables fisiológicas y metabólicas de FC y La, y una disminución significativa en la saturación de O 2, indicando que este tipo de esfuerzo produce una fatiga elevada. Objective: To analyse the acute response on different mechanical, physiological and metabolic variables after a stair-climbing exercise with specific gear in professional firefighters. Method: 34 professional firefighters (Age: 42.7 ± 8.2 years; Weight: 76.16 ± 6.70 kg; Heigh: 177 ± 5 cm) performed a stair-climbing exercise over 6 floors with specific gear at maximum speed. Before and after this exercise, different mechanical variables: vertical jump capacity (CMJ) and lower limb strength in full squat exercise with a load equivalent to that of the specific gear (35 kg, VMP35kg); and physiological and metabolic variables: oxygen saturation [O2], heart rate [FC] and lactate [La] were analysed. Participants were also grouped by age ranges (G1: 26-35 years; G2: 36-45 years; G3: ≥ 46 years). Results: A significant decrease (p < 0.001) in vertical jump capacity and lower limb strength in full squat after the stair-climbing exercise was observed. In addition, a significant increase (p < 0.001) in lactate and heart rate was also observed. When analysing by age ranges, significant differences (p < 0.05) in vertical jump and squat exercise with 35kg were observed in G1 and G2 with respect to G3, always in favor of the younger age group. Conclusions: The stair-climbing exercise with specific gear showed a significant decrease in lower limb strength performance, as well as a significant increase in heart rate and lactate variables, and a significant decrease in oxygen saturation. These results indicate that this type of effort induces high levels of fatigue. Objetivo: Analisar as respostas agudas de um teste de subida de escada com equipamento específico sobre diferentes variáveis mecânicas, metabólicas e fisiológicas em um grupo de bombeiros profissionais. Método: 34 bombeiros (Idade: 42.7 ± 8.2 anos; Peso: 76.16 ± 6.70 kg; Altura: 177 ± 5 cm) realizaram um teste de subida de escada de seis andares com equipamento específico em velocidade máxima. Antes e após tal teste, foram avaliadas a capacidade de salto vertical (CMJ) e força muscular da perna no exercício de agachamento completo com carga semelhante à carga do equipamento específico (35kg, VMP35kg); Diferentes variáveis fisiológicas (saturação de oxigênio [O2] e frequência cardíaca [FC]) e metabólicas (lactato sanguíneo [La]) também foram analisadas. Os participantes foram agrupados em 3 faixas etárias (G1: 26-35 anos; G2: 36-45 anos; G3: ≥ 46 anos). Resultados: Foi observada uma perda significativa (p < 0,001) na capacidade de salto do CMJ e VMP35kg após o teste de subir escadas, juntamente com um aumento significativo (p < 0,001) na [La] e na FC. Entre as faixas etárias, foram encontradas diferenças significativas (p < 0,05) no salto CMJ e no agachamento VMP de 35kg no G1 e G2 em relação ao G3, sempre a favor das faixas etárias mais jovens Conclusões: O exercício de subir escadas com o equipamento específico produziu uma diminuição significativa do desempenho na força muscular das pernas, assim como um aumento significativo nas variáveis fisiológicas e metabólicas de FC e La, e uma diminuição significativa na saturação de O2, indicando que este tipo de esforço produz alta fadiga.

The purpose of this study was to determine the development of physiological aspects of increasing aerobic and anaerobic performance in students who become badminton athletes through optimizing footwork exercises using the high-intensity interval method (HITT). This research will provide a solution for trainers in combining and optimizing footwork exercises as a technique in badminton combined with the principles of interval training to increase badminton athletes' aerobic and anaerobic capacity. This study used an experimental approach by giving footwork training treatment (HITT) to 30 Padang State University students who became badminton athletes. Researchers saw the effect of the exercise given on aerobic capacity (VO2max) and anaerobic capacity. The statistical analysis results showed that footwork exercise with The HIIT (High High-Intensity Interval Training) method positively affects badminton athletes' maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max) anaerobic capacity. In this concept, footwork training using the HIIT method effectively develops aerobic and anaerobic metabolism in response to energy requirements during total energy production in training maximum.

Background and Study Aim. The respiratory exchange ratio (RER) is the ratio of the amount of carbon dioxide produced (VCO2) to the amount of oxygen uptake (VO2) is important. It indirectly informs about the predominant metabolic pathway to provide the energy needed during exercise. The relationship of maximal RER with aerobic and anaerobic capacity in athletes remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between maximal RER and anaerobic power and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) in anaerobic trained athletes. Material and Methods. Thirteen male alpine skiers (age 18.1 ± 3.1 years) competing in national and international competitions participated in the study. Athletes first performed an incremental treadmill run test to determine their VO2max (ml/kg/min), maximal RER (VCO2 / VO2) and maximal running speed (km/h). After 48 hours, the athletes performed the Wingate anaerobic test to determine peak power, mean power, minimum power, and fatigue index. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to examine the relations between variables. Results. Maximal RER was positively correlated with peak power (r = 0.587, p < 0.035), mean power (r = 0.656, p < 0.015) and minimum power (r = 0.674, p < 0.012). Maximal RER did not significantly correlate with fatigue index (p > 0.05). Maximal RER was negatively correlated with the VO2max (r = – 0.705, p < 0.007) and maximal running speed (r = – 0.687, p < 0.01). Conclusions. Maximal RER may be useful for evaluating anaerobic capacity in anaerobic-trained athletes. Measuring the maximal RER values of athletes during incremental exercise may provide information about physiological adaptations in response to physical training.

The study aimed to investigate the relationship between anaerobic capacity, mechanical and anaerobic contribution during the 30-s Wingate Anaerobic Test (30sWAnT). After familiarization, fifteen, male recreational mountain biking practitioners underwent the following sequence of tests: 1) a graded exercise test to determine maximal oxygen uptake and associated intensity iV˙O2max; 2 and 3) supramaximal exhaustive effort at 115% of iVO2max and 30sWAnT, performed randomly. The glycolytic and phosphagen pathways measured during the supramaximal effort were significantly correlated with peak power (r = 0.85; p < 0.01 and r = 0.57; p = 0.02, respectively), mean power (r = 0.78; p < 0.01 and r = 0.69; p < 0.01, respectively), and total work (r = 0.78; p < 0.01 and r = 0.69; p< 0.02, respectively) measured during the 30sWAnT. A significant correlation was also found between anaerobic capacity and peak power (r = 0.88; p < 0.01), mean power (r = 0.89; p < 0.01), and total work (r = 0.89; p < 0.01). Additionally, anaerobic capacity estimated during the supramaximal effort and the anaerobic contribution measured during the 30sWAnT were not different (p = 0.44) and presented significant good reliability and association (ICC = 0.84; p = 0.001) and good agreement, evidenced by the mean of differences and 95% limits of agreement near to zero (mean bias = 0.11). The results suggest that glycolytic and phosphagen capacity were associated with mechanical performance in the 30sWAnT. In addition, anaerobic contribution during the 30sWAnT seems to be valid for estimating anaerobic capacity in recreational mountain bike cyclists, as well as to estimate the glycolytic and phosphagen contributions.

