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Background and purpose: Waiting time to surgery is a modifiable risk factor in hip fracture surgery. However, there is no consensus regarding the acceptable duration of waiting time. We used the Swedish Hip Fracture Register RIKSHÖFT and 3 administrative registers to explore the association between time to surgery and adverse outcomes after discharge.Patients and methods: 63,998 patients ≥ 65 years, admitted to a hospital between January 1, 2012, and August 31, 2017 were included. Time to surgery was divided into < 12, 12–24, and > 24 hours. Diagnoses investigated were atrial fibrillation/flutter (AF), congestive heart failure (CHF), pneumonia, and “acute ischemia” (a combination of stroke/intracranial bleeding, myocardial infarction, and acute kidney injury). Crude and adjusted survival analyses were performed. Time spent in hospital following the initial hospitalization was described for the 3 groups.Results: Waiting > 24 hours was associated with an increased risk of AF (HR 1.4, 95%CI 1.2–1.6), CHF (HR 1.3, CI 1.1–1.4) and “acute ischemia” (HR 1.2, CI 1.01–1.3). However, stratifying for ASA grade revealed that these associations were present only in patients with ASA 3–4. There was no association between waiting time and pneumonia after the initial hospitalization (HR 1.1, CI 0.97–1.2), but one was found with pneumonia during hospital stay OR 1.2 (CI 1.1–1.4). Time in hospital after the initial hospitalization was similar over the waiting time groups.Conclusion: The associations between waiting > 24 hours for hip fracture surgery and AF, CHF, and acute ischemia suggest that shorter waiting time may reduce adverse outcomes for the sicker patients.

BackgroundShift work, which often results in sleep deprivation and circadian desynchrony, has been associated with increased risk of multiple sclerosis (MS). We aimed at studying the impact of sleep duration, circadian disruption and sleep quality on MS risk.MethodsWe used a Swedish population-based case-control study (2075 cases, 3164 controls). Aspects of sleep were associated with MS risk by calculating OR with 95% CIs using logistic regression models.ResultsCompared with sleeping 7–9 hours/night during adolescence, short sleep (ConclusionsInsufficient sleep and low sleep quality during adolescence seem to increase the risk of subsequently developing MS. Sufficient restorative sleep at young age, needed for adequate immune functioning, may be a preventive factor against MS.

Donnan equilibrium governs the distribution of ions in many systems such as ion exchange membranes and biological cells in contact with an external electrolyte. Herein, Donnan equilibrium between bulk salt solution and bihydrated montmorillonite was investigated because such a system is of great importance for many nuclear waste disposal concepts. Specifically, we used molecular dynamics simulations to determine the partition coefficient of chloride, which was achieved by calculating the free-energy difference of chloride in the interlayer and the bulk using enhanced sampling methodology. Montmorillonite in equilibrium with either NaCl or CaCl

To explore a fetal 3D cardiovascular cine acquisition using a radial image acquisition and compressed-sensing reconstruction and compare image quality and scan time with conventional multislice 2D imaging.Volumetric fetal cardiac data were acquired in 26 volunteers using a radial 3D balanced SSFP pulse sequence. Cardiac gating was performed using a Doppler ultrasound device. Images were reconstructed using a parallel-imaging and compressed-sensing algorithm. Multiplanar reformatting to standard cardiac views was performed before image analysis. Clinical 2D images were used for comparison. Qualitative and quantitative image evaluation were performed by two experienced observers (scale: 1-4). Volumes, mass, and function were assessed.Average scan time for the 3D imaging was 6 min, including one localizer. A 2D imaging stack covering the entire heart including localizer sequences took at least 6.5 min, depending on planning complexity. The 3D acquisition was successful in 7 of 26 subjects (27%). Overall image contrast and perceived resolution were lower in the 3D images. Nonetheless, the 3D images had, on average, a moderate cardiac diagnostic quality (median [range]: 3 [1-4]). Standard clinical 2D acquisitions had a high cardiac diagnostic quality (median [range]: 4 [3, 4]). Cardiac measurements were not different between 2D and 3D images (all p 0.16).The presented free-breathing whole-heart fetal 3D radial cine MRI acquisition and reconstruction method enables retrospective visualization of all cardiac views while keeping examination times short. This proof-of-concept work produced images with diagnostic quality, while at the same time reducing the planning complexity to a single localizer.

Public organisations are starting to show an interest in automated decision-making (ADM). So far, existing research focuses on the governmental perspective on this phenomenon. Less attention is paid to citizens’ views on ADM. The aim of this study is to provide empirical insights into citizen awareness of and beliefs about ADM in public-sector services. To this end, we participated in an annual national survey in Sweden carried out by the SOM Institute at Gothenburg University concluding that a minority of the citizens know about the use of ADM in public-sector services. Furthermore, when computers instead of civil servants make decisions in the public-sector, citizens expect decisions by computers to become less legally secure but more impartial. They also expect ADM to take personal circumstances into account to a lesser degree and become less transparent. Finally, we found that citizens with that awareness expect decisions by computers to become more reliable and impartial. Based on our empirical findings in relation to previous research, we suggest four hypotheses on citizen’s awareness and beliefs about public-sector ADM.

