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Objective: Excessive crying in infancy has been associated with increased risk of later behavioral problems. To identify individuals at risk for behavioral problems and to understand the mechanisms underlying excessive crying and irritability in infancy, research into the neurobiology of excessive crying is needed. We examined whether excessive crying and irritability in infancy are associated with behavioral problems and amygdala volume among children and adolescents. Method: This study included 4,751 singleton children from the prospective population-based Generation R Study cohort, born in the Netherlands in 2002 to 2006. Excessive crying (>3 hours on at least 1 day/wk) and irritability (Mother and Baby Scales questionnaire) were parent-rated at 3 months. Amygdala volume was measured at 10 years using magnetic resonance imaging, and internalizing and externalizing were parent-rated at 1.5, 3, 6, 10, and 14 years and self-rated at 14 years. Covariates included child age, sex, national origin, gestational age, and maternal age, psychopathology score, parity, education, relationship status, and family income. Results: Children who cried excessively in infancy had higher parent-rated internalizing (effect estimate = 0.20 SD-units, 95% CI = 0.14, 0.27) and externalizing (0.17 SD-units, 95% CI = 0.10, 0.24) throughout childhood (linear mixed models), and smaller amygdala volume at 10 years (−0.19 SD-units, 95% CI = −0.32, −0.06) (linear regression model). The pattern of associations for both behavioral problems and amygdala volume was similar for irritability. Conclusion: Excessive crying and irritability in infancy may reflect an early vulnerability to behavioral problems and may be linked with neurobiological differences in the development of the amygdala.

We extend the existing literature on gender differences in competitive behavior by investigating tournament entry choices when a principal decides for an agent. In a laboratory experiment, we randomly assign subjects the role of either principal or agent. The principal decides whether the agent performs a real-effort task under piece-rate or tournament incentives. When deciding, the principal is informed about the agent’s previous performance, age, and residency. Between treatments, we vary whether the principal knows the agent’s gender. In a baseline treatment, we replicate the standard setting in which subjects decide for themselves whether to compete. Our main findings are, first, that there is no gender gap in tournament entry when principals decide for agents as opposed to the baseline treatment. Second, the gender gap closes because more women are made to compete by principals. Third, whereas there is no gender gap in either of the principal treatments, revealing the agent’s gender is associated with higher overall tournament entry rates. Exploratory analyses of principals’ choice determinants reveal a positive effect of preferences to take risks, competitiveness, and confidence in agents’ performances on making agents compete. In addition, we find no difference in how principals evaluate male and female agents’ performances. Finally, we test the efficiency of principals’ competition choices and show that they lead to fewer payoff-maximizing outcomes than when subjects decide for themselves. Additionally, overall tournament performances and winners’ performances are lower when agents are made to compete, but this effect is not robust to controlling for agents’ previous performances. This paper was accepted by Yan Chen, behavioral economics and decision analysis. Funding: This work was supported by L. Meltzers Høyskolefond; Austrian Science Fund [Grant SFB F63 “Credence Goods, Incentives and Behavior”], and the Department of Economics at the University of Bergen. Also, we are grateful for funding from the Equal Opportunity Coordination Office of the University of Regensburg and its faculty of Business and Economics. Supplemental Material: The supplementary online material and data are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.4413 .

Background Parental education is one of the best predictors of child school achievement. Higher parental education is not only associated with higher child intelligence, but children from highly educated parents also perform better in school due to other family related factors. This study evaluates the relation between parental education, child non-verbal intelligence and parenting practices with child school achievement. Methods Longitudinal data from a large population-based, multi-ethnic cohort of children in the Netherlands (63% Dutch origin) followed from birth to age 13 years (3547 children; 52.3% girls) were analyzed. School achievement was measured at the end of primary school (12 years of age) with a national Dutch academic test score. Parental education was assessed at age 3 years. The non-verbal intelligence of the child was measured at age 6 years and a full intelligence was measured at age 13 years. Maternal and paternal family routines, harsh parenting and corporal punishment were assessed in early and mid-childhood. Mediation analysis was performed with the G-formula and Structural Equation Models. Results Child intelligence partially mediated [B indirect effect =0.54 95% CI (0.46, 0.62) P Conclusions Higher parental education was associated with better school achievement through two independent mechanisms, through higher intelligence of the child and parenting practices.

DNA methylation; Cognitive function; Cord blood Metilació de l'ADN; Funció cognitiva; Sang de cordó Metilación del ADN; Función cognitiva; Sangre de cordón Lower fine motor performance in childhood has been associated with poorer cognitive development and neurodevelopmental conditions such as autism spectrum disorder, yet, biological underpinnings remain unclear. DNA methylation (DNAm), an essential process for healthy neurodevelopment, is a key molecular system of interest. In this study, we conducted the first epigenome-wide association study of neonatal DNAm with childhood fine motor ability and further examined the replicability of epigenetic markers in an independent cohort. The discovery study was embedded in Generation R, a large population-based prospective cohort, including a subsample of 924 ~ 1026 European-ancestry singletons with available data on DNAm in cord blood and fine motor ability at a mean (SD) age of 9.8 (0.4) years. Fine motor ability was measured using a finger-tapping test (3 subtests including left-, right-hand and bimanual), one of the most frequently used neuropsychological instruments of fine motor function. The replication study comprised 326 children with a mean (SD) age of 6.8 (0.4) years from an independent cohort, the INfancia Medio Ambiente (INMA) study. Four CpG sites at birth were prospectively associated with childhood fine motor ability after genome-wide correction. Of these, one CpG (cg07783800 in GNG4) was replicated in INMA, showing that lower levels of methylation at this site were associated with lower fine motor performance in both cohorts. GNG4 is highly expressed in the brain and has been implicated in cognitive decline. Our findings support a prospective, reproducible association between DNAm at birth and fine motor ability in childhood, pointing to GNG4 methylation at birth as a potential biomarker of fine motor ability. The EWAS data was funded by a grant from the Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)/Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA; project nr. 050-060-810), funds from the Genetic Laboratory of the Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, and a grant from the National Institute of Child and Human Development (R01HD068437). HT was supported by a grant of the Dutch Ministry of Education, Culture, and Science and the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO grant No. 024.001.003, Consortium on Individual Development). FS was supported by a Royal Netherlands Academy of Science and Art (KNAW) Van Leersum fellowship. ML is supported by the scholarship from the China Scholarship Council (201706990036). CC is supported by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under grant agreements No 101039672 (TEMPO) and No 848158 (EarlyCause). This project received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (733206, LifeCycle).The epigenetic studies in INMA were mainly funded by grants from Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Red INMA G03/176, CB06/02/0041, CP18/00018), Spanish Ministry of Health (FIS-PI04/1436, FIS-PI08/1151 including FEDER funds, FIS-PI11/00610, FIS-FEDER-PI06/0867, FIS-FEDER-PI03-1615) Generalitat de Catalunya-CIRIT 1999SGR 00241, Fundació La marató de TV3 (090430), EU Commission (261357-MeDALL: Mechanisms of the Development of ALLergy), and European Research Council (268479-BREATHE: BRain dEvelopment and Air polluTion ultrafine particles in scHool childrEn).

