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Le livre de Frédéric Attal, maître de conférences à l’ENS Cachan et habilité à diriger des recherches depuis décembre 2013, se penche sur un siècle d’histoire intellectuelle italienne et sur les liens entre cette histoire et les évènements politiques et sociaux qui ont caractérisé, et parfois bouleversé, la vie de l’Italie au cours du XXe siècle. Il s’agit d’un ouvrage monumental de 770 pages, dont 475 sont dédiées à la narration historiographique alors qu’environ une centaine sont consacrées...

Il presente studio affronta la questione dello humour e delle sue funzioni in una situazione di interculturalità. A partire da uno sketch del film Ils sont partout (2016) di Yvan Attal, si esamina la maniera in cui una decostruzione dei cliché antisemiti effettuata attraverso lo humour può rivolgersi a un pubblico composto di gruppi sociali, etnici o religiosi eterogenei all’interno di una stessa nazione e come questa decostruzione, effettuata attraverso un uso ludico e comico dell’argomentazione, operi al fine di carpire l’adesione di platee di appartenenze identitarie diverse per superare le divisioni comunitarie all’interno della nazione repubblicana., L’interculturel : quels défis et problématiques aux niveaux européen et international ?

Eric CONAN et Henry ROUSSO, Vichy, un passe qui ne passe pas, Paris, Fayard, 1994, 328 p., ISBN 2–213–59237–3.

Il manquait en France une histoire des intellectuels italiens au xxe siècle. Ce manque est désormais comblé avec l’ouvrage de Frédéric Attal. Ce livre nous semble aussi susceptible d’intéresser le public italien plus habitué à des histoires de la pensée – viennent immédiatement à l’esprit celles, remarquables, de Norberto Bobbio et d’Eugenio Garin. La force première de cet ouvrage tient dans son projet même. En Italie, il n’existe pas, à la différence de la France avec l’affaire Dreyfus, un a...

« La communication a definitivement mute vers le partage plutot que vers le message », affirme l’auteur Stephane Attal, specialiste de la communication d’influence. Encore faut-il savoir quoi partager et avec qui. Aussi important : comment mettre en scene et en debat une idee ?

National audience

Comme tout ouvrage qui rassemble les interventions faites à un colloque, celui-ci n’échappe pas aux inconvénients du genre : les sujets traités sont dispersés, inégaux en ambition et résultats, et ont été, pour certains d’entre eux, déjà publiés sous une autre forme. On peut ajouter que, si la tonalité générale de l’ouvrage est historienne, l’absence d’information sur la discipline des intervenants procure une certaine gêne au lecteur. Malgré ces défauts, l’ouvrage et le colloque qui est à so...

L’histoire de l’institution universitaire est nécessairement une histoire de temps long, fragmentée et continue, large et spécifique à la fois. Récurrences et continuités sont en effet une des caractéristiques de cette institution dont l’histoire est esquissée au fil des actes de ce colloque. Quatre thématiques organisent la réflexion des participants, privilégiant la transpériodicité plutôt qu’une approche chronologique. La première de ces thématiques s’intéresse à la place des universitaire...

L’histoire de l’institution universitaire est necessairement une histoire de temps long, fragmentee et continue, large et specifique a la fois. Recurrences et continuites sont en effet une des caracteristiques de cette institution dont l’histoire est esquissee au fil des actes de ce colloque. Quatre thematiques organisent la reflexion des participants, privilegiant la transperiodicite plutot qu’une approche chronologique. La premiere de ces thematiques s’interesse a la place des universitaire...

Ce petit ouvrage rassemble des lettres échangées entre le consistoire de Constantine et le consistoire central de Paris pendant quarante ans. L'auteur prend soin de dresser dans son introduction un rapide tableau historique de la présence des Juifs au Maghreb, depuis le iiie ou iie siècle avant l'ère chrétienne jusqu'à la conquête française de l'Algérie en 1830. Constantine résistera jusqu'en 1837, et les quatre mille juifs environ (comprenant les petites communautés de la région) qu'elle ren...

