Search

Small and medium-sized firms (SMEs) play an important part in the economic growth of industrialized nations since they help to create jobs and act as a training ground for capable management. The significance and standing of small and medium-sized firms (SMEs) in relation to economic development are shown by this study. The main characteristics of small and medium-sized firms (SMEs) and their current management practices are described in this work. The authors examine the management framework of small and medium-sized firms (SMEs) and engage in the surveillance of management as a basic aspect of the process of organizational management.

RESUMEN: Nudo de tensión entre vida biológica e historicidad, la animalidad recorre la serie de mataderos que la crítica argentina ha indagado como ficción soberana, pautada por el dualismo político. La polarización de 1840 plasmada en El matadero de Echeverría, con titubeos narrativos frente a voces y cuerpos animalizados del sector popular, retorna desde mediados del siglo XX en versiones de la dicotomía civilización-barbarie, que mantienen la distinción naturaleza-cultura y las coordenadas de historicidad antropocéntrica, como la crónica de Walsh que en 1967 enmienda el reparto clasista de Echeverría. El umbral crítico de la vida (Agamben) emerge en reescrituras recientes del matadero, donde el flujo del capital atraviesa no solo el cuerpo del trabajador sino lo viviente. Un cuento de Kohan (2009) y una novela de Maia (2013) descubren bajo la dicotomía la complejidad de pasajes entre animales y humanos, donde indagan las economías de relaciones entre vidas protegidas y abandonadas. Confrontando las conflictividades culturales argentina y brasileña, marcadas por el peso de economías agroexportadoras y el dualismo como control de mezclas, estos relatos de trabajadores del ganado inquieren lo difuso del borde vida-muerte tras dos siglos de progreso humanista en América Latina. ABSTRACT: Animality, a knot of tension between biological life and historicity, runs through the series of slaughterhouses that Argentine critics have investigated as sovereign fiction, guided by political dualism. The 1840 polarization embodied in Echeverría´s El matadero (The Slaughterhouse), with narrative hesitations about voices and animalized bodies of popular sector, has returned since the middle of the 20th century in versions of the civilization-barbarity dichotomy, which maintain the nature-culture distinction and the coordinates of anthropocentric historicity, such as Walsh's chronicle that in 1967 amends the class distribution of Echeverría. The critical threshold of life (Agamben) emerges in recent rewritings of the slaughterhouse, where the flow of capital passes through not only the body of the worker but also the living being. A story by Kohan (2009) and a novel by Maia (2013) discover under dichotomy the complexity of passages between animals and humans, where they investigate the economies of relationships between protected and abandoned lives. By confronting Argentine and Brazilian cultural conflicts, both marked by the weight of agro-export economies and dualism as control of mixtures, these stories of cattle workers inquire about the diffuseness of the life-death border after two centuries of humanist progress in Latin America., Nudo de tensión entre vida biológica e historicidad, la animalidad recorre la serie de mataderos que la crítica argentina ha indagado como ficción soberana, pautada por el dualismo político. La polarización de 1840 plasmada en El matadero de Echeverría, con titubeos narrativos frente a voces y cuerpos animalizados del sector popular, retorna desde mediados del siglo XX en versiones de la dicotomía civilización-barbarie, que mantienen la distinción naturaleza-cultura y las coordenadas de historicidad antropocéntrica, como la crónica de Walsh que en 1967 enmienda el reparto clasista de Echeverría. El umbral crítico de la vida (Agamben) emerge en reescrituras recientes del matadero, donde el flujo del capital atraviesa no solo el cuerpo del trabajador sino lo viviente. Un cuento de Kohan (2009) y una novela de Maia (2013) descubren bajo la dicotomía la complejidad de pasajes entre animales y humanos, donde indagan las economías de relaciones entre vidas protegidas y abandonadas. Confrontando las conflictividades culturales argentina y brasileña, marcadas por el peso de economías agroexportadoras y el dualismo como control de mezclas, estos relatos de trabajadores del ganado inquieren lo difuso del borde vida-muerte tras dos siglos de progreso humanista en América Latina., Animality, a knot of tension between biological life and historicity, runs through the series of slaughterhouses that Argentine critics have investigated as sovereign fiction, guided by political dualism. The 1840 polarization embodied in Echeverría´s El matadero (The Slaughterhouse), with narrative hesitations about voices and animalized bodies of popular sector, has returned since the middle of the 20th century in versions of the civilization-barbarity dichotomy, which maintain the nature-culture distinction and the coordinates of anthropocentric historicity, such as Walsh's chronicle that in 1967 amends the class distribution of Echeverría. The critical threshold of life (Agamben) emerges in recent rewritings of the slaughterhouse, where the flow of capital passes through not only the body of the worker but also the living being. A story by Kohan (2009) and a novel by Maia (2013) discover under dichotomy the complexity of passages between animals and humans, where they investigate the economies of relationships between protected and abandoned lives. By confronting Argentine and Brazilian cultural conflicts, both marked by the weight of agro-export economies and dualism as control of mixtures, these stories of cattle workers inquire about the diffuseness of the life-death border after two centuries of humanist progress in Latin America.

Internationalisation is a major trend in higher education worldwide. Yet, little evidence is given on the net impact of international students on national economies. This study addresses this gap by estimating the benefits against the costs driven by international students in Belgium and its Flemish region in particular. Using a unique combination of various sources of micro-data, the results show net positive benefits that exceed costs by a factor ranging between 2.4 (lower bound) and 3.1 (upper bound) times. The results vary highly with the level of education, as the ratio is the lowest for doctoral students (1.2–1.6) and highest for master students (5.1–6.3). The effect is mainly driven by a high stay rate of international students, who are likely to work in the country after graduation. When considering indirect effects, our results show that there are no significant peer effects due to the presence of international students in the classroom. ispartof: Higher Education vol:82 issue:3 pages:459-476 status: published

A prime motive for innovative firms to seek collaboration is to gain access to knowledge resources. Firms that already benefit from knowledge spillovers without establishing formal collaborative agreements, may abstain from embarking on such agreements as they are costly. The propensity to (start to or continue to) collaborate with other business partners (customers, suppliers, competitors) will be associated with whether firms already benefit from access to knowledge resources, either through existing collaboration or otherwise. This research studies the interplay of formal collaboration and incoming spillovers by distinguishing four collaboration-spillovers scenarios: ‘connected’, ‘detached’, ‘informed’ or ‘extraneous’. Using a large panel data set of Spanish firms during the period 2004–2016 we examine effects of the four scenarios on firms'' propensity for continuing or starting collaboration. We subsequently estimate the effect of these scenarios on firm innovation performance. Our findings suggest that incoming knowledge spillovers may amplify or limit collaboration, but that they only partly substitute formal collaboration when it comes to impact on performance.

Cattle traction was a technological innovation that made a significant impact on production, individual and household wealth, and social organisation. Despite ongoing debates regarding the origins and extent of the harnessing of cattle power among early agropastoral societies, only a few studies have attempted at addressing this matter systematically. In Neolithic catalho center dot yuk, several studies have explored the symbolism and domestication of aurochs and cattle, while the systematic investigation of Bos skeletal remains regarding the presence of cattle traction has been missing. This study focuses on Neolithic catalho center dot yuk in Central Anatolia, renowned for its cattle symbolism, to explore the possibility of cattle traction in the 7th and 6th millennium BCE. We studied the palaeopathological traces on the lower limbs of Bos from catalho center dot yuk East (Early, Middle, and Late) and West Mounds. Our results suggest that arthropathies are present on the Bos lower limbs (particularly anterior elements) in all phases of Neolithic catalho center dot yuk. Pathological and sub-pathological changes are on average more severe among the small cattle of catalho center dot yuk West than in the preceding periods at catalho center dot yuk East, a result affected by a few rather deformed specimens in catalho center dot yuk West. We did not observe any clear correlation between cattle survivorship, size, and pathology severity. Although an unequivocal association between pathologies and traction in prehistoric cattle remains challenging, we discuss plausible explanations for the changing nature and intensity of cattle pathologies at catalho center dot yuk throughout time. Furthermore, we discuss the implications of possible draught use of cattle for the socioeconomic shifts catalho center dot yuk experienced in the 6th millennium BC., University of Groningen, Acknowledgements This work was supported by the University of Groningen. Permission to study the material at the site was granted by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the Republic of Turkey. Ilkem G?ngo?r assisted the Groningen zooarchaeological team in 2019. The specimens were pho-tographed by Mateusz Dembowiak. Jesse Wolfhagen and David Orton kindly answered questions about the ?atalho?y?k zooarchaeological database and chronology. We extend our thanks to each of these in-dividuals and institutions. Special thanks to our reviewer, Katheryn Twiss, and two anonymous reviewers for providing insightful comments on this manuscript.