Fairness preferences of Norwegian and US elected representatives

Between March 5 and July 25, 2020, the total number of SARS-CoV-2 confirmed cases in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BH) was 10 090 corresponding to a cumulative incidence rate of 285.7 per 100 000 population. Demographic and clinical information on all the cases along with exposure and contact information was collected using a standardized case report form. In suspected SARS-CoV-2 cases, respiratory specimens were collected and tested by real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) assay. The dynamic of the outbreak was summarized using epidemiological curves, instantaneous reproduction number Rt and interactive choropleth maps for geographical distribution and spread. The rate of hospitalization was 14.0 % (790/5646) in Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBH) and 6.2 % (267/4299) in Republic of Srpska (RS). The death rate was 2.2% (122/5646) in FBH and 3.6% in the RS (155/4299). After the authorities lifted mandatory quarantine restrictions, the basic reproduction number increased from 1.13 on May, the 20th to 1.72 on May the 31st. The outbreak concerns both entities, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska, and it is more pronounced in those aged 20-44 years. It is important to develop the communication and emergency plan for the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in BH, including the mechanisms to allow the ongoing notification and updates at the national level.

PurposeThis study examined how youth would mitigate non-medical use of prescription medication among their peers.Design/methodology/approachThe National Monitoring of Adolescent Prescription Stimulants Study (N-MAPSS) was conducted as an interview comprising 11,048 youth of 10–18 years of age between 2008 and 2011 from entertainment venues of 10 US urban, suburban, and rural areas. Using a mixed-methods approach, participants completed a survey culminating in open-ended questions asking: (1) How should kids your age be informed about prescription drugs and their effects? (2) If you ran the world, how would you stop kids from taking other people’s prescription medicines? (3) Why do people use prescription stimulants without a prescription? Responses from a random sample of 900 children were analyzed using qualitative thematic analyses.FindingsThe random sample of 900 youth (52 percent female, 40 percent white, with a mean age of 15.1 years) believed they should be educated about prescription drugs and their negative effects at schools, at home by parents, through the media, and health professionals. Youth would stop kids from using other people’s prescription drugs through more stringent laws that restricted use, and providing education about negative consequences of use. Peer pressure was the most common reason the youth gave for using other’s pills, though some reported taking them out of curiosity.Originality/valueThe importance of considering youth’s opinions on non-medical use of prescription medications is often overlooked. This evidence, from a peer perspective, could end the illicit use of prescription drugs among today’s youth.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease characterised by a wide range of symptoms and a highly unpredictable prognosis, which can severely affect patient quality of life.The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of gender, age and marital status on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in MS patients.This study included 100 MS patients treated at the Department of Neurology, Clinical Center University of Sarajevo. Inclusion criteria were an Expanded Disability Status Scale score between 1.0 and 6.5, age between 18 and 65 years, stable disease on enrollment. HRQOL was evaluated by the Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life-54 questionnaire (MSQoL-54). Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis test were used for comparisons. Linear regression analyses were performed to evaluate prediction value of gender, age and marital status on both physical and mental HRQOL.Women had significantly lower QOL scores then men in pain scale (55.00 vs. 76.67; p0, 05). Younger patients had better physical (54.58 vs. 37.90; p0.05) and mental health (59.55 vs. 45.90; p0.05) composite scores. Patients with earlier age of onset scored significantly higher in health perception domain scale (45.00 vs. 32.50, p0.05). Married patinets scored higher in physical and mental composite scores but with no significant difference except in sexual function (87,51 vs 70, 86, p0,05) and emotional well being (66,67 vs 33,33; p0,05) scales. Patient age retined its independent predictivity of physical health composite score (rAging in MS proved to be important negative factor in predicting physical domains of QOL. Interventions for reducing difficulties caused by physical limitations in older patients, higher level of psychological support for patients with late onset disease and social support for those living alone are important factors in improving HRQOL in MS patients.

Why choose less money over more when no one is watching? A central tenet of economics is that this behaviour can be explained by intrinsic motivation. But what does intrinsic motivation entail? What encourages it? This paper answers these questions through a Smithian lens: moral motivation includes not only a naturally strong love of praise and dread of blame but also a natural, and stronger, love of being worthy of praise and dread of being worthy of blame, even if neither is necessarily given. I rely on quantitative and qualitative data from economic experiments to illustrate this claim. While the current scholarship on Smith has applied his theory to situations in which our actions either evoke reactions from others or have monetary consequences for them, I extend his insights to receiver games (Tjøtta 2019) and dice-rolling games (Fischbacher and Föllmi-Heusi 2013) aimed at eliciting self-regarding concerns, that is, actions affecting the interests of only ourselves. I argue that these games accentuate the strength of the love of praiseworthiness in guiding behaviour, emphasising its immediate reference to others and foundation in intentions along with outcomes.