International audience; Purpose Radiotherapy is, with surgery, one of the main therapeutic treatment strategies for meningiomas. No prospective study has defined a consensus for the delineation of target volumes for meningioma radiotherapy. Therefore, target volume definition is mainly based on information from retrospective studies that include heterogeneous patient populations. The aim is to describe delineation guidelines for meningioma radiotherapy as an adjuvant or definitive treatment with intensity-modulated radiation therapy and stereotactic radiation therapy techniques. This guideline is based on a consensus endorsed by a multidisciplinary group of brain tumor experts, members of the Association of French-speaking Neuro-oncologists (ANOCEF). Materials and methods A 3-step procedure was used. First, the steering group carried out a comprehensive review to identify divergent issues on meningiomas target volume delineation. Second, an 84-item web-questionnaire has been developed to precisely define meningioma target volume delineation in the most common clinical situations. Third, experts members of the ANOCEF were requested to answer. The first two rounds were completed online. A third round was carried out by videoconference to allow experts to debate and discuss the remaining uncertain questions. All questions remained in a consensus. Results Limits of the target volume were defined using visible landmarks on computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, considering the pathways of tumor extension. The purpose was to develop clear and precise recommendations on meningiomas target volumes. Conclusion New recommendations for meningiomas delineation based on simple anatomic boundaries are proposed by the ANOCEF. Improvement in uniformity in target volume definition is expected.

Objectives Neurological complications including pain are common after treatment for breast cancer. This prospective study investigated the symptoms, intensity and interference of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuro-pathy. (CIPN) in the feet and hands compared to surgery- and radiation-induced neuropathy in the breast and upper arm. Methods Consecutive patients referred to surgery for breast cancer were included in a prospective study and completed a questionnaire at baseline and a follow-up questionnaire and interview after one year. CIPN was assessed with the CIPN20 questionnaire and the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument questionnaire (MNSIq). Pain intensity was rated on a numeric rating scale (NRS, 0–10). Results In total 144 patients were included, of which 73 received chemotherapy. At one-year follow-up, symptoms of polyneuropathy were more common in patients treated with chemotherapy. Tingling or numbness in the feet in those treated/not treated with chemotherapy was reported by 44 (62%) and 15 (21%), respectively. Pain was present in 22 (30%) and 10 (14%), respectively. Pain in the area of surgery was reported by 66 (46%). Although less common, pain in the feet in those treated with chemotherapy was rated as more intense and with more daily life interference than pain in the surgical area (NRS 5.5 (SD 1.9) vs. 3.1 (SD 1.9). Conclusions Neurological complications including pain following surgery and chemotherapy represent a burden to breast cancer survivors. In those who had received chemotherapy, pain in the feet was less common than pain in the surgical area, but pain in the feet was more intense and had a higher interference with daily life. Our study emphasizes the need for either baseline data or a control population for improved estimation of the presence and severity of CIPN and pain from questionnaires.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: In these guidelines, we aimed to develop evidence-based recommendations for the use of screening questionnaires and diagnostic tests in patients with neuropathic pain (NeP).METHODS: We systematically reviewed studies providing information on the sensitivity and specificity of screening questionnaires, and quantitative sensory testing, neurophysiology, skin biopsy, and corneal confocal microscopy. We also analysed how functional neuroimaging, peripheral nerve blocks, and genetic testing might provide useful information in diagnosing NeP.RESULTS: Of the screening questionnaires, Douleur Neuropathique en 4 Questions (DN4), I-DN4 (self-administered DN4), and Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs (LANSS) received a strong recommendation, and S-LANSS (self-administered LANSS) and PainDETECT weak recommendations for their use in the diagnostic pathway for patients with possible NeP. We devised a strong recommendation for the use of skin biopsy and a weak recommendation for quantitative sensory testing and nociceptive evoked potentials in the NeP diagnosis. Trigeminal reflex testing received a strong recommendation in diagnosing secondary trigeminal neuralgia. Although many studies support the usefulness of corneal confocal microscopy in diagnosing peripheral neuropathy, no study specifically investigated the diagnostic accuracy of this technique in patients with NeP. Functional neuroimaging and peripheral nerve blocks are helpful in disclosing pathophysiology and/or predicting outcomes, but current literature does not support their use for diagnosing NeP. Genetic testing may be considered at specialist centres, in selected cases.CONCLUSIONS: These recommendations provide evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for NeP diagnosis. Due to the poor-to-moderate quality of evidence identified by this review, future large-scale, well-designed, multicentre studies assessing the accuracy of diagnostic tests for NeP are needed.