The aim of present study was to investigate the sedentary healthy men’s ultra-short heart rate variability (HRV) during the Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT) (30-sec) and parasympathetic reactivation in the first 60-sec after WAnT. The final sample comprised 101 individuals (Mean±SD; Age=28.9±4.8 years, Height=176.5±5.5 cm, Weight=89.8±8.8 kg). Anaerobic powers were measured by WAnT. Heart rate variability (HRV) was then recorded as 60-sec before the test for 30-sec and 60-sec after the test. HRV was measured by Polar V800 GPS Sports Watch with Heart Rate Monitor and Polar H7 band. To compare the testing stages HRV parameters, repeated one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used. Binary comparisons were determined with the Bonferroni test. The relationship between exercise data of heart rate variability and power average watt was assessed by the Pearson correlation test. The Effect Size Cohen's d was calculated. The main finding of this study is that pre-test (60-sec) HRV values continue to drop dramatically during test (30-sec) and post-test (60-sec) measurements (p0.05). In conclusion, the present study was not observed to sign of HRV recovery during 60-sec after the 30-sec WAnT. HRV recorded in the first 60 seconds after maximum anaerobic exercise program in sedentary healthy men may be considered to exhibit an imbalance in the parasympathetic activity of the autonomic nervous system., Bu çalışmanın amacı, sedanter sağlıklı erkeklerin Wingate Anaerobik Testi (WAnT) (30-sn) sırasındaki ultra kısa kalp hızı değişkenliğini (HRV) ve WAnT sonrası ilk 60-saniyede parasempatik reaktivasyonu araştırmaktır. Araştırmaya 101 sağlıklı erkek katıldı (Ortalama±SS; Yaş=28.9±4.8 yıl, Boy=176.5±5.5 cm, Ağırlık=89.8±8.8 kg). Anaerobik güç ve kapasite WAnT ile ölçülmüştür. Kalp hızı değişkenliği (KHD) testten önce 60 saniye, test süresince 30 saniye ve testten sonra 60 saniye olarak kaydedildi. KHD, Polar V800 GPS Spor Saati ile Kalp Atış Hızı Monitörü ve Polar H7 bandı ile ölçülmüştür. Test öncesi-sırası-sonrası HRV parametrelerini karşılaştırmak için tekrarlanan tek yönlü varyans analizi (ANOVA) kullanıldı. İkili karşılaştırmalar Bonferroni testi ile belirlendi. Kalp atış hızı değişkenliği egzersiz verileri ile ortalama güç arasındaki ilişki Pearson korelasyon testi ile değerlendirildi. Etki Büyüklüğü Cohen's d hesaplandı. Bu çalışmanın ana bulgusu, ön test (60 saniye) HRV değerlerinin test (30 saniye) ve son test (60 saniye) ölçümleri sırasında önemli ölçüde düşmeye devam etmesidir (p0.05). Sonuç olarak, bu çalışmada 30 saniyelik WAnT’tan sonra 60 saniyelik süre boyunca KHD iyileşmesi belirtisi gözlemlenmemiştir. Maksimum anaerobikten testten sonraki ilk 60 saniyede kaydedilen HRV sedanter sağlıklı erkeklerde egzersiz programının otonom sinir sisteminin parasempatik aktivitesinde bir dengesizlik sergilediği düşünülebilir.

A flattening of the oxygen uptake–work rate relationship at severe exercise indicates the achievement of maximum oxygen uptake $$\left({\text{VO}}_{2\max } \right)$$ VO 2 max . Unfortunately, a distinct plateau $$\left( {{{\text{VO}}}_{2} {\text{pl}}} \right)$$ VO 2 pl at $${{\text{VO}}}_{2\max }$$ VO 2 max is not found in all participants. The aim of this investigation was to critically review the influence of research methods and physiological factors on the $${{\text{VO}}}_{2} {\text{pl}}$$ VO 2 pl incidence. It is shown that many studies used inappropriate definitions or methodical approaches to check for the occurrence of a $${{\text{VO}}}_{2} {\text{pl}}$$ VO 2 pl . In contrast to the widespread assumptions it is unclear whether there is higher $${{\text{VO}}}_{2} {\text{pl}}$$ VO 2 pl incidence in (uphill) running compared to cycling exercise or in discontinuous compared to continuous incremental exercise tests. Furthermore, most studies that evaluated the validity of supramaximal verification phases, reported verification bout durations, which are too short to ensure that $${{\text{VO}}}_{2\max }$$ VO 2 max have been achieved by all participants. As a result, there is little evidence for a higher $${{\text{VO}}}_{2} {\text{pl}}$$ VO 2 pl incidence and a corresponding advantage for the diagnoses of $${{\text{VO}}}_{2\max }$$ VO 2 max when incremental tests are supplemented by supramaximal verification bouts. Preliminary evidence suggests that the occurrence of a $${{\text{VO}}}_{2} {\text{pl}}$$ VO 2 pl in continuous incremental tests is determined by physiological factors like anaerobic capacity, $${{\text{VO}}}_{2}$$ VO 2 -kinetics and accumulation of metabolites in the submaximal intensity domain. Subsequent studies should take more attention to the use of valid $${{\text{VO}}}_{2} {\text{pl}}$$ VO 2 pl definitions, which require a cut-off at ~ 50% of the submaximal $${{\text{VO}}}_{2}$$ VO 2 increase and rather large sampling intervals. Furthermore, if verification bouts are used to verify the achievement of $${{\text{VO}}}_{{2{\text{peak}}}}$$ VO 2 peak /$${{\text{VO}}}_{2\max }$$ VO 2 max , it should be ensured that they can be sustained for sufficient durations.

Introduction Marines must complete an intensive Assessment and Selection (A&S) course before becoming a U.S. Marine Forces Special Operations Command (MARSOC) Raider. Following selection, marines are given training recommendations designed to maintain performance characteristics deemed relevant to successfully complete a rigorous 9-month Individualized Training Course (ITC). However, training strategies are individually implemented by the marine, and the time between the two courses is highly irregular, ranging between 2 months and 24 months based on operational factors related to military occupational specialty (MOS). The purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in performance between the completion of A&S and the start of ITC and to examine if the duration between courses and previous MOS influenced changes in performance. Materials and Methods Body fat percentage (BF%), anaerobic power (AP), anaerobic capacity (AC), aerobic capacity (VO2max), knee flexion (KF), knee extension (KE), trunk extension (TE), and trunk flexion (TF) isokinetic strength were collected on 38 marines (age: 25.1 ± 2.7 years, height: 1.77 ± 0.05 m, mass: 83.2 ± 7.7 kg, Post-A&S to ITC start: 204.1 ± 68.4 days) following A&S and directly before ITC. Results Pre-ITC students had significantly greater mass (P = .002), BF% (P = .000), and AP (P = .039). There were no significant changes in AC (P = .170), VO2max (P = .259), KF (P = .400), KE (P = .320), TE (P = .178), and TF (P = .643). There was no significant relationship between performance outcomes and time between courses and previous MOS. Conclusion Current training strategies appear effective at addressing performance deficits that occur as a result of A&S, while maintaining high levels of KF, KE, TE, TF, AC, and VO2max. However, pre-ITC students still exhibited AP deficits compared to active marine raiders, so forthcoming programming may benefit from an increased emphasis on AP. Assessment of additional selectees at these timepoints, as well as students before A&S may provide valuable information to MARSOC human performance specialists to develop programing, ultimately leading to a higher ITC graduation rate, increased force readiness, and decreased financial burden forcewide.

