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The itinerant notary system was an important measure taken by the Nationalist government in Nanjing to enhance its control of grassroots society in rural China. There was no intent to challenge the central government’s wishes of “enlarging government revenues for the benefit of the state treasury” and safeguarding the integrity of the central government’s jurisdiction, which made smooth implementation of the itinerant notary system possible. It was against this background that the court of Linxia, Gansu province, expanded its reach to local business centers, selected superintendents of public notaries from among local gentry elites, and offered awards for notary services. The itinerant notary system thus combined a “modern” legal institution transplanted from the West with endogenous resources, and turned out to be an experiment conducive to overcoming the either/or binary of Western vs. Chinese, exploring a pluralistic and less disruptive path of institutional development.

The toughening effect of SiC particles was applied to inhibition of the cracks in Al2O3 ceramic for Laser Direct Forming(LDF).The experiments of coaxial laser cladding Al2O3 ceramic added SiC particles were performed on the Ti-6Al-4V alloy substrate to investigate the feasibility of Al2O3+SiC composite ceramic by LDF and explore the factors effecting on the crack susceptivity.The cracks,microstructures and the combining of the two compositions were observed by an optical microscopy,and the phase transitions were detected by X-ray diffraction.The results show that some complete SiC particles contained in the Al2O3 ceramic can inhibit the cracks,and the Al2O3+SiC composite ceramic without serious chemical reactions or combining defects can be prepared.The crack susceptivity is significantly affected by the proportion of SiC(f),laser power(P),scanning velocity(v) and the powder flow rate(n).Finally,a thin-wall Al2O3+SiC composite ceramic block(17 mm×6 mm×2 mm)without the obvious defects was formed with the parameters of f,P,v and n in 10%(weight proportion),186 W,300 mm/min and 1.78 g/min,respectively.

Biodiversity provides a platform humans can thrive on,and it is vital for ensuring the sustainable development of society.China is one of the megadiverse countries in the world,and was also among the earliest to join the Convention on Biological Diversity.Since the launch of the Biodiversity Conservation Plan in China in 1994,researchers in China have devoted more than 10 years of hard work in the area of biodiversity and published a large number of research papers and documents.A search was conducted for papers on biodiversity using the Science Citation Index Expanded,using TS=("biological diversity" OR biodiversity OR "species diversity" OR "species richness" OR "genetic diversity" OR ecosystem* OR communities OR "ecosystem function" OR "bio* invasion*" OR "invasive species" OR "endangered species" OR "conservation biology" OR "biodiversity conservation" OR biogeography OR "new species" OR taxonomy OR phylogeny OR "landscape diversity").By analyzing and comparing characteristic figures,this paper accesses the current status and international influence of biodiversity studies in China,and also attempts to provide direction for possible future research. Between 1997 and 2009,219773 papers addressing various facets of biodiversity were published globally,with twice as many published in 2009 compared with 1997.During these 13 years,China exhibited the fastest growth rate in terms of the quantity of such papers,with 110 papers published in 1997 and 20 times that number published in 2009,when compared with 207 countries and regions in the world.Globally,the percentage of these papers originating in China continues to increase,growing from 1.23% in 1997 to 7.81% in 2009.China ranks 7th with 11182 papers published during this time period,representing 5.08% of the total number published on biodiversity globally. Members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences published the largest quantity of papers related to various facets of biodiversity in the world when compared with the members of other institutes,which is more than twice the average number of the seven major institutes in the United States.However,among the top ten institutes in terms of quantity,China ranks at the bottom based on citations per paper and the h-index.Among the 10 most cited papers with one or more authors from China,all of them are joint efforts of Chinese and international institutes,and none of them has an author from China as the first author or the corresponding author.According to the total citation numbers,citations per paper and the h-index,China did not exhibit a growing global influence in the area of biodiversity.Among the 11182 papers from China,45 papers had been cited more than 100 times,including only 12 papers with first authors from China.Of the total,1865 papers had been cited between 10 and 100 times;3211 papers have not been cited at all,representing 28.33% of the total. Among the top 10 journals with the most papers from China,six of them are journals from China.Zootaxa from New Zealand led the way with 598 papers from China.According to data from Journal Citation Reports in 2009,the impact factor of Zootaxa is 0.891,and this journal published the most papers on biodiversity both from China and the world.From 2004 to 2009,it was included in SCI-E,and papers on biodiversity constituted 80% of the total. According to the classification of journals in SCI-E,for both China and the world,the top three subjects with the most papers published related to biodiversity are ecology,environmental studies and plant sciences.Among these three subjects,the 52643 papers on ecology significantly outnumber the 28334 related to environmental studies and 26983 on plant sciences.As for papers from China,2030 papers on plant sciences exceed the 1486 on ecology and the 1312 papers on environmental studies.Globally,the 25814 papers on marine freshwater biology rank 4th as a topic and come closely behind environmental studies and plant sciences in terms of quantity.As for China,the 641 papers on marine freshwater biology only rank 9th in quantity,falling behind ecology,environmental studies and plant sciences by a large margin.

A three-dimensional thermal-mechanical Finite Element Model(FEM) was established by the ANSYS code to reveal the influence of fixture restraint distance on Pulsed Laser Welding(PLW) distortion of Hastelloy C-276 thin sheet with a thickness of 0.5 mm.The influence laws of the restraint distance on welding longitudinal deflection and transverse shrinkage distortion were investigated by using the displacement restriction assumption instead of the actual restraint condition.Experiments were carried out to measure the welding thermal cycle curves and residual distortions.The simulation results are in good agreement with that of the corresponding experiment,which validates the reliability of the FEM.It shows that the welding longitudinal deflection and transverse shrinkage distortion increase linearly with the restraint distance increasing from 8 mm to 20 mm,especially the welding transverse shrinkage distortion increases by nearly 3.6 times.Furthermore,the welding residual distortions can be controlled by reducing the restraint distance.Results dennonstrate that the FEM can simulate accurately the temperature field and the residual distortion of PLW and can provide theoretical and experimental basis for suppression of the welding distortion of thin sheets.

本研究主要目的是在面對全球化趨勢影響之下，企圖以統整課程的方式將全球化課程融入國小社會學習領域課程之中。因此，本文首先由全球化趨勢與反全球化運動的背景與發展脈絡加以探討；其次分析全球化課程的核心概念及發展，並試圖以一則國小六年級全球化課程融入社會領域的實施歷程為例，提出分析與自我反省；最後探討課程設計與實施的成效及所面臨之問題。 本研究係由一名教育大學教授和現職國小教師協同完成，以行動研究的方式探討國小全球化課程融入社會領域教學之歷程，研究者以觀察、訪談、文件蒐集、省思札記等方式，從中蒐集相關文件資料，並進行資料的整理及分析。希望建構本土的全球化課程作為教育人員與課程編制者發展與統整課程之參考。 This study attempted to design a workable globalizational curriculum which was integrated with social studies at one elementary school. For this purpose, the researchers reviewed the research literature about the development and content of globalization, the relationship between globalization and anti-globalization, and further explored the concepts of global education and the curriculum of globalization. Action research method was adopted in this study. The research data were collected by ways of participant observation, interviews, collection of documents and reflection notes. The researchers had found some problems from the natural teaching situation at the first cycle. Then, we evaluated the teaching strategy and made adjustment at the next cycle. Conclusions and implementation were offered which may provide a basis for further study on the curriculum of globalization in Taiwan.

質性研究資料的分析，是研究者在進行研究時最艱鉅的工作之一，若能有強大軟體的協助，將提升分析工作的效能，並減少分析時可能的疏漏。