Resumen La difícil realidad que viven los países del tercer mundo a causa de la insuficiencia de sus economías exige el desarrollo de nuevas tendencias y paradigmas de modelos económicos que complementen a las economías tradicionales. Las Economías Creativas constituyen un sistema de crecimiento económico y social que agrupa nuevas estrategias de calidad de vida y desarrollo. El patrimonio material e inmaterial de Cuba tiene un alto valor, y el Centro Histórico La Habana Vieja es un reconocido referente de conservación de identidad cultural, por sus exitosas formas de gestión del patrimonio y la puesta en valor de inmuebles olvidados. Teniendo en cuenta el contexto socioeconómico cubano y los objetivos manejados por la Oficina del Historiador de la ciudad de La Habana, este trabajo constituye una indagación de las posibilidades y ventajas de aplicación de las Economías Creativas en el panorama contemporáneo nacional, a partir de algunas experiencias llevadas a cabo en ese territorio. Abstract The difficult reality experienced by third world countries due to the insufficiency of their economies requires the development of new trends and paradigms of economic models that complement traditional economies. Creative Economies constitute a system of economic and social growth that groups new strategies for quality of life and development. The tangible and intangible heritage of Cuba has a high value, and the Historic Center of Old Havana is a recognized benchmark for the preservation of cultural identity, for its successful forms of heritage management and the enhancement of forgotten properties. Taking into account the Cuban socio-economic context and the objectives managed by the Office of the Historian of the city of Havana, this work constitutes an investigation of the possibilities and advantages of the application of Creative Economies in the contemporary national scene, starting from some experiences carried out in that territory. Résumé La réalité difficile vécue par les pays du tiers monde en raison de l'insuffisance de leurs économies exige le développement de nouvelles tendances et paradigmes de modèles économiques qui complètent les économies traditionnelles. Les économies créatives constituent un système de croissance économique et sociale qui regroupe des nouvelles stratégies de qualité de vie et de développement. Le patrimoine matériel et immatériel de Cuba a une grande valeur, et le centre historique de la vieille Havane est une référence reconnue pour la préservation de l'identité culturelle, pour ses formes réussies de gestion du patrimoine et la mise en valeur de biens oubliés. Compte tenu du contexte socio-économique cubain et des objectifs gérés par le Bureau de l'historien de la ville de La Havane, ce travail constitue une enquête sur les possibilités et les avantages de l'application des économies créatives sur la scène nationale contemporaine, à partir de quelques expériences menées sur ce territoire. Resumo A difícil realidade vivida pelos países do terceiro mundo, devido à insuficiência de suas economias requer o desenvolvimento de novas tendências e paradigmas de modelos económicos que complementem as economias tradicionais. As economias criativas constituem um sistema de crescimento económico e social que agrupa novas estratégias para qualidade de vida e desenvolvimento. O património tangível e intangível de Cuba tem um alto valor, e o Centro Histórico de Havana Velha é uma referência reconhecida pela preservação da identidade cultural, por suas formas bem-sucedidas de gestão do património e pelo aprimoramento de propriedades esquecidas. Levando em consideração o contexto socioeconómico cubano e os objetivos administrados pelo Escritório do Historiador da cidade de Havana, este trabalho constitui uma investigação das possibilidades e vantagens da aplicação das economias criativas no cenário nacional contemporâneo, a partir de algumas experiências realizadas naquele território.

This study examines whether China’s foreign direct investment (FDI) has significantly improved African economies. Although endowed with vast natural resources, many African countries are primarily underdeveloped, with a substantial number of their people living below the poverty line. To build their economies, these countries have turned to China for support over the past few decades as the conditions attached to accessing loans from the West have become increasingly unattractive. These inflows of FDIs from China, along with aid, grants, and trade agreements, have helped to open many African countries’ economies and propel infrastructure development, social impact programs, and a reduction in poverty. Yet, critics question China’s motives and point to the burden facing African countries that may struggle to repay the loans. Using a case study of Ghana and Uganda, the thesis finds that China’s FDI has generally contributed to improved living conditions of the people, but this progress is tempered by trade imbalances, mounting debt, and failure to produce projected job opportunities. For their part, the Chinese have benefited from access to the continent’s resources and new markets for their merchandise. The findings also suggest African countries continue their robust economic ties with China but reduce their dependence on China by exploring other partners and new ways to leverage Africa’s own resources to fund growth and development on the continent. , Ghana Army MAJ, Uganda Land Forces Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

Given increasing economic affluence, improvement in housing conditions and population decline in the last three decades, Romanians should be more likely to experience better housing than ever before, particularly in terms of the availability and affordability of space. But substantial improvement alongside numerous people still suffering poor conditions begs the important question of who has benefited and who has been excluded. Engaging the theoretical framework of diverse economies and drawing on 2007 and 2018 Eurostat-SILC micro-data, we examine the realignment between housing and income stratification across a proposed housing typology that reflects historically enduring arrangements of housing provisions and economic hierarchies. We find that residents’ socioeconomic profiles differ significantly by type of housing (e.g. showing surprising economic prosperity in urban flats and extreme poverty in some rural houses), which positions our typology as an expression of housing stratification. Furthermore, multivariate analyses highlight the increasingly stronger relationship between income and housing consumption over the decade. Of concern, a large share of the population (the bottom 40% of the income distribution) has fallen further into housing disadvantage after controlling for overall improvements in housing conditions. Conversely, the relative distance between middle- and higher-income households has decreased; given the dominance of small dwellings in the housing stock, higher-income groups seem unable to transfer their financial gains into space in their main residence except a minority engaged in the self-provision of ‘villas’. These patterns of housing stratification indicate a move towards a 40%/60% ‘hour-glass’ society if housing continues to remain outside the political agenda.

The paper studies a general bidirectional public transport line along which demand varies by line section. The length of line sections also varies, and therefore their contribution to aggregate (line-level) user and operational costs might be different, even if demand levels were uniform. The paper proposes the Gini index as a measure of demand imbalances in public transport. We run a series of numerical simulations with randomised demand patterns, and derive the socially optimal fare, frequency and vehicle size variables in each case. We show that the Gini coefficient is a surprisingly good predictor of all three attributes of optimal supply. These results remain robust with inelastic as well as elastic demand, at various levels of aggregate demand intensity. In addition, we find that lines facing severe demand imbalances generate higher operational cost and require more public subsidies under socially optimal supply, controlling for the scale of operations. The results shed light on the bias introduced by the assumption of homogeneous demand in several existing public transport models.