Although Sweden pioneered in the development of resource-recovery sanitation solutions, and there has existed a political awareness of such solutions since the 1990s, their implementation has been slow. We adopt a historical (40-year) perspective and use the main journal of the Swedish sanitation sector as source material to go into depth why this has been the case. Central explanations emerge in terms of previously strong governmental control and continuously tightened environmental requirements that ceaselessly have expanded and strengthened the large-scale centralized sanitation system. In parallel, the sector has continuously been reminded of the shortcomings of alternative (and smaller) solutions and of the tension between recovery and treatment/risk management. The study highlights the possibility of achieving long-term and profound impacts from policy mixes, as well as the strong influence of the sum of challenges and choices over a long time, on today’s perspectives and propensity for change. Validerad;2023;Nivå 2;2023-04-18 (joosat);Licens fulltext: CC BY-NC-ND License

Variant pairing in bainite was evaluated in four different commercial low alloy steels with medium to high carbon content. The steels investigated were austempered in the temperature range 275 °C to 450 °C to obtain a bainitic microstructure. It was found that the V1–V6 is the most frequent variant pairing at lower temperature, while it gradually decreases towards intermediate temperatures, and at the highest austempering temperatures the variant pairing with low misorientation boundaries such as V1–V4 and V1–V8 is the most frequent. The preferred variant pairing is the least pronounced after austempering of steels with higher carbon contents at intermediate temperature. Nonetheless, a continuous increase of variant pairing within the same Bain group was observed with increasing austempering temperature for all steels. Furthermore, it was observed that the deviation from the theoretical Kurdjumov–Sachs orientation relationship increases with increasing austempering temperature for all steels.

Neonates with critical congenital heart disease require early intervention. Four-dimensional (4D) flow may facilitate surgical planning and improve outcome, but accuracy and precision in neonates are unknown.To 1) validate two-dimensional (2D) and 4D flow MRI in a phantom and investigate the effect of spatial and temporal resolution; 2) investigate accuracy and precision of 4D flow and internal consistency of 2D and 4D flow in neonates; and 3) compare scan time of 4D flow to multiple 2D flows.Phantom and prospective patients.A total of 17 neonates with surgically corrected aortic coarctation (age 18 days [IQR 11-20]) and a three-dimensional printed neonatal aorta phantom.1.5T, 2D flow and 4D flow.In the phantom, 2D and 4D flow volumes (ascending and descending aorta, and aortic arch vessels) with different resolutions were compared to high-resolution reference 2D flow. In neonates, 4D flow was compared to 2D flow volumes at each vessel. Internal consistency was computed as the flow volume in the ascending aorta minus the sum of flow volumes in the aortic arch vessels and descending aorta, divided by ascending aortic flow.Bland-Altman plots, Pearson correlation coefficient (r), and Student's t-tests.In the phantom, 2D flow differed by 0.01 ± 0.02 liter/min with 1.5 mm spatial resolution and -0.01 ± 0.02 liter/min with 0.8 mm resolution; 4D flow differed by -0.05 ± 0.02 liter/min with 2.4 mm spatial and 42 msec temporal resolution, -0.01 ± 0.02 liter/min with 1.5 mm, 42 msec resolution and -0.01 ± 0.02 liter/min with 1.5 mm, 21 msec resolution. In patients, 4D flow and 2D flow differed by -0.06 ± 0.08 liter/min. Internal consistency in patients was -11% ± 17% for 2D flow and 5% ± 13% for 4D flow. Scan time was 17.1 minutes [IQR 15.5-18.5] for 2D flow and 6.2 minutes [IQR 5.3-6.9] for 4D flow, P 0.0001.Neonatal 4D flow MRI is time efficient and can be acquired with good internal consistency without contrast agents or general anesthesia, thus potentially expanding 4D flow use to the youngest and smallest patients.1 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 2.

Infiltration and inflow (I/I) into sanitary sewers causes numerous negative effects on the whole wastewater management system and ultimately, on the receiving waters. Consequently, a number of methods have been developed to analyse the performance of sewer systems with respect to I/I, including: distributed temperature sensing (DTS), closed-circuit television (CCTV) inspections, flow and conductivity measurements, automatic or grab sampling of ammonium, smoke testing, and visual inspection of manholes. Such methods were compared in an application to sanitary sewers in a small community and assessed with respect to their accuracy and ability to identify locations of sources of I/I, as well as temporal and spatial resolutions of the obtained results. Furthermore, different approaches to ammonium sampling during I/I monitoring campaigns were discussed. It was concluded that among the methods tested in this study, DTS had the highest temporal and spatial resolution, while ammonium grab sampling showed promise for initial screening of large catchments.

Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency (PEI) results in maldigestion of fat, leading to steatorrhea, malabsorption and weight loss. Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is a chronic autoimmune rheumatic disease with unknown etiology. The exocrine pancreas and the salivary glands are functionally and histologically comparable, and pancreatic dysfunction in SS has been hypothesized.Patients were recruited from the Department for Rheumatology at the Karolinska University Hospital in Stockholm, Sweden, between June and December 2019. PEI was assessed by fecal elastase-1 (FE-1) andFifty-seven patients with primary SS were included in the study, comprising 92% females with a median age of 63 years. In total, 87% of SS patients were tested for FE-1 and all had normal results. All patients who underwent aIn our study, most SS patients suffered from irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)-like GI symptoms that could not be attributed to PEI.