In the era of personalized treatment in multiple myeloma, high-risk patients must be accurately identified. The International Myeloma Working Group recommends using the Revised International Staging System (R-ISS) to pick out high-risk patients. The main purpose of our work was to explore the heterogeneity of outcome among R-ISS stage II patients assessing the impact of International Staging System (ISS) stage, chromosomal abnormalities and lactate dehydrogenase level in this subgroup. Data were collected from 1,343 patients up to 65 years old with newly diagnosed myeloma, enrolled in three clinical trials implemented by the Intergroupe Francophone du Myélome. All patients were eligible for intensive treatment. Patients in R-ISS stage II but ISS stage I had 1.6 times higher risk of death than patients in R-ISS stage I (adjusted hazard ratio=1.6; 95% confidence interval: 1.1-2.2; P=0.01) and patients in R-ISS stage II but with ISS stage III had a better overall survival than patients in R-ISS stage III (adjusted hazard ratio=0.7; 95% confidence interval: 0.4-0.9, P=0.02). However, among patients classified in R-ISS II, ISS stage and chromosomal abnormalities (del[17p] and t[4;14]) were still relevant prognostic factors for death. Dividing R-ISS stage II into three subgroups: ISS I with standard-risk chromosomal abnormalities, ISS II or III with standard-risk chromosomal abnormalities and patients with high-risk chromosomal abnormalities, median overall survival times were, respectively, not reached, 112 months and 71 months (P

Objective Plain language in medicine has long been advocated as a way to improve patient understanding and engagement. As the field of Natural Language Processing has progressed, increasingly sophisticated methods have been explored for the automatic simplification of existing biomedical text for consumers. We survey the literature in this area with the goals of characterizing approaches and applications, summarizing existing resources, and identifying remaining challenges. Materials and Methods We search English language literature using lists of synonyms for both the task (eg, “text simplification”) and the domain (eg, “biomedical”), and searching for all pairs of these synonyms using Google Scholar, Semantic Scholar, PubMed, ACL Anthology, and DBLP. We expand search terms based on results and further include any pertinent papers not in the search results but cited by those that are. Results We find 45 papers that we deem relevant to the automatic simplification of biomedical text, with data spanning 7 natural languages. Of these (nonexclusively), 32 describe tools or methods, 13 present data sets or resources, and 9 describe impacts on human comprehension. Of the tools or methods, 22 are chiefly procedural and 10 are chiefly neural. Conclusions Though neural methods hold promise for this task, scarcity of parallel data has led to continued development of procedural methods. Various low-resource mitigations have been proposed to advance neural methods, including paragraph-level and unsupervised models and augmentation of neural models with procedural elements drawing from knowledge bases. However, high-quality parallel data will likely be crucial for developing fully automated biomedical text simplification.

