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The aim of this study was to investigate the long-term changes in the coastal stretch of the Lido barrier island, a 12 km sandy coast bordering the Lagoon of Venice, and to assess the impacts of human interventions in the system. Coastal modifications were examined in a GIS environment through the analysis of aerial photographs covering the period 1955–2019. To achieve our goal, the study area was divided into three cells (i.e., from north to south, A, B, and C), and the rates of shoreline change were calculated over five subsequent periods (i.e., 1955–1978, 1978–1987, 1987–1996, 1996–2006, and 2006–2019). The results mainly showed a positive trend in the long-term (cell A avg. 2.0 m/year; cell C avg. 1.2 m/year) and moderate erosion (cell A and C avg. 0.9 m/year) in the periods 1996–2006 and 2006–2019, probably due to an increase in the frequency of storm surges. However, major effects on beach erosion and progradation were produced by human interventions. In particular, positive impacts were derived from the shore-normal engineering structures intercepting longshore currents, whereas negative effects were from works functional to the realisation of the MoSE system at the Lido and Malamocco inlets, which reduced the amount of available sediment, thus contributing to the worsening conditions of cells A and C. In view of the expected sea-level rise, this area merits higher consideration for correct spatial planning in the framework of integrated coastal zone management. We suggest that a monitoring program of shoreline evolution must be set up to better manage its future development.

Briksdalsbreen in western Norway was studied using remote sensing. Sets of optical aerial photographs captured between 1966 to 2020 were used with LiDAR-based Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) and glacier outlines derived from satellite images to estimate the changes in length, area, surface elevation and mass balance of the glacier. The results show that Briksdalsbreen retreated a total of ~ 450 m and shrunk by 0.25 Km2 (0.04 % a-1) between 1966 and 2020; however, it advanced between 1966 to 2001 before it retreated between 2001 – 2010. The glacier fronts thickened by less than ~ 0.5 m during the period of advancement in the late 90s but the total glacier thinned by ~ 3 m in the whole period of 54 years (1966 – 2020). The estimated mass balance is -0.045 m w. e. a-1 for Briksdalsbreen between 1966 and 2020 and -0.246 m w. e. a-1 for the period of 2010 – 2020. The result of the length estimate from this study agrees with field observation and the surface elevation change found for 2010 - 2020 conforms with the results from regional remote sensing investigation. However, the lack of published mass balance data for Briksdalsbreen and high uncertainty in comparing the mass balance of glaciers limited a comparative assessment of the estimated mass balance. Nevertheless, this study confirms that Briksdalsbreen is retreating rapidly and losing mass like many other glaciers in Norway. It also identifies increased summer temperature as the driving force of the glacier retreat since early 2000, although high winter precipitation had early caused its expansion between 1966 to 2001. The study demonstrates that remote sensing is a useful tool in glacier change assessment. Master's Thesis in Earth Science GEOV399 MAMN-GEOV

Digital Elevation Model (DEM) generated from aerial photographs acquired in 1984 over the Western Cwm of Mt. Everest (1984_AP_DEM.tif). The DEM was generated using PCI Geomatica and a reference Pleiades orthoimage and DEM(https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6979691) as a source of Ground Control Points. The 1984 DEM has been coregistered with and differenced from the 2017 DEM to quantify changes in the surface elevation of the area over a 33 year period (1984_2017_dH_WesternCwm_2m.tif).

This paper assesses the value of high temporal frequency satellite data with various spatial sampling resolutions for multi-scalar historic environment survey and management use cases in Scotland, specifically for broad-brush landscape characterisation, for monitoring the condition of monuments, and for the discovery of otherwise unknown sites. Dealing with a part of the world where applications of satellite imagery are almost entirely unexplored, this study takes a real-world approach which foregrounds the purpose at hand rather than presenting a case study from an optimal setting. The study highlights the importance of detailed imagery to support interpretation in some instances, and the challenges of obtaining time-critical optical imagery in a part of the world that experiences significant periods of cloud cover. The real-world availability of data in such settings is assessed, highlighting that even with daily revisits useable imagery cannot be guaranteed. The implications of current and past tasking patterns for availability of high-resolution data now and in the future is discussed. The study identifies the complementary roles that satellite imagery can fulfil, while identifying the limitations that remain to fuller applications of such data, in a study that will be relevant to many parts of Europe and beyond.

Background Determining the appropriate window size is a critical step in the estimation process of stand structural variables based on remote sensing data. Because the value of the reference laser and image metrics that affect the quality of the prediction model depends on window size. However, suitable window sizes are usually determined by trial and error. There are a limited number of published studies evaluating appropriate window sizes for different remote sensing data. This research investigated the effect of window size on predicting forest structural variables using airborne LiDAR data, digital aerial image and WorldView-3 satellite image. Results In the WorldView-3 and digital aerial image, significant differences were observed in the prediction accuracies of the structural variables according to different window sizes. For the estimation based on WorldView-3 in black pine stands, the optimal window sizes for stem number (N), volume (V), basal area (BA) and mean height (H) were determined as 1000 m2, 100 m2, 100 m2 and 600 m2, respectively. In oak stands, the R2 values of each moving window size were almost identical for N and BA. The optimal window size was 400 m2 for V and 600 m2 for H. For the estimation based on aerial image in black pine stands, the 800 m2 window size was optimal for N and H, the 600 m2 window size was optimal for V and the 1000 m2 window size was optimal for BA. In the oak stands, the optimal window sizes for N, V, BA and H were determined as 1000 m2, 100 m2, 100 m2 and 600 m2, respectively. The optimal window sizes may need to be scaled up or down to match the stand canopy components. In the LiDAR data, the R2 values of each window size were almost identical for all variables of the black pine and the oak stands. Conclusion This study illustrated that the window size has an effect on the prediction accuracy in estimating forest structural variables based on remote sensing data. Moreover, the results showed that the optimal window size for forest structural variables varies according to remote sensing data and tree species composition.

Like many other lakes in the world, the interconnected Abaya and Chamo lakes in the Southern Main Ethiopian Rift are affected by rapid sediment accumulation. Although land degradation is a well-known issue in this part of the African continent, the main sediment sources, their spatial distribution and interaction in the Abaya–Chamo lakes’ basin have not yet been documented. Here, we present a systematic inventory, characterization, and spatial analysis of landslides and gullies as concentrated sediment sources, for four representative river catchments impacted by landscape rejuvenation. Using Google Earth imagery and field surveys, we mapped with high accuracy a total of 7336 gullies and 430 landslides. Recent landslides observed during the last decade were few, small and shallow, and appear to have played a minor role in the current sediment dynamics. Large landslides are old and inactive. Although they do not contribute to the current sediment budget, they contribute indirectly to landscape dynamics by favoring the occurrence of gullies. Overall, large percentages of severe to extremely degraded areas of gully erosion are located in rejuvenated landscapes, especially at the level of the old landslides. Many active gullies are connected to the river network, as such acting as the source of sediment. Our analysis is a step towards understanding the nature and control of anthropic activities on sediment production in the region. We also highlight the importance of considering the interactions between sediment sources and the connectivity of the geomorphological system.

Resumen La fecha de construcción es una característica de suma importancia para las edificaciones, ya que permite, entre varias aplicaciones, el determinar de manera general su desempeño o comportamiento ante terremotos. Este dato es generalmente difícil de obtener para grandes grupos de estructuras, el cual es el caso del cantón de San José. Se presenta entonces un estudio en el cual se estimó un periodo de construcción aproximado para las 84 000 edificaciones de San José, analizando fotografías aéreas disponibles en el Instituto Geográfico Nacional (IGN) de Costa Rica de forma manual. Este dato puede ser utilizado para varios fines, entre ellos evaluaciones de riesgo ante amenazas naturales. Se expone su valor y utilidad en el contexto de un estudio de riesgo sísmico físico del cantón de San José en desarrollo por parte del Laboratorio de Ingeniería Sísmica del Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería de la Universidad de Costa Rica. Se encontró que la mayor cantidad de estructuras, en términos absolutos, se construyó en el periodo de 1989-2004, para un total de 18 399, mientras que la tasa de construcción promedio por año más alta fue de 2 675 para el periodo de 1974-1979. Un 38 % de las edificaciones se construyeron previo a la existencia del Código Sísmico de Costa Rica (CSCR), un 60 % utilizando las versiones de CSCR de 1974 y 1986, mientras que solamente un 2 % utilizaron las versiones más modernas del código (2002 y 2010). Abstract The construction period is a very important characteristic of buildings, since it allows, among various applications, to determine, in a general way, their performance or behavior in the event of seismic activity. Construction period data is generally difficult to obtain for large groups of structures, as is the case in the canton of San José. A study is thus presented in which the approximate date of construction was estimated for the 84,004 buildings present in the canton of San José by visual non-automated analysis of aerial photographs available from the Instituto Geográfico Nacional (IGN) (translated as National Geographic Institute) of Costa Rica. Construction period data can be used for various purposes including risk assessments of natural hazards. The value and usefulness of the present investigation is exposed in the context of the risk assessment evaluation on physical damage caused by seismic activity in the canton of San José undertaken by the Laboratorio de Ingeniería Sísmica del Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería de la Universidad de Costa Rica (translated as Seismic Engineering Laboratory of the Engineering Research Institute of the University of Costa Rica). In absolute terms, it was found that the majority of structures were built in the period 1989-2004 and amounted to a total of 18,399 buildings; the highest average annual construction rate was 2,675/yr for the period 1974-1979. 38% of the buildings were built prior to the existence of the Costa Rican Seismic Code (CSCR), 60% of the buildings adhered to CSCR Codes in its past versions of 1974 and 1986, while only 2% complied with the newer versions of 2002 and 2010.