Background and purpose: A femoral neck fracture (FNF) may have long-term effects on the patient's func-tion, also in patients younger than 70 years. These long-term effects are not well described, since most studies have short follow-ups. The aim of this study was to investigate clinical outcome by performance -based functional tests, hand grip strength, and hip function in different subgroups. The secondary aim was to study surgical complications, bone mineral density (BMD) and occurrence of sarcopenia 10 years after a FNF. Patients and methods: A prospective multicenter study with a 10-year follow-up of patients aged 20- 69 years with a FNF treated with internal fixation (IF). Five-times sit-to-stand test (5TSST), 4-m walking speed test, hand grip strength (HGS) and Harris Hip Score (HHS) were performed.A radiographic examination of the hip was performed and re-operations were registered. Bone min-eral density (BMD) at the hip, spine and total body composition were assessed with dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Present sarcopenia was determined by the combination of reduced functional per-formance and low fat-free mass index (FFMI).Results: A total of 58 patients were included. 5TSTS was normal in 45% of the patients and old age was associated with poorer performance ( p < 0.001). 76% of the study population had a normal speed gait and likewise, old age ( p = 0.005) and walking aids ( p = 0.001) were associated with poor performance. HGS was normal in 82% of the men and 64% of the women. HHS showed that 85% had a good/excellent function. A major re-operation was performed in 34% of the patients with displaced FNF and in 20% of patients with non-displaced FNF. 74% displayed osteopenia and 12% osteoporosis. 17% of the men and 38% of the women had sarcopenia.Interpretation: The majority of patients less than 70 years of age with a FNF treated with IF, had normal functional tests, muscle strength and a good hip function ten years post-operatively. However, one in ten had osteoporosis, and one third was sarcopenic which indicate the importance of encouraging regular muscle preserving resistance training after hip fracture.(c) 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )

BACKGROUND Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a complex, non-curable and progressive neurological disease affecting different areas of the human nervous system. PD is associated with both motor and non-motor symptoms, which negatively affect patients’ quality of life and may cause changes in socialisation such as intentional social withdrawal. This may further lead to social isolation and loneliness. The use of Information and communication technology (ICT) plays an important role in managing social isolation and loneliness. Currently, there is a lack of research focusing on designing and developing ICT solutions that specifically address social isolation and loneliness among people living with Parkinson’s disease (PwPs). OBJECTIVE This study aims to explore the barriers experienced by PwPs regarding social isolation, loneliness, and technology usage. Further, this study also aims to investigate the social needs necessary for creating an ICT solution that can address social isolation and loneliness among PwPs METHODS Two phases of data collection were conducted. During the first phase, healthcare professionals and PwPs were interviewed to understand how PD affects social life and technology usage. During the second phase, focus groups were conducted with PwPs to gather insights into their needs and identify ways to manage social isolation and loneliness. Thematic analysis was used to analyse both datasets and identify key themes. RESULTS The results showed that the barriers experienced by PwPs due to PD such as ‘fatigue’, ‘psychological changes’, ‘social stigma’ and ‘medication side effects’, affect their social life. PwPs also experience difficulties using a keyboard and mouse, remembering passwords, and navigating complex applications due to their PD-related physical and mental limitations. To manage their social isolation and loneliness, PwPs suggested having a simple and easy-to-use solution allowing them to participate in a digital community based on their interests, communicate with others, and receive recommendations for social events. CONCLUSIONS The new ICT solutions focusing on social isolation and loneliness among PwPs should consider the barriers restricting user’s social activities and technology usage. Given the wide range of needs and barriers experienced by PwPs, it is more suitable to adopt user-centred design approaches that emphasise the active participation of end users in the design process. Importantly, any ICT solution designed for PwPs should not encourage internet addiction, which will further contribute to the person’s withdrawal from society.

One of the unsolved challenges in the field of Explainable AI (XAI) is determining how to most reliably estimate the quality of an explanation method in the absence of ground truth explanation labels. Resolving this issue is of utmost importance as the evaluation outcomes generated by competing evaluation methods (or ''quality estimators''), which aim at measuring the same property of an explanation method, frequently present conflicting rankings. Such disagreements can be challenging for practitioners to interpret, thereby complicating their ability to select the best-performing explanation method. We address this problem through a meta-evaluation of different quality estimators in XAI, which we define as ''the process of evaluating the evaluation method''. Our novel framework, MetaQuantus, analyses two complementary performance characteristics of a quality estimator: its resilience to noise and reactivity to randomness, thus circumventing the need for ground truth labels. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our framework through a series of experiments, targeting various open questions in XAI such as the selection and hyperparameter optimisation of quality estimators. Our work is released under an open-source license (https://github.com/annahedstroem/MetaQuantus) to serve as a development tool for XAI- and Machine Learning (ML) practitioners to verify and benchmark newly constructed quality estimators in a given explainability context. With this work, we provide the community with clear and theoretically-grounded guidance for identifying reliable evaluation methods, thus facilitating reproducibility in the field., 35 pages, 15 figures, 5 tables