Health-care-associated infections (HAIs) cause significant morbidity and mortality globally, including in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). Networks of hospitals implementing standardised HAI surveillance can provide valuable data on HAI burden, and identify and monitor HAI prevention gaps. Hospitals in many LMICs use HAI case definitions developed for higher-resourced settings, which require human resources and laboratory and imaging tests that are often not available.A network of 26 tertiary-level hospitals in India was created to implement HAI surveillance and prevention activities. Existing HAI case definitions were modified to facilitate standardised, resource-appropriate surveillance across hospitals. Hospitals identified health-care-associated bloodstream infections and urinary tract infections (UTIs) and reported clinical and microbiological data to the network for analysis.26 network hospitals reported 2622 health-care-associated bloodstream infections and 737 health-care-associated UTIs from 89 intensive care units (ICUs) between May 1, 2017, and Oct 31, 2018. Central line-associated bloodstream infection rates were highest in neonatal ICUs (20 per 1000 central line days). Catheter-associated UTI rates were highest in paediatric medical ICUs (4·5 per 1000 urinary catheter days). Klebsiella spp (24·8%) were the most frequent organism in bloodstream infections and Candida spp (29·4%) in UTIs. Carbapenem resistance was common in Gram-negative infections, occurring in 72% of bloodstream infections and 76% of UTIs caused by Klebsiella spp, 77% of bloodstream infections and 76% of UTIs caused by Acinetobacter spp, and 64% of bloodstream infections and 72% of UTIs caused by Pseudomonas spp.The first standardised HAI surveillance network in India has succeeded in implementing locally adapted and context-appropriate protocols consistently across hospitals and has been able to identify a large number of HAIs. Network data show high HAI and antimicrobial resistance rates in tertiary hospitals, showing the importance of implementing multimodal HAI prevention and antimicrobial resistance containment strategies.US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention cooperative agreement with All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi.For the Hindi translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

The thermal grill illusion of pain (TGIP) is a paradoxical burning pain sensation elicited by the simultaneous application of innocuous cutaneous warm and cold stimuli with a thermode ("thermal grill") consisting of interlaced heated and cooled bars. Its neurophysiological mechanisms are unclear, but TGIP may have some mechanisms in common with pathological pain, including central sensitization in particular, through the involvement of N-methyl- d -aspartate receptors. However, few studies have investigated TGIP in patients with chronic pain and its clinical relevance is uncertain. We hypothesized that the TGIP would be increased in comparison with controls in patients with fibromyalgia or irritable bowel syndrome, which are regarded as typical "nociplastic" primary pain syndromes related to changes in central pain processing. We compared the sensations elicited by a large range of combinations of temperature differentials between the warm and cold bars of a thermal grill applied to the hand between patients with fibromyalgia (n = 30) or irritable bowel syndrome (n= 30) and controls (n = 30). The percentage of TGIP responses and the intensity and unpleasantness of TGIP were significantly greater in patients than controls. Furthermore, positive correlations were found between TGIP intensity and clinical pain intensity and between TGIP intensity and the cold pain threshold measured on the hand. These results are consistent with our working hypothesis of shared mechanisms between TGIP and clinical pain mechanisms in patients with nociplastic chronic pain syndromes and suggest that TGIP might represent a clinical marker of central sensitization in these patients.

Human behavior recognition is one of the significant components of Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) systems and personal assistive robots allowing to improve the quality of their lives in terms of safety, autonomy, and well-being. A critical aspect of preventing dangerous situations for users, especially elderlies, is to recognize abnormal human behavior. In spite of the extensive exploration of abnormality recognition in various fields, there remain some challenges in developing effective approaches for recognizing abnormal human behaviors in AAL systems due to the limitations of data-driven and knowledge-driven approaches. In this paper, a context-aware framework combining data-driven and knowledge-driven approaches is proposed to better characterize human behaviors and recognize abnormal behaviors using commonsense reasoning while considering human behavior context. The proposed framework comprises five main modules, which leverage Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) models and Probabilistic Answer Set Programming (PASP)-based commonsense reasoning to recognize human activities and represent abnormal human behaviors, as well as reason about those behaviors. The proposed framework is evaluated using two datasets, namely Orange4Home and UCI HAR. The obtained results indicate the capability of the proposed framework to characterize human behaviors and recognize abnormal human behaviors with high performance.

