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This paper presents the heritage of Germans in Romania (Danube Swabians and Transylvanian Saxons) in relationship with the regions of emigration in the home country of Germany. Nowadays there are institutions dealing with the effects of immigration on art and architecture, including research institutions and museums, and the paper makes reference to these. Also, Italian research is interested in the province of Dacia and many conservation methods come from those lessons, while many of the buildings in the home country were inspired by Italian journeys. The heritage was subjected to disasters over time (earthquake, fire, war among others) and is facing abandonment today, for which reason conservation and management of these heritage buildings is important. This conservation includes also digital conservation, such as CAD virtual reconstruction and laser scanning. The confessional history has been different, with the Saxons arriving before the church Reformation and becoming protestant, while the Swabians arrived as part of the Counter-Reform of Emperor Maria Theresia of the Habsburgs. This, and the position of the dominant architecture programme for the respective periods of history of architecture determined the position of the churches of different confessions in the city. 2017 500 years of Reformation were celebrated, which made the question of confession actual and the agreement today between Christians. Also, the basic professions of the immigrants influenced how the church architecture spread from urban to rural areas. Research methods included looking into both scientific literature and fiction dealing with the issue of German churches and the confessional history, research in the archives on urbanism issues, visit of the sites. Baden-Württemberg, the home of the Swabians, features even more important Baroque heritage after the emigration of the Danube Swabians, which opens the questions for incentives of the movement of population that time.

La sociologia e la storiografia hanno sottolineato l’importanza politica della visibilità del corpo del leader all’interno della società. In tal senso, è stato evidenziato come in alcuni casi re e imperatori abbiano presentato sé stessi in una maniera iconica, ovvero imitando delle raffigurazioni e, in particolare, delle sculture di divinità. Questo articolo intende verificare se i re normanno-svevi di Sicilia (1130-1266) fecero uso di un tal genere di messa in scena del loro corpo. Nello specifico, esso analizza i contesti architettonici, i simboli del potere e i cerimoniali di corte facendo interagire tra di loro le fonti scritte e quelle materiali. Sociology and historiography have underlined the political importance of the leader’s body visibility in society. In this sense, it has been pointed out that sometimes kings and emperors presented themselves in an iconic way, namely imitating pictures and, in particular, divine sculptures. This paper aims to verify if the Norman and Swabian kings of Sicily (1130-1266) made use of this type of mise-en-scène of their bodies. Specifically, it analyses architectural contexts, symbols of power, and court ceremonials by comparing written and material sources.

On the South Slavic territories, the end of the World War II came with the victory of communism. As a result, post-war decades in Yugoslavia were subordinated to the partisan ethos founded on the myth of the struggle with fascism. Directly after the war, this struggle assumed disposing of the so-called domestic enemies amongst whom there were also the Germans living in the Serbian Vojvodina from the 18th century. In the post-war Serbia, diversified repressions (displacements, forcible work, camp experience, confiscation of things) were aimed at the German people, predominantly civilians. These repressions constituted the taboo in the Yugoslavian national discourse, with this situation lasting for a number of decades. In his book Majčina ruka, Igor Marojević, the Serbian prose-writer of the middle generation (born 1968), undertakes the issue of the Vojvodina Germans’ post-war fortunes. Consequently, he inscribes his literary activity into the current discussions on the ignored, erased and dissembled events from the history of Yugoslavia. Recovering the memory about them, he questions the black-and-white picture of the world built on the partisans vs. the fascists opposition, which was created after the war.

The deportation - in German: Verschleppung - was a ‘taboo' for a long time. However, the works born since the change of regime provide an excellent and overall picture about this painful historical act. At the same time, it is desirable to get a more precise picture by examining the detailed history of the deportation in the case of the individual settlements. Merk and Valla), the Swabian settlements in the Szatmar region, in the eastern part of the country, lie on the periphery in several aspects. Still, considering the numerical proportion of their population, the most displaced persons were deported by the Soviets, as war criminals, from here in 1945 - a quarter of whom never saw their beloved ones and home country again. It is the particular tragedy of this fact that those deported were at least as much bound to their recipient country, the Hungarian nation, as to their German nationality. They are not criminals of war but victims of the war of racial discrimination. ‘Who will be responsible for these people suffering innocently?’ - puts the question Ferenc Juhasz, parish priest in Merk at that time. Giving an answer is the task of all of us. The paper seeks to explore a segment of the micro-texture of the country-wide, and even wider, regional trauma of this community, based on diary excerpts from the period as well as on individual, specialized literature research.

The paper outlines the objectives, structures and contents as well as the current state of the research project “Digital Portal ‘Bilingual and Language Contact Corpus of German as a Minority Language in Hungary’”, which is currently being edited at the Department of Germanic Linguistics at the University of Erfurt. It is about a variational and contact linguistic research and documentation of authentic spoken-language material in the field of German as a minority language in Hungary (key word: “Danube Swabians”). Against the background of the general project presentation the essay focuses on a dialect book about German as a minority language in Hungary, which – or at least its concept – is to be one of the results of this project.