In order to search for victims in the event of a disaster, we propose a method of detecting a fallen person from UAV images and estimating its head position. Rotation-invariant HOG and Rotation-invariant LBP are used, so that they may detected a fallen person regardless of its body orientation. In addition, the position of the head of a fallen person is estimated using the peak of the gradient histogram. Experimental results show satisfactory performance of the proposed method., The 2021 International Conference on Artificial Life and Robotics (ICAROB 2021), January 21-24, 2021, Higashi-Hiroshima (オンライン開催に変更)

This article discusses changes in land use in two areas located on the southern outskirts of Łódź. It was based on an analysis of land use data obtained from aerial photographs taken in 1973 and an orthophotomap from 2017. After 44 years, significant changes had taken place in the city and they were reflected in land use. The study areas covered 190 ha and, in the period analysed, land use had changed over an area of 115 ha, more than 60% of its total surface. They mainly occurred on pasture and arable land which was developed into built-up areas. Celem artykułu jest omówienie zmian pokrycia terenu dwóch obszarów położonych na południowych obrzeżach Łodzi. Badanie przeprowadzono na podstawie analizy danych o pokryciu terenu, uzyskanych ze zdjęć lotniczych wykonanych w 1973 r. i ortofotomapy z 2017 r. Przez 44 lata w mieście zachodziły znaczące zmiany, które znalazły odzwierciedlenie w zmianach pokrycia terenu. Powierzchnia obszarów poddanych badaniu wynosiła łącznie 190 ha, a w analizowanym okresie zmiany pokrycia terenu objęły 115 ha, co stanowi ponad 60% powierzchni badanych obszarów. Zmiany nastąpiły głównie na terenach trawiastych i rolniczych, które były przekształcane w grunty przeznaczone pod zabudowę.

Обґрунтовано напрямки пiдвищення ефективностi надання дистанцiйних вiдеосервiсiв з використанням авiацiйного iнфокомунiкацiйного сегменту в процесi пiдтримки та прийняття рiшень в системах критичної iнфраструктури. Обґрунтовано наявнiсть проблемних аспектiв пов’язаних з якiстю отримання вiдеоiнформацiйного ресурсу з авiацiйних платформ. Перший стосується необхiдностi збiльшення роздрiбної здатностi вiдеознiмкiв. Другий криється в наявностi дисбалансу мiж: з одного боку означеними темпами значного зростання iнформацiйної iнтенсивностi вiдеоiнформацiйних потокiв; з iншого боку – помiтно вiдстаючими темпами збiльшення пропускної здатностi iнфокомунiкацiйних систем на бортових платформах. Обґрунтовано, що для локалiзацiї або усунення проблемних аспектiв необхiдно застосовувати технологiї зменшення бiтової iнтенсивностi вiдеопотоку. Це дозволить зменшити iнформацiйне навантаження на мережу та створити умови для залучення надлишкових кодових конструкцiй. Вiдповiдно до цього необхiдно для бортових комплексiв проводити iнтеграцiю технологiй компресiї вiдеоданих. В статтi ґрунтовно доводиться те, що необхiдно розробити такi методи кодування в складi комплексних технологiй обробки аерофотознiмкiв, для яких забезпечується: додаткове врахування нових видiв надмiрностi, що не пов’язанi з виключенням психовiзуальної надмiрностi; будування кодових конструкцiй з бiльшою стiйкiстю до негативного впливу канальних помилок на процес декодування вiдеосегментiв. Обґрунтовано переваги кластеризацiї вiдеосегментiв в спектральному просторi за структурною ознакою кiлькiсть серiй одиниць в двiйковому описi їх компонент. Розроблено метод статистичного кодування трансформанти (масив коефiцiєнтiв при базисних функцiях дискретного косинусного перетворення) в структурному просторi. Базовою складовою тут є встановлення статистичних залежностей в межах структурних кластерiв з врахуванням: локальних особливостей спектральних компонент за їх дiапазоном на основi структурних ознак в їх двiйковому описi; зменшеної потужностi статистичного простору та збiльшити рiвень нерiвномiрностi розподiлу кластеризованих компонент трансформанти. На основi проведених експериментальних дослiджень показано те, що використання створеного методу кодування кластеризованих трансформант дозволяє пiдвищити рiвень достовiрностi аерофотознiмкiв за показником пiкового вiдношення сигнал/шум в середньому на 50%. The directions for improving the efficiency of providing remote video services using the aviation infocommunication segment in the process of support and decision-making in critical infrastructure systems are substantiated. It is justified that in order to localize or eliminate problematic aspects, it is necessary to apply technologies for reducing the bit intensity of the video stream. This will reduce the information load on the network and create conditions for the involvement of redundant code structures. Accordingly, it is necessary to integrate video data compression technologies for on-board systems. The effectiveness of clustering video segments in spectral space based on the structural feature of the number of series of units in the binary description of their components is substantiated. A method of statistical coding of transformants in structural space has been developed. The basic component here is the establishment of statistical dependencies within structural clusters, taking into account: local features of spectral components in their range based on structural features in their binary description; reduced power of the statistical space and increase the level of uneven distribution of the clustered components of the transformant. On the basis of the conducted experimental studies, it is shown that the use of the created method of encoding clustered transformants allows to increase the level of reliability of aerial photographs by the indicator of the peak signal/noise ratio by an average of 50%.

В статье приведено описание методики распознавания операторами лиственницы сибирской, находящейся на пределе ее произрастания на Полярном Урале на снимках, полученных с использованием малоразмерного летательного аппарата. При создании методики были использованы данные 9 пробных площадей, заложенных вдоль высотного градиента на юго-восточном макросклоне горного массива Рай-Из. Анализ результатов распознавания операторами экземпляров лиственницы сибирской на аэроснимках в пределах пробных площадей свидетельствует о высокой согласованности полученных ими данных. Применение предложенных характеристик снимка и методика обучения операторов могут быть использованы для картирования древесной растительности на верхнем пределе ее произрастания. The article describes the method of recognition by operators of Siberian larch growing at the limit of its growth in the Polar Urals in the images obtained using an unmanned aircraft. When creating the methodology, data from 9 test plots were used, laid along the high-altitude gradient on the southeastern macroslope of the Rai-Iz mountain range. The analysis of the results of recognition by operators of Siberian larch trees on aerial photographs within the trial plots indicates a high consistency of the data they obtained. The application of the proposed characteristics of the image and the training technique for operators can be used to map woody vegetation at the upper limit of its growth.

The study aimed to identify land cover and land use transformations in the Lom River valley to reveal how the pressure of agriculture on the environment in the southwestern part of the Lower Danube basin has changed over the last 60 years. The classes at the fourth level of the CORINE Land Cover nomenclature were mapped using aerial photographs of 1961, 1985 and 1998, complemented with a detailed orthophoto mosaic of 2019. While the changes in the main classes were relatively small over the years, the transformations of the land cover in the lower classes reached up to 60% of the study area at the end of the investigated period. We have identified constant trends of expanding pastures and shrinking labour-intensive crops such as vegetables, fruits, and vines over the past 60 years. The land cover classes were classified into four groups according to pesticides use and the related load of heavy metals for soil. Changes in land use suggest a reduction in the use of pesticides and less intensive accumulation of contaminant metals in the soil of the southwestern part of the Lower Danube Basin

The effects of geological events that occurred in ancient times, on ancient cities are undeniably great, so geoarchaeology has become an important mutidisciplinary science. Using geological methods in archaeological researchs offers a much more comprehensive understanding for history. Today, the methods of remote sensing and geographical information systems have facilitated archaeological researches to a greater extent than before. In this study, Phaselis, Andriake and Patara ancient cities were investigated. In the research, help was obtained from satellite images as a method. By comparing the ancient coast line and the modern coast line, it is tried to be understood to what extent the sea level change occurred.

The NaturaSat software integrates various image processing techniques together with vegetation data, into one multipurpose tool that is designed for performing facilities for all requirements of habitat exploration, all in one place. It provides direct access to multispectral Sentinel-2 data provided by the European Space Agency. It supports using these data with various vegetation databases, in a user-friendly environment, for, e.g., vegetation scientists, fieldwork experts, and nature conservationists. The presented study introduces the NaturaSat software, describes new powerful tools, such as the semi-automatic and automatic segmentation methods, and natural numerical networks, together with validated examples comparing field surveys and software outputs. The software is robust enough for field work researchers and stakeholders to accurately extract target units’ borders, even on the habitat level. The deep learning algorithm, developed for habitat classification within the NaturaSat software, can also be used in various research tasks or in nature conservation practices, such as identifying ecosystem services and conservation value. The exact maps of the habitats obtained within the project can improve many further vegetation and landscape ecology studies.