The current study is an exploratory, secondary data analysis of a selection of physiological and biomechanical fitness components used to assess elite alpine skiers. The present study will provide new knowledge that can be used to aid training prescription and talent identification. A hierarchical cluster analysis was used to identify groups of variables that are crucial for elite alpine skiers and differences based on sex and competition level. The key findings of the study are the patterns that emerged in the generated dendrograms. Physiological and biomechanical fitness components are differentiated in the dendrograms of male and female world-cup-level alpine skiers, but not in non-world-cup athletes. Components related to the aerobic and anaerobic capacity tightly cluster in male athletes at world cup and non-world-cup level, and female world cup athletes. Lower body explosive force production appears to be more critical in male world cup athletes than female world cup athletes. More research is needed into the importance of isometric strength in the lower body. Future research should use larger sample sizes and consider other alpine ski demographics.

A road cycling sprint can be described as the acceleration which occurs toward the end of competitions in order to reach the finish line in front of other competitors. The ability to sprint in road cycling is important since most races are decided in either a head-to-head, small group, or mass sprint finish. Cycling velocity during sprints is important. Factors influencing cycling velocity include the cyclist’s physiology, biomechanics and application of force, resistive forces caused by the environment, and the interaction between cyclists. To perform well in sprints, road cyclists are required to have a very well developed aerobic function but also extremely well established anaerobic capacity. Cyclists can produce higher power outputs while adopting a standing position when compared with a seated position, with professional male and female sprinters producing approximately 14.2 and 10.0 W·kg-1 during road sprints which last 14 and 22 s, respectively. Additionally, lowering the torso and head during the standing sprint position results in an aerodynamicimprovement of around 25%. Before starting the sprint, road cycling sprinters can save energy by drafting behind other cyclists. However, being close to the front of the peloton during the last part of the race, together with several supporting teammates, is of high importance for cycling performance outcomes. Road cycling sprinting performance could be improved via increasing power output, reducing aerodynamic drag, and smart positioning in the peloton.

Background The 30-s-long Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT_30s) has some limitations in high-level athletes. A shorter version might be helpful for both clinical applications and performance assessment. The comparison between the traditional WAnT_30s and a shorter version has never been carried out yet in Paralympic athletes. Aim To assess if a 10-s-long Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT_10s) could be used to accurately assess and predict the anaerobic components of physical fitness as an alternative to the traditional WAnT_30s in male Paralympic athletes. Methods Forty-four trained male Paralympic Athletes grouped by severity of locomotor impairment completed the WAnT_30s and the WAnT_10s with an arm cranking ergometer. Differences between mean and peak power achieved throughout both WAnTs were analysed using a mixed-design analysis of variance and predictivity was assessed by stepwise linear regression analysis. Results In the whole sample, peak power values were similar (P > 0.005) in the two tests and the WAnT_10s mean power was significantly higher than that in the WAnT_30s (P R2 = 0.906; P Conclusion The WAnT_10s is accurate to assess peak power, is definitively appropriate to evaluate the alactic anaerobic metabolism and seems able to predict the mean power as traditionally evaluated through a WAnT_30s in male Paralympic Athletes. Thus, it can be used to assess the anaerobic components of physical fitness in this athletic population.

Tekmovalni uspeh v judu je odvisen od različnih dejavnikov. Enega od njih predstavlja ustrezna telesna sestava, ki je še posebej pomembna v težinsko omejenem športu, kot je judo. Prav tako pa je eden od pomembnih dejavnikov uspešnosti tudi moč in njena anaerobna komponenta. Cilji. Ugotoviti status anaerobnih sposobnosti mladih judoistov in njihove razlike med spoloma. Ugotoviti povezanost posameznih morfoloških in anaerobnih značilnosti s tekmovalno uspešnostjo judoistov. Metode. Izmerjenih je bilo 29 judoistov in 17 judoistk Judo zveze Slovenije. Judoisti in judoistke so bili v času testiranja člani slovenske reprezentance do 21 let. Meritve so bile opravljene v fiziološkem laboratoriju Inštituta za šport na Fakulteti za šport v Ljubljani. Morfološke značilnosti (starost, telesna višina, telesna teža, indeks telesne mase, delež telesne maščobe, delež mišične mase) smo izmerili z električno bioimpedanco Inbody 720, maksimalno moč in anaerobno kapaciteto pa z ročnim ergometrom Monark 891E. Tekmovalno uspešnost merjencev je predstavljala uvrstitev v skupnem seštevku slovenskega pokala v letu 2019. Podatke smo analizirali s pomočjo programa SPSS 25.0. Za celoten vzorec smo izračunali podatke opisne statistike. Normalnost porazdelitve podatkov je bila preverjena s Shapiro-Wilkovim testom, povezanost med spremenljivkami s Spearmanovim koeficientom korelacije, razlike med spoloma pa so bile opravljene z Mann-Whitney U testom. Testiranje statistične značilnosti razlik smo ugotavljali na ravni 5 % tveganja. Rezultati. Rezultati so pokazali statistične razlike v anaerobnih sposobnostih med moškimi in ženskimi mladimi judoisti: absolutna maksimalna moč (U = 11,00, p = 0,00) relativna maksimalna moč (U = 16,50, p = 0,00) povprečna moč (U = 10,00, p = 0,00) relativna povprečna moč (U = 17,00, p = 0,00) padec absolutne maksimalne moči (U = 14,00, p = 0,00) relativen padec absolutne maksimalne moči (U = 19,00, p = 0,00) odstotek padca absolutne maksimalne moči (U = 118,00, p = 0,00) absolutna anaerobna kapaciteta (U = 10,00, p = 0,00) relativna anaerobna kapaciteta (U = 17,00, p = 0,00), medtem ko morfološke značilnosti in anaerobne značilnosti niso pokazale značilne povezanosti s tekmovalno uspešnostjo. Slovenski judoisti in judoistke imajo z morfološkega vidika ustrezno telesno sestavo, vendar zaostajajo na področju maksimalne moči in anaerobne kapacitete. To nakazuje, da je potrebno posodobiti proces treninga, izboljšati maksimalno moč judoistov in anaerobno kapaciteto ter s tem doprinos ustreznih energijskih sistemov. V ta namen smo v magistrski nalogi opisali primere treningov, kateri lahko pripomorejo k izboljšanju anaerobnih značilnosti judoistk in judoistov. Competitive success in judo depends on a variety of factors. One of them is the appropriate body composition, which is especially important in weight-restricted sports such as judo. Power and its anaerobic component are also one of the important success factors. Goals. To determine the status of anaerobic abilities of young judoists and their gender differences. To determine the connection of individual morphological and anaerobic characteristics with the competitive performance of judoists. Methods. 29 judoists from the Judo Association of Slovenia were measured. At the time of the test, judoists were members of the Slovenian U21 national team. The measurements were performed in the physiological laboratory of the Institute of Sports at the Faculty of Sports in Ljubljana. Morphological characteristics (age, height, body weight, body mass index, body fat percentage, muscle mass ratio) were measured with Inbody 720 electrical bioimpedance, and maximum power and anaerobic capacity with a Monark 891E handheld ergometer. The competitive performance of the subjects was represented by the ranking in the total sum of the Slovenian Cup in 2019. The data were analyzed using the SPSS 25.0 program. Descriptive statistics data were calculated for the whole sample of variables. The normality of the data distribution was verified by the Shapiro-Wilk test. The correlation between the variables was made with the Spearman correlation coefficient. Gender differences were done with the Mann-Whitney U test. Testing of statistical characteristics of differences was determined at the level of 5% risk. Results. The results showed statistical differences in anaerobic abilities between male and female young judoists: absolute maximum power (U = 11,00, p = 0,00) relative maximum power (U = 16,50, p = 0,00) average power (U = 10,00, p = 0,00) relative average power (U = 17,00, p = 0,00) drop in absolute maximum power (U = 14,00, p = 0,00) relative drop in absolute maximum power (U = 19,00, p = 0,00) percentage of absolute maximum power drop (U = 118,00, p = 0,00) absolute anaerobic capacity (U = 10,00, p = 0,00) relative anaerobic capacity (U = 17,00, p = 0,00). Morphological and anaerobic characteristics did not show a significant association with competitive performance. Slovenian judoists have an appropriate morphological composition, but lag behind in terms of maximum strength and anaerobic capacity. This suggests the need to modernize the training process, improve the maximum strength of judoists and anaerobic capacity, and thus the contribution of appropriate energy systems. For this purpose, we have described in the master's thesis examples of training that can help improve the anaerobic characteristics of judoists.