This paper tests whether preferences over bundles of market goods are different for single persons and members of couples. We use a collective model which incorporates economies of scale in consumption. Detailed individual consumption data enable us to estimate a model that allows individual preferences for some goods to depend on household composition. The hypothesis that singles and couple members of the same gender have the same preferences is rejected. This suggests that preferences may change when household composition changes. We produce indifference scales for members of couples and a refined poverty line measure for couples. Indifference scales for women and men are respectively 81 and 59 percent of their household's expenditure. These measures are highly sensitive to the preference equality assumption.

In this paper we have worked on a number of documents and articles published to find a relationship between patents and the economic growth of countries. We have found that patents and their applications are important for economic growth. The patent is not always a global indicator of all the technological knowledge produced, since a considerable number of technological know-how remains in the form of business secrets or sometimes the technology is published in scientific articles. The patent can be an economic policy instrument to encourage investment in research and development. More patents lead to more innovations and vice versa. The patent is a vector of economic growth through the promotion of innovation.

The ability to measure, understand, manipulate, organize, engineer and control matter on the nanoscale has been opening up the wealth of possibilities that were otherwise non - existent at higher scales. At this scale, basic research principles and tools in biology, physics, chemistry, and engineering converge and have led to all-inclusive applications of nanotechnology. Despite the innovative applications and promising potentials of nanotechnology, there are concerns about its short and long-lasting impacts on humans, nature and the environment. In an attempt to address these concerns, a number of researches have been conducted. Evaluations of studies addressing the issues of nanotechnologies and their impacts are necessary to give insights for further studies that will advance the technology for the true benefit of mankind and nature. This study, thus, provides a detailed review of studies on nanotechnology applications and the positions of stakeholders on the impact of nanotechnology. Among other things, the outcome of this survey shows that there are numerous successful applications of nanotechnology. Public perceptions are pivotal in determining the extent of revolution and transformation that nanotechnology will have on the environment. Religious beliefs and moral concerns; trust in governmental regulatory agencies and the industry; the level of inclusion of the society in the product design, development, and commercialization process is critical to the extent of acceptance of nanotechnology inventions. Expression of objective views concerning the benefits, limitations & risks, and adequate education of the public, risk regulators & all stakeholders are crucial in determining the fate of nanotechnology.

This study analyzes the dynamics of exchange market pressure in Turkey by employing the Markov regime switching model for the period from January 2006 to December 2019. Our findings show that there are two regimes in the foreign exchange market, characterized as low- and high-pressure periods. The domination of the high-pressure regime in the sample period indicates that depreciation pressure prevails in the Turkish foreign exchange market. During this regime, the pressure is aggravated by the rising inflation, credit growth, and VIX, and the falling of short-term external debt. Thus, in the presence of capital flows, the preferences of policy authorities regarding price stability and growth determine the course of the pressure. When these policy choices favor credit-driven growth, depreciation pressure in the foreign exchange market is exacerbated through the current account deficit.

Global trade was severely hit in 2020, and the pandemic greatly affected one of the pillars grounding the present production model: the global logistic system and management of supply chains. In spite of similar lockdown measures for almost the entire economic system in Europe and common border restraints imposed by the various European countries, trade trends proved to react rather differently during the most critical months of the pandemic crisis. The analysis of export data expressed in «value» highlights a more irregular trend for Italy compared to Germany and the Netherlands. Yet when looking at export data expressed in «quantity» differences among countries are less evident. Besides, no country grouping clearly emerged from the analysis of export trends during the 2020 fall and the 2021 recovery. By contrast, analysis of import growth rates, whether calculated from data in «value» or in «quantity», underlines substantial differences between Euro-Mediterranean and North European countries. Italy, France and Spain recorded a greater reduction in imports in the period January-May 2020 and a better recovery in January-May 2021. The net result of such import trends over the entire period under observation is that Euro-Mediterranean countries performed worse than their North European counterparts during the pandemic. Analysis of both data expressed in «value» and in «quantity» confirms this result. Moreover, when analyzing import data by sector, a marked difference between imports of manufacturing products and imports of raw materials clearly emerges: imports of manufacturing products in Euro-Mediterranean countries almost kept pace with those in Northern Europe while, with regard to imports of raw materials, the recovery of Euro-Med countries during the first months of 2021 was largely insufficient to offset losses in previous months. In other words, during the pandemic, Euro-Mediterranean production systems experienced a sizeable reduction of primary commodity imports, compared to those in Northern Europe. Whether this under-performance can be considered the result of an even greater fall in demand for raw materials or of disruption along the supply chains and poorer logistic systems in Euro-Med countries, is a question that deserves further analysis, carried out over a longer period of time. However, what was highlighted in the chapter is fully consistent with recently emerging dynamics: during the COVID-19 pandemic, most globally integrated companies experienced input shortages for their production processes and rising costs of logistic services. Moreover, weaker production systems seem to have suffered more, in confirmation of this descriptive analysis.

Il Mediterraneo dopo la calamità: Economia e politica nel mondo post-pandemia La pandemia di coronavirus ha sconvolto il mondo e le sue conseguenze dureranno per molti anni. Gli enormi costi della pandemia saranno noti solo ex post. Mentre alcune persone non avranno perso nulla, altre avranno perso tutto, a volte anche la vita. Per reagire a questa situazione, la maggior parte dei governi di tutto il mondo ha iniziato a progettare politiche idonee ad affrontare le incredibili sfide che attendono l'umanità. La geopolitica del mondo sta cambiando a causa delle crescenti tensioni e dei conflitti tra grandi potenze come gli Stati Uniti, la Cina e la Russia. La competizione tra democrazia e autoritarismo probabilmente si intensificherà; la sinergia di mercato e stato si trasformerà. Sarà particolarmente pericoloso vedere due facce della stessa medaglia come alternative: capitalismo neoliberale contro capitalismo populista. Il Mediterannean Economies 2021-2022 è una raccolta di saggi che analizza gli effetti economici, politici e sociali della pandemia sulle regioni dell'area mediterranea. I risultati dell'indagine svolta evidenziano che la possibilità di un futuro migliore potrebbe essere creata da una transizione graduale verso un nuovo pragmatismo, una strategia di moderazione in materia economica, e uno sviluppo che sia sostenibile su tre livelli - economico, sociale ed ecologico. La pandemia è una sfida enorme per le scienze sociali, perché i vecchi modi di pensare si rivelano spesso inidonei ad analizzare e spiegare i nuovi scenari.

This study exploits a natural experiment to investigate the impact of land reform on the fertility outcomes of households in rural Ethiopia. Public policies and customs created a situation where Ethiopian households could influence their usufruct rights to land via a demographic expansion of the family. The study evaluates the impact of the abolishment of these pronatal property rights on fertility outcomes. By matching aggregated census data before and after the reform with administrative data on the reform, a difference-in-differences approach between reform and non-reform districts is used to assess the impact of the reform on fertility outcomes. The impact appears to be large. The study estimates that women in rural areas reduced their life-time fertility by 1.2 children due to the reform. Robustness checks show that the impact estimates are not biased by spillovers or policy endogeneity.

The COVID-19 pandemic has severely affected the world's economy and continues to do so. With some sectors suffering short-term shocks because of specific technologies and organizations, how much these shocks will produce long-term changes in the structure of economies remains uncertain. Frontline public measures relieving current economic duress remain urgent, though they cannot ensure complete and speedy recoveries. Moreover, most governments want recovery plans while also attaining permanent changes, like boosting the transition to a greener economy. To be valid, public policies need to address sector traits, health systems, and social inequality levels and causes. Planning horizons and governance quality will determine whether economies will either recover and enhance their efficiency or fall prey to feeble policies and rent-seeking biases. The Mediterranean area, though connected by trade and institutional agreements, shows a broad variety of policies: countries like Italy, Spain and France as well as other EU members experience solid monetary and financial support; other countries, like Morocco, Israel, and North Macedonia, obtain financial aid by bilateral or supranational help. Some, like Libya, Turkey and Lebanon, face either conflict or severe turmoil resulting in minimal management of public finances. Different economic, financial and governance features will decide the success or failure of any recovery measures undertaken.