In contrast to river floods, the enormous erosion potential in catchments contributes significantly to the extent of damage to infrastructure in valleys. This paper investigates the impact of the heavy precipitation event of 14–15 July 2021 on the railroad in the Ahr valley in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. In a first step, a detailed overview of the climatological and hydrological drivers using spatially high-resolved precipitation distribution and peak discharge modeling is provided, and the event is placed in a broader context by comparing it to past flash flood events from 1910 and 2016. In a second step, a detailed mapping of damages along the railroad line is performed using aerial photographs. The mapping revealed that bridges are the weakest point during a flood event and that they contribute to an increase and modification of the flood wave through backwater effects. Since flood events are expected to increase in the future, there is an urgent need to increase the resilience of transportation to this hazard and to answer the question of what magnitudes and return periods of events should be used in future sizing of rail infrastructure.

Armed conflicts create drastic socioeconomic shocks that lead to land use and land cover changes in ways that are not yet well understood. Several studies have used satellite imagery to detect such changes during periods of conflict. However, there has been an insufficient examination of older conflicts before the 1970s. By examining older conflicts, we can examine the effects of conflict on land use and land cover over a long time span. This study reveals land use and land cover changes during the Second Indochina War (1960-75) and the war's immediate and long-term effects on land use and land cover by combining an analysis of aerial and satellite photographs with fieldwork. This study concludes that the war created an abnormal situation in which a large number of people from a different ethnic group came to live amongst the original inhabitants of the research site. This led to a unique farming landscape and vast areas of forest destruction. The study also reveals that forest destruction during the war was a significant milestone in the history of the vegetation of the research site, and the vegetative landscape has still not recovered to its prewar condition. These findings, as well as the results of previous research, suggest that we need to be more conscious of the effects of war on forest degradation in Laos.

Peatland erosion has important implications for ecosystem services such as carbon storage and biodiversity conservation. The extensive blanket bogs of Scotland’s Flow Country include some of the least damaged peatlands in the UK; nevertheless, erosion features occur widely in the area. Here we describe a high-altitude (340–440 m) heavily eroded peatland at Knockfin Heights in the Flow Country. The causes of this erosion are poorly understood, and could include both human and natural factors. Restoration management has been considered for the site, although this might be unnecessary if spontaneous recovery is taking place. Our study aimed to contribute to understanding whether recovery was occurring, by (i) accurately and repeatably measuring bare peat extent using ground surveys, in 2005; and (ii) comparing the fullness of pools (strictly, pool area covered in standing water) using aerial photographs taken during 1946–2016. Estimated bare peat cover in the study area in 2005 was 10.5 % (95 % confidence limits 6.8–15). When placing a horizontal 1 m cane on the ground, bare peat was recorded under an average of 2.7 (2.2–3.2) 10 cm sections out of a possible maximum of ten per cane. Bare peat was most extensive on the flattest ground. Pools largely covered by standing water made up 30–60 % of pools in five pool groups, in five surveys during 1946–2005; but 75 % (standard error ~ 8) in 2016 - significantly higher than some earlier years. Active restoration management is merited for anthropogenic erosion but is more questionable for erosion that arose naturally or shows strong spontaneous recovery. We recommend follow-up studies during the next ten years to clarify the trajectories and causes of erosion at Knockfin; specifically, a repeat of this ground survey alongside remote sensing, experimental and palaeoecological work.

Aerial photographs of various radar sites from Alaska's Radar System.

6 Pags.- 1 Fig.- ! Tabl. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. Under a Creative Commons license., The dataset presented comprises (raw data) scans of the marked paper contact prints from a dedicated photogrammetric flight and a diagram showing the location of each of these photograms. The flight was commissioned specifically for the soil survey presented herein. The scanned paper prints are those used in the field to characterize the soil salinity of 27,500 ha within the Flumen irrigation district, in the semi-arid Central Ebro Basin, in Spain. On these prints, the soil surveyors marked the locations of the sampling sites. IRYDA, the extinct Spanish Ministry of Agriculture agency, in charge of designing and implementing new irrigation districts, commissioned the flight in 1975. These paper prints enabled us to resample the soils years later, to: (i) determine the soil salinity evolution from 1975 to 1985 [1], and from 1975 to 1999 [2]; (ii) apply electromagnetic induction (EMI) [3] for the same purpose; (iii) use multivariate analysis to discriminate the salinity trends from 1975 to 1999 in the different soil units [4]; and (iv) for land evaluation [5]. The report and two volumes of annexes [6], [7], [8], prepared by the contractor INYPSA for IRYDA, contain data on the soluble salts and other soil components sampled in 1975 as well as soil descriptions and agronomical data. The aerial photographs presented herein allow the sites sampled in 1975 to be located. This is the first step in exploiting the legacy data to appraise [9] the effects on the salinity and other soil properties recorded in 1975. The irrigation and the change from basin and border flooding to pressurized techniques, with the merging of many plots, govern these effects., This work was funded by the Spanish Research Agency (AEI) within the project PCI2018–09299 and by the Government of Aragón within the project GCP-2020–003400.

Картирование овражной эрозии сложных ландшафтно условыях в мировим практике эрозиоведения линейние формы овражной эрозии принято картографировать путем дешифриревания аэрокосмофотоснимков (АФС-КФС), а также традиционных методов картографирования – с помощью топографических карт, Mapping of gully erosion in complex landscape conditions in the world practice of erosion studies, linear forms of gully erosion are usually mapped by interpreting aerospace photographs (AFS-KFS), as well as traditional mapping methods using topographic maps

本稿の目的は，戦争遺跡である広島陸軍兵器補給廠八本松分廠（以下，補給廠）の痕跡を空中写真の判読と現地調査から明らかにすると共に，戦争遺跡の活用に向けた情報の整理と活用方法を提案することである。空中写真の判読では，弾薬庫もしくは火薬庫と見られる構造物を36 棟確認した。現地調査では，刈又池周辺において陸軍の軍用地を示す石標13基，弾薬庫周辺を囲む土塁を確認した。本調査により，補給廠の構造物の分布状況や痕跡を示す戦争遺跡の存在が明らかになった。活用方法の提案については，学校教育と社会教育におけるそれぞれの活用法を検討し，地域に残された戦争遺跡を活用する上で求められる事と活用意義を提示した。学校教育においては，平和学習にとらわれない活用方法を提案し，社会教育については，戦争遺跡群として面的な理解を促すガイドマップを作製した。本稿は，これまで調査が十分にされてこなかった戦争遺跡の再調査と活用を促す一助になると期待される。, This paper has two purposes. The first is to discover traces of the Hachihonmatsu branch of the Hiroshima Army Weapon Supply Depot (hereinafter referred to as the Depot), which is a war site, by identifying aerial photographs and conducting field surveys. The second is to propose a method for organizing and utilizing information on the war ruins for educational purposes. From aerial photographs we identified 36 facilities that appear to have been used for ammunition or gunpowder storage. Next, through our field surveys, we discovered 13 stone marks indicating the boundary of the land owned by the military around Karimata Pond and some banks surrounding the ammunition storage. This survey revealed the distribution and existence of storage in the Depot. We examined how to utilize each in both school and social education and showed what is required and the significance of utilizing the war remains left over in the area. For education at school, we proposed multi methods including learning about peacetime. Regarding social education, we created a map that promotes a comprehensive understanding of the war ruins for citizens and visitors alike. This article is expected to help promote the reinvestigation and utilization of war ruins that have thus far not been thoroughly investigated.

Assessment of landslide hazard across mountains is imperative for public safety. Pre- and post-earthquake landslide mapping envisage that landslides show significant size changes during earthquake activity. One of the purposes of earthquake-induced landslide investigation is to determine the landslide state and geometry and draw conclusions on their mobility. This study was based on remote sensing data that covered 72 years, and focused on the west slopes of the Skolis Mountains, in the northwest Peloponnese. On 8 June 2008, during the strong Movri Mountain earthquake (Mw = 6.4), we mapped the extremely abundant landslide occurrence. Historical seismicity and remote sensing data indicate that the Skolis Mountain west slope is repeatedly affected by landslides. The impact of the earthquakes was based on the estimation of Arias intensity in the study area. We recognized that 89 landslides developed over the last 72 years. These landslides increased their width (W), called herein as inflation or their length (L), termed as enlargement. Length and width changes were used to describe their aspect ratio (L/W). Based on the aspect ratio, the 89 landslides were classified into three types: I, J, and &Delta, Taluses, developed at the base of the slope and belonging to the J- and &Delta, landslide types, are supplied by narrow or irregular channels. During the earthquakes, the landslide channels migrated upward and downward, outlining the mobility of the earthquake-induced landslides. Landslide mobility was defined by the reach angle. The reach angle is the arctangent of the landslide&rsquo, s height to length ratio. Furthermore, we analyzed the present slope stability across the Skolis Mountain by using the landslide density (LD), landslide area percentage (LAP), and landslide frequency (LF). All these parameters were used to evaluate the spatial and temporal landslide distribution and evolution with the earthquake activity. These results can be considered as a powerful tool for earthquake-induced landslide disaster mitigation

Aerial photographs of the most mountainous areas of the Northern Hemisphere are subject to a concavity/convexity reversal illusion, due to three facts: that sunlight comes from the South, that the visual system is bound to interpret concavities and convexities as if light always came from above, and that North coincides with above in the pictures. This fact is particularly damaging now that aerial photographs are ubiquitous. A remediation is proposed.