Kao i u većini timskih sportova, vaterpolo ima svoje fizičke i fiziološke zahtjeve. S godinama su se pravila igre mijenjala kako bi igru učinili bržom i zanimljivijom. S tim su se i zahtjevi u igri povećali. Vaterpolo kao sport je kompleksna motorička aktivnost koja je intervalnovarijabilnog karaktera s opskrbom energije iz aerobno-anaerobnih izvora. S toga ćemo u ovom radu malo više govoriti o anaerobnoj izdržljivosti vaterpolista i metodama za razvoj iste. Gledajući sa aspekta trenera, vrlo je bitno prepoznati koji sportaš može u datum trenutku izdržati zahtjeve igre što se plivačkog dijela tiče, te tako može prilagoditi svoje taktičke zahtjeve., As in most team sports, water polo has its own physical and physiological requirements. Over the years, the rules of the games have changed to make the game faster and more interesting. With that, the demands in the game also increased. Water polo as a sport is a complex motor activity that is interval-variable in nature whit the supply of energy from aerobic-anaerobic source. Therefore, in this paper we will talk a little more about the anaerobic endurance of water polo players and methods for their development. Variable in nature with the supply of energy from aerobic-anaerobic sources. Therefore, in this paper we will talk a little more about more the anaerobic endurances of water polo players and methods for their development. From the coach's point of view, it is very important to recognize which athlete can whit stand the requirements of the game at a given moment as far as the swimming part is concerned, and thus can adjust his tactical requirements.

Successful work of biathletes on the track and at the shooting range largely depends on the typological features of the autonomic regulation of heart rate. We examined 46 biathletes aged 18–25 years. The types of autonomic heart rate regulation were determined according to the generally accepted method using Varikard 2.51 equipment. Sport-specific performance was measured on the Ergomedic 894E Peak Bike ergometer (Monark Exercise, Sweden). Personified types of autonomic heart rate regulation were combined into two groups: with the dominance of the central regulation mechanism (CRM, 45 % of subjects) and of the autonomic regulation mechanism (ARM, 55 % of subjects). The 6-second test for assessing speed abilities revealed statistically significant (p < 0.05) differences: biathletes with CRM were faster, their peak power output was higher and their time to reach maximum speed was shorter compared to biathletes with ARM. As to the strength abilities, subjects with CRM were superior (p < 0.05) to their colleagues in terms of speed and relative power output; their power gradient was greater, and their time to reach maximum speed was shorter (p < 0.05). During the 15-second test, biathletes with ARM showed a statistically significant (p < 0.05) increase in total work output, absolute power output, and endurance coefficient compared to the subjects with CRM. When switching to the 45-second mode, biathletes with ARM retained their advantages (p < 0.05) in terms of total work output, absolute power output, and speed endurance. At the same time, their relative power output was lower compared to that of athletes with CRM. Thus, with the shortest possible anaerobic mode, the efficiency is higher in biathletes with dominant CRM, while at longer modes, in biathletes with ARM predominance.

Thompson, KM, Safadie, A, Ford, J, and Burr, JF. Off-ice resisted sprints best predict all-out skating performance in varsity hockey players. J Strength Cond Res 36(9): 2597-2601, 2022-Off-ice fitness testing is commonly used to predict the physiological abilities of ice-hockey players. Although there is a notable association between certain off-ice tests of jump power and anaerobic capacity with on-ice skating acceleration ( r = 0.3-0.7), it is likely that off-ice tests which more closely resemble the demands of skating will have better predictive ability of this skill. The aim of the current study was to compare the suitability of common off-ice fitness tests and off-ice resisted sprints for predicting 15-m on-ice skate time. Male and female varsity-level hockey players performed a battery of common off-ice fitness tests, resisted sprints, and on-ice 15-m sprints over 3 testing days. At least moderate correlations between off-ice tests and on-ice sprints were observed for all common fitness tests (all p ≤ 0.002): Wingate peak power ( r = -0.65), Wingate fatigue rate ( r = -0.53), vertical jump ( r = -0.52), and broad jump ( r = -0.61), with resisted sprint tests showing the strongest associations (off-ice 15-kg resisted sprint ( r = 0.79) and off-ice 30-kg resisted sprint ( r = 0.74)). In multivariate analysis, stepwise regression revealed the 15-kg resisted sprint as the sole meaningful predictor of on-ice sprint time ( R = 0.79, R2 = 0.62; p ≤ 0.001). We conclude that resisted off-ice sprints have better predictive ability of on-ice skate time compared with commonly used off-ice tests. Resisted sprinting can be used by strength and conditioning staff as an indicator of on-ice acceleration ability during periods of limited access to on-ice facilities or as a component of fitness testing.

Purpose: To profile sprint endurance performance of elite-level female soccer players. Methods: Twenty-five female national-team soccer players (age 25.1 [2.7] y, body mass 59.6 [3.6] kg, height 168.5 [4.1] cm) were tested for sprint endurance, performing 5 maximal sprints, interspersed with 30 seconds of active recovery (5 × 30 m) and a 30-second all-out shuttle run in a soccer pitch. The Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test level 1 (YYIR1) evaluated intermittent high-intensity endurance under the same field-testing conditions. Maximal anaerobic capacity was assessed while participants performed three 10-second all-out bouts separated by 20 seconds of passive recovery (3 × 10 s) on a nonmotorized treadmill. Results: Huge interplayer variability was observed for sprint decrements in 3 × 10 seconds (coefficient of variation = 37%) and 5 × 30 m (coefficient of variation = 62%). The 3 × 10 performance was largely associated with 5 × 30-m mean and best time and very largely with 30 seconds. A very large and nearly perfect correlation was observed between 30 seconds and 5 × 30 mMean (r = −.86) and 5 × 30 mBest (r = −.92), respectively. The YYIR1 was moderately to largely associated with 5 × 30-m variables and 30 seconds, respectively. A nearly perfect association was observed between 5 × 30 mBest and 5 × 30 mMean (r = .97). Conclusions: Elite female soccer players’ sprint endurance variables are characterized by remarkable variability. Associations between sprint endurance variables suggest physiological interdependence and a likelihood of a general ability in sustaining sprinting in this population.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of acute blood flow restriction exercise on blood pressure, muscular tension and anaerobic capacity in healthy men. Ten healthy men were classified into acute blood flow restriction exercise groups (EXG) and control groups (CON). All subjects measured blood pressure, muscular tension and anaerobic capacity by applying a randomized crossover study at intervals of two weeks. SBP and DBP significantly increased in the EXG immediately after exercise compared to before exercise (p