Regional sanitary landfills and waste disposal centers are the strategic commitment in regard to municipal waste management in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In order to meet the environmental conditions, the obligation for each landfill is the treatment of leachate and disposal of landfill gas. Leachate from sanitary landfills is highly polluted wastewater, which changes its composition and quantity over time. Selection of an adequate leachate treatment technology is the first step in addressing the environmental impacts of leachate. At the Sarajevo Sanitary Landfill, in the period 2008–2011, a plant for the treatment of leachate started operation based on Membrane-Bio-Reactor technology (MBR) as a chosen technology. Due to a number of circumstances and malfunctions, the plant operation was stopped already soon after commissioning. The current situation at the Smiljevici Landfill is such that the landfill does not meet all of the technical requirements necessary to limit the negative environmental impact from the site. Leachate management continued to be one of the major issues at the landfill site since the leachate treatment plant (LTP) is out of function. There is a significant impact of leachate to the recipient (Lepenica stream). In 2016, the Government of Kanton Sarajevo (KS) started a five-year project for the reconstruction of the sanitary landfill and all associated facilities. One of the planned tasks is the reconstruction of the leachate treatment plant. For this purpose, a pilot plant was installed in 2018 to determine the composition of leachate and also to test a state of the art MBR - RO technology. The commissioning and related effects of the pilot plant for the treatment of the specific Smiljevici leachate in the period April–July 2018 are presented in this paper.

Background: Cognitive dysfunctions are often presented as a symptom in multiple sclerosis which is associated with both structural and functional imapirments of neuronal networks in the brain. Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of dysability, duration and type of disesase on cognitive functions in multiple sclerosis patients. Methods: This study included 60 MS patients treated at the Department of Neurology, Clinical Center University of Sarajevo. Inclusion criteria were clinically definite diagnosis of multiple sclerosis, 18 years of age or older and were able to give written informed consent. Cognitive function was evaluated by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCa) screening test. Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis test were used for comparisons between clinical characteristics and MoCa test scores. Results: Out of 63.33% of patients had EDSS

Background: Multiple sclerosis is a a complex diesase that may be presented by different neurological symptoms causing impairment of physical, psychological and cognitive functions. Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of sociodemographic characteristics on cognitive functions in multiple sclerosis patients. Methods: This study included 60 MS patients treated at the Department of Neurology, Clinical Center University of Sarajevo. Inclusion criteria were clinically definite diagnosis of multiple sclerosis, 18 years of age or older and were able to give written informed consent. Cognitive function was evaluated by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCa) screening test. Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis test were used for comparisons between sociodemographic characteristics and MoCa test scores. Results: 76.66% were female patients. Average age of patients was 44.5 years. 70% of patients were married. 73,33% of patients had a high school degree, 20% had a college degree while only 6,66% had primary education. 38,33% of patients were employed, 33,33% were unemployed and 28,33% retired. 88.33% of patients had cognitive impairment, 68.33% having mild cognitive impairment. Executive functions (53,66%) and delayed recall (28,33%) were rated the worst. The median value of the Naming and Language MoCa domains of cognition showed statistical significant correlation with level of education (p

Background: Schizophrenia is chronic and debilitating psychiatric disorder, characterized by a constellation of clinical signs and symptoms that are categorized into distinct positive, negative, disorganization and cognitive symptom domains. The outcome of the disease is better in female patients compared to male patients who have a higher risk of rehospitalization and twice as long duration of hospital treatment. In male patients with schizophrenia an earlier onset of the disease, negative symptoms and a more severe clinical picture are noted, with a less promising therapeutic response to neuroleptics. The onset of negative symptoms is more variable. Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the correlation of positive and negative symptoms (PANSS scores) in patients with schizophrenia according to gender. Methods: The sample included 40 subjects with schizophrenia (21 males; 19 females). The study was conducted at the Department of Psychiatry Clinical Center University of Sarajevo. Results: All male subjects have a PANSS negative symptoms score of 17 or higher, while all female subjects have a PANSS negative symptoms score of less than 17. While the difference in the variances is not statistically significant, the results show that the difference in the average values of the PANSS symptom score between male and female subjects is statistically significant for both positive and negative symptoms (p=0.026). Conclusion: Diminished sociality, emotional responsiveness, and drive during childhood have been reported in a substantial minority of patients with schizophrenia. This aspect of the illness may account for the low level of emotional expression and neuromotor dysfunction in infants who subsequently have schizophrenia. In other patients, the negative symptoms first occur after the onset of psychosis.

Introduction Clozapine is a drug that can cause several side effects. Among the less commonly described is a drug-induced lung disease. Due to its non-specific clinical presentation, it represents a diagnostic challenge. The diagnosis is made based on: 1. Association of exposure to the agent and development of symptoms, 2. Pulmonary infiltration, 3. Exclusion of other causes, 4. Withdrawal of symptoms when the agent is excluded from therapy. To date, there have been only a few descriptions of this condition. Objectives Case report of rare side effect of clozapine. Methods Case report Results Case report: male patient (37) with schizophrenia, was hospitalized after a brutal suicide attempt. The PCR test for COVID-19 that was routinely performed on admission was negative. After the introduction of clozapine into therapy, the patient became febrile. There was a drop in oxygen saturation, a Lung CT scan showed inflammatory changes („ground-glass opacities“), and COVID-19 pneumonia was suspected. Due to the worsening of the mental state, the dose of clozapine was increased. The physical condition further deteriorated: febrile, sO2 declining. After repeated PCR tests for COVID-19 (all negative), interstitial pneumonia caused by clozapine was suspected, and clozapine was excluded from therapy. The physical condition started to improve. Quetiapine was introduced, and occasional episodes of agitation were relieved with intramuscular diazepam. In the following days, the patient’s mental state improved and he was discharged. Conclusions Despite its superiority over other antipsychotics, clozapine was with good rationale ranked third in treatment guidelines for schizophrenia. Disclosure No significant relationships.