In 1990, livestock grazing was introduced in Meijendel, a 1800 ha lime-rich coastal dune area, at a density of 0.06–0.07 LLU.ha-1.year−1 (1:12–18 ha) to counteract encroachment of tall grasses and shrubland on dune grassland and increase the bare sand area. Monitoring was based on four digital orthophotos (1975–1990–2001-2009) with a high spatial resolution (pixel size 25 × 25 cm). The changes were tested using Generalized Estimating Equations. Habitat changes occurred, but contradicting our hypothesis, there was no significant impact from the grazing on bare sand, grassland or shrubland within 11 and 19 years post livestock introduction. (1) After several decennia of decreasing bare sand, there was a significant increase between 2001 and 2009, irrespective of livestock presence. (2) The changes in grasslands and shrublands are independent of the livestock, but dependent on distance to the coast. (3) Bare sand and shrub cover determine the space left for the dune grasslands. It appears other factors than livestock grazing must have induced the changes. Changes in climate conditions and nitrogen load might have stimulated bare sand. An interaction with the end of Marram planting in 1990 cannot be concluded from available data. The disease-led reduction of rabbit grazing from the mid-1950s led to an expansion of the dominant shrub Hippophae rhamnoides. However, Hippophae shrubland typically regresses to grasslands on its collapse after 25–40 years. Tree species like Crataegus, Betula and Quercus will gradually dominate the landscape for far longer. Active removal of these indigenous species is necessary to prevent future loss of dune grasslands.

The territory along the coast north-west of Rome, still well preserved; in the Etruscan period was for the most under Caere control; it had the three important ports. The territory of Caere has been analyzed for a long time now, through an historical-topographic analytical study of the traces of archaeological remains. The research has been carried out by use of historical and recent aerial photographs and glass slides, last but not least the contribution of the monitoring aerial flights operated with the Carabinieri Helicopter Group of Pratica di Mare.

Land use legacies of human activities and recent post-abandonment forest expansion have extensively modified numerous forest landscapes throughout the European mountain ranges. Drivers of forest expansion and the effects of changes on ecosystem services are currently debated. (i) To compare landscape transition patterns of the Alps and the Apennines (Italy), (ii) to quantify the dominant landscape transitions, and (iii) to measure the influence of climatic, topographic and anthropogenic driving factors. Land cover changes and landscape pattern modifications were investigated at the regional (over 28 years, Alps and Apennines, Corine Land Cover dataset) and landscape scale (over 58 years, 8 Alpine and 8 Apennine sites, aerial images). The main driving factors of post-abandonment forest landscape dynamics were assessed with a statistical modeling approach. Forest expansion was the dominant landscape transition at both Italian mountain ranges, with an annual overall rate of 0.6%. Forest expansion was more extensive at lower elevations in the Apennines where climate is less limiting and extensive abandoned croplands and pastures were available throughout the study period. Distance from pre-existing forest edges in the Alps and elevation in the Apennines emerged as the most important predictors. Forest expansion is most rapid where areas of recent agricultural abandonment coincide with favorable climatic conditions. Thus the prediction of forest landscape dynamics, in these mountain forests with a long history of cultural use, requires knowledge of how the magnitude and timing of land use changes intersect spatially and temporally with suitable conditions for tree establishment and growth.

Introduction Sibate is a municipality located in the central region of Colombia, where the first asbestos-cement facility of the country has been in operation since 1942. Both a malignant pleural mesothelioma cluster and landfilled zones with the presence of an underground friable asbestos layer have been identified in Sibate. There is still limited knowledge regarding the history of the construction of landfilled zones, and what kinds of materials were deposited. The current study aims to improve our understanding of the history and characteristics of the landfilled zones present in Sibate. Methods Two participatory workshops with inhabitants of Sibate were conducted to determine when the landfilled zones were built and their location. Information collected in participatory workshops was crossed with both topographic maps and aerial photographs, giving special attention to zones within the urban area of the municipality that in the past were inundated with water from El Muna Reservoir. An opportunistic soil sampling campaign was conducted in suspected landfilled zones that had not been previously sampled, during the replacement of pipelines of the drainage system ordered by the municipality. Results The analysis of historical topographic maps, combined with the interpretation of aerial photographs, confirmed the disposal of residues in areas that were previously inundated with water from El Muna Reservoir, creating landfilled zones in the urban area of Sibate. On top of these landfilled zones, a football stadium and a football field with an athletic track were built. The location of landfilled zones identified using geographic analysis was similar to the location identified analyzing maps constructed by inhabitants of Sibate in participatory workshops. The four soil samples collected during an opportunistic sampling campaign confirmed the presence in new locations of the underground friable asbestos layer discovered in previous studies. Discussion Based on the extension of the landfilled zones, the presence of friable asbestos in these areas, and the close proximity to a school and residential dwellings, there could have been major dispersion events of asbestos fibers in the urban area of Sibate during the disposal of residue materials and the construction of the landfilled zones. Thus, important asbestos exposures may have occurred among residents of Sibate, which is aggravated by the fact that during those years, more than 50% of the population of Sibate was 25 years old or younger. Although the results of the current study improved our understanding of the processes and chronology associated with the landfilled zones, the uncertainty regarding their exact location remains significant. It is important to continue investigating the adverse health effects resulting from this potential asbestos exposure source.

This paper provides a state of the art of the use of declassified satellite Corona for archaeological application and deals with the use of historical archives of Corona and aerial photographs for detecting ancient hidden cultural relics that may be completely lost in the modern landscape veiled by current land uses and land covers. Geospatial analysis is adopted to identify, extract and map the subtle archaeological features and cultural landscape of the lost Han-Wei Forbidden City in the Henan Province (China). It was one of the most important cities of ancient China, served as the capital for a long period, from the Eastern Zhou (2600 BP, Zhou Dynasty) to the Eastern Han and Wei Dynasties (1900-1500 BP). Outputs from our investigations clearly provided evidence of numerous buried structures of potential archaeological interest that were compared with historical documentation and excavations carried out in the area. The geospatial analysis, applied both to aerial photograph and to Corona pictures, enabled us to discover a number of unknown sub-palaces and structures, thus providing new insights for this important archaeological area.

Mountain regions in Western Europe have gone through a massive rural urban migration and the collapse of their traditional socioeconomic system. As a result, forest has occupied many old pastures and croplands. In protected areas such as National Parks changes in the landscape can affect biodiversity and other services, including the values that motivated their declaration. Any policy decision in these areas requires quantifying the extent and impact of land-cover changes and their consequences on landscape structure and functioning. In this study we analyze the patterns of change in forest cover during six decades in three mountain National Parks in Spain. Our aim is to quantify those patterns, their effects on the landscape, and discuss the potential consequences for the main natural values and services. We assessed changes in forest cover through reclassification of aerial ortophotographs taken in 1956 57 (past images) and 2016 17 (recent images). The three Parks show a relatively low change in total forest area (+5 10%), and a much larger increase in dense forest (+20 30%), with an important effect of land-use legacies, and similar patterns of landscape homogenization. There were fewer but larger forest patches in 2016 than in 1956, and most of the gain in dense forest occurred in core areas (+20%), while transition areas such as edges, bridges or loops decreased between 30 and 55%. Given their potential consequences on biodiversity and other services, these patterns of land-cover change and landscape configuration should be explicitly considered when designing the sustainable management of abandoned landscapes in protected areas. © 2021 The Author(s) This work was supported by the Spanish National Parks Autonomous Agency (OAPN) through the research grant GESCLIMFOR (979S/2013), and by the Ministry of Science through the project VULBIMON (CGL2017-90040-R) and a Juan de la Cierva contract to Aitor Ameztegui (IJCI-2016-30049).