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Background and purpose — Knowing how to interpret values obtained with patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) is essential. We estimated the substantial clinical benefit (SCB) and patient acceptable symptom state (PASS) for Forgotten Joint Score 12 (FJS) and explored differences depending on methods used for the estimates. Patients and methods — The study was based on 195 knee arthroplasties (KA) performed at a university hospital. We used 1 item from the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score domain quality of life and satisfaction with surgery, obtained 1-year postoperatively, to assess SCB and PASS thresholds of the FJS with anchor-based methods. We used different combinations of anchor questions for SCB and PASS (satisfied, satisfied with no or mild knee difficulties, and satisfied with no knee difficulties). A novel predictive approach and receiver-operating characteristics curve were applied for the estimates. Results — 70 and 113 KAs were available for the SCB and PASS estimates, respectively. Depending on method, SCB of the FJS (range 0–100) was 28 (95% CI 21–35) and 22 (12–45) respectively. PASS was 31 (2–39) and 20 (10–29) for satisfied patients, 40 (31–47) and 38 (32–43) for satisfied patients with no/mild difficulties, and 76 (39–80) and 64 (55–74) for satisfied patients with no difficulties. The areas under the curve ranged from 0.82 to 0.88. Interpretation — Both the SCB and PASS thresholds varied depending on methodology. This may indicate a problem using meaningful values from other studies defining outcomes after KA. This study supports the premise of the FJS as a PROM with good discriminatory ability in patients undergoing KA.

This article engages with emerging debates about feminist peace and uses this concept to assess the ability of the Women, Peace and Security agenda to achieve gender-just change. We advance a conception of feminist peace as political conditions that allow women affected by conflict to articulate their visions of change and influence the construction of post-war order. Applying this to a case study of Women, Peace and Security practice in Myanmar, we demonstrate that features of how international aid is organised, combined with the Myanmar government’s interest in excluding critical voices, limit the ability of Women, Peace and Security practices to contribute to feminist peace. This highlights the potential for illiberal post-war states to obstruct and co-opt the Women, Peace and Security agenda, and shows how the women most directly affected by armed conflict are often the least able to participate in, benefit from and inform Women, Peace and Security practices.

A “body activism” movement, with roots in fat activism and body positivity, has developed in Sweden during the last decade. As new forms of activism emerge, boundaries and approaches are being negotiated. Who is the movement for? Who can engage in it, and how? Through semi-structured interviews, we seek to understand how young Swedes who follow and engage in “body activism” on social media experience and reflect on the activism, belonging and entitlement, and their own participation. The informants discussed activism in terms of inclusiveness and political potential, where the most accessible activism is also the one ascribed with the least political potential. Entitlement is linked to collective identity, where an active participation requires belonging to the marginalised group. This article highlights the significance of boundary work in movements, where too narrowly drawn boundaries can lead to decreased participation and result in an unexploited potential for social change.

Duplex stainless steels are a group of widely used stainless steels, because of their attractive combination of strength and corrosion resistance. However, these steels embrittle because of a phase separation phenomenon in the ferrite phase when exposed to temperatures within the miscibility gap. This manuscript investigates the phase separation in two commercial stainless steels, the duplex stainless steel (DSS) 22Cr-5Ni (2205 or UNS S32205), and the super-duplex stainless steel (SDSS) 25Cr-7Ni (2507 or UNS S32750), and its subsequent effect on mechanical property evolution. Long-term isothermal aging heat treatments were carried out at industrially relevant temperatures between 250 °C and 350 °C for up to 48,000 hours, and quantitative measurements of the amplitude and wavelength of the phase separated nanostructure were obtained using Small-Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS). These quantifications were used as input parameters in hardness models to predict the hardness evolution. It is concluded that the quantitative information from SANS combined with these hardness models enables the prediction of hardness evolution in DSS at low temperatures, which in turn correlates with the embrittlement of the DSS.

Background Smoking and occupational pulmonary irritants contribute to multiple sclerosis (MS) development. We aimed to study the association between ambient air pollution and MS risk and potential interaction with the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DRB1*15:01 allele. Methods Exposure to combustion-related air pollution was estimated as outdoor levels of nitrogen oxides (NOx) at the participants’ residence locations, by spatially resolved dispersion modelling for the years 1990–18. Using two population-based case-control studies (6635 cases, 8880 controls), NOx levels were associated with MS risk by calculating odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) using logistic regression models. Interaction between high NOx levels and the HLA-DRB1*15:01 allele regarding MS risk was calculated by the attributable proportion due to interaction (AP). In addition, a register study was performed comprising all MS cases in Sweden who had received their diagnosis between 1993 and 2018 (n = 22 173), with 10 controls per case randomly selected from the National Population register. Results Residential air pollution was associated with MS risk. NOx levels (3-year average) exceeding the 90th percentile (24.6 µg/m3) were associated with an OR of 1.37 (95% CI 1.10–1.76) compared with levels below the 25th percentile (5.9 µg/m3), with a trend of increasing risk of MS with increasing levels of NOx (P Conclusions Our findings indicate that moderate levels of combustion-related ambient air pollution may play a role in MS development.