COVID-19 is a game-changer for much of the developing and emerging countries of the world, and not in a good way. COVID-19 hotspots are flaring up in many low-income countries. And, while it is challenging to combat the disease in developed countries, developing ones face even graver challenges. Combatting spread is difficult. Social distancing remains near impossible in the dense mega-cities. The lack of clean water in many poorer towns and villages prevents effective handwashing techniques. For those who do become ill, health systems are less developed, with fewer hospital beds and medical personnel per citizen, less technology, and less equipment and personal protective equipment. But it is not just the disease that will have a human toll. The corresponding slowing of the global economy from the pandemic is leading to unemployment and food insecurity. For the first time in over 20 years, we expect that global poverty will rise. This, in turn, may roll back gains in nutrition, education, and preventative health. So, there is an urgent need to examine how COVID-19 – as a health and development crisis - unfolded the way it did it and to consider possibilities for post-pandemic transformations and for rethinking development more broadly. In this context this paper will try to explain that what the pandemic has done and how to create an economic transformation that is more equitable and democratic. Also, examine what should be the local responses to COVID-19’s damage., COVID-19 меняет правила игры для большей части развивающихся стран мира и не в лучшую сторону. Горячие точки COVID-19 вспыхивают во многих странах с низким уровнем дохода. И, хотя и в развитых странах бороться с этим заболеванием непросто, развивающиеся страны сталкиваются с еще более серьезными проблемами. Социальное дистанцирование остается практически невозможным в густонаселенных мегаполисах. Отсутствие чистой воды во многих бедных городах и деревнях препятствует эффективному мытью рук. Системы здравоохранения менее развиты, с меньшим количеством больничных коек и медицинского персонала на одного гражданина, меньшим количеством технологий и меньшим количеством оборудования и средств индивидуальной защиты. Но не только болезнь приведет к человеческим жертвам. Соответствующее замедление мировой экономики в результате пандемии приводит к безработице и отсутствию продовольственной безопасности. Впервые за более чем 20 лет мы ожидаем, что глобальная бедность будет расти. Это, в свою очередь, может свести на нет достижения в области питания, образования и профилактического здравоохранения. Таким образом, существует настоятельная необходимость изучить COVID-19 как кризис в области здравоохранения и развития, его развитие, и рассмотреть возможности для постпандемических преобразований и переосмысления развития в более широком смысле. В этом контексте в настоящей статье будет предпринята попытка объяснить, что изменила пандемия, и как обеспечить более справедливую и демократическую экономическую трансформацию. Кроме того, предложены местные меры реагирования на ущерб, причиненный COVID-19., Human Progress, Выпуск 2 2022, Pages 2-2

COVID-19 has pushed the world towards a new order. Besides exacting a heavy toll on health and welfare systems in almost all densely populated countries, the pandemic will irreversibly influence the economic system and political structure of most countries, and will have long-lasting consequences in the economic and social life of billions of individuals. Following the restrictions on social interactions, consumer behaviour has changed and so have social priorities, with consequences on aggregate savings and investments. The very large negative impact on international trade in early 2020 has hampered economic growth almost everywhere, with a persistent negative impact on GDP and long-run effects on firms' logistics and supply chains. The pandemic has also accelerated the transition towards more flexible and digital production systems, and a faster process of digitalisation has incentivised a more intense use of smart working in many sectors. Stop-go educational activity due to school closures following the spread of the virus will have a negative impact on human capital accumulation, with particularly damaging long-lasting effects on marginal and poorer social classes. After the 2020 hammer blow, in 2021 most economies started a process of recovery which does not look as robust as expected. Fragile economies have suffered most and still appear to be under pressure, a condition that might last for some years to come. This particularly holds for most Mediterranean countries both on the southern shores and on the northern and eastern shores.

During the last few decades, income inequality in emerging Asian economies has been increased dramatically. It is widely recognized that income inequality has severely impacted population health. This study attempts to estimate the impact of income inequality on health outcomes in emerging Asian economies for a time horizon ranging from 1991 to 2019. Our empirical analysis shows that income inequality has a negative effect on life expectancy in the long run. We also find that positive changes in income inequality decrease life expectancy, but a negative change in income inequality increases life expectancy in the long run in emerging Asian economies. The symmetric and asymmetric results are robust to different measures of econometric methods. Thus, governments should pay more attention to the consequences of their economic policies on income inequality to improve health outcomes.

The Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic on Business and Economies: Global Perspectives Written by Shubham Parsoya and Asif Perwej Different types of industries and businesses are directly and indirectly affected by the coronavirus. The economies of different countries were damaged severely; and the overall performance of such economies gets stepped backward for almost 20 years in terms of growth and development. The aim of the study is to analyze and evaluate the overall impact of the coronavirus pandemic on different types of industries and economies from a global perspective. For the analysis, the secondary sources of data is used which includes different types of articles, research papers, books, and reports published by the authors of different countries. This paper concludes that several types of business functions got severely hampered but there are some types of businesses which had gained advantages in terms of business functionality and scope. Different types of industries encountered different types of situations; most of the businesses had faced extremely bad situations whereas some from the healthcare industry such as, sanitizer, and mask manufacturing, and e-commerce-based businesses gained huge advantages. Keywords Coronavirus, Pandemic, Industries, Businesses, Impact, https://doi.org/10.51240/jibe.2021.1.5, {"references":["Agarwal, S. and A. Singh. 2020. Covid-19 and Its Impact on Indian Economy.International Journal of Trade and Commerce-IIARTC 9(1). https://doi.org/10.46333/ijtc/9/1/9.","Amburgey, A. and S. Birinci. 2020. Unintended consequences of coronavirus-related unemployment insurance tax laws. Economic Synopses 2020 (21). https://doi.org/10.20955/es.2020.21","Andrea Widener. 2020. Coronavirus concerns dampen chemists' economic outlook. Chemical and Engineering News: 26–27. https://doi.org/10.47287/cen-09837-feature4","Chaudhary, P. and S. Kumar. 2020. Impact of covid-19 pandemic on Indian agriculture. International Journal of Trade and Commerce-IIARTC 9 (1). https://doi.org/10.46333/ijtc/9/1/8.","Deshwal, Vaishali and Vimal Kumar. 2021. Coronavirus disease (covid-19) outbreak in India. 2020. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 13 (01). https://doi.org/10.31838/ijpr/2021.13.01.086","Elrhim, M. A. and A. Elsayed. 2020. The effect of COVID-19 spread on the e-commerce market: the case of the 5 largest e-commerce companies in the world. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3621166","Gujrati, R., and H. Uygun. 2020. Covid-19: Impact on Global Economics. Amity Journal of Computational Sciences (AJCS) 4 (1): 24-29.","Hausmann, R. 2020. Transformation of global supply chains in the manufacturing industry as a result of the coronavirus pandemic. Financial and Economic Review 19 (3): 130–153. https://doi.org/10.33893/fer.19.3.130153.","Kay, J. A. 1996. The business of economics. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.","Mackenzie, D. 2021. COVID-19: the pandemic that never should have happened and how to stop the next one. S.L.: Hachette Books.","Pandit, D. and S. Agrawal. 2021. Exploring Challenges of Online Education in COVID Times. FIIB Business Review 231971452098625. https://doi.org/10.1177/2319714520986254.","Parsoya Shubham and Asif Perwej. 2020. Current needs of making changes in transportation and energy policies to mitigate the bad and harmful impacts of environmental pollution; An Indian perspective. Printing Area, Peer-reviewed International Journal (ISSN: 2394 5303) 01 (63): 83–87. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4744661","Parsoya Shubham and Asif Perwej. 2021. Present requirements of drawing up necessary changes in our petroleum usage to alleviate the detrimental aftermath of environmental contamination. The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources (NISCAIR), Bharatiya Vaigyanik Evam Audyogik Anusandhan Patrika (BVAAP), NISCAIR Online Periodicals Repository (NOPR) ISSN: 0975-2412 (online), ISSN: 0771-7706 (print), UGC-CARE Listed Journal, BVAAP 29 (1) [June 2021](1): 14–18. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5317270","Parsoya Shubham and Asif Perwej. 2021. Strategic industrial business contemplations and prospective marketing approaches of government in controlling and managing the businesses of Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs): An Indian Perspective. In ESN PUBLICATIONS. (An ISO 9001:2015 Registered Company): Vols. ISBN: 978-81-947019-0-3 (Number Special Issue):, pp. 12013–12026). ESN PUBLICATIONS (An ISO 9001:2015 Registered Company). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4742707","Parsoya Shubham and Asif Perwej. 2021. Analysis of the role and importance of information and communication technology (ICT) in transforming the present education system of India: with respect to \"revised assessment and accreditation framework of NAAC. Langlit, an International Peer-reviewed Open Access Journal (ISSN 2349-5189) Special Issue: 59–66. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4744288","Parsoya Shubham and Asif Perwej. 2020. Analysis of the marketing strategies of reliance industries (petroleum and oil company) in enhancing its petroleum business and establishing as a global-level petroleum company. International Journal of Scientific Research in Engineering and Management (IJSREM) 04 (12): 4. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4743493","Parsoya, Shubham, Parsoya, Priyanka, & Perwej, Asif. (2020). Future Business Prospects and Marketing Strategies of Oil and Energy Marketing Companies (Under Government of India). Vidyawarta® Peer-reviewed International Journal; Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal; MAH MUL/03051/2012, (ISSN: 2319 9318), Vol-09(Issue-33), 84–88. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4749296","Parsoya Shubham and Asif Perwej. 2021. Study of the role and importance of futuristic and fast transportation technology in shaping the bright future of india. Wesleyan Journal of Research | UGC Care-listed | ISSN: 0975-1386 | Peer-reviewed Journal 13 (65) (March 2021): 31–44. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5329465","Parsoya Shubham and Asif Perwej. 2021. Study of the Negative and the Positive Impact of Coronavirus Pandemic on Different Types of Industry, Businesses and the Society. Wesleyan Journal of Research | UGC Care-listed | ISSN: 0975-1386 | Peer-reviewed Journal 13 (69): 29-40. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5336250","Rathi, A. and A. Kumar. 2020. Effect of covid 19 on various sectors. International Journal of Trade and Commerce-IIARTC 9 (1). https://doi.org/10.46333/ijtc/9/1/14","Robinson, C. C. and H. Hullinger. 2008. New benchmarks in higher education: student engagement in online learning. Journal of Education for Business 84 (2): 101–109. https://doi.org/10.3200/joeb.84.2.101-109","Siddhu, V. 2020. Post Covid-19: Effects on Automobile Sector in India. International Journal of Trade and Commerce-IIARTC 9 (1). https://doi.org/10.46333/ijtc/9/1/12","Shubham, P. 2021. Significance of Technology and Digital Transformation in Shaping the Future of Oil and Gas Industry. Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT). vol. 12, no. 3, Apr. 2021, pp. 3345–52, (Perwej, 2021) https://doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i3.1591","Standing, C. 2000. Internet commerce development. Boston: Artech House.","T Volkan Yuzer and Gulsun Kurubacak. 2010. Transformative learning and online education: aesthetics, dimensions and concepts. Hershey, Pa: Information Science Reference","Tripathi, D. 2004. The Oxford History of Indian Business. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.","Vineetha, V. 2014. Enhancing the quality of higher education through information and communication technology, Barathi C., Vadivu, P, Lawrence. A.S. (Eds) (280-284) New Delhi: APH Publishing.","Wang Zhou. 2020. Coronavirus prevention handbook. 101 science-based tips that could save your life. S.L.: W W Norton.","Wheelen, T. L. 2018. Strategic management and business policy: globalization, innovation, and sustainability. New York: Pearson"]}

Tarso Antioquia es un municipio del suroeste antioqueño caracterizado por sus innumerables actividades agrícolas, además de ser un municipio caficultor posee trapiches y grandes cimbras de cítricos. Aunque Tarso posee una gran producción y explotación de la tierra, no cuenta con espacios para la distribución y comercialización dentro del municipio perdiendo la apropiación y sentido de pertenencia por los productos que ellos mismos producen. Por esto y atendiendo a las necesidades expuestas en el EOT vigente del municipio se plantea un espacio dispuesto para el comercio donde los campesinos puedan desde recibir capacitaciones sobre la tierra y su manejo, hasta espacios para la activación económica que además se convierta en un referente turístico, respondiendo a las nuevas dinámicas a las que le apunta el Suroeste Antioqueño con el Plan vial pacifico 2 Tarso Antioquia is a municipality in the southwest of Antioquia characterized by its innumerable agricultural activities, in addition to being a coffee-growing municipality, it has sugar mills and large citrus shafts. Although Tarsus has a large production and exploitation of the land, it does not have spaces for distribution and commercialization within the municipality, losing ownership and sense of belonging for the products that they produce. For this reason, and in response to the needs set forth in the municipality's current EOT, a space available for trade is proposed where peasants can from receiving training on the land and its management, to spaces for economic activation that also becomes a tourist reference. , responding to the new dynamics that the Southwest of Antioquia is targeting with the Pacific Road Plan 2 Pregrado

There is now strong evidence that “soft” institutions are interrelated with the working of the economy. For example, in a geographical setting there is evidence that language borders affect interpersonal relationships, but there is no equivalent evidence regarding the effects of language borders on agglomeration or competition spillovers. This paper examines whether language affects the geographical extension of agglomeration and competition spillovers by observing the geography of employment patterns in a linguistically discontinuous setting. Our findings, for the first time, provide empirical evidence that language borders shape the distance decay of competition spillovers, independent of governance, and institutional issues.

Technology upgrading is essential for emerging countries to catch up. Yet, little is known about how countries are upgrading their technologies. In this paper, we first explore the patterns of biotechnology upgrading in China and examine the specialization feature from both technological and organizational perspectives. Our results show that China has specialized in the industrial-biotech sub-field, and firms have played a key role in the development of biotech in this field. Secondly, we investigate the knowledge bases for technology upgrading. From the perspective of scientific knowledge bases, we find that there is a scientific backup for biotechnology; and that biotechnology goes hand in hand with bioscience. From the perspective of technical knowledge bases, by disaggregating the knowledge sources by countries, we find that local knowledge has become an increasingly important resource for the development of new biotechnologies in China. The increasing importance of local knowledge in the development of new biotechnologies shows that China is moving on a path from imitative to indigenous innovation.