Objectives This study tests the hypothesis that individuals who achieve a plateau at V ˙ O2max ( V ˙ O2plat) are more likely to possess alleles, associated with anaerobic capacity, than those who do not. Design A literature survey, physiological testing and genetic analysis was used to determine any association between the aerobic and anaerobic polymorphisms of 40 genes and V ˙ O2plat. Methods 34, healthy, Caucasian volunteers, completed an exercise test to determine V ˙ O2max, and V ˙ O2plat. 28 of the volunteers agreed to DNA testing and 26 were successfully genotyped. A literature search was used to determine whether the 40 polymorphisms analysed were associated with aerobic, or anaerobic exercise performance. Results The literature survey enabled classification of the 40 target alleles as aerobic [11], anaerobic [24], or having no apparent association (NAA) [5] with exercise performance. It also found no previous studies linking a genetic component with the ability to achieve V ˙ O2plat. Independent t-tests showed a significant difference (p V ˙ O2plat, but no other measured physiological variable was significantly different. Pearson’s χ2 testing demonstrated a highly significant association (p = 0.008) between anaerobic allele frequency and V ˙ O2plat, but not with V ˙ O2max. There was no association between aerobic alleles and V ˙ O2plat, or V ˙ O2max. Finally there were no significant differences in the allelic frequencies, observed in this study and those expected of Northern and Western European Caucasians. Conclusion These results support the hypothesis that the ability to achieve V ˙ O2plat is associated with alleles linked to anaerobic exercise capacity.

PURPOSE: A number of physiological diagnostics were developed. However, the timeline-related diagnostics of maximal anaerobic glycolytic capacity remain unclear. The objective of this study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of a sprint running test to assess the anaerobic capacity.METHODS: The study was divided into three parts. Sixty-one male (24±4 years, 181.0±4.3 cm; 78.5±5.9 kg) and twelve female (25±3 years, 167.0±0.6 cm, 60.4±5.7 kg) sports students participated in this study. Twenty-five subjects (13 males, 24±2 years, 181.0±0.5 cm, 78.5±5.9 kg; 12 females, 25±3 years, 167.0±0.6 cm, 60.4±5.7 kg) performed incremental step tests at running track and several linear sprints on a running track (LSRT) with different time durations (8, 10, 12, and 14 seconds)(part I) on different days. Twenty-five male subjects (24±3 years, 180.7±6.7 cm, 84.6±8.8 kg) conducted a 10 or 12 second sprint running on a non-motorized treadmill (NMT)(part II). In part III, twenty-three male subjects (24±2 years, 181.4±5.8 cm, 74.5±7.4 kg) ran a 10 second LSRT and NMT on consecutive days. Capillary blood samplings were taken before (Lacr) and after the sprint running for ten minutes at one minute intervals to find out maximal lactate concentration after exercise and to calculate the maximum lactate production rate (LPRmax).RESULTS: For all parts reliability for LPRmax was proven (Part I: 8 seconds: ICC: r=.89; 10 seconds: ICC: r=.82; 12 seconds: ICC: r=.92; 14 seconds: r=.84, respectively; Part II: 10 seconds: ICC: r=.76; 12 seconds: ICC: r=.79). To analyze validity for LPRmax, Part III was conducted and proven valid (ICC: r=.96, p=.074).CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate that LSRT and NMT reliably determine anaerobic capacity and can be used as a valid tool for physiological performance diagnostics.

This research aims to improve the anaerobic capacity and self-esteem of Canton Basketball Club athletes using 3x3 game. This study employs Kemmis and Taggart research model and was conducted in Palembang, Indonesia on March 2018. In this study, fifteen male athletes have volunteered for sixteen training meetings divided into two cycles and have performed 3x3 game with some modifications in each meeting. The Running-based Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST) and interview are applied to examine the improvement of anaerobic capacity and self-esteem of athletes who perform 3x3 games before and after each cycle. A significant difference of fatigue index is observed. In pretest, the average is 5,35 W/s with a minimum value of 3,83 W/s and maximum value of 6,77 W/s, while in post cycle II is 3,60 W/s with minimum and maximum value of 2,07 W/s and 5,39 W/s respectively. The result of this study reveals that the improvement of anaerobic capacity is various depend on the used modifications. Furthermore, 3x3 game is advantageous to improve anaerobic capacity. Hence, it is suggested that the upcoming studies explore the athletes’ mood and different type of small-sided games as well as its modifications for the improvement of athletes’ performance.

The optimal type of recovery to maximise performance and regain homeostasis after maximal exercise in sport has mixed results. There is a lack of research on the effect of active recovery protocols between anaerobic bouts in females. To determine if prolonged active recovery is more beneficial for subsequent anaerobic performance than passive recovery by analysing blood lactate and anaerobic performance variables across Wingate tests. Peak power output was determined from an incremental cycle test, and 50% of peak power was used as the intensity for the active recovery trial. 15 min recovery was used between Wingate tests. Blood lactate measurements were collected after the first Wingate, at 5 min increments of the recovery protocol, and after the second Wingate. Blood lactate levels were significantly lower for the active recovery trial at all time points of recovery (P=0.000), but no difference in performance variables existed between the active and passive trials. The lower lactate values and performance might not be as connected as previously thought. However, the lower lactate levels can still be beneficial to recovery after intense exercise and repeated attempts, but there may be no effect of blood lactate clearance on performance when implementing the current recovery protocol. It is possible that a build-up of hydrogen ions decreases muscle cell contractility enough for both recovery types that differences in performance between the two conditions are miniscule and therefore may be negligible when using the current parameters.

Aim. The purpose of the article is to develop a method of comprehensive diagnostics for assessing the functional status of weightlifters. Materials and methods. The study involved 14 highly skilled weightlifters at 2 pre-competitive stages of training. The parameters of cardiovascular (heart rate, blood pressure, Gench test), central nervous (differentiation of large and small muscular efforts, statokinetic stability of the body, the speed of sensorimotor reactions), neuromuscular (muscular response threshold) systems were determined. Power capabilities of athletes were investigated. On the 3rd minute of recovery after load blood sampling for lactate analysis was carried out. Results. The results obtained show that at 1 precompetitive stage of training when special exercises are primarily used athletes demonstrate the initial symptoms of fatigue (cardiovascular system and a number of indicators of the central and neuromuscular systems) along with the high level of development of power qualities and high anaerobic capacity. When re-testing athletes during their preparation for the most important competitions provided by a versatile training program, the functional status of the body systems was considered to be high. Conclusion. A comprehensive study allows assessing the fitness of weightlifters from a systemic perspective. The use of the developed method allowed to prove new approaches to training of highly skilled weightlifters.