Backwash water is an integral part of membrane treatment, normally making up between 2 and 10 % of the clean water production which constitutes a large volume on an industrial scale. To identify suitable treatment or disposal methods for backwash water, it is important to understand the characteristics of the backwash water and what contaminants it contains. In this study, the backwash water from an ultrafiltration membrane process for stormwater treatment was analysed. Concentrations of TSS and TOC were 2.4 and 24 times higher in the backwash water than the influent stormwater. The concentration of particulate and dissolved (

Learning to identify anomalies in x-ray images is a time consuming and difficult task. Manyhours of looking at similar images to familiarize oneself with the images can feel daunting andunmotivating. This is why a game application where the user, in a challenging environment, canlearn while being adequately stimulated.In this thesis, a game for this exact reason is created, with the aim being to teach anatomy tomedical students in a stimulating fashion. The game is made in the programming languagePython, which uses libraries supporting the DICOM-format, which is widely used in the medicalfield. By combining a score system with a time limit, the user can challenge themselves and seeconcrete improvement by playing the game.The goal of this thesis is to prepare medical students for their future profession as a doctor,training them to easily detect anomalies in the human body. A small test is conducted to test thegame and confirm that it improves the user’s ability to identify anatomical structures. The resultis then presented along with proposed improvements and alternative approaches.

Financial assets are volatile, and volatility becomes more intense in terms of size and rate of recurrence when markets are uncertain and growing rapidly. The fact that the recurrence rate increased during crisis periods, such as the IT bubble in the early 2000 and the global financial crisis that started in 2007, is a key finding in the literature. Estimating these results requires modeling a time series that can consider volatility clustering. However, the prominent model in finance and economics estimates that the average volatility increases when uncertainty increases. This modeling process needs to consider the asymmetry that financial assets and economic outcomes, such as gross domestic product (GDP) exhibit, which tend to fall drastically in a short period and increase steadily over a long period. To model these different behaviors, one must consider the asymmetric nature of the return, for example, when a stock has extremely low or extremely high returns in a day. To model this behavior, I used several methods in settings that could better explain what happens during market periods when there is higher uncertainty. The general finding is that correlations are higher when returns are in the lower quantiles, called the left tails. Thus, financial assets are positively correlated, especially during periods of increased uncertainty. It is not only clustering that one would try to explain, but another issue is the prediction of one asset’s effect on another. The effect of one asset on another asset is called the spillover effect. We tried to distinguish between events that happen during the same time that affect all assets. These events are called systematic risk, and the effects that one asset has on another asset is called systemic risk. Explaining the systemic risk typically has higher priority from a policy perspective, as systemic risk can be a driver for risk transmission from one asset to another, creating a chain of risk or a spiral of risk. Hence, the approaches I used can model that chain of risk and predict risk transmission while controlling for external factors that increase uncertainty. The results of this research show the connection between energy assets and renewable energy stocks in Papers 1 and 2. For instance, we found that there is a possibility of adjusting the European carbon emission cap and that renewable energy stocks positively correlate with energy commodities in the tails. Thus, renewable energy stocks follow a macroeconomic cycle. The findings of Paper 3 show the systemic and systematic nature of cross-country spillovers between emerging and developed financial markets, and that the spillover is time-varying with increasing spillovers in crisis periods. Paper 4 examines the Nordic banking sector. The results show that banks’ spillover to their local markets is due to their systemic importance and the strength of the spillover is related to the bank’s characteristics. In the final Paper, I studied the upside and downside movement asymmetry of stocks and found that betting on upside volatility is better than a portfolio perspective but comes at the cost of increased pricing errors. The empirical findings of this thesis significantly contribute to policymakers and institutional investors in portfolio diversification and risk management.

Hydraulic dredging of stormwater ponds may include on-site dewatering of dredged materials using polymersand geotextile filtration. The choice of polymer and its preparation affect the overall operational effectivenessand the quality of the reject water (filtrate) returned to the stormwater pond. This study examined the resultingparticle content as well as nutrient and metal concentrations in the filtrate conducted on hydraulically dredgedstormwater sediment that was chemically conditioned and filtered through geotextile. This study investigateshow polymer choice and preparation affects the outcome. In total, three types of polymers were tested (powder,emulsion commercial cationic polymers and chitosan), the water (tap water or reclaimed) the polymer wasprepared in, and the aging time of the polymer solution. Deviations from manufacturer's instructions on thepolymer preparation increased the amount of polymer needed for an optimal conditioning process. In terms ofpollutant retention, there was no difference between polymer preparations. In the filter cake there was nodiscernable difference between conditioned and unconditioned sediment, rather the difference was noticeable onthe filtrate. Conditioned stormwater sediment produced a geotextile filtrate with considerably less metal andnutrient content than the unconditioned stormwater sediment. Validerad;2023;Nivå 2;2023-03-24 (hanlid)

Henry VIII is known as the king who changed the direction of the Chruch of England, because of not being able to divorce his wife Catherine of Aragon. Everyone who has the smallest interest in history will know who this man is, and he keeps fascinating us until this day. How are his motives to the reformation and the divorce portrayed in literature during the last 100 years? Was the divorce the only reason for the start of the English reformation? These topics will be examined in this essay written at a bachelor level.