BACKGROUND: Non-medical use of prescription drugs is a major public health concern in the United States. Prescription opioids and sedatives are among the most widely abused drugs and their combined use can be lethal. Increasingly rigid prescribing guidelines may contribute to the changing context of opioid use and increase drug diversion. OBJECTIVE: To examine gender differences in diversion of prescription opioids and sedatives among non-medical prescription opioid and sedative polysubstance users. We hypothesize that men will be more likely than women to engage in incoming diversion. METHODS: Data from the Prescription Drug Abuse, Misuse, and Dependence Study, a cross-sectional study focused on prescription drug users, were analyzed. Non-medical use was defined as use of a drug that was not prescribed or use in a way other than prescribed. Individuals who reported past 12-month non-medical opioid and sedative use were included; diversion was defined as incoming (obtaining drugs from a source other than a health professional) and outgoing (giving away/selling/trading prescription drugs). RESULTS: Among the 198 polysubstance users, 41.4% were female. Men were 2.85 times as likely as women to report incoming diversion (95% CI: 1.21–6.72). Women were more likely to obtain opioids from a healthcare professional; men were more likely to obtain sedatives from a roommate, coworker, or friend. Over half of men and women reported outgoing diversion opioids or sedatives. CONCLUSION: Drug diversion highlights an important point of intervention. Current prevention efforts that target prescribers should be expanded to include users and diversion activities; these interventions should be gender-specific.

Recent studies have shown that there are systematic differences among total and free prostate-specificantigen (PSA) immunoassays. In this study we analyzedintermethod differences in total PSA (tPSA) and free PSA(fPSA) measurement using ARCHITECT i2000SR (Abbott Diagnostics) and COBAS E601 (Roche Diagnostics). A number of 160 blood samples were tested for tPSA and 50 samples for fPSA (selecting only sampleswith tPSA: 4.1–10.0 μg/L). Passing–Bablok regression analysis was used to compare the two analytical methods fortPSA, fPSA and percentage of fPSA (%fPSA). A strong correlation was noticed between ARCHITECT i2000SR and COBAS E601 for tPSA, fPSA and %fPSA (r between 0.94 and 0.99). Concentrations of tPSA and fPSA measured by COBAS E601 were higher thanthose measured by ARCHITECT i2000SR with a bias of 0.8 μg/L for tPSA and 0.14 μg/L for fPSA. Analyzing therelative difference between methods for fPSA and %fPSA, COBAS E601 exceed a 10% relative difference limit. Our study confirms that there are differences in measured concentrations of tPSA and fPSA byvarious commercial methods. Because clinical judgment on subsequent diagnostic procedures, such as prostatebiopsy, is based on tPSA and fPSA results, tests harmonization should be a priority.

The origins of the notion of matchings in groups spawn from a linear algebra problem proposed by E. K. Wakeford [24] which was tackled in 1996 [10]. In this paper, we first discuss unmatchable subsets in abelian groups. Then we formulate and prove linear analogues of results concerning matchings, along with a conjecture that, if true, would extend the primitive subspace theorem. We discuss the dimension $m$-intersection property for vector spaces and its connection to matching subspaces in a field extension, and we prove the linear version of an intersection property result of certain subsets of a given set., Fixed minor typos & The paper is shortened. To appear in Linear and Multilinear Algebra

Introduction Schizophrenia (SCH) and bipolar affective disorder (BP) are complex disorders that overlapping both in their clinical symptoms and certain familiar characteristics. They share some common characteristcs but there are also key differences. The frequency of overlapping symptoms between these diseases could give us more information about the current validity of the diagnosis based on existing diagnostic criteria. Similarities within and between these two disorders in the future, can possibly redefine greater reliability of diagnosis. Objectives The aim of the study was to investigate the frequency of overlapping symptoms between BP and SCH. Methods The sample included 159 patients diagnosed with SCH and 61 with BP who were followed over a two year period. The research was conducted at the UCCS Psychiatric Clinic. Assessment of clinical symptoms and diagnosis were performed using a structured clinical interview (SCID I), a list of operationalized criteria (OPSCRIT), a scale for the assessment of positive and negative symptoms (PANSS), a scale for the assessment of manic symptoms (YMRS). Results The overall PANSS score was significantly higher in patients with SCH compared to patients with BP, but on the general psychopatology there are no significant differences betwen SCH and BP. Symptoms of mania are significantly more pronounced in patients with BP compared to those with SCH. Conclusions Our results of overlapping of individual symptoms between SCH and BP can speak infavor of the theory of disease continuum. And can also help us in understanding symptoms and guide us to develop optimal treatment strategies. Disclosure No significant relationships.

Why choose less money over more when no one is watching? A central tenet of economics is that this behaviour can be explained by intrinsic motivation. But what does intrinsic motivation entail? What encourages it? This paper answers these questions through a Smithian lens; moral motivation includes not only a naturally strong love of praise and dread of blame but also a natural, and stronger, love of being worthy of praise and dread of being worthy of blame, even if neither is necessarily given. I rely on quantitative and qualitative data from economic experiments to illustrate this claim. While the current scholarship on Smith has applied his theory to situations in which our actions either evoke reactions from others or have monetary consequences for them, I extend his insights to the receiver (Tjotta, 2019) and dice-rolling (Fischbacher & Follmi-Heusi, 2013) games aimed at eliciting self-regarding concerns, actions affecting the interests of only ourselves. I argue that these games accentuate the strength of the love of praiseworthiness in guiding behaviour, emphasising its immediate reference to others and foundation in intentions along with outcomes.

Environments that encourage dishonest behaviour can compromise intrinsic honesty by altering beliefs about what is considered socially appropriate behaviour. I extend the incentivised Krupka and Weber (2013) elicitation method to the domain of lying and present two complementary studies that show how different social environments not only instigate different levels of dishonest behaviour but also change what a representative sample of Norwegian citizens perceives as socially appropriate when it comes to lying. publishedVersion

One of the most important determinants when it comes to climate change attitudes is political partisanship. While both Democrats and Republicans underestimate the share of their in-groups that believe climate change is happening, this perception gap is wider for Republicans. Using a sample of Republican respondents, we examine their beliefs about climate change and the perceived distribution of climate change attitudes of either other Americans or Republicans. Then, to generate exogenous variation in beliefs, we provide respondents in the treatment groups with the actual distribution of either American or Republican attitudes towards climate change. Our results highlight the importance of distinguishing between beliefs and behaviour when assessing the effect of information on issues that fall strongly along party lines. While information alters the respondents' beliefs about the Republican Party's stance on climate change, it is not enough to instigate a change in individual donation behaviour.