Submitted by Boris Flegr (boris@uerj.br) on 2021-01-07T14:44:45Z No. of bitstreams: 4 Tese_Salua_Parte 1.pdf: 3129850 bytes, checksum: 374f1940b20528e80caccde6de33a7f3 (MD5) Tese_Salua_Parte 2.pdf: 3713021 bytes, checksum: 9a8d169480dc34afdfc7396183fa96c7 (MD5) Tese_Salua_Parte 3.pdf: 3035037 bytes, checksum: 753519cd50ff503c7410da7b9a76738e (MD5) Tese_Salua_Parte 4.pdf: 3402123 bytes, checksum: ac8c7e76b159fe4dc3ab65dc25be3f0b (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2021-01-07T14:44:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 4 Tese_Salua_Parte 1.pdf: 3129850 bytes, checksum: 374f1940b20528e80caccde6de33a7f3 (MD5) Tese_Salua_Parte 2.pdf: 3713021 bytes, checksum: 9a8d169480dc34afdfc7396183fa96c7 (MD5) Tese_Salua_Parte 3.pdf: 3035037 bytes, checksum: 753519cd50ff503c7410da7b9a76738e (MD5) Tese_Salua_Parte 4.pdf: 3402123 bytes, checksum: ac8c7e76b159fe4dc3ab65dc25be3f0b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019-04-25 For centuries undergoing anthropic activities, the Paraíba do Sul River has been impacted by the installation of several dams in its channel since the middle of the last century. Together, these activities have been changing its hydrological and morphological parameters for decades but, due to its extension of more than 1,100 km, the existing studies focus only on small reaches of the river. This work s proposal was the evaluation of dam impacts on the entire fluvial system vital signs (landscape, hydrosedimentological and morphological parameters). The hydrological series analysis showed decreasing behavior after the beginning of reservoir dams operations in spite of the positive trend observed in the pluviometric series of the same period. The total suspended solids concentration series also showed negative behavior, probably due to sediment trapping in large dam reservoirs and to regulation, which decreases the frequency of flow peaks and, consequently, the volume of sediments transported downstream. Monthly surface water samplings to determine the total suspended solids concentration were carried out at an upstream and a downstream point of one of the Paraiba do Sul reservoir dams and the results corroborated this hypothesis. Using 1965-1966 and 2004-2006 aerial photographs (prior and after the existing dams, respectively) it was possible to evaluate the river s plan view morphological changes. There was a significant decrease in the channel mean width, with the highest percentages observed in the segments immediately after dams, as a consequence of upstream water retention. To evaluate how dams affected the channel longitudinal morphology, slope x distance profiles, constructed from topographic maps elaborated prior to some dam's installation were compared with recent profiles, built from digital elevation models. The emergence of artificial knickpoints in the reaches where two large dams with reservoirs were built showed that these ventures contributed to the evolution of the longitudinal morphology misalignment. The calculation of some parameters extracted from fluvial cross-sectional profiles allowed the verification of how much flow regularization performed by dams affected the expected natural variability of these parameters. Complementing the investigation about the Paraíba do Sul River, a case study at its mouth to estimate the total suspended solids in the final portion of the channel and in the coastal sedimentary plume, in years prior and after the installation of its most recent dam with reservoir, confirmed this construction's impact on the amount of sediments that reaches the channel final stretch before its dispersion into the Atlantic waters. Há séculos submetido a interferências antrópicas, o Rio Paraíba do Sul começou, a partir de meados do século XX, a sofrer também os impactos da instalação de uma série de barragens em seu canal fluvial. Juntas, essas interferências vêm alterando seus parâmetros hidrológicos e morfológicos há décadas e, graças a sua extensão de mais de 1100 km, os estudos existentes se concentram em pequenos trechos do rio. A proposta deste trabalho consistiu na avaliação dos impactos das barragens sobre os sinais vitais (paisagem, parâmetros hidrosedimentológicos e morfológicos) de todo o seu sistema fluvial. A análise das séries hidrológicas do Paraíba do Sul mostrou que suas vazões/cotas vêm apresentando comportamento decrescente, apesar da tendência positiva das séries pluviométricas das últimas décadas. As séries de concentração de material particulado em suspensão também mostraram comportamento negativo ao longo das décadas analisadas, provavelmente graças à retenção de sedimentos nos grandes reservatórios das barragens e à regularização de fluxo realizada por essas estruturas que, ao diminuírem a frequência dos picos de vazão, impactam o volume de sedimentos transportados rio abaixo. Amostragens mensais de água superficial para determinação de concentração de material particulado em suspensão durante dois anos, em um ponto a montante e outro a jusante de uma das barragens com reservatório do Rio Paraíba do Sul, corroboraram essa hipótese. Por meio de fotografias aéreas das décadas de 1950/60 (anteriores à instalação de algumas barragens) e de 2004 a 2006 (posteriores à maioria das barragens existentes), foi possível quantificar as mudanças na sua morfologia de vista em planta. Dentre as alterações identificadas, a mais significativa foi a diminuição da largura média do canal fluvial, com maiores percentuais nos trechos imediatamente a jusante das barragens com reservatório. Para avaliar o quanto as barragens afetaram a morfologia longitudinal do canal foram comparados perfis de declividade x extensão construídos a partir de cartas topográficas elaboradas antes da instalação de algumas barragens com perfis relativamente mais recentes, gerados a partir de modelos digitais de elevação elaborados após a instalação das mesmas. O surgimento de knickpoints artificiais nos locais onde foram construídas duas grandes barragens com reservatório mostrou que essas obras contribuíram com o desequilíbrio da morfologia longitudinal. O cálculo de alguns parâmetros extraídos dos perfis transversais de trechos a montante e a jusante de barragens possibilitou verificar o quanto a regularização que essas obras exercem sobre o fluxo fluvial afetou a variabilidade natural desses parâmetros. Complementando a investigação sobre o Paraíba do Sul, um estudo de caso na foz para estimar o material particulado em suspensão do trecho final do canal e de sua pluma sedimentar costeira, em épocas anteriores e posteriores à instalação de sua mais recente barragem, confirmou o impacto dessa obra sobre a quantidade de sedimentos que chega à porção mais distal do canal fluvial antes de, finalmente, se dispersar nas águas do Atlântico.

Bu çalışma, Türkiye'nin kuzeybatısında yer alan Çan kömür havzasındaki Etili ve Çomaklı açık kömür ocaklarındaki maden göllerinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmanın amacı insansız hava aracı (İHA) kullanılarak elde edilen yüksek çözünürlüklü görüntülerden maden göllerinin üç boyutlu (3B) modellerini oluşturmak ve göller üzerinde meydana gelen antroponejik ve meteorolojik etkilerden kaynaklanan alansal değişimleri tespit etmektir. Kasım 2014, Ekim 2015 ve Kasım 2016 tarihlerinde DJI F550 İHA kullanılarak 30-100 m irtifada gerçekleştirilen uçuşlarda 12 megapiksellik kamera kullanılarak görüntüler elde edilmiştir. Her uçuşta 109 ila 820 fotoğraf çekilerek yirmi altı uçuş tamamlanmıştır. Görüntülerin 3B modellemesi SfM algoritmasını kullanan Agisoft Photoscan yazılımı kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Görüntü eşleştirme, coğrafi referanslama, sayısal yükseklik modellemesi, ortomozaik, 3B nokta bulutu ve 3B sayısal arazi modeli oluşturmayı içeren programın iş akışı, maden göllerinin 3B arazi modelini oluşturmak için kullanılmıştır. Maden göllerinin alanları, ArcGIS yazılımının sayısallaştırma ve sınıflandırma yöntemleri kullanılarak hesaplanmış ve bu iki yöntemin sonuçları karşılaştırılmıştır. Maden göllerinde yapılan İHA çalışması ile antropojenik ve meteorolojik etkilerin neden olduğu topografyadaki değişiklikler hızlı ve hassas bir şekilde tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca İHA kullanımının bu tür etkileri görselleştirmek için etkili bir yöntem olduğu saptanmıştır. This study covers mine lakes on the Etili and Comakli open pit coal mine sites, those located within the Can Coal Basin (Northwestern Turkey). The aim of our study was to create 3D models of mine lakes from high resolution images obtained by using UAV and to determine areal changes due to anthropogenic and meteorological effects on lakes during the study period.In November 2014, October 2015 and November 2016, the DJI F550 UAV was flown at 30-100 m altitude and images acquired using a 12 megapixel camera. Twenty-six flights were completed, with at each flight acquiring between 109 and 820 images. 3D modeling from UAV images was carried out with Agisoft Photoscan software that uses structure from motion algorithm. The workflow of the software, including image matching, georeferencing, digital elevation modeling, orthomosaics, 3D point cloud and 3D textured model creation, was used to construct our 3D terrain model of mine lakes. Area of mine lakes was calculated using digitization and classification methods within the ArcGIS package and results of these two methods were compared. Topograpical changes caused by anthropogenic and meteorological effects on mine lakes were determined rapidly and precisely. It has also proved to be an effective method for visualizing such effects in the short term. 96

Italian archives of aerial photographs have rich and varied holdings, which are a valuable source for the study of the landscape and of cultural heritage, especially in the vast parts of the country that have been affected by significant transformation in the second half of the 20th century. These archives are mostly military (Istituto Geografico Militare www.igmi. org and the Air Force historical archives http://www.aeronautica.difesa.it/storia/ufficiostorico/) with a single exception: the Aerofototeca Nazionale (AFN) http://www.iccd.beniculturali.it/index.php?it/98/aerofototeca-nazionale, the Italian national archive of aerial photography, today part of the Ministero dei Beni e delle Attivití Culturali e del Turismo (Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Tourism http://www.beniculturali.it).

Italian archives of aerial photographs have rich and varied holdings, which are a valuable source for the study of the landscape and of cultural heritage, especially in the vast parts of the country that have been affected by significant transformation in the second half of the 20th century. These archives are mostly military (Istituto Geografico Militare www.igmi. org and the Air Force historical archives http://www.aeronautica.difesa.it/storia/ufficiostorico/) with a single exception: the Aerofototeca Nazionale (AFN) http://www.iccd.beniculturali.it/index.php?it/98/aerofototeca-nazionale, the Italian national archive of aerial photography, today part of the Ministero dei Beni e delle Attività Culturali e del Turismo (Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Tourism http://www.beniculturali.it).