Pits and mounds in pebble: A study of archaeological remains in ancient pebble beaches inthe county of Västerbotten. Pits (Sw. boplatsgropar) and mounds (Sw. boplatsvallar) in ancient pebble beaches are two types of archaeological remains that are common under the highest coastline in the county of Västerbotten, Sweden. Although common, knowledge of these archaeological remains is limited. Organic materials left in pebble formations rapidly break down and degrade due to high exposure to moisture and weather, making dating by traditional archaeological methods such as 14C or dendrochronology impossible. The data for this study consists of two parts. One part has been collected through field surveys by the author and the other part is collected from National Heritage Board´s database of archaeological sites (Sw. Riksantikvarieämbetets kulturmiljöregister). The result of this study suggests that the majority of smaller pits and mounds in ancient pebble beaches have been used for storage and that larger pits and mounds are big enough to have functioned as foundations for simple dwellings. It also suggests there is some spatial coherence between the type of archaeological remains known as hut foundations (Sw.tomtningar) and pits in ancient pebble beaches. Albeit this coherence is slight and may be a coincidence. Furthermore, the study suggests there is a spatial coherence between quartz and quartzite handled by humans and pits in ancient pebble beaches that is not a coincidence. Suggestively, some pits in ancient pebble beaches that can be found today have been made and used in prehistoric times, by people who used quartz and quartzite in their daily lives.

Scripta materialia 232, 115496 (2023). doi:10.1016/j.scriptamat.2023.115496, Targeting to obtain fine dispersions of nanoscale precipitates to enhance the mechanical properties of a high-performance tool steel, re-engineering of the alloy composition and heat treatment was guided by computational thermodynamics and kinetics. A prototype alloy was prepared using the designed chemistry and heat treatment. Thereafter, advanced microstructural characterization and mechanical testing confirmed the successful design to reach a high number density of (V, Mo)C precipitates with an average diameter of about 5 nm in the peak-hardened condition, after tempering the martensite at 600 °C for 2h., Published by Elsevier Science, Amsterdam [u.a.]

Metallurgical and materials transactions / A 54(4), 1083 - 1100 (2023). doi:10.1007/s11661-022-06948-z, The martensitic transformation was studied by in situ and ex situ experiments in two high-carbon, 0.54 and 0.74 wt pct C, steels applying three different cooling rates, 15 °C/s, 5 °C/s, and 0.5 °C/s, in the temperature range around Ms, to improve the understanding of the evolution of martensite tetragonality c/a and phase fraction formed during the transformation. The combination of in situ high-energy X-ray diffraction during controlled cooling and spatially resolved tetragonality c/a determination by electron backscatter diffraction pattern matching was used to study the transformation behavior. The cooling rate and the different Ms for the steels had a clear impact on the martensitic transformation with a decrease in average tetragonality due to stronger autotempering for a decreasing cooling rate and higher Ms. A slower cooling rate also resulted in a lower fraction of martensite at room temperature, but with an increase in fraction of autotempered martensite. Additionally, a heterogeneous distribution of martensite tetragonality was observed for all cooling rates., Published by Springer, Boston

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-msj-10.1177_13524585231181841 for Inverse association between Mediterranean diet and risk of multiple sclerosis by Lars Alfredsson, Tomas Olsson and Anna Karin Hedström in Multiple Sclerosis Journal

In the printing industry quality is key, this is because a product is printed for a better appearance or to convey information. If the packaging for a product looks bad customers will get a bad first impression of the product. The quality of the print can be affected by many different factors. The material properties of the paperboard such as stiffness, surface roughness, and thickness. It could also be affected by the coating of the paperboard, the properties of the ink, the material properties of the printing form, etc. In this thesis, the effect of the contact time and the maximum pressure in the nip of a flexographic printing press was studied. To separate these variables six different desirable pressure pulses were decided upon. Three of them where the contact time remains constant while the maximum pressure changes, and three other pulses where the maximum pressure is constant while the contact time changes. The printing was done in an IGT F1 laboratory printing press. The different pressure pulses were achieved by using three different printing forms and varying the force settings in the printing press. The mottle results from the mottle analysis do not show a clear reliance on the contact time or maximum pressure. Instead, the stiffness of the printing forms influences the results to such an extent that it overshadows any effect that the contact time or maximum pressure has. In the case of dot gain, it can be determined that a larger impression leads to more dot gain. However here the stiffness of the printing plays a large role, and no clear conclusions can be drawn when strictly comparing contact time or maximum pressure. Inom den grafiska industrin är kvalitet avgörande, detta eftersom en produkt trycks för att se bra ut eller för att förmedla ett budskap. Om förpackningen för en produkt ser dålig ut så får kunderna ett dåligt första intryck av produkten. Kvaliteten på trycket kan påverkas av många olika faktorer. Kartongens materialegenskaper såsom styvhet, ytjämnhet och tjocklek. Det kan också påverkas av kartongens beläggning, bläckets egenskaper, tryckplåtens materialegenskaper etcetera. I denna uppsats undersöktes effekten av kontakttiden och det maximala trycket i trycknypet i en flexografisk tryckpress. För att separera dessa variabler bestämdes sex olika önskvärda tryckpulser. Tre av dem var pulser med konstant kontakttid medan det maximala trycket justeras, och tre andra pulser där det maximala trycket hölls konstant medan kontakttiden justerades. Experimenten genomfördes i en IGT F1 laboratorietryckpress. De olika tryckpulserna uppnåddes genom att använda tre olika tryckplåtar och variera kraftinställningarna i tryckpressen. Analysen av provens flammighet visar inte ett tydligt beroende av kontakttiden eller maximalt tryck. Det är i stället tryckplåtarnas styvhet som påverkar resultaten mest, de påverkar resultaten i en sådan stor utsträckning att det inte går att dra några slutsatser om kontakttiden och det maximala tryckets påverkan på resultatet. Från resultaten av punktförstoring kan slutsatsen dras att högre intryckning ger mer punktförstoring. Men även i detta fall så spelar styvheten för tryckplåtarna väldigt stor roll och inga slutsatser kan dras för vare sig kontakttid eller maximalt tryck.

Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is a special form of pancreatitis that responds well to glucocorticoid (GC) treatment. Relapses of AIP are common. The anti-CD20 antibody rituximab (RTX) has shown promising results in GC refractory cases, but long-term data are scarce. The study aims to determine the clinical and imaging response to RTX and summarize the existing data on RTX therapy in patients with AIP type 1 in the literature. Retrospective analysis of electronic medical records was conducted. Additionally, we conducted a systematic review of the literature concerning RTX use in AIP type 1. Twelve (11.7%) of 103 patients with AIP type 1 were treated with RTX during the study period: eight (66.7%) achieved complete and four (33.3%) partial remission. RTX was discontinued in one patient who developed fever and reactivation of latent tuberculosis. None of the remaining 11 patients relapsed during a median follow-up of 17 months. No significant differences were detected in baseline clinical characteristics or history of relapse between the patients who obtained complete and partial remission. Altogether, eight studies with 110 AIP type-1 patients treated with RTX were analyzed. Adverse effects ranged from 11–43% and the relapse-free period during follow-up (range 2–173 months) ranged from 38–94%. Our results confirm that RTX is efficacious in the treatment of AIP type 1 by inducing remission and preventing relapse. In addition, there are few adverse effects of the treatment.

By successful implementation of EDI both individual and company gains can be achieved, based on a sense of satisfaction, belonging, and additional thinking perspectives. That result in increased likelihood and conditions for innovativeness and competitiveness. EDI is perceived as necessary for companies to become and remain attractive and competitive. At the same time it is based on voluntary commitments which might affect resource dedication. The focus of the study is the perception and management of EDI based on empirical and theoretical grounds, i.e., contrasting theory and practice of EDI. It was performed as a qualitative case study with an inductive approach, by purposefully sampled respondents within HR management, to enable understanding and knowledge about the notion of EDI in the Swedish industry. Notable observations and valuable additions for future research are an absence of practical possibilities to demonstrate result-wise advantages of implementing a wider range of diversity dimensions, complexity in measuring multiple diversity imensions without violating personal integrity, lack of or active negation of general framework models, unclear responsibility distribution, lack of dedicated resources, homogenous approach without uniqueness towards EDI incentives, and reward issues. The result indicates that the focus is on equal conditions for everyone, e.g., by conscious knowledge-based recruitment, to a greater extent than fulfillment of diversity, e.g., nonnuanced gender focus, and inclusion, e.g., changes in policies and job descriptions. This study contributes to and extends existing EDI literature and emphasizes codification of knowledge to increase the transferability of EDI-related perceptions and incentives between and within individual Swedish industrial companies.

This technical report presents an overview of sample environments which are usable at the PETRA III Swedish Materials Science beamline (potentially requiring arrangement or development of the beamline layout). Alongside the description of each sample environment, illustrative materials science studies are presented that exemplify the use of these sample environments for in situ and/or in operando measurements. The sample environments are catalogued according to the research application areas, which are categorised as Thermal treatments, Electrochemistry, Catalysis, Thin films, Mechanical response of materials and Levitation. Such cataloguing means that researchers can now start their search for relevant sample environments by looking up a relevant research application area. Citations and links to specifications, published research cases and the organisation that is responsible for a given sample environment, are also provided as a basis for researchers to proceed with their research planning. QC 20230328

The uptake of 63Ni(II), 152Eu(III) and 242Pu(III/IV) by hardened cement paste (HCP, CEM I) in the degradation stage II (pH ≈ 12.5 [Ca] ≈ 0.02 M) was investigated in the absence and presence of α-hydroxyisobutyric, 3-hydroxybutyric and glutaric acids. These organic ligands were previously identified as proxies for the degradation products of UP2W (a polyacrylonitrile-based material used as filter aid in nuclear power plants) under repository conditions. Sorption experiments were conducted with various ligand concentrations (10−4 M ≤ [L]tot ≤ 0.1 M) and solid-to-liquid ratios (0.5 g⋅dm–3 ≤ S:L ≤ 20 g⋅dm–3). Redox conditions in the Pu systems were buffered with either hydroquinone (HQ, pe + pH ≈ 10) or Sn(II) (pe + pH ≈ 2). Strong sorption is observed for 152Eu(III) and 242Pu(III/IV) in the absence of proxy ligands, with distribution coefficients (log Rd ≈ 2.2–4, with Rd in m3⋅kg–1) in line with data reported in the literature. No differences are observed for sorption experiments with Pu in HQ and Sn(II) systems. Lower Rd values are determined for 63Ni(II) (log Rd,Ni63 ≈ 0-1), consistently with previous studies. In combination with log Rd,Ni determined on the basis of the concentration of stable Ni(II) in pristine HCP and in cement porewater, values of the partition coefficient (α) close to 1 are determined. This suggests that the uptake of 63Ni is possibly driven by isotopic exchange with the complete species inventory of stable Ni present in pristine HCP, including Ni in solid phases and associated with surfaces, e.g., of C-S-H phases. The presence of proxy ligands has a negligible effect on the uptake of 152Eu(III) up to [L]tot = 0.1 M. A slight decrease in the distribution ratios for 63Ni(II) and 242Pu(III/IV) is observed at [L]tot > 10−2 M, although the effect is less evident in the case of plutonium due to the dispersion of the data and the increase of the detection limits with increasing ligand concentrations. Compared to strongly complexing ligands like isosaccharinic acid or gluconate, the investigated proxy ligands show a minor capacity for radionuclide mobilization in cementitious systems, even at high concentrations.