In the period between April 6, 1992 and December 14, 1995, an estimated 102,622 people were found to have died due to war-related causes in armed conflicts in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Of those killed in the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina it is estimated that 54% were civilians. The war profoundly affected the civilian population, which was subjected to mass killings, the systemic use of rape and sexual violence, and the physical and psychological torture inside concentration camps. This case study paper has four aims. First, it highlights the complexity and severity of the traumatic psychological effects of the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina on its citizens, including the effects of the war on the generation born during or shortly after the war. Second, the paper proposes a heuristic in the form of a broader theoretical approach; an ecological analysis of human development (Bronfenbrenner, 1989). This approach aims to provide a framework for research and the development of intervention strategies for the adolescent children of adult war survivors who have been affected by war-related trauma. Third, the paper presents a case vignette of an adolescent to demonstrate the application of the ecological framework to clinical practice with adolescents. Finally, we explore how the current cultural, political, and societal realities in Bosnia and Herzegovina affect the population in general and the children of war survivors in particular. The transition from a state of war to peace is a long and continuous process with residual effects of violent conflicts permeating the broader society and its inhabitants, even after the war’s official end over 23 years ago. The authors argue that roles of psychologists and other mental health providers should expand beyond traditional focus on intrapsychic problems. Rather, effective treatment strategies should also include recognition of and attenuation of the larger systemic stressors that patients experience on daily basis. This could be accomplished through collaboration among psychologists and patients, patients’ families, teachers, and community members, all of whom directly or indirectly affect patients’ treatment outcomes.

Non-medical use (NMU) of prescription opioids is of concern due to the opioid epidemic in the United States. Objective: We examined sex differences in the effect of age of first use of prescription...

Gene regulatory networks (GRNs) describe how a collection of genes governs the processes within a cell. Understanding how GRNs manage to consistently perform a particular function constitutes a key question in cell biology. GRNs are frequently modeled as Boolean networks, which are intuitive, simple to describe, and can yield qualitative results even when data is sparse. We generate an expandable database of published, expert-curated Boolean GRN models, and extracted the rules governing these networks. A meta-analysis of this diverse set of models enables us to identify fundamental design principles of GRNs. The biological term canalization reflects a cell's ability to maintain a stable phenotype despite ongoing environmental perturbations. Accordingly, Boolean canalizing functions are functions where the output is already determined if a specific variable takes on its canalizing input, regardless of all other inputs. We provide a detailed analysis of the prevalence of canalization and show that most rules describing the regulatory logic are highly canalizing. Independent from this, we also find that most rules exhibit a high level of redundancy. An analysis of the prevalence of small network motifs, e.g. feed-forward loops or feedback loops, in the wiring diagram of the identified models reveals several highly abundant types of motifs, as well as a surprisingly high overabundance of negative regulations in complex feedback loops. Lastly, we provide the strongest evidence thus far in favor of the hypothesis that GRNs operate at the critical edge between order and chaos., 12 pages, 8 figures

Introduction Significance of serum uric acid (UA) in cerebrovascular disease still remains controversial. UA is most abundant natural antioxidant in human plasma. Its antioxidant properties might protect against free radical damage, thereby reducing the risk of oxidative stress-related cognitive impairment and dementia. Aim In our investigation, we determine the level of UA in 100 male patients diagnosed with the first ischemic brain stroke (blood samples were collected during the acute phase and post-acute phase), 100 male patients diagnosed with vascular dementia and 100 male healthy volunteers (control group). Methods UA was determined using DIMENSION LxR automatic analyzer. Measurement of UA concentration was based on an enzymatic method (range 208-428 μmol/L). Results The prevalence of hyperuricemia among ischemic stroke and vascular dementia patients was 30% and 8%, respectively. Serum UA concentration was higher 7 and 14 days after the stroke compared to the acute phase (24-48 hours after hospitalization) and these concentrations were significantly higher than those measured in the control group. UA levels measured at 24-48 hours after the first symptoms of ischemic stroke were strongly correlated with those measured after 7 days of treatment (r = 0.79, p = 0.001) or after 14 days (r = 0.839, p = 0.0049). No significant differences were found between ischemic stroke and vascular dementia groups. Conclusion UA concentrations were higher in ischemic stroke and vascular dementia groups than in controls. UA increase may reflect vascular atherosclerosis and tissue hypoxia. UA monitoring in patients with cerebrovascular disease is essential, because UA is more harmful than protective.

textabstractAlthough results of animal research show that interactions between stress and sex hormones are implicated in the development of affective disorders in women, translation of these findings to patients has been scarce. As a basic step toward advancing this field of research, we analyzed findings of studies which reported circulating cortisol levels in healthy women in the follicular vs. luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. We deemed this analysis critical not only to advance our understanding of basic physiology, but also as an important contrast to the findings of future studies evaluating stress and sex hormones in women with affective disorders. We hypothesized that cortisol levels would be lower in the follicular phase based on the proposition that changes in levels of potent GABAergic neurosteroids, including allopregnanolone, during the menstrual cycle dynamically change in the opposite direction relative to cortisol levels. Implementing strict inclusion criteria, we compiled results of high-quality studies involving 778 study participants to derive a standardized mean difference between circulating cortisol levels in the follicular vs. luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. In line with our hypothesis, our meta-analysis found that women in the follicular phase had higher cortisol levels than women in the luteal phase, with an overall Hedges’ g of 0.13 (p < 0.01) for the random effects model. No significant between-study difference was detected, with the level of heterogeneity in the small range. Furthermore, there was no evidence of publication bias. As cortisol regulation is a delicate process, we review some of the basic mechanisms by which progesterone, its potent metabolites, and estradiol regulate cortisol output and circulation to contribute to the net effect of higher cortisol in the follicular phase.