International audience; Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, Siberian indigenous villagers and nomads have often struggled to find enough income to sustain themselves. Some natives think that ethno-tourism can be a source of income, but there is currently little tourism in Siberia. In the circumpolar Arctic, tourism is presented as a source of economic development. The Russian Federation’s Official Plan for Economic Development to 2030 also includes the growth of tourism; to this end, Russia has mobilised specialised taskforces. What will be the economic, social and cultural consequences for native communities? What forms of tourism will be beneficial for them? What perceptions do Siberian natives have of tourism? This transdisciplinary paper compares non-existent tourism, as it is imagined, desired, or deplored by native townspeople, villagers, and nomadic herders of the Sakha-Yakutia Republic and Amur region, with existing ethno-tourism experiences in Kamchatka. Based on ethnographic material collected from 1994 to 2016, the paper used participatory fieldwork, hypothesising performed by indigenous co-researchers and an anthropologist, and classical anthropology. It analyses existing and non-existent tourisms on the economic, social, cultural, and administrative levels.; Depuis l'effondrement de l'Union soviétique, les villageois et les nomades autochtones sibériens ont souvent eu du mal à subvenir à leurs besoins. Certains natifs pensent que l'ethno-tourisme peut être une source de revenus, mais il y a actuellement peu de tourisme en Sibérie. Dans l'Arctique circumpolaire, le tourisme est présenté comme une source de croissance économique. Le Plan Officiel de Développement Economique de la Fédération de Russie à l'Horizon 2030 vise également le développement du tourisme et, à cette fin, la Russie mobilise des équipes spécialisées. Quelles seront les conséquences économiques, sociales et culturelles pour les communautés autochtones? Quelles formes de tourisme leur seraient bénéfiques ? Quelles perceptions les autochtones de Sibérie ont-ils du tourisme ?Cet article transdisciplinaire compare le tourisme inexistant, tel qu'il est imaginé, souhaité ou déploré par les citadins, les villageois, les éleveurs nomades autochtones de la République Sakha-Yakoutie et de la région de l'Amour, avec diverses expériences d’ethno-tourisme existants au Kamtchatka. Basé sur des données ethnographiques recueillies entre 1994 et 2016, l'article a utilisé les méthodes de terrains participatifs et de l’anthropologie classique, et des mises en hypothèses effectuées par des co-chercheurs autochtones et un anthropologue. Il analyse les aspects économiques, sociaux, culturels et administratifs des tourismes existants et non existants.

International audience; This study aims to determine the number of photovoltaic installations with a capacity of 3 kWp and a price of 800.000 DA each necessary to achieve the self-sufficiency in electricity of all the mosques of the Wilaya of Constantine, then to estimate the savings made in self-consumption. To achieve the expected objective, a simulation approach was adopted in an environment that evolves dynamically according to the interactions of the elements that make it up (sunshine, temperature, etc.). The study revealed that around 1500 of these installations were needed to achieve self-sufficiency in electricity for all the mosques in the Constantine Wilaya and allowed a positive return on investment and annual gains for the State Treasury of 22.722.000 DA with a reconstitution of the capital committed for their purchase in 15 years for a real price of electricity of 12DA/KW; Cette étude vise à déterminer le nombre d’installations photovoltaïques d’une puissance de 3 kWc et d’un prix de 800.000 DA chacune nécessaire pour atteindre l’autosuffisance en électricité de l’ensemble des mosquées de la Wilaya de Constantine, puis à estimer les économies réalisées en autoconsommation. Pour atteindre l’objectif escompté, une démarche de simulation a été adoptée dans un environnement qui évolue de manière dynamique selon les interactions des éléments qui le composent (ensoleillement, température, etc.). L'étude a révélé qu’environs 1500 de ces installations étaient nécessaires pour atteindre l’autosuffisance en électricité de l’ensemble des mosquées de la Wilaya de Constantine et permettaient un retour sur investissement positif et des gains annuels pour le Trésor public de 22.722.000 DA avec une reconstitution du capital engagé pour leur achat en 15 ans au prix réel de l’électricité de 12 DA/KW.

The European Mediterranean appears to be an active key player for the production and circulation of screendance. Focusing this research on the pre-pandemic state of screendance in Italy, France, Greece and Spain and employing a methodology of one-to-one interviews, this text examines the art policies that have been in place for potentially supporting the production of screendance, the ways that spectatorship and social engagement kept on growing and the predictions for the yet-to-come evolution of the form in a context disassociated from, yet applicable to the on-going pandemic. Although screendance is understood differently among the interviewees – curators of major festivals such as DAN. CIN. LAB., Festival International De Vidéo Danse De Bourgogne, COORPI/La Danza in 1 minuto, Cinematica Festival, Stories We Dance International Videodance Contest, Choreoscope - The International Dance Film Festival of Barcelona and the formerly known Athens Video Dance Project – International Dance Film Festival – the aim of this research is to create knowledge regarding the heterogeneous landscape of screendance in the European Mediterranean as well as a broader understanding of the shifting Mediterranean culture.

International audience; (Com. 12 févr. 2020, n° 17-31.614, à paraître au Bulletin ; D. 2020. 1086, note J.-S. Borghetti ; RTD civ. 2020. 401, obs. P. Jourdain)

The World Federation of Music Therapy (WFMT) Research and Ethics Commission conducted a scoping project to gather information about music therapy practices in international development contexts. Seventeen music therapists with experience in international development projects (out of 55 approached) responded to 14 questions about their work. Their responses indicated that work is generally short-medium term project work, often with follow up visits or online contact when possible to support sustainability. Work is commonly in the areas of disability or with refugees/displaced persons and often has a strong skills-sharing component to support ongoing project impact.

Over the past decades commercial and academic market(ing) researchers have studied consumers through a range of different methods including surveys, focus groups, or interviews. More recently, some have turned to the growing field of neuroscience to understand consumers. Neuromarketing employs brain imaging, scanning, or other brain measurement technologies to capture consumers (brain) responses to marketing stimuli and to circumvent the "problem" of relying on consumers self-reports. This paper presents findings of an ethnographic study of neuromarketing research practices in one neuromarketing consultancy. Our access to the minutiae of commercial neuromarketing research provides important insights into how neuromarketers silence the neuromarketing test subject in their experiments and presentations and how they introduce the brain as an unimpeachable witness. This enables us conceptually to reconsider the role of witnesses in the achievement of scientific credibility, as prominently discussed in science and technology studies (STS). Specifically, we probe the role witnesses and silences play in establishing and maintaining credibility in and for "commercial research laboratories." We propose three themes that have wider relevance for STS researchers and require further attention when studying newly emerging research fields and practices that straddle science and its commercial application. Funding Agencies|ESRC Open Research Area (ORA) [ES/I013458/1]

International audience; (Com. 12 févr. 2020, n° 17-31.614, FS-P+B+R+I, D. 2020. 1086, note J.-S. Borghetti ; RTD civ. 2020. 391, obs. H. Barbier)

Innovation systems operate in specific regional, political, social and economic contexts and are influenced by their environment. The internal structures and processes of a technological innovation system (TIS) are usually well understood in the literature, but what is happening outside and across the boundaries of the system is less systematically considered. This paper tries to fill this gap by combining the TIS concept and multi-level perspective (MLP) in studying problems impeding the development of photovoltaic technology in Iran. Considering MLP, this paper firstly identifies the most influential macro factors on photovoltaics TIS by studying the literature and semi-structured interviews. Then, the relationships between these factors were explained using the Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) technique. We used cross-impact matrix multiplication applied to classification or MICMAC analysis to better understand the dependence power and driver power of those variables. The results illustrate that government policies, oil crisis, economic growth, and downturn are the most influential macro factors in photovoltaics TIS in Iran.

nonPeerReviewed

Материал, представленный в статье, посвящен вопросам, связанным с развитием потенциала, инновационного развития предприятий общественного питания в условиях нестабильной экономики. Целью этого исследования стал анализ деятельности предприятий общественного питания и поиск решений по её улучшению. Представлены данные о внедрении схем по улучшению работы ресторанов и прочих заведений общественного питания в условиях пандемии коронавируса. Показаны направления развития сферы питания согласно революции 4.0.