Package plants (PP) are implemented around the world to provide on-site sanitation in areas not connected to a sewage network. The efficiency of PP has not been comprehensively studied at full scale, and the limited number of available studies have shown that their performance varies greatly. Their performance under cold climate conditions and the occurrence of micropollutants in PP effluents have not been sufficiently explored. PP are exposed to environmental factors such as low temperature, especially in cold regions with low winter temperatures and deep frost penetration, that can adversely influence the biochemical processes. The aim of this study was to investigate the treatment efficiency and possible effects of cold temperatures on PP performance, with focus on traditional contaminants (organics, solids, nutrients and indicator bacteria) and an additional assessment of micropollutants on two PP. Eleven PP hosting different treatment processes were monitored. Removal of biological oxygen demand (BOD) was high in all plants (>91%). Six out of the 11 PP provided good phosphorus removal (>71%). Small degrees of nitrification were observed in almost all the facilities, despite the low temperatures, while denitrification was only observed in two plants which achieved the highest nitrification rates (>51%) and had sludge recirculation. No strong correlation between wastewater temperature and BOD, nutrients and indicator bacteria concentration in the effluents was found. The high data variability and the effects of other process parameters as well as snow-melt water infiltration are suggested as possible reasons for the lack of correlation. However, weak negative relations between effluent concentrations and wastewater temperatures were detected in specific plants, indicating that temperature does have effects. When managed adequately, package plants can provide high BOD and phosphorus removal, but nitrogen and bacteria removal remain challenging, especially at low temperatures. Pharmaceutical compounds were detected in the effluents at concentrations within or above ranges reported for large treatment plants while phthalate ester concentrations were below commonly reported effluent concentrations. Validerad;2023;Nivå 2;2023-06-26 (hanlid);Funder: J. Gust. Richert foundation

Misinterpretations and faulty use of Software Development Method (SDM) practices and principles are identified pitfalls in Software Development (SD). Previous research indicates cases with method adoption and use failures; one reason could be the SDM Cargo Cult (CC) behavior, where SD organizations claim to be agile but not doing agile. Previous research has suggested the SDM CC framework as an analytical tool. The aim of this paper is to refine the SDM CC framework and empirically test this version of the framework. We use data from an ethnographical study on three SD teams’ Daily Scrum Meetings (DSM). The empirical material was collected through observations, interviews, and the organization’s business documents. We uncovered twelve CC situations in the SD teams’ use of the DSM practice, structured into seven categories of SDM deviations: bringing irrelevant information, canceling meetings, disturbing the team, receiving unclear information, bringing new requirements, problemsolving, and task distribution., Cargo cult behaviour in agile systems development

Green walls in urban environments can be both an aesthetic feature and be of practical use in greywater treatment. This study evaluates the effect of different loading rates (4.5 l/d, 9 l/d, and 18 l/d) on the efficiency of treating actual greywater from a city district in a pilot-scale green wall with five different filter materials as substrates (biochar, pumice, hemp fiber, spent coffee grounds (SCG), and composted fiber soil (CFS)). Three cool climate plant species, Carex nigra, Juncus compressus, and Myosotis scorpioides, were chosen for the green wall. The following parameters were evaluated: biological oxygen demand (BOD), fractions of organic carbon, nutrients, indicator bacteria, surfactants, and salt. Three of the five materials investigated – biochar, pumice, and CFS - showed promising treatment efficiencies. The respective overall reduction efficiencies of BOD, total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) were 99%, 75%, and 57% for biochar; 96%, 58%, and 61% for pumice; and 99%, 82% and 85% for CFS. BOD was stable in the biochar filter material with effluent concentrations of 2 mg/l across all investigated loading rates. However, higher loading rates had a significantly negative effect on hemp and pumice for BOD. Interestingly, the highest loading rate (18 l/d) flowing over pumice removed the highest levels of TN (80%) and TP (86%). Biochar was the most effective material in removing indicator bacteria, with a 2.2–4.0 Log10 reduction for E. coli and enterococci. SCG was the least efficient material, giving a higher BOD in the effluent than in the influent. Therefore, this study presents the potential of natural and waste-derived filter materials to treat greywater effectively and the results can contribute to the future development of nature-based greywater treatment and management practices in urban areas. Validerad;2023;Nivå 2;2023-05-02 (sofila)