Any tectonic forcing acting on a mountain range consists of vertical uplift motion and horizontal advection motion. In landscapes with a high advective component, such as those affected by low angle normal faults, advection can form a substantial portion of the total tectonic forcing. Questions therefore remain relating to the role of advection in shaping mountain range topography, surface drainage patterns and erosion rate distributions. We ask, how does advection influence mountain range topography and drainage? How do drainage basins and divides respond to advection? And how does advection influence the spatial distribution of erosion rates? Through numerical modelling with the Channel-Hillslope Integrated Landscape Development (CHILD) model and comparison to a natural landscape, the Sierra de la Laguna (Mexico), we test the extent to which advection affects mountain range evolution. Advection is shown to alter surface drainage patterns by promoting catchment elongation and reducing outlet spacing at the mountain front. The mountain range’s Main Drainage Divide (MDD) exhibits faster erosion on the distal flank’s headwaters; relative to the proximal flank’s headwaters, leading to a migration of the MDD towards the fault. Steady-state is achieved when the MDD migrates towards the fault at a rate equal to the rate at which the footwall is advected away from the fault. This pattern of erosion rates is found across all spatially fixed geomorphic features. Cosmogenic radionuclide analysis for catchment-averaged erosion rates in the Sierra de la Laguna demonstrates a difference in erosion rates across the MDD that is also indicative of a migration of the MDD towards the fault. Topographic, drainage and erosion rate observations for the Sierra de la Laguna are consistent with the numerical modelling when advection is included, suggesting that advection induces continual drainage migration whilst maintaining mountain range flank widths. We suggest that highly elongate catchments are indicative of substantial advection, and we also identify a mechanism through which divide migration can occur without altering the size of adjacent drainage basins.

Pebbles become rounded during fluvial transport. Roundness, along with other shape factors, size and lithology, are commonly used in sedimentology to link the fluvial transport distance and consequent abrasion prior to deposition. Although roundness is being used as a fundamental property, the method of assessment of roundness is mainly qualitative and there is no model to define the roundness as a proxy of transport distance. Here, we propose a new model that quantifies the relation between roundness and fluvial transport distance, and apply it to pebbles/clasts of multiple lithologies from both modern sediment as well as conglomerates deposited by ancient river system. We collect field data from two Himalayan rivers in Nepal over a length of around 50 km. We use the Isoperimetric Ratio (IR = 4*π*A/P2, where A and P are the cross-sectional area and perimeter of the pebble, respectively) that we correct for the effect of elongation (“Normalized Isoperimetric Ratio - IRn”) to quantify roundness. In the field data, we find a linear relation between IRn and transport distance, with the slope of the line varying with the rock type and percentile considered. Based on these results, we propose a non-linear roundness model, as theory predicts the ratio should asymptotically converge towards a value of 1 (perfectly rounded). This asymptotic behaviour occurs over distances greater than 50 km. Using this new model, we find that the Pliocene conglomerates of the paleo-Bagmati River preserved at the base of the Kathmandu intermontane basin were deposited by a river that was once part of a more expansive river network but has since been a victim of drainage capture.

Due to the limited resolution of freely available digital elevation models (DEM), DEM-derived river products cannot provide accurate flow lines in inland and lowland areas. Stream burning is used to improve the accuracy of extracted flowlines in addition to other flow routing algorithms (from LSDTopotools). Using the latest DEM products (Copernicus 30m DEM and FAB 30m DEM) and other remote sensing data (Sentinel-1, Sentinel-2), the framework is tested on different geomorphological features (meanders, branches) and weather conditions (with and without clouds). The results show a significant improvement in the accuracy of the flow lines compared with existing global hydrography products.