The Battle of Civitate in 1053 was the clash of two worlds. On the one hand, the people of Italy, who defended the old status quo, led by Pope Leo IX. These descendants of the Lombards and the ancient Romans, stand in front of the descendants of the Danes and Norwegians, who earlier created state later called Normandy. The Normans were the new factor, which disrupted the fragile balance of forces in the Mezzogiorno, between the world of Latin, the Greeks, and Islam. The nwecomers from the north of France, only nominally resembled their pedecessors from Scandinavia, representing a new school of warfare, in which they in a kind of synthesis combined the world of the Vikings and the Carolingian military heritage. Civitate, however, was a lesson foe them from the prehistory, because on the battlefield they met an opponent that was warring on the way of their ancestors. This refers to the 700 Swabians, whose fury and the will to fight, honor, and awarenessof of their own values persisted that the manifestation of the Scandinavians. In the chronicle of William of Apulia, we find a quite intriguing description of this battle, which will become the basis of our analysis of the adoption by non-Scandinavians in XI Century, methods of warfare which had its roots in two peninsulas: Jutland and the Scandinavian.

Немци су на тлу Војводине били присутни од великих сеоба у којима су систематски насељавани кроз читав 18. век, све до егзодуса крајем Другог светског рата. За то време они су постали засебна етничка целина која је испољила нарочите групне карактеристике, за коју се усталио назив Подунавске Швабе, односно, Подунавски Немци, и у овом раду ми пратимо њихову историјски и културни развој. Полазна хипотеза нашег истраживања је да покажемо на који начин су библиотеке утицале на изградњу и обликовање националног и културног идентитета Подунавских Немаца. Циљ овог истраживања био је да се испита и докаже утицај завичајне књижевности, а тиме и улога Адама Милера-Гутенбруна, најзначајнијег представника немачке завичајне књижевности, на обликовање националног идентитата и буђење националне свести Подунавских Немаца у Банату. У раду смо приказали и узајамне културне утицаје, као и живу куутурну размену која се развила између Немаца, и других народа који су живели на простору Баната, пре свега, Срба, Румуна и Мађара. На тај начин створена је једна специфична регионална култура Баната, при чему је сваки од народа задржао и даље развијао обележја своје властите културе. Проучавајући грађу о библиотекама и њиховим фондовима, пуну пажњу смо посветили библиотекама као огледалу културног живота на једном делу територије данашње Војводине, у Банату. Једна од фаза истраживања, била је прегледање књижног фонда ових библиотека, покушај да се из сачуваних књига инвентара сазна како су ове књиге стизале у библиотеку, анализом еклибриса покушали смо сазнамо више о власницима ових књига, а анализом штампаних каталога из 19. века каталога приказали смо рецепцију завичајне књижевности у фондовима књига на немачком језику које се чувају у градским библиотекама у Вршцу и Панчеву. Тиме смо указали на значајну улогу коју су библиотеке и читаонице, које су осниване током током 19. века, имале на буђење националне свести и израдњу културног идентитета Подунавских Немаца у Банату. During the 18th century the Germans from various parts of Germany were settled down in Banat area, in three great cycles of colonization. During the time they got a common name, Danube or Banat Swabians. As a result of the coexistence with other nations who lived in the Banat, primarily Serbs, Romanians and Hungarians, it has been developed a lively cultural exchange. The starting hypothesis of this thesis is to show the infleunce of libraries on the development of cultural identity of Danube Swabians. The aim of this thesis is to explore the impact of the German native literature, as well, and the role of Adam Miller-Gutenbrun, one of the main representative this literature, in the process of creation and development of national and cultural identity of Danube Swabians in Banat. One of the phases in the research process, was the subject analysis of german books which we found in library collections in Vrsac and Pancevo, then the analysis of ex libris collections which we found on these books, and furthermore the analysis of printed catalogs from the 19th century. The results of these analyses showed that the reception of the German native literature in these libraries was very high and that libraries had the important role in establishing the cultural identity of Danube Swabians in Banat.

U Hrvatskoj često možemo čuti naziv Podunavske Švabe za pripadnike njemačke manjine i to najčešće na prostoru Slavonije, Baranje i Srijema. Također, poznati su i pod još jednim nazivom koji je nastao tijekom Drugog svjetskog rata. Taj naziv je Folksdojčeri, a odnosio se na sve Nijemce rođene izvan matične zemlje. Na prostoru Hrvatske oni su se počeli naseljavati nakon protjerivanja Turaka Osmanlija krajem 17. i početkom 18. stoljeća. Osnivali su nova naselja, a obogatili su gospodarski i kulturni život lokalnog stanovništva. Kraj dobrih odnosa i suživota s lokalnim stanovništvom završava pojavom nacističke ideologije i samim Drugim svjetskim ratom. Neki su podržavali tu ideologiju, neki pomagali partizanski pokret, dok su s treće strane neki od njih bili pasivni i nisu podržavali nikoga. Pobjedom Saveznika u Drugom svjetskom ratu njihova sudbina bila je usko povezana s porazom Trećeg Reicha. U Hrvatskoj, kao i na prostoru cijele Jugoslavije, nova ih je vlast proglasila sukrivcima za Drugi svjetski