Journal of Sports Science and Technology, 22, 2, 46-60

Introduktion Längdskidor involverar såväl underkropps som överkroppsarbete i varierad intensitet och terräng. Tävlingarna är allt ifrån 1km upp till 30km för damer respektive 50km för herrar. Detta ställer flera olika fysiologiska krav på en längdskidåkare. Som exempelvis hög maximal aerob effekt, hög aerob kapacitet, hög anaerob kapacitet, styrka, kraftutveckling i överkropp samt hög andel fettfri massa. Tidigare studier visar att det finns en skillnad i fysiologiska egenskaper mellan sprint- och distansåkare. Det finns hittills ingen strukturerad litteraturundersökning som jämför den aktuella forskningen (från och med 2012) på skillnaderna i vilka fysiologiska egenskaper som är kopplade till sprint- respektive distansprestation. Syftet var att undersöka skillnaderna mellan vilka fysiologiska egenskaper som kan kopplas till sprintprestation och vilka fysiologiska egenskaper som kan kopplas till distansprestation inom elitlängdskidåkning. Metod En strukturerad litteraturundersökning utfördes i databaserna: Pubmed, SPORTDiscus och Sport Medicine and Education Index mellan 2012 och 2022-04-18. Även en manuell sökning i relevanta artiklars referenslistor utfördes. Resultat Studien inkluderade 13 artiklar. Resultatet visade att sprintprestation är kopplat till högt VO2max (l/min). Distansprestation är kopplat till högt VO2max (l/min och ml/kg/min). Sprintåkare har högre VO2max uttryckt i l/min medan distansåkare har högre VO2max uttryckt i ml/kg/min vid jämförelse mellan disciplinerna. Hastighet på obla4mmol är kopplat till distansprestation men inte till sprintprestation. Hög anaerob kapacitet och större fettfri massa uttryckt i absoluta mått är starkare kopplat till sprintprestation än distansprestation. Konklusion Distansprestation är kopplat till VO2max/VO2peak (l/min och ml/kg/min), aerob kapacitet samt hög andel fettfrimassa. Sprintprestation är kopplat till hög VO2max/VO2peak (l/min), anaerob kapacitet samt hög fettfri massa. Skillnaderna var att distansprestation var starkare kopplat till det aeroba egenskaperna i jämförelse med sprintprestation medan sprintprestation var starkare kopplat till det anaeroba egenskaper i jämförelse med distansprestation. Introduction Cross-country skiing involves both upper- and lower body work in varied intensity and terrain. The distances are from 1km to 30km for women respectively 50km for men. There are different physiological demands on a cross-country skier. For example, high maximum aerobic power, high aerobic capacity, high anaerobic capacity, strength, upper body power and a high proportion of lean mass. Earlier studies have seen differences in physiological characteristics between sprint- and distance skiers. But there is no structured literature study that compares the current research (from 2012) on differences in physiological characteristics between sprint and distance performance. The aim was to investigate differences between physiological characteristics that can be linked to sprint and distance performance in elite cross-country skiing. Method A structured literature review was conducted in the databases: PubMed, SPORTDiscus and Sports Medicine And Education Index between 2012 and 2022-04-18. A manual search in the reference lists of relevant articles was conducted. Results 13 articles were included in the study. The results showed that sprint performance is linked to high VO2max (l/min). Distance performance is linked to high VO2max (l/min and ml/kg/min). Sprint skiers have higher VO2max expressed in l/min while distance skiers have higher VO2max expressed in ml/kg/min in comparison with each other. Speed ​​at obla4mmol is linked to distance performance but not to sprint performance. High anaerobic capacity and greater lean mass are more strongly linked to sprint performance than distance performance. Conclusion Distance performance is linked to VO2max/VO2peak (l/min and ml/kg/min), aerobic capacity and high proportion of lean mass. Sprint performance is linked to high VO2max/VO2peak (l/min), anaerobic capacity and high lean mass. The differences were that distance performance was more strongly linked to the aerobic characteristics compared to sprint performance while sprint performance was more strongly linked to anaerobic characteristics compared to distance performance.