We recently reported that current smokers and those with COPD had higher airway epithelial cell expression of the angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) viral entry receptor [1]. We thus read with great interest the work of Russo et al. [2] which proposes a mechanism for this finding, namely that this upregulation is mediated by nicotine exposure specifically through the α7 subtype of nicotine acetylcholine receptors (α7-nAChR). While exposure to increasing concentrations of nicotine caused epithelial cells to increase ACE-2 levels, subsequent gene silencing of α7-nAChR appeared to significantly dampen this response. A secondary transcriptome sequencing analysis of our cohort (consisting of 42 subjects who underwent bronchoscopy for epithelial cell brushings [1]) reveals evidence in support of this hypothesis. We found that airway epithelial cell expression of CHRNA7, encoding α7-nAChR, was significantly correlated with the expression of ACE2 (fig. 1, Pearson r=0.54, p=2.31×10−8). There was significantly higher CHRNA7 expression in those with COPD (2.75±0.73 versus 2.14±0.43 in those without COPD, p=1.47×10−4), with a trend towards higher expression in current smokers compared to former and never smokers (2.86±0.92 in current smokers, 2.35±0.57 in former smokers, and 2.27±0.45 in never smokers, p=6.16×10−2). CHRNA7 was also negatively correlated with forced expiratory volume in 1 s percent predicted (Pearson r=−0.37, p=2.83×10−4). Interestingly, CHRNA7 was positively if weakly correlated with body mass index (Pearson r=0.14, p=6.31×10−3), raising the intriguing possibility that nicotine receptor mediation of ACE-2 may also be related to why obese individuals have made up a considerable proportion of COVID-19 cases [3]., α7-nAChR may upregulate ACE-2

Introduction: The dietary supplements are defined as vitamins and minerals or herbal products and are typically given in the form of a capsule or tablet. The nonsmokers are more attempted to use dietary supplements than individuals who smoke. Aim: In our investigation, we examined associations between vitamin B, folic acid, multivitamin or mineral intake among the student population and their correlation with smoking prevalence and drinking coffee. Materials and methods: We used a questionnaire to examine the general characteristics of the subjects, age, sex, their lifestyle, cigarette smoking, coffee intake and their use of dietary supplements. Data were collected from participants of the University of Sarajevo and a longitudinal study of 960 men and women aged 18-24 years from 2017 to 2018 was conducted. Results: The results showed that 32% of students took vitamin B supplements and 10% folic acid. In opposite, more than half of students took multivitamins (59.5%) and minerals (60.4%) less than one year. About a quarter or less took multivitamins (23.9%) and minerals (24.3%) for years. Less than 20% of students took multivitamins and minerals within a period of one year. In student population smoking prevalence was estimated at 21.2% and coffee intake in 71.2%. The smoking and use of vitamin B supplements were independent of each other, p = 0.201. The use of folic acid did not depend on smoking p = 0.501. There were no observed correlations between multivitamin and mineral supplement consumption compared to smoking status or drinking coffee. Conclusion: Deficient dietary intake of folic acid and B vitamins from food and supplemental sources appear to be one of the atherosclerosis incidences. Further studies should examine associations between dietary supplements intake and lifestyle of students, as well as smoking status and coffee intake.

Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) often exhibit problematic eating behaviors, an observation mostly based on male dominated, clinical ASD study samples. It is, however, important to evaluate both children with an ASD diagnosis and children with subclinical autistic traits as both often experience difficulties. Moreover, considering the suggestion of a possible girl-specific ASD phenotype, there is a need to determine whether autistic traits are related with problematic eating behaviors in girls as well. This study explores the sex-specific association between autism (both autistic traits and diagnosed ASD) and eating behavior in middle childhood in Generation R, a prospective population-based cohort from fetal life onwards. We collected parental reports of autistic traits at six years (Social Responsiveness Scale) and of eating behavior at ten years (Children's Eating Behaviour Questionnaire). In this cohort of 3559 children, autistic traits at six years were associated with more Picky Eating, Emotional Eating and Food Responsiveness in later childhood (e.g. adjusted B for Picky Eating = 0.07; 95% CI: 0.03, 0.11). Stratified analyses showed that in girls, autistic traits were associated with more Emotional Overeating and Emotional Undereating (e.g. adjusted B for Emotional Undereating= 0.12; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.20), while no associations were found for boys. Results comparing children with and without an ASD diagnosis in the cohort largely confirm these associations (e.g. in girls, adjusted B for Emotional Undereating = 0.72; 95% CI: 0.01, 1.42). Our results point to a sex-specific association between autism and eating behavior in middle childhood. Also, our study is the first study to show that autistic traits are associated with emotionally based eating problems in girls and possibly represent part of a girl-specific ASD phenotype.

Introduction: Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is used for monitoring of disease progression and treatment response in cancer patients. Our aim was to compare the performance of chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA) with electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) for CEA. Methods: A total of 115 samples were collected during routine diagnostic, prognostic and therapy monitoring procedures in patients with colorectal and pancreatic cancer. We used ARCHITECT i2000SR and Cobas E601 for CEA analysis in sera samples. Results: The correlation coefficient of 0.984 [95% CI: 0.972 to 0.991] for results obtained on both platforms was observed for CEA≤10 ng/mL group. Moreover, intercept of 0.9027 [95% CI: 0.705 to 1.099] and slope 0.8076 [95% CI: 0.765 to 0.8498] (p < 0.0001) was observed in this group. In CEA >10 ng/mL group we observed slope = 1.1986 [95%CI: 1.1474 to 1.2498] (p < 0.0001), intercept = -11.69 [-17.53 to - 5.84] and correlation coefficient of 0.985 [95% CI: 0.976 to 0.9914]. Mean differences between assays in group ≤10 ng/mL and >10 ng/mL were 0.2066 (95% CI: 0.0019 to 0.4113) and –2.66 (95% CI: -10.10 to 4.76) ng/mL, respectively. Conclusion: Although there were differences, based on 20 days precision tests, overall results showed a good analytical performance and correlation between CEA assays on ARCHITECT i2000SR and Cobas E601 platforms. Reference intervals appropriate for the method of CEA measurement should be used. The standardization and harmonization of serum CEA concentration assays are needed.