Resumen La criminalidad y la seguridad ciudadana son conceptos asociados y dependientes, por ello la evidencia -mediante indicadores estadísticos- establece una correlación existente entre ambos mediante con enfoque de tipo descriptivo. Este documento tiene como objetivo analizar, interpretar y describir el comportamiento de los delitos ocurridos durante el 2018 en Colombia. En este sentido se inicia con el debate de aspectos de tipo socioeconómico y de seguridad ciudadana de la economía criminal, así como su incidencia en la comisión de los elementos delictivos. La metodología utilizada se enfoca en el Análisis de Componentes Principales (ACP), el cual determina la agrupación y concentración de ocho delitos a nivel nacional por trimestre; luego se focaliza en 10 ciudades capitales que concentran el 23% de los delitos, por último en las localidades de Bogotá. De igual forma, se realiza el análisis criminológico para ilustrar el comportamiento frente a los demás factores que inciden en la coyuntura criminológica. Partiendo de la información que reposa en la base de datos SIEDCO1, se efectuaron ejercicios estadísticos para establecer los niveles de correlación para estudiar la inercia de los indicadores delictivos en Colombia durante los periodos comparativos de 2017 y 2018, dado que estos comportamientos se repiten en el tiempo. Como resultado, se pudo establecer una correlación entre la información cualitativa y académica con las denuncias presentadas y hechos delictivos conocidos por la Policía Nacional. De igual forma, las acciones operativas de la institución han permitido una observación holística de la criminalidad registrada a nivel nacional y un estudio de las variables criminógenas que ayudan a tener acciones policiales más eficaces en la reducción del delito y los métodos complementarios para combatir el accionar criminal. Resumo A criminalidade e a segurança cidadã são conceitos asociados e dependentes, por isso a evidencia -mediante indicadores estadísticos- estabelece uma correlação existente entre ambos mediante um enfoque de tipo descritivo. Este documento tem como objetivo analisar, interpretar e descrever o comportamento dos delitos ocorridos durante o 2018 na Colômbia. Neste sentido se inicia com o debate de aspetos de tipo socioeconômico e de segurança cidadã da economia criminal, assim como a sua incidência no cometimento dos elementos delitivos. A metodología utilizada se foca na Análise de Componentes Principais (ACP), a qual determina a agrupação e concentração de oito delitos ao nível nacional por trimestre; logo se focaliza em 10 cidades capitais que concentram 23% dos delitos, por último nas localidades de Bogotá. De mesma forma, se realiza a análise criminológica para ilustrar o comportamento diante aos outros fatores que incidem na conjuntura criminológica. Com base na informação que fica na base de dados SIEDCO, foram efetuados exercícios estadísticos para estabelecer os níveis de correlação para estudar a inércia dos indicadores criminais na Colômbia durante os períodos comparativos de 2017 e 2018, dado que estes comportamentos se repetem no tempo. Como resultado, foi possível estabelecer uma correlação entre a informação qualitativa e académica com as denúncias presentadas e fatos delitivos conhecidos pela Polícia Nacional. De mesma forma, as ações operativas da instituição têm permitido uma observação holística da criminalidade registrada a nível nacional e um estudo das variáveis criminógenas que ajudam a ter ações policiais mais eficazes na redução do delito e os métodos complementários para combater a ação criminal. Abstract Criminality and public safety are associated and dependent concepts and therefore evidence - through statistical indicators - establishes an existing correlation between both using a descriptive type approach. This document aims to analyze, interpret and describe the behavior of the crimes that occurred during 2018 in Colombia. In this sense it begins with the debate of socioeconomic and public safety aspects of the criminal economy, as well as its impact on the commission of criminal elements. The methodology used focuses on the Principal Components Analysis (PCA), which determines the grouping and concentration of eight crimes nationwide per quarter; then it focuses on 10 capital cities that concentrate 23% of the crimes, finally it does it in the localities of Bogotá. Likewise, the criminological analysis is carried out to illustrate the behavior compared to the other factors that affect the criminological juncture. Drawing from the information that lies at the SIEDCO database, statistical exercises were done to establish levels of correlation to study the inertia of criminal indicators in Colombia during the comparative periods of 2017 and 2018, since these behaviors are repeated in time. As a result, a correlation between qualitative and academic information could be established with filed complaints and criminal acts known by the National Police. Likewise, the operational activities of the institution have allowed a holistic observation of crime registered at a national level and a study of criminogenic variables that help having more effective police actions in crime reduction and complementary methods to combat criminal action.

The aim of the paper is to identify which among the aspects that relate to the composition of the student body, school (district) size, management practices and the school principals' own characteristics are associated with the performance of Italian students at grade 8, measured through standardised test scores in reading and mathematics. The analysis makes use of a student-level efficiency model, and several school level variables are included as explanators for efficiency scores. The results show that, especially for reading, the most influential variables relate to the composition of the student body, while the students' performance in mathematics is partly correlated with the management practices adopted by the school principal/head teacher. Schools and schooling can only explain a minor part of the variance in achievement scores, however, and the characteristics of the students themselves play the most significant role. (c) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

We characterize a class of envy-as-inequity measures. There are three key axioms. Decomposability requires that overall envy is the sum of the envy within and between subgroups. The other two axioms deal with the two-individual setting and specify how the envy measure should react to simple changes in the individuals' commodity bundles. The characterized class measures how much one individual envies another individual by the relative utility difference (using the envious' utility function) between the bundle of the envied and the bundle of the envious, where the utility function that must be used to represent the ordinal preferences is the 'ray' utility function. The class measures overall envy by the sum of these (transformed) relative utility differences. We discuss our results in the light of previous contributions to envy measurement and multidimensional inequality measurement.

Primary producers in global value chains, like any other firm, aim for entrepreneurial success through deploying strategic resources, collective action, strategic intent, and a supportive institutional environment. In the current article, we analyze the extent to which members of farmer cooperatives in Ethiopia succeed in deploying strategic resources. We find that non-members utilize resources more efficiently and that the potential for collective action is not realized. The potential for collective action remains unrealized due to the institutional environment. We suggest pathways for further research.

In the Netherlands firms' savings, i.e. retained profits, exceed investment at a national level. The resulting net savings are mainly held abroad. Moreover, there is a striking resemblance in the development of net savings of firms' on the one hand and the surplus on the current account on the balance of payments on the other. Both have increased to almost 10% of GDP in recent years. Next to that, the housing boom household net-savings have decreased prior to 2007 following the housing boom, accompanied by an increase in government net-savings. These trends reversed thereafter due to the bursting of the housing bubble. We present a stock-flow consistent model of the firm to explain firms' excess savings, inspired by Hein (2012), and embed that in an open economy model with a banking sector which we have developed earlier. This enables us to model the preference of firms to invest in financial assets abroad and to analyse the close link between firms' excess savings and the current account surplus. As a consequence we also explain the close link between net household savings and government budget deficit. We present simulation results to illustrate the working of our model.

Le médicament est essentiel pour le patient et pour l'industrie pharmaceutique, mais c'est une dépense importante du système de santé français. Le Gouvernement souhaite donc réduire ces dépenses concernant les médicaments tout en continuant de développer de nouveaux traitements et ainsi soutenir l'innovation thérapeutique. Les génériques, malgré leur présence depuis plusieurs années, sont encore trop peu dispensés. Il est donc important pour le Gouvernement de faire face à cette réticence très française et de proposer des mesures encourageant la croissance du marché des génériques auprès des patients. La loi de financement de la sécurité sociale 2019 (LFSS 2019) avait donc pour objectif de revoir les mesures de substitution des génériques mais aussi de renforcer le développement récent de nouveaux types de médicaments : les médicaments hybrides. Un médicament hybride ne répond pas à la définition des médicaments génériques. En effet, il présente, par rapport au médicament de référence, des différences relatives aux indications thérapeutiques, au dosage, à la forme pharmaceutique ou à la voie d'administration, ou bien encore lorsque sa bioéquivalence par rapport au médicament de référence n'a pu être démontrée par des études de biodisponibilité. La LFSS 2019 prévoit la mise en place d'un registre des spécialités hybrides afin d'encourager la substitution par le pharmacien. La mise en place de ce registre est prévue pour janvier 2020. Aujourd'hui, encore de nombreuses questions se posent quand à l'application de ce registre et les modalités de substitution.