Uspeh v kolesarstvu je odvisen od številnih dejavnikov. Eden glavnih je vzdržljivost, pomembna pa je tudi moč, še posebej pri pospeševanju, vožnji v strme klance, za zaključke dirk. Za preverjanje tovrstne sposobnosti kolesarjev uporabljamo teste za oceno anaerobnih sposobnosti. Mi smo uporabili 30-sekundni Wingate test, vsakemu kolesarju pa smo izmerili še telesno višino in sestavo telesa z bioimpedančno metodo. Glavni namen magistrske naloge je bil primerjava anaerobne kapacitete med gorskimi kolesarji v spustu, enduru, krosu in cestnimi kolesarji. Želeli smo ugotoviti razlike v telesnih značilnostih in anaerobni kapaciteti med posameznimi kolesarskimi disciplinami, ugotoviti povezavo tega s tekmovalno uspešnostjo ter kriterije nadpovprečno uspešnega kolesarja za vsako disciplino posebej. V analizo je bilo vključenih 39 kolesarjev (9 kolesarjev v enduru, 10 kolesarjev v spustu, 9 kolesarjev v krosu in 11 cestnih kolesarjev), starejših od 18 let, ki tekmujejo pod okriljem KZS. Za obdelavo podatkov smo uporabili program IBM SPSS Statistics, kjer smo za ugotavljanje razlik v povprečjih uporabili enosmerno ANOVO za neodvisne vzorce, za ugotavljanje povezanosti med tekmovalno uspešnostjo in posameznimi spremenljivkami pa Pearsonovo korelacijo med pari spremenljivk. Pri vseh statističnih analizah je bila upoštevana stopnja tveganja α = 5 %. Pri primerjavi telesne teže so bile razlike statistično značilne med disciplinama spust in kros (75,6 kg in 67,6 kg). Blizu statistične značilnosti je bila tudi primerjava disciplin enduro in kros (74,9 kg in 67,6 kg). Statistično značilne so bile razlike v % maščobe med tekmovalci endura, krosa in cestnega kolesarstva (14,4 %, 10 % in 8,5 %). Med istimi disciplinami je bila razlika tudi v % mišičevja (48,8 %, 51,2 % in 52,3 %). Statistično značilne razlike so bile zaznane tudi za ITM, vendar Post Hoc testi dejanskih razlik niso zaznali. Največja razlika je bila med kolesarji v spustu oz. kolesarji v enduru in kolesarji krosa (23,3 za spust in enduro in 21,1 za kros kolesarje). Rezultati, izmerjeni na Wingate testu, med disciplinami niso pokazali statistično značilnih razlik. Največja razlika je bila pri indeksu utrujenosti, ki je bil pri cestnih kolesarjih nižji kot pri kolesarjih ostalih disciplin (55,3 % proti > 60 % pri ostalih). Prav tako ni bilo statistično značilnih razlik med disciplinami pri absolutni in relativni anaerobni kapaciteti. Preverili smo povezanost tekmovalne uspešnosti z izmerjenimi telesnimi lastnostmi in sposobnostmi. Pri disciplini enduro je bila statistično značilna povezava med tekmovalno uspešnostjo in telesno težo, mišičevjem (kg) in minimalno močjo. Uspešnejši so bili tisti z višjo telesno težo, več mišičevja in večjo minimalno močjo. Pri spustu statistično značilnih povezav s tekmovalno uspešnostjo ni bilo. Pri krosu je bila statistično značilna povezava med tekmovalno uspešnostjo in telesno višino, relativnim upadom moči in relativnim upadom moči na sekundo. Uspešnejši so bili višji kolesarji z večjim relativnim upadom moči in relativnim upadom moči na sekundo. Pri cestnih kolesarjih je bila statistično značilna povezava med tekmovalno uspešnostjo in starostjo ter minimalno močjo. Uspešnejši so bili starejši kolesarji z večjo minimalno močjo. Ustvarili smo tudi kriterije nadpovprečnega kolesarja tekmovalca za vsako disciplino posebej, na podlagi katerih se lahko vsak kolesar po opravljenem Wingate testu primerja z najboljšimi. There are many factors that determine success in cycling. On the forefront we have stamina, followed by strength, especially when accelerating, riding uphill the steep slope, for race endings. To measure this ability in cyclists we use tests for evaluating anaerobic capability. We used 30-second Wingate test. We also measured each cyclist’s height and body composition with bioimpedance analysis. The main purpose of this master thesis was comparison of anaerobic capacity between downhill, enduro, cross-country and road cyclists. We wanted to compare differences in body characteristics and anaerobic capacity between each cycling discipline, find correlation of these with competitive performance and criteria for above average cyclist for each cycling discipline. There were 39 participants in this study (9 enduro mountain bikers, 10 downhill mountain bikers, 9 cross-country mountain bikers and 11 road cyclists), all of them were older than 18 years old and compete under KZS (Slovenian Cycling Federation). For statistical analysis we used IBM SPSS Statistics program. To determine the differences in mean values we used One-way ANOVA for independent samples, for correlations between competitive performance and individual variables we used Pearson’s correlation between variable pairs. For each statistical analysis we used risk level of α=5 %. When comparing body weight statistically significant differences have been found between disciplines downhill and cross-country (75,6 kg and 67,6 kg). Nearly statistically significant was also comparison between disciplines enduro and cross-country (74,9 kg and 67,6 kg). Statistically significant was a difference in % of body fat between enduro, cross-country and road racers (14,4%, 10% and 8,5 %). In previously mentioned disciplines there was also difference in % of musculature (48,8%, 51,2% and 52,3%). Statistically significant differences were noticed when comparing BMI, but Post Hoc tests didn’t find the differences between groups. The biggest difference was noticed between downhill or enduro cyclists and cross-country cyclists (23,3 for downhill and enduro and 21,1 for cross-country cyclists). Wingate's test results didn’t show any statistically significant differences between cycling disciplines. The biggest difference was noted in fatigue index, which was lower in road cyclists than in cyclists of other disciplines (55,3% vs. >60% in other disciplines). There weren’t any statistically significant differences between disciplines when comparing absolute and relative anaerobic capacity. We checked correlation between competitive performance and measured body characteristics and capabilities. Statistically significant correlation between competitive performance and body weight, musculature (kg) and minimal power was proved in enduro discipline. More successful were heavier riders, those who had more musculature and higher minimal power. There were no statistically significant correlations with competitive performance in downhill. With cross-country was statistically significant correlation between competitive performance and height, relative power drop and relative power drop per second. On the other hand, with road cyclists we discovered statistically significant correlation between competitive performance and age and minimal power. More successful were older cyclists with greater minimal power. We designed criteria for above average cycling racers for every discipline separately, wherewith comparison between the best racers and each cyclist who finished Wingate test is possible.

Previous studies have investigated caffeine (CAF) and taurine (TAU) in isolation and combined during exercise in males. However, the potential synergistic effect during high-intensity exercise remains unknown in female athletes. Seventeen female team-sport athletes participated (age: 23.4 ± 2.1 years; height: 1.68 ± 0.05 m; body mass: 59.5 ± 2.2 kg). All participants were habitual caffeine consumers (340.1 ± 28.6 mg/day). A double-blind randomized crossover design was used. Participants completed four experimental trials: (i) CAF and TAU (6 mg/kg body mass of CAF + 1 g of TAU), (ii) CAF alone; (iii) TAU alone; and (iv) placebo (PLA). Supplements were ingested 60 min before a 30-s Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT). Heart rate and blood lactate (BL) were measured before and immediately after the WAnT; and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded immediately after the WAnT. Peak power (PP) was significantly higher following co-ingestion of CAF+TAU compared to PLA (p = 0.03) and TAU (p = 0.03). Mean power (MP) was significantly higher following co-ingestion of CAF+TAU compared to PLA (p = 0.01). No other differences were found between conditions for PP and MP (p > 0.05). There were also no observed differences in fatigue index (FI), BL; heart rate; and RPE between conditions (p > 0.05). In conclusion, compared to PLA the combined ingestion of 6 mg/kg of CAF and 1 g of TAU improved both PP and MP in female athletes habituated to caffeine; however; CAF and TAU independently failed to augment WAnT performance.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of local (LIPC) and remote (RIPC) ischemic preconditioning on sprint interval exercise (SIE) performance. Fifteen male collegiate basketball players underwent a LIPC, RIPC, sham (SHAM), or control (CON) trial before conducting six sets of a 30-s Wingate-based SIE test. The oxygen uptake and heart rate were continuously measured during SIE test. The total work in the LIPC (+2.2%) and RIPC (+2.5%) conditions was significantly higher than that in the CON condition (p &lt, 0.05). The mean power output (MPO) at the third and fourth sprint in the LIPC (+4.5%) and RIPC (+4.9%) conditions was significantly higher than that in the CON condition (p &lt, 0.05). The percentage decrement score for MPO in the LIPC and RIPC condition was significantly lower than that in the CON condition (p &lt, 0.05). No significant interaction effects were found in pH and blood lactate concentrations. There were no significant differences in the accumulated exercise time at ≥80%, 90%, and 100% of maximal oxygen uptake during SIE. Overall, both LIPC and RIPC could improve metabolic efficiency and performance during SIE in athletes.

Background and Objectives: This study aimed to compare the calculated running velocity at the anaerobic lactate threshold (cLTAn), determined by a mathematical model for metabolic simulation, with two established threshold concepts (onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA, 4 mmol∙L−1) and modified maximal deviation method (mDmax)). Additionally, all threshold concepts were correlated with performance in different endurance running events. Materials and Methods: Ten sub-elite runners performed a 30 s sprint test on a cycle ergometer adjusted to an isokinetic mode set to a cadence of 120 rpm to determine maximal lactate production rate (VLamax), and a graded exercise test on a treadmill to determine maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). Running velocities at OBLA, mDmax, and cLTAn were then compared with each other, and further correlated with running performance over various distances (3000 m, 5000 m, and 10,000 m). Results: The mean difference in cLTAn was −0.13 ± 0.43 m∙s−1 and −0.32 ± 0.39 m∙s−1 compared to mDmax (p = 0.49) and OBLA (p &lt, 0.01), respectively. cLTAn indicated moderate to good concordance with the established threshold concepts (mDmax: ICC = 0.87, OBLA: ICC = 0.74). In comparison with other threshold concepts, cLTAn exhibited comparable correlations with the assessed running performances (cLTAn: r = 0.61–0.76, mDmax: r = 0.69–0.79, OBLA: r = 0.56–0.69). Conclusion: Our data show that cLTAn can be applied for determining endurance performance during running. Due to the consideration of individual physiological profiles, cLTAn offers a physiologically justified approach to assess an athlete’s endurance performance.