Background: The pandemic of the new corona virus has taken its toll on the mental health of entire humankind with special impact on vulnerable groups, such as drug users in substitution treatment. Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the population of opiate addicts who are on substitution therapy. Methods: The research was conducted in the Institute of Addiction Diseases of the ZE-DO canton on the population of patients addicted to opiates who are included in the substitution therapy program. The sample of 80 patients was randomly selected with respect to the inclusion criteria. An 8-parameter questionnaire with symptoms of anxiety and depressive disorder, ranked by intensity on the Likert scale from 0 to 4, was used as a measuring instrument. The change in these symptoms in the one-year period before the pandemic to the one-year period of the pandemic are compared. The results are analyzed in descriptive statistics using the SPSS program. The statistical significance was monitored by the χ2 test. Results: The results of this research show an apperent statistically significant increase in the symptoms of anxiety and depressive disorder, as well as an increase in drug abuse during the pandemic period compared to the period before it. Conclusion: Results imply the existence of a significant adverse effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of treated opiate addicts. This research impose the need to affirm the prevention of further abuse of illegal substances, as well as the introduction of new customized programs through various psychosocial interventions and therapies carried out by psychiatrists and psychologists. Telemedicine presents itself as useful way of intervention and treatment.

Background: The VEPs provide an objective measure of brain function, analyzing integrity of visual processing. With patients affected with schizophrenia, the changes with the implementation of VEP are evident, such as symmetrical deceleration of the impulse and the continuance of latency, which points to a degenerative illness, suggesting the presence of optical neuritis or hemianopsia conjoined with mentioned intracranial illness. Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the correlation of positive and negative symptoms (PANSS scores) and P100 latency between patients with schizophrenia and patients with migraine headache according to gender and age. Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) were applied. Methods: The sample included 80 subjects: a) S group- 40 patients with schizophrenia (21 males; 19 females); b) H group-40 healthy subjects with migraine headache (10 males; 30 females). The study was conducted at the Department of Psychiatry and Neurology University Clinical Center Sarajevo. Results: Our research revealed positive correlation of the P100 latency and the PANSS score of negative symptoms, which means that the subjects of the observed group with a higher latency of the P100 wave of the entire visual field in both eyes have higher PANSS scores of negative symptoms. The correlation is significantly higher in female subjects (37% shared variance) than in male subjects (12% shared variance). All male subjects have a PANSS negative symptoms score of 17 or higher, while all female subjects have a PANSS negative symptoms score of less than 17 positive correlations were registered in P100 latency in left view field of both eyes and in P100 amplitude in the region of right eye (p=0.01) in comparation with left eye region (p=0.05) in patients with schizophrenia. Conclusion: Results imply that the cognitive impairment seen in schizophrenia is not just due to deficits in higher order aspects of cognition but also encompasses significant deficits in early sensory processing. Our study is useful to initiate new questions and recommendations for further studies, specifically on changes in the occipital lobe in the schizophrenic patient’s brain.

Background: Multiple sclerosis is a progressive inflammatory disease of the the central nervous system. Problems with sexual functions are the common features of multiple sclerosis and important factor that contribute to the quality of life among affected persons. Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of sociodemographic and clinical characteristics on sexual functions domains of health related quality of life (HRQOL) in multiple sclerosis patients. Methods: This study included 100 MS patients treated at the Department of Neurology, Clinical Center University of Sarajevo. Inclusion criteria were an Expanded Disability Status Scale score between 1.0 and 6.5, age between 18 and 65 years, stable disease on enrollment. HRQOL was evaluated by the Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life-54 questionnaire. Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis test were used for comparisons between sociodemographic and clinical characteristics and HRQOL scores. Results: Out of 60% of patients reported to have sexual dysfunction, and 55 % were female patients. Younger patients had statistical significant higher median value of sexual function score (91.68 vs. 58,28, p=0.001) and satisfaction with sexual life scores (62.5 vs 37.5 , p =0.019) comparing to older patients. Employed patients also showed statistical significant higher median value of sexual function score (82 vs. 66.7, p=0.003) comparing to unemployed patients and also statisticaly significant higher median scores considering satisfaction with sexual life among employed patients (p=0,001). There were no differences in sexual functions scores considering gender, marital status and education. Patients with higher level of disabilty, progressive type of disease, more relapses and longer diseas duration had statistical significant lower median value of sexual function score and also satifaction with sexual life scores, except for disease duration Conclusion: Aging, dysability and progression are major factors that contribute to lower sexual function scores and satisfaction with sexual life among multiple sclerosis patients. Althoug women reported sexual problems more often then men, impact of these problems on quality of life are similar in men and women with MS.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has generated significant symptoms of stress, anxiety, and depression among health care workers, which can negatively affect the health and well-being of individuals. Although the WHO stressed the importance of nurturing mental health in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, a more significant response focused on this area was still lacking in most countries. Objective: The aim of the study was to examine the differences in the levels of depression, anxiety, and stress in healthcare professionals in relation to exposure to contact with COVID-19 positive patients, as well as to examine the differences and correlation of sociodemographic characteristics of health workers in the experience of symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress. Methods: The research included 266 respondents, and it used a socio-demographic questionnaire and the DASS-21 scale. Mann-Whitney U tests, Kruskal-Wallis test and Spearman correlation coefficient were used in data processing. Results: The prevalence of high to extremely high symptoms of depression was reported in 45.49% of employees, anxiety 63.91% and stress 23.22%. Those who have been in continuous contact with COVID-19 positive patients, or 27.07%, report experiencing high or extremely high symptoms of depression, 36.60%, high to extremely high symptoms of anxiety, and 22.18% high to extremely high symptoms of stress. Discussion: The degree of self-care and family care, education level, and work experience were found to be a statistically significant factor in experiencing symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress. Workers who were more in contact with COVID19 patients reported a higher degree of symptom on the DASS-21 scale. Those employees with more work experience had previously encountered similar situations of uncertainty and pressure, had better developed defense mechanisms, and showed less pronounced symptoms. A higher level of education often implies a higher degree of involvement in active treatment around each patient, which results in more responsibility and pressure in a given situation. Conclusion: High levels of stress, anxiety and depression in healthcare workers can lead to repercussions in their work with patients. Therefore, the mental health of health workers should be put in focus, as a very important part of the public health problem during the COVID19 pandemic.