After World War II, wildlife recordists and bioacousticians took advantage of advances in electronics and acoustics to collect, store, and analyze recordings of animal vocalizations, leading to the establishment and expansion of numerous wildlife sound archives worldwide. This article traces the technological, organizational, and social arrangements that transformed a private collection of recordings by wildlife recordist Ludwig Koch in the 1930s into one of the largest sound archives of its kind. It argues that this sound archive was consolidated through the collective efforts of a recording community—an unlikely alliance of academic biologists, commercial and amateur hobby recordists, and the public service broadcaster British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), each with a stake in the development, use, and popularization of wildlife recordings. Zooming in on the integration of British naturalists with the BBC, the article shows how, despite scientists' oft-noted suspicion of the media, these parties developed a mutually beneficial association.

The literature on firm location selection allows us to retrospectively explain why firms did locate in particular places. However, it remains challenging to prospectively predict where they will locate. In this article, we propose a simple conceptual model of firm location decisions, then operationalize it using the ordinal stochastic degree sequence model (oSDSM). We use this model to predict whether 104 advanced producer service firms will expand, contract, or maintain their presence in each of 525 cities, and find that these predictions are accurate in more than 86 percent of cases. We conclude with suggestions for further refinement of this model.

peerReviewed

Ekonomi och prognostisering är en stor utmaning för alla företag och en viktig pusselbit för lönsamheten i byggindustrin. Digitaliseringen har underlättat kontakten mellan entreprenör och projektledning. Med det tryck som digitaliseringen och av andra konkurrerande företag medför är det viktigt att kunna ställa realistiska prognoser med rätta förutsättningar. Detta för att sedan ta vara på utvinna erfarenheter och ha dem i beaktande vid projektering av kommande projekt. Eftersom en väl utförd prognos från varje projekt medför ett underlag till de framtida besluten inom ett företag är det viktigt att hitta och identifiera risker och möjligheter för varje projekt. Bakgrunden för arbetet är behovet att utreda företagets arbetssätt vid prognoshantering. Arbetet utfördes tillsammans med Svevia och mycket av informationen kommer från det företaget. Studien är baserad på intervjuer samt en enkät. De intervjuade personerna hade olika befattningar inom företaget några från företagsledningen och några från produktionen. Brister i dagens arbetssätt synliggjordes och utreddes. Likaså diskuterades frågor kring utbildning, programvaror och resurser. Vid enkäten var respondenterna var anställda på företaget. Resultatet redovisas i form av diagram. Resultaten från enkäten och från intervjuerna analyserades och ledde fram till denna slutsats: brister fanns genom: avsaknad av utbildning, tidsbrist, saknaden av ett enhetligt arbetssätt och kunskapsbrist beträffande programvara. Den viktigaste bristen är saknaden av ett enhetligt arbetssätt, Uppföljning och tillvägagångssätt gällande prognoser borde vara lika för alla anställda. Economy and forecasting are a big challenge for the corporations and an important piece if the puzzle when it comes to profitability in the construction industry. Digitalization of the workplace within the construction industries has made it easier to communicate between the entrepreneur and project management. A big part of the digitalization and the pressure from other companies makes it very important to be able to make realistic forecasts. Also be able to extract the experience from the forecasts and applying it in the future endeavors of the company. Since a well thought out forecast from every project create a basis in which the future decisions will be grounded in, identifying the risks and possibilities of each project and in how they were resolved to minimize losses will be of much importance. This reports background is the need to investigate a uniform approach to forecast management. This thesis was made in collaboration with Svevia and the bulk of the information was derived from their company. The study is based on interviews conducted with employees and a survey. The respondents held different positions within the company where both members of the management were interviewed and from the production. Shortcomings in current method were made visible and investigated. Likewise issues concerning education, software and resources were discussed. The result of the survey was compiled with diagrams where the employees of the company responded to the different questions. Together with the result of the interviews and the survey the analysis and conclusion was formed. The comprehensive flaws can be attributed to the lack of a uniform practice, where the follow up and approaches are the same for all employees.

Enseignement Cours – L’olivier et l’huile d’olive dans l’Antiquité Introduction Les olives et l’huile d’olive ont été parmi les principaux produits agricoles de l’Antiquité avec les céréales, les légumineuses, le vin et les produits de l’élevage. L’origine de leur emploi et de la domestication de l’olivier remonte au Néolithique au moins. Au fil du temps, ces produits ont fait l’objet de productions domestiques, palatiales ou artisanales, de trafics commerciaux, de prélèvements de tribut et d...

© 2015, © The Author(s) 2015. In recent years, a dramatic increase in the study of infrastructure has occurred in the social sciences and humanities, following upon foundational work in the physical sciences, architecture, planning, information science, and engineering. This article, authored by a multidisciplinary group of scholars, probes the generative potential of infrastructure at this historical juncture. Accounting for the conceptual and material capacities of infrastructure, the article argues for the importance of paradox in understanding infrastructure. Thematically the article is organized around three key points that speak to the study of infrastructure: ruin, retrofit, and risk. The first paradox of infrastructure, ruin, suggests that even as infrastructure is generative, it degenerates. A second paradox is found in retrofit, an apparent ontological oxymoron that attempts to bridge temporality from the present to the future and yet ultimately reveals that infrastructural solidity, in material and symbolic terms, is more apparent than actual. Finally, a third paradox of infrastructure, risk, demonstrates that while a key purpose of infrastructure is to mitigate risk, it also involves new risks as it comes to fruition. The article concludes with a series of suggestions and provocations to view the study of infrastructure in more contingent and paradoxical forms.

When managing a global supply chain, one critical challenge encountered by multinational enterprises (MNEs) is the extension of corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices to suppliers in emerging countries. In this study, we use a multi-method approach to explore 1) the nature of suppliers’ CSR heterogeneity based on the various components of CSR in emerging countries, and 2) the choices of MNEs for extending CSR to different types of suppliers in dynamic environments. We begin with a survey of Chinese original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) servicing MNEs to examine how these suppliers vary in CSR implementation based on cluster analysis results. To understand the choices made by MNE buyers for extending CSR to their OEM suppliers, we conduct an agent-based simulation study considering the dynamics of a system with multiple agents (i.e., MNE buyers, OEM suppliers, and the government). The cluster analysis results show that CSR practices implemented by Chinese OEMs differ significantly from one another and can be classified into three clusters (i.e., Leader , Follower, and Laggard ). The simulation results provide insights into how the adaption costs (e.g., upgrade cost and cost saved by downgrading) and punitive (inspection with possible penalties) and supportive (subsidies) tactics adopted by the government affect the choices made by MNE buyers for extending CSR practices to suppliers in emerging countries. Moreover, we demonstrate when supportive tactics are more effective than punitive tactics under varying conditions and extend the model to investigate the consequences of switching between these two types of tactics in a sequential simulation.

We investigate the propagation of financial turbulence via trade, capital flows, and distance channels in the pre-crisis and Global Financial Crisis periods by modeling spillover and interdependence effects, using spatial econometric techniques. Financial turbulence is proxied by the ratio of nonperforming loans to total loans in a country. Spillover effects are defined as significant changes in the linkages between countries due to a shock, and interdependence effects as strong linkages among pairs of countries independent of shocks. Using annual data of 40 countries from 2003 to 2010, we find that interdependence and spillover effects should be jointly analyzed. Furthermore, our results suggest that the capital flows channel is more important than the other two channels in capturing propagation of financial turbulence. By deriving what is known in the spatial econometrics literature as direct and indirect effect estimates, we show that the marginal effects of macroeconomic variables (like GDP growth, inflation, and credit growth) on financial turbulence take different forms during a crisis than in tranquil periods.