İlk hava fotoğrafçılığı 1856'da Nadar'ın bir balonu ile çekilmiştir. Ardından, hava fotoğrafçılığı I.Dünya Savaşı sırasında düşman bölgelerin keşfi için yararlı bir veri kaynağı haline gelmiştir. İlerleyen süreçlerde arkeoloji, antropolojik araştırma, haritalandırma, coğrafya ve şehir planlaması gibi alanların çoğunda yaygınlaşmaya başlamıştır. Bu gelişmelerle birlikte fotoğraf sanatçıları, farklı bir bakış açısıyla dünyayı gökyüzünden çekmeyi tercih ederek hava fotoğrafçılığını estetik bir düzlemde ele almaya başlamışlardır.21. yüzyılda teknolojinin her alanda gelişerek hayatımıza girdiği gibi görüntüleme ve resimleme alanında da hayatımızın önemli bir parçası haline gelmeye başlamıştır. Hava fotoğraflarının da bu doğrultuda günümüz çağdaş fotoğraf sanatındaki kullanımı gün geçtikçe geniş bir alana yayılmaya başlamıştır. Son teknolojiyle birlikte dronelar ve insansız hava uçakları sayesinde yeryüzünde kuş bakışı ile yakalanan tüm görüntüler, yüksek çözünürlük performansıyla çekilebilmektedir.Sanata bakan yönüyle fotoğraf daima tartışılmıştır. Fotoğrafın bir sanat olup olmadığına dair bir tartışma, sanattaki insan yaratısının arka plana atılıp teknolojik yaratının ön plana çıkmasından kaynaklanmaktadır. Söz konusu fotoğraf, genellikle sanatsal yanı haricinde toplumlarla iç içe olduğu için, yani teknik, endüstriyel ve bilimsel yönden olan hizmetleri insan topluluklarına daha çok sunulmuş olduğundan sanat olarak gerçek değerinin farkına varılamamaktadır.Tüm bunlarla birlikte bu çalışma giriş ve sonuç bölümlerinin haricinde üç bölümden oluşmaktadır. İlk bölümde fotoğrafın tarihi gelişimine değinilerek hava fotoğrafçılığının tarihsel temelleri üzerinde durulmuştur. Yine aynı bölümde hava fotoğrafının ve hava fotoğrafçısının özellikleri değerlendirilmiştir. İkinci bölümde hava fotoğrafından kullanılan teknik ekipmanlara dile getirilerek hava fotoğrafının kullanım alanları olan askeri, arkeoloji ve coğrafya disiplinleri için ifade ettiği önem açıklanmıştır. Son bölüm olan üçüncü bölümde ise çağdaş bir sanat çerçevesinden hava fotoğrafçılığının estetik algısı ve bu estetik algıyı şekillendiren görsel faktörler değerlendirilmiştir. Bunlara ek olarak dünyaca ünlü hava fotoğrafçılarının sanat tavırları ve eserleri üzerinden hava fotoğrafı estetik düzlemde değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca ulusal bazda hava fotoğrafçısı olan isimlere ve onların eserlerine de yer verilmiştir. Sonuç kısmında hava fotoğrafının diğer bilimsel disiplinlere kaynaklık eden görsel bir veri olmasının yanında sanatsal bir estetik kaygı ile ortaya konulduğu üzerine genel bir değerlendirme yapılarak çalışma nihayete erdirilmiştir. The first aerial photography was shot in 1856 with a balloon of Nadar. Then, aerial photography has become a useful source of data for the discovery of enemy regions during World War I. In the following processes, archeology, anthropological research, mapping, geography and urban planning have become widespread. Together with these developments, photographers prefer to take the world from the sky with a different perspective and take aerial photography into an aesthetic plane.In the 21st century, technology has become an important part of our life in the field of imaging and illustration as it has developed in every field and entered our lives. In this direction, the use of aerial photographs in today's contemporary photography art has begun to capture a large area. Thanks to the latest technology, drones and unmanned aerial drones (UAV), all images captured with a bird's eye view on earth can be taken with high resolution and performance.The photographs are always discussed in the aspect of facing the art. A discussion of whether photography is an art stems from the creation of the human creature in art and the technological creation. Since the photograph in question is often intertwined with societies other than the artistic side, that is to say, technical, industrial and scientific services are presented more in human societies.In addition to this, this study consists of three parts except the introduction and conclusion sections. In the first chapter, the historical development of photography is emphasized and the historical basis of aerial photography is emphasized. In the same section, the features of aerial photography and aerial photographer were evaluated. In the second chapter, the technical equipment used in the aerial photography is explained and the importance of the aerial fography for military, archeology and geography disciplines is explained. In the third chapter, the aesthetic perception of aerial photography from a contemporary art framework and the visual factors that shape this aesthetic perception are evaluated. In addition to these, the aerial photography has been evaluated on the aesthetic plane through the art behaviors and works of the world famous aerial photographers. In the conclusion part, the study was finalized by making a general evaluation on the fact that aerial photography was presented with an artistic aesthetic concern besides being a visual data which is the source of other scientific disciplines. 136

Spatial and temporal changes of coastal vegetation since the 1950s along the southern Iberian Peninsula coast (Andalusia, Spain), have been analysed. Three examples have been selected: one on the Atlantic coast (Punta Umbria, Huelva) and two in the Mediterranean: Marbella (Malaga) and Punta Entinas-Sabinar (Almeria). The three areas are currently included in the Andalusian Network of Protected Natural Areas (RENPA). Aerial photographs dated in the years 1956-57 have been used and compared with the most recent (2013) using photointerpretation techniques and GIS (geographic information system) software. Observations have been completed with phytosociological data and historical cartography (forest and vegetation maps) that allowed us to analyse and identify the different communities and their transformation over 60 years. The results show the changes and impacts linked to the anthropic actions in this territory. In recent decades, the reforestation and expansion of urbanized areas are the main cause of coastal ecosystem alteration, especially affecting the Marbella coast that has had its dune system considerably reduced. Se analizan los cambios espaciales y temporales de la vegetación costera del sur de la Península Ibérica (Andalucía, España) en las últimas décadas. Se han seleccionado tres ejemplos: uno en la costa atlántica. (Punta Umbría, Huelva) y dos en la mediterránea: Cabopino, Marbella (Málaga) y Punta Entinas-Sabinar (Almería). Actualmente, una parte de estos territorios está incluida en la Red de Espacios Protegidos de Andalucía (RENPA). Se han utilizado fotografías aéreas de los años 1956-57 y comparado con las más recientes (2013), usando técnicas de fotointerpretación y GIS (sistema de información geográfica). Las observaciones se han completado con datos fitosociológicos y cartografía histórica (mapas de bosques y vegetación) que nos ha permitido analizar e identificar las diferentes comunidades y su transformación en los últimos 60 años. Los resultados muestran la variación experimentada en estas zonas y los diferentes impactos vinculados a las acciones antrópicas en el territorio. En las últimas décadas la reforestación y expansión de áreas urbanizadas han sido la causa principal de alteración de los ecosistemas costeros, que han afectado especialmente a la costa de Marbella que ha perdido de forma considerable el sistema dunar.

Sedimentary coastal areas change rapidly and are economically and environmentally important. This research focuses on determining the extent to which natural dynamics and human activity have contributed to visible changes on Rodas, C&iacute, es Islands in southwestern Galicia (NW Spain). The number of visitors to the islands has increased in recent years, and the port infrastructure has therefore been expanded. Previously, this zone experimented with important sand extraction phases. These changes have influenced the ecosystem directly by modifying the sedimentary behavior and indirectly by promoting even greater numbers of visitors to the area. Aerial images and orthophotographs of the study zone were examined to identify changes that have taken place over the last sixty-one years (1956&ndash, 2017). Changes in the position of the shoreline, defined as the boundary of the dune vegetation, were mapped at different times between 1956 and 2017. Changes in the shoreline were quantified using GIS (Geographic Information System) technology and Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) software. The findings revealed that the system regressed by more than 30 m between 1956 and 1981, in part as a result of sand extraction. We also identified different erosion/accretion phases that occurred before the reformation of the Rodas dock in 2010. The system is currently undergoing important changes, especially in the northern area, with a regression of 14.14 m in the last seven years. In this context, LiDAR analysis from 2010 and 2015 using Geomorphic Change Detection (GCD) tools allowed variations in the dune system to be verified. The elevation in the study zone increased in 83% of the area, mainly in the frontal dune and close to the winter inlet (north sector). However, the variations were very small.