Introduction: In the present study we investigated the performance, precision, and recovery of three different automated methods in determining cancer antigen (CA) 15-3 levels.Methods: Serum samples were obtained from 60 hospitalized female patients. As controls, commercially available samples were used. Cancer antigen (CA) 15-3 levels were measured using ARCHITECT CA 15-3, Elecsys® CA 15-3, and Vitros CA 15-3 immunoassays. A comparison of the results between the three methods was conducted, and the precision and recovery were analyzed.Results: Coefficient of variations (CVs), determined with low- and high-level-CA 15-3 control samples, and reproducibility values were: 2.56-2.80% and 3.10-4. 20% for ARCHITECT i2000SR immunoassay analyzer; 3.50-5.55% and 4.88-6.47% for Cobas E 601 analyzer; 3.30-4.0% and 4.30-4.80% for VITROS 5600 Integrated System, respectively. The percent recoveries were 95-98% for Elecsys® CA 15-3 assay, 93-105% for Vitros CA 15-3 assay, and 92-95% for ARCHITECT CA 15-3 assay. Method comparison results demonstrated correlation coefficient (r) in range from 0.994 to 1. The average CA 15-3 concentrations measured by Vitros, ARCHITECT, and Elecsys® were 157.24 +/- 329.75 U/mL, 100.91 +/-213.75 U/mL, and 80.93 +/- 173.29 U/mL, respectively.Conclusions: Tumor marker CA 15-3 in individual patients should be monitored using the same immunoassay method, reagents, and analyzer. Different immunoassays tested on different analyzers, often show large discrepancies in reported values for individual patients. Different immunoassay technologies quantify analytes of clinical interest using monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies. Thus, the usage of antibodies with different specificities could explain the differences in CA 15-3 serum values between different methods.

As the number of older adults in low- and middle- income (LMIC) countries is expected to grow substantially over the next several decades, it is important to develop programs for the prevention of major depression in later life. These programs should be flexible enough to be adjusted to the needs of poorly resourced LMICs. The current report provides an overview of a “depression in later life” (DIL) study in Goa, India, as a promising and effective mental health prevention program, with the potential for implementation in other LMICs. DIL study uses unspecialized physicians and lay health counselors (LHCs) to deliver both scalable psychological intervention and low-intensity intervention, consistent with Institute of Medicine’s (IOM, 1994) indicated prevention approach. DIL intervention led to reduced incidence of Major Depressive Disorder in DIL-randomized participants and as such it is important in meeting the 2016-2030 United Nations Sustainable Development Goal of “Ensuring healthy lives and promoting the well-being for all at all ages."

Objective The current analysis examines whether opioid use is associated with insomnia in a community sample, as the consequences of the growing epidemic of prescription opioid use continue to cause public health concern. Study design A cross-sectional study including 8433 members in a community outreach program, HealthStreet, in Northeast Florida. Methods Community Health Workers (CHWs) assessed health information, including use of opioids (i.e., Vicodin®, Oxycodone, Codeine, Demerol®, Morphine, Percocet®, Darvon®, Hydrocodone) from community members during field outreach. Insomnia was determined based on self-report: “Have you ever been told you had, or have you ever had a problem with insomnia?” Summary descriptive statistics were calculated and logistic regression modeling was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals for insomnia, by opioid use status, after adjustment for demographics and other covariates. Results Among 8433 community members recruited (41% male; 61% Black), 2115 (25%) reported insomnia, and 4200 (50.3%) reported use of opioids. After adjusting for covariates, opioid users were significantly more likely to report insomnia than non-users (adjusted OR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.25–1.61). Conclusion Insomnia was 42% more likely among those who reported using prescription opioids compared to those who did not. With one half of the sample reporting prescription opioid use, and a fourth reporting insomnia, it is important to further investigate the relationship between the two. Findings provide useful preliminary information from which to conduct further analyses.

In a longitudinal population-based study of 2,905 children, we investigated if infants' neuromotor development was associated with autistic traits in childhood. Overall motor development and muscle tone were examined by trained research assistants with an adapted version of Touwen's Neurodevelopmental Examination between ages 2 and 5 months. Tone was assessed in several positions and items were scored as normal, low, or high tone. Parents rated their children's autistic traits with the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) and the Pervasive Developmental Problems (PDP) subscale of the Child Behavior Checklist at 6 years. We defined clinical PDP if scores were >98th percentile of the norm population. Diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) was clinically confirmed in 30 children. We observed a modest association between overall neuromotor development in infants and autistic traits. Low muscle tone in infancy predicted autistic traits measured by SRS (adjusted beta = 0.05, 95% CI for B: 0.00-0.02, P = 0.01), and PDP (adjusted beta = 0.08, 95% CI for B: 0.04-0.10, P

Background: Impaired neuromotor development is often one of the earliest observations in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We investigated whether a genetic predisposition to developmental disorders was associated with nonoptimal neuromotor development during infancy and examined the genetic correlation between nonoptimal neuromotor development and autistic traits in the general population. Methods: In a population-based cohort in The Netherlands (2002–2006), we calculated polygenic risk scores (PRSs) for ASD and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) using genome-wide association study summary statistics. In 1921 children with genetic data, parents rated autistic traits at 6 years of age. Among them, 1174 children (61.1%) underwent neuromotor examinations (tone, responses, senses, and other observations) during infancy (9–20 weeks of age). We used linear regressions to examine associations of PRSs with neuromotor scores and autistic traits. We performed a bivariate genome-based restricted maximum likelihood analysis to explore whether genetic susceptibility underlies the association between neuromotor development and autistic traits. Results: Higher PRSs for ASD were associated with less optimal overall infant neuromotor development, in particular low muscle tone. Higher PRSs for ADHD were associated with less optimal senses. PRSs for ASD and those for ADHD both were associated with autistic traits. The single nucleotide polymorphism–based heritability of overall motor development was 20% (SE =.21) and of autistic traits was 68% (SE =.26). The genetic correlation between overall motor development and autistic traits was.35 (SE =.21, p Conclusions: We found that genetic liabilities for ASD and ADHD covary with neuromotor development during infancy. Shared genetic liability might partly explain the association between nonoptimal neuromotor development during infancy and autistic traits in childhood.