Background Active games are important health enhancing physical activities in children with and without developmental disorders and will help children to develop fundamental motor skills, while inactivity exacerbates coordination difficulties and increases the risk of obesity. Regular engagement in active play promotes physical, social and cognitive development. It is therefore important to know if children have the capabilities for healthy behavior. Motor skills and muscular fitness are both important components to participate in play, sport and leisure. The Performance and Fitness (PERF-FIT) test battery integrates motor skills (running, jumping, hopping, catching, bouncing, throwing, balance) and muscular fitness (explosive power and muscular endurance) needed in many forms of active play. Aim To test the ecological validity of the PERF-FIT test battery; a field-based test integrating motor skill proficiency and muscular fitness. Methods Seventy-five children were assessed on the PERF-FIT, Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC)-2 and performance in 6 active games was scored. Of these children, 52 children scored in the normal range and 23 (or 30.3%) below the 16th percentile of the MABC-2. Association between the outcomes of the two tests and the 6 games was calculated. Results High to moderate associations were found between game scores and PERF-FIT items; moderate to low associations between game scores and MABC-2 items. Principle axes factor analysis with oblique rotation revealed communalities between the explosive power and agility items of the PERF-FIT and the running and ball catching games but not between the games and the balance items. Conclusions and implications Scores on the PERF-FIT are significantly related to performance in active play. The tool is able to measure aspects of motor skills, muscle endurance and explosive power needed in children's active games and could be used as an additional tool to measure requirements for participation in everyday physical activity in children with and without developmental disorders., Children; Motor performance; Participation; Anaerobic capacity; Active play; Ecological validity; PERF-FIT; MABC-2.

ntroducción: El uso de suplementos deportivos (SD) es muy común entre los atletas y durante los últimos años la prevalencia de su consumo ha ido aumentando. Sin embargo, no todos los SD proporcionan los beneficios que se busca cuando se decide consumir este tipo de sustancias. Es por ello que las entidades científicas han puesto su foco en la evaluación de SD y se han creado clasificaciones en función de la evidencia científica, como la que ha propuesto el Instituto Australiano del Deporte (AIS). Los remeros de élite realizan sesiones de entrenamiento centradas en el desarrollo de la capacidad aeróbica y anaeróbica, así como entrenamientos defuerza, por lo que la utilización de SD adecuados puede mejorar el rendimiento de estos deportistas. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de consumo de SD en remeros de élite universitarios y evaluar el grado de evidencia del SD consumido. Método: Estudio descriptivo y transversal en el que han participado 14 remeros del equipo de remo de la Universidad de Alicante. Se utilizó un cuestionario, previamente validado, para recoger los datos pertinentes al consumo de SD. Resultados: Los SD más consumidos fueron: cafeína (81%), proteína de suero (75%), creatina monohidrato (62,5%), barritas energéticas (56,3%), bebida isotónica (50%) y BCAA (43,7%). La finalidad principal de su uso fue para mejorar el rendimiento deportivo y solo un 33% estaba asesorado por un dietista-nutricionista. Conclusión: La mayoría de los SD utilizados por los remeros tienen respaldo científico. Por lo que sería interesante que se llevasen a cabo más investigaciones en esta población. Introduction: The use of sports supplements (SD) is very common among athletes. In recent years the prevalence of consumption has been increasing. However, not all SD provide the benefits that we are find when we deciding to use this type of substance. That is why scientific entities have been its focus in the evaluation of SD and classifications have been created for scientific evidence, as well as in the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS). The elite rowers training activities focused on the development of aerobic and anaerobic capacity and strength traininig, so the use of suitable SD could improve the performance of these athletes. Objective: Determine the prevalence of SD consumption in university rowers and to evaluate the grade of evidence of SD consumption. Method: Descriptive and transversal study in which have participated 14 rowers that shape the University of Alicante’s rower team. A previously validated questionnaire was applied to collect the data about SD consumption. Results: The SD most consumed were: caffeine (81%), whey protein (75%), creatine monohydrate (62.5%), energy bars (56.3%), isotonic drink (50%) and BCAA (43, 7%). The main purpose of its use was to improve athletic performance, and only 33% were advised by a dietitian-nutritionist. Conclusion: Most SD that rowers used have scientific support. So, it would be interesting if more research were carried out in this population. ntrodução: O uso de suplementos esportivos (DS) é muito comum entre atletas e nos últimos anos a prevalência de seu consumo vem aumentando. No entanto, nem todos os DSs fornecem os benefícios que se buscam ao decidir consumir esses tipos de substâncias. É por isso que as entidades científicas têm se voltado para a avaliação do DS e têm sido criadas classificações com base em evidências científicas, como a proposta pelo Australian Institute of Sport (AIS). Os remadores de elite realizam sessões de treinamento com foco no desenvolvimento da capacidade aeróbia e anaeróbia, além do treinamento de força, de forma que o uso de DS adequado pode melhorar o desempenho desses atletas. Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência do consumo de DS em remadores universitários de elite e avaliar o grau de evidência do consumo de DS. Método: Estudo descritivo e transversal do qual participaram 14 remadores da equipe de remo da Universidade de Alicante. Um questionário previamente validado foi usado para coletar dados pertinentes ao consumo de SD. Resultados: Os DSs mais consumidos foram: cafeína (81%), proteína de soro de leite (75%), creatina monohidratada (62,5%), barras energéticas (56,3%), bebida isotônica (50%) e BCAA (43,7%). O principal objetivo de seu uso era melhorar o rendimento esportivo e apenas 33% foram orientados por nutricionista-nutricionista. Conclusão: A maioria dos DSs utilizados pelos remadores possuem respaldo científico. Portanto, seria interessante se mais pesquisas fossem realizadas nesta população

This investigation examined relationships between a Special Weapons and Tactics-specific fitness test (SORT) and an obstacle course (OC) used for qualification in fourteen male SWAT members from three local, regional police departments. The SORT included: squat, pushup, and lunge in 60 s, pullup hold, sled drag, and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test L1. The obstacle course included: 25 m sprint (repeated), window ascent, scale under a wall, 25 m serpentine run (repeated), body drag (20 m, repeated). Pearson coefficients examined SORT and OC relationships (p ≤ 0.05), intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC2,1) assessed agreement of SORT trials. Repeated measures ANOVA evaluated differences in SORT metrics across time. Coefficients of variation (COV) examined SORT scoring consistency. The YoYo test was related to all SORT assessments (r = −0.803–0.894), except sled drag. The remaining SORT metrics were related to ≥two tests. SORT COVs ranged from 0.77–13.26% for trials 1–2 but decreased between trials 2–3 (0.95–8.97%). The OC was associated with YoYo, lunges, squats and sled drag (r = −0.790, −0.730, −0.766, and 0.802, respectively). No differences (p &gt, 0.05) existed across SORT trials for event scores. The SORT battery appears to be a valid and reliable testing measure to assess SWAT occupational specific fitness.