This study presents a successful combination of different remote sensing data used in a long-term retrospective investigation of a large and destructive deep-seated, slow-moving landslide reactivated on 16 July 2015 in Devrek District (Zonguldak, Turkey). To this aim, Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data were used for Interferometric SAR (InSAR) time-series analysis together with unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) images and aerial photographs for digital photogrammetric analysis. The SAR dataset was divided into three sub-periods: 1) 1992-2001 for ERS-1 and ERS-2 satellites; 2) 2003-2010 for Envisat ASAR; and 3) 2014-2015 for Sentinel-1. Persistent Scatterers Interferometry (PSI) was applied for each sub-period. In total, 20 aerial photographs, dating from as early as 1944, were obtained, along with data from a UAV flight mission conducted on 23 June 2018. The historical aerial photographs revealed that the region has had a landslide problem since the 1940s. Between 1944 and 2018, a noticeable expansion of the settlement area towards the toe of the landslide was also observed. Aerial photographs (1984 and 2011) and UAV images (2018) were used to map landslide deformations using the M3C2 algorithm. Due to the high number of modelling errors, the 1984 and 2011 aerial photographs did not allow mapping of the landslide deformations. However, it was possible to determine them for the periods of 2011 and 2018. The M3C2 results between 2011 and 2018 were also compared to the PSI results, which were quite compatible with those obtained via photogrammetric methods. Moreover, two orthophotos belonging to 2011 and 2018 were used to reveal the horizontal displacement of buildings caused by the landslide. As a result, the complete investigation of the landslide performed in this study may serve to facilitate additional plans and strategies for prevention and mitigation of potential reactivations in the future. Restrained Dataset Project [31237] The authors are grateful to ESA for providing ERS-1/2 and Envisat ASAR satellite data with the Restrained Dataset Project (Proposal Number: 31237). WOS:000583955200053 2-s2.0-85090335012

Runoff erosion is an important theme in hydrological investigations. Models assessing soil erosion are based on various algorithms that determine the relief coefficient using rasterized digital elevation models (DEMs). For evaluation of soil loss, the most-used model worldwide is the USLE (Universal Soil Loss Equation), where the most essential part is the LS parameter, which is, in turn, generated from two parameters: L (slope length coefficient) and S (slope inclination). The most significant limitation of LS is the difficulty in obtaining the data needed to generate detailed DEMs. We investigated three popular data generation methods: aerial photographs (AP), aerial laser scanning (ALS), and terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) by assessing the quality and effect of DEMs generated from each method over an area of 40 m × 200 m in Silesia, Poland. Additionally, the relationship between particular LSUSLE parameter components was carried out based on its final distribution. Our results show that resolution strongly influences DEMs and the LSUSLE parameters. We found a strong relationship between the degree of height data resolution and the accuracy level of the calculated parameters. Based on our investigations we confirmed the highest influence on the LSUSLE came from the S parameter. Additionally, we concluded that in examinations over large areas, terrestrial laser scanners are not ideal; the benefits of their additional accuracy are outweighed by the additional time and labor consumption; in addition, terrestrial-based scans are sometimes not possible due to ground obstacles the limited scope of most lasers. Aerial photographs or point clouds generated by aerial laser scanners are sufficient for most purposes connected with surface flow, and further developments can be based on the use of these techniques for obtaining ground information for modeling erosion processes.

Inventory maps of earthquake-triggered landslides can be constructed using several methods, which are often subject to obvious differences due to lack of commonly accepted criteria or principles. To solve this problem, the author describes the principles for preparing inventory maps of earthquake-triggered landslides, focusing on varied methods and their criteria. The principles include the following key points: all landslides should be mapped as long as they can be recognized from images; both the boundary and source area position of landslides should be mapped; spatial distribution pattern of earthquake-triggered landslides should be continuous; complex landslides should be divided into distinct groups; three types of errors such as precision of the location and boundary of landslides, false positive errors, and false negative errors of earthquake-triggered landslide inventories should be controlled and reduced; and inventories of co-seismic landslides should be constructed by the visual interpretation method rather than automatic extraction of satellite images or/and aerial photographs. In addition, selection of remote sensing images and creation of landslides attribute database are also discussed in this paper. Then the author applies these principles to produce inventory maps of four events: the 12 May 2008 Wenchuan, China Mw 7.9, 14 April 2010 Yushu, China Mw 6.9, 12 January 2010 Haiti Mw 7.0, and 2007 Aysen Fjord, Chile Mw 6.2. The results show obvious differences in comparison with previous studies by other researchers, which again attest to the necessity of establishment of unified principles for preparation of inventory maps of earthquake-triggered landslides.

Geomorphological changes in recent decades in three estuaries along the Iberian coast were analysed using aerial orthophotographs. A hierarchical classification scheme, based on a literature review representing 26 estuarine eco-geomorphological features relevant to estuarine dynamics and functioning, is described. The estuaries selected were San Vicente de la Barquera (N Spain), Guadiana River (SW border between Spain and Portugal) and the Ebro River Delta mouth (NE Spain). For these systems, a 60-year time series of high-resolution maps was developed, analysing the changes in feature surfaces. The main subsystems analysed were beach, dunes, saltmarshes and the drainage network. The results of the cartographies showed general behaviour common to all transitional systems, relationships among main subsystems and processes inherent to each one. This work illustrates how beaches and dunes serve as a protective barrier for the tidal flats, acting as a sediment buffer for the entire system. The subsystems are connected by the drainage network responsible for the exchange of matter and energy between them. Furthermore, an accuracy assessment was performed in one of the study zones to identify the limitations of mapping with aerial photographs. The results explain the changes with time but also the processes and relationships between the estuarine features at a long-term scale. This work adds an important perspective towards a general understanding of their dependence on intrinsic and boundary conditions.

In this paper we present a methodological workflow to obtain planimetric and topographic data from historical aerial photos using photogrammetric methods through Structure from Motion (SfM) and Multi-View Stereo (MVS) algorithms. This methodology is applied in two case studies located in the Upper Cinca River catchment (Southern Pyrenees). These sites have suffered a series of direct anthropogenic disturbances that have modified landscape topography. Specifically, topographic changes associated with the construction of a road and the extraction of materials from a pit quarry have been analysed. The resultant products extracted by the application of SfM-MVS are orthomosaics with a root mean square error (RMSE) between 0.5 and 1 m, and points clouds (topography) with a RMSE between 1 and 2 m. The topography before and after each of the impacts was compared with the objective to analyse the changes attributed to these disturbances. A simple minimum Level of Detection (minLoD) was estimated based on the RMSEs in order to distinguish potential real changes from those due to the noise ascribable to the uncertainty of the topographic data sets. The significance of both impacts is relevant in terms of topographic changes (from -20 to +15 m). The dominant topographic change (in extension) in the case of the road construction (51% of the surface) is extraction (i.e. erosion). In the case of the pit quarry, the dominant process is deposition (i.e. sedimentation; 27% of the area). The extension below the minLoD is around the 23% and 48%, respectively, indicating that the magnitude of the changes is substantially higher in the case of the road construction. In both cases the net volume is negative (-913,710 and -16,197 m3 in the case of the road and the quarry, respectively), that show the differences in terms of the extension of the processes and their magnitude in each case study. Finally, both impacts had a direct effect on landscape morphometry (e.g. changes in the slope and flow direction). The developed approach provides an opportunity to analysed and quantify landscape changes that may help to improve our understanding of the long-term evolution of the transfer of water and sediment through landscapes.

Aiming to obtain an estimate of the changes in the position of the upper boundary of open spruce forests in the Zigal’ga mountain ridge (South Urals), we used a set of methods: a comparison of aerial photographs, satellite images, and repeated landscape photographs made at different times. A qualitative and quantitative assessment of these changes for the period from 1958 to 2012 was made. The results of the study show that tree vegetation has been actively expanding to higher elevations over the past 54 years. Altitudinal shift of upper boundaries of open forests along the median was 0.74 m/year, and horizontal shift was 0.20 m/year. Expanding open forests are explained by climate warming and increasing humidity, especially in the cold period of the year in the South Urals. © 2018 CEUR-WS. All rights reserved. This work was supported by RFBR grant 16-05-00454.

Uzaktan algılama tekniklerinin doğal afetlerde kullanımı teknolojik ve bilimsel gelişmelere bağlı olarak artmaktadır. Bu nedenle bu çalışmada insansız hava aracı (İHA) sistemleri, lazer tarama sistemleri (hava ve yersel), Sentetik Açıklıklı Radar (SAR) interferometri (InSAR) ve optik sayısal fotogrametri modern uzaktan algılama tekniklerinin üç ayrı ülkede (Türkiye, Avusturya ve İsviçre) yer alan beş ayrı çalışma alanında heyelan ve kar/çığ çalışmalarına yönelik uygulamaları yapılmıştır. Avusturya (Gallenzerkogel ve Gschliefgraben heyelanları) ve Türkiye'de (Himmetoğlu ve Devrek heyelanları) ikişer adet alanda heyelan çalışması ve İsviçre'de (Dischma vadisi) kar derinlik haritalama ve kar erimesinin izlenmesi çalışması yapılmıştır. Avusturya'daki heyelan sahalarında İHA ve hava lazer tarama verileri ile heyelan izleme, Türkiye'deki heyelan sahalarında InSAR zaman serileri (Persistent Scatterers Interferometry, PSI ve Small Baseline Subset, SBAS analizleri), İHA ve optik sayısal fotogrametri teknikleri ile heyelan deformasyon haritalama, İsviçre'de ise İHA ve yersel lazer tarama verileri ile kar derinlik haritalama ve kar örtüsü erimesinin izlenmesi çalışması yapılmıştır. Gschliefgraben heyelan alanında sadece hava lazer tarama verisi ile nokta bulutu karşılaştırma teknikleri ve sayısal görüntü korelasyon teknikleri ile heyelan deformasyonlarının ve yerdeğiştirme alanlarının belirlenmesi çalışması yapılmıştır. Gallenzerkogel heyelan alanında yaklaşık bir yıllık dönem için üç ayrı İHA verisi ve heyelan öncesi hava lazer tarama verisi kullanılarak hem Sayısal Yükseklik Modeli (DEM) farkları hem de modern nokta bulutu karşılaştırma algoritması olan M3C2 yöntemi kullanılarak heyelan izleme çalışması yapılmıştır. Dischma vadisinde ise yaklaşık bir aylık dönemde temin edilen beş ayrı İHA ve yersel lazer tarama (TLS) verisi ile kar erimesinin izlenmesi çalışması yapılmıştır. İHA ve TLS verileri zaman serileri kullanılarak kar erimesine ilişkin ilk örnek bir çalışma yapılmıştır. Zonguldak ili Devrek ilçesi Karşıyaka mahallesi heyelan alanında eski tarihli hava fotoğrafları ve İHA verileri ile birlikte ERS-1/2, Envisat ASAR ve Sentinel-1 C band SAR görüntüleri ile uzun dönemli (1992-2015) deformasyon haritalama için PSI analizi yapılmıştır. Bolu ili Göynük ilçesi Himmetoğlu köyü heyelan alanında ise İHA verisi ile birlikte, Sentinel-1 C band SAR görüntüleri ile PSI ve SBAS analizleri yapılarak yüzey deformasyonlarını izleme çalışması yapılmıştır. Gerçekleştirilen örnek uygulamalar ile doğal afetlerde gelişmiş uzaktan algılama tekniklerinin kullanım imkânları değerlendirilmiştir. The use of remote sensing techniques in natural hazards has been increasing due to technological and scientific developments. The present study examined the use of modern remote sensing techniques in landslide and snow/avalanche case applications within five study areas selected from three countries (i.e., Turkey, Austria and Switzerland). These selected modern remote sensing techniques included unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) systems, laser scanning systems (aerial and terrestrial), Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) interferometry (InSAR), and optical aerial photogrammetry. The landslide studies were carried out within two study areas in Turkey (Himmetoğlu and Devrek) and two in Austria (Gallenzerkogel and Gschliefgraben), while the snow/avalanche study was conducted in one study area in Switzerland (Dischma valley). Both UAV and aerial laser scanning data were used for landslide monitoring in the study areas located in Austria and the InSAR time series together with UAV and optical aerial photogrammetry were used for landslide monitoring in the study areas in Turkey. However, only UAV and terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) were used for monitoring snow depth mapping and snow cover ablation in the study area in Switzerland. For the monitoring of the Gschliefgraben landslide, only techniques for comparison of point clouds and the digital image correlation method were used via the available aerial laser scanning data. However, both UAV and laser scanning data were used to monitor the Gallenzerkogel landslide using both the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of difference and the M3C2 algorithm, an advanced point cloud comparison method. A case study was carried out for monitoring snow cover ablation with UAV and TLS data obtained as a five-time series over the period of a month in Dischma valley (Davos, Switzerland). This case study is one of the first in which snow cover ablation was monitored using both UAV and TLS. For a long-term period (1992-2015), the surface deformation due to the Karşıyaka Road landslide (Devrek, Zonguldak) was monitored and mapped via persistent scatterers interferometry (PSI) analysis carried out using C-band SAR images from ERS-1/2, Envisat ASAR, and Sentinel-1 satellites. In addition to data from SAR satellites, the aerial photographs and UAV data were also used. Both PSI and small baseline subset (SBAS) analysis were carried out together with UAV data in order to obtain C-band SAR images of the surface deformation caused by the Himmetoğlu Village landslide (Göynük, Bolu) from the Sentinel-1 satellite. The usage possibilities of advanced remote sensing techniques in natural hazards were evaluated based on the findings of these case studies. 262

New tools for soil mapping are needed to increase speed and accuracy of pedological mapping processes. This study integrated various technologies to map soils of the Piracicaba region in São Paulo State, Brazil. Each technology was expected to provide different information to design a detailed map. We carried out field survey and soil sampling for laboratory analysis. Initially, we conducted field visits to obtain soil patterns of a reference site. We applied the acquired patterns to an validation site, based solely on information obtained from remote sensing and cartographic databases, namely LANDSAT 7/ETM, digital elevation models (DEM) and aerial photographs. We integrated the information from each product to generate the map of the validation site, which was validated by field inspection. Textural classification using satellite imaging ranged from 21-51% of accuracy. Band 5 in the sensor showed the best performance to discriminate between clayey and sandy soils. Aerial photographs provided the best information because, besides their own inherent characteristics, they operate on a larger scale and result in a map with up to 50 polygons, while DEM reached a maximum of 30 polygons. The digital mapping technology generated 45 mapping units. Finally, the mapping efficiently separated the Latosols from the other classes; however, in some cases there was confusion in the identification of Cambisols and litholic Neosols.

As zonas costeiras estão em constante processo de pressão, tanto pela ação humana, que acaba rompendo o equilíbrio dominante, como pela ação da natureza, que está ligada principalmente a fatores geológicos, fatores climáticos e à dinâmica costeira. Neste trabalho buscou-se analisar a evolução do processo de ocupação urbana na faixa oceânica no município de Santa Vitória do Palmar, nos balneários do Hermenegildo e da Barra do Chuí, devido ao fato de esse local apresentar problemas em seu processo de urbanização, que se configuram pela falta de planejamento e de ordenamento territorial. Para essa análise, utilizou-se produtos de sensoriamento remoto em escala multitemporal, com perspectivas temporais em que se pode trabalhar e entender as rupturas de paradigmas em diferentes momentos históricos. Para isso, foram feitas análises em um levantamento aerofotogramétrico, adquirido pelo Exército Brasileiro, na Escala 1:75.000 do ano de 1964, análises em Imagens de Satélite Landsat TM7, do ano de 1996 e Imagens de Satélite QuickBird do ano de 2010. Portanto, esse trabalho propôs uma análise em escala multitemporal no processo de urbanização dos balneários do Hermenegildo e da Barra do Chuí, para um melhor entendimento do porquê dos problemas com as construções residenciais na faixa frontal ao Oceano Atlântico, que tem levando muitos moradores a perda total de suas residências. Verificou-se que a evolução dos percentuais de ocupação urbana nos balneários do Hermenegildo e da Barra do Chuí foi bastante significativa, sendo o que os dois balneários apresentaram crescimento mais elevado nas três primeiras décadas analisadas e ainda concluiu-se que no último intervalo da análise os índices de crescimento urbano foram menores para os dois balneários, recomendando-se maiores estudos e monitoramento dos vetores de crescimento urbano para ambos os balneários, com maior atenção para o balneário do Hermenegildo, devido ao grave problema de erosão costeira. Coastal zones are constantly affected by the pressure process, caused by the human action, which ends up breaking the dominant balance, as well as by the action of the nature, which is mainly related to geologic and climatic factors and to the coastal dynamic. This study aims to analyze the urban occupation evolution process along Santa Vitória do Palmar coastline, especially Balneário do Hermenegildo and Balneário da Barra do Chuí, considering the fact that this specific territory presents lots of problems concerning its urbanization process. For this analysis, images captured by remote sensing were used in a multitemporal scale, trough time perspectives that enable this study to develop and understand the paradigmatic ruptures in different historical periods. In order to do so, different types of images were analyzed, such as the aerial photogrammetric survey, taken by the Brazilian Army, in the 1:75.000 scale of 1964, TM7 Landsat Satellite Images, taken in 1996, and QuickBird Satellite Images, taken in 2010. Therefore, this study promoted an analysis in a multitemporal scale of the urbanization process regarding the territory already mentioned, in order to discover the causes of the problems involving residential constructions located on the frontal area of the Atlantic Ocean, which might be the reason why the residents are totally losing their residences. It was found that the development of the urban occupation percentage in Balneário do Hermenegildo and Balneário da Barra do Chuí was very significant, based upon the fact that both beaches present a notorious increase on the first three analyzed decades and, beyond that, it was concluded that during the last interval of the analysis, the urban growth indices were lower for both, suggesting that this field demands more studies and monitoring of the urban growth vectors for both beaches, attaching particular attention to Balneário do Hermenegildo because of its severe coastal erosion problem.

U radu se donose podatci o trima manje poznatim arheološkim lokalitetima smještenim na području sela Radučić kod Knina. Prvi lokalitet nedavno je otkriveni rimski kastel u zaselku Bjelobrci u Prnadovcu, izgrađen uz važne antičke prometnice, oko 2 km istočno od legijskoga kastruma u Burnumu. Drugi lokalitet je malo poznata srednjovjekovna utvrda čiji se skromni ostatci nalaze iznad slapa Bilušića buk na Krki. Treći lokalitet je nekadašnji riječni prijelaz Bobodol u kanjonu Krke, na kojemu su pronađeni ostatci mosta i drugi zanimljivi nalazi iz rimskoga razdoblja. Na novovjekovnim zemljovidima na ovome su lokalitetu prikazana dva riječna otoka s nepoznatom srednjovjekovnom crkvom., The paper provides evidence on three less known archaeological sites located in the area of the village of Radučić near Knin. The first of them is the recently discovered Roman castellum in the hamlet of Bjelobrci in Prnadovac, built along important Roman roads, approx. 2 kilometers east of the Roman legionary castrum in Burnum. The second one is the little-known medieval fortification the poorly preserved remnants of which can be seen above the Bilušića buk waterfall on the River Krka. The third site is Bobodol, a former river crossing in the Krka canyon with remnants of a bridge and other interesting finds from the Roman period. Modern maps of this site show two river islands with an unidentified medieval church.