Inferring erosion rates from 10Be or 26Al concentrations in stream sediments has become standard practice in geomorphology. In formerly glaciated landscapes, however, this technique is problematic because repeated phases of shielding and exposure during the past glacial and interglacial periods can lead to 10Be or 26Al concentrations that are difficult to interpret. Cosmogenic in-situ 14C has a short half-life (~5,730 years) that means 14C atoms in stream sediments cannot be inherited from before the glacial period and inferred erosion rates will reflect post-glacial, Holocene erosion. Using cosmogenic in-situ 14C, we report the first millennial-scale erosion rates in the post-glacial landscapes of Glen Feshie, within the Cairngorm mountains of Scotland.The River Feshie contains active gravel reaches that cut through glacial outwash terraces. We counterintuitively find the lowest inferred erosion rates (0.06 mm/yr) in the steepest side tributary and the highest inferred erosion rates at the low-relief outlet of Glen Feshie near the confluence with the River Spey (0.21 mm/yr). Based on field observations, we interpret that hillslopes have been largely inactive and contributed limited sediment fluxes. To provide further insight into the highest erosion rate documented furthest downstream, we consider the hypothesis that sediment from the hillslopes with higher concentrations of 14C has been diluted with lower concentration material from the terraces. Further, we hypothesise that if terraces that border the channel increase in height downstream, their incision could have remobilised an increasing amount of sediment with lower 14C concentrations downstream, leading to increased dilution and the observed concentrations. Results show terrace height above the channels does not increase downstream and averages approximately 2 meters. We therefore suggest terrace height does not account for higher erosion rates, and present a cosmogenic-nuclide mixing model to explore the degree to which the input of sediment that has been shielded from cosmic rays in terraces can explain the observed concentrations in stream sediments.

Background. In healthy individuals hepatic lipid transport and storage is closely regulated via several integrated pathways, including a central role for fatty acid binding protein-1 (FABP1). Increased hepatic fat accumulation (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease [NAFLD]) in patients with obesity is a common pathology that, if left unchecked, increases the risk of progression toward non-alcoholic steatosis (NASH) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Despite increased fat accumulation in NAFLD, FABP1 levels are unchanged in the liver. We hypothesized that a gene analysis array would reveal expression of alternative pathways in NAFLD-NASH associated with the progressive worsening of liver health in the setting of obesity. Methods. Using a high fat diet (HFD) mouse model of obesity and control (normal diet) mice a gene array analysis was performed on liver tissue. This approach revealed high levels of FABP4 mRNA expression (an FABP form normally expressed in adipocytes and macrophages) in HFD liver tissue. Subsequent mRNA (qRT-PCR) and protein (ELISA, Western blot, immunohistochemistry) analysis was performed in serum and tissue from obese mouse models and human samples. Using in vitro models, the effect of free fatty acids (FFAs) on FABP4 mRNA expression and protein synthesis/secretion was analyzed. Finally, the effect of exogenous rhFABP4 on hepatoma cell activity was determined in the presence/absence of pharmacological inhibitors. Results. FABP1 mRNA expression was not significantly altered in HFD liver tissue from clinical samples from patients with obesity and rodent samples compared to normal liver. Conversely, FABP4 mRNA and protein expression was significantly elevated in tissue and serum samples from HFD liver tissue. Using in vitro models, significant increases in FABP4 mRNA expression was detected in the presence of FFAs, and de novo FABP4 protein was secreted into culture medium. Exogenous rhFABP4 stimulated hepatoma cell proliferation and migration in vitro in a concentration-dependent manner. Analysis of intracellular signaling pathways (in the presence/absence of inhibitors) demonstrated rhFABP4 stimulated proliferation and migration via increased ERK and JNK activity, but not via p38MAPK signaling. Lastly, using an inhibitor that targets the FFA binding pocket of FABP4 (BMS 309403) we demonstrated inhibition of FFA binding does not inhibit the effect of rhFABP4 on ERK or JNK signaling or hepatoma proliferation and migration. Conclusions. Obesity fails to alter hepatic expression of FABP1 but leads to increased FABP4 mRNA expression and protein secretion in vitro and in vivo. Using in vitro models, rhFABP4 stimulates hepatoma cell proliferation and migration, suggesting FABP4 released from steatotic hepatocytes may act in a paracrine/endocrine manner to stimulate foci expansion and/or tumor progression in vivo. Future studies aim to identify novel FABP4 antagonists that inhibit FABP4-de NIH Grant# AA029241-01 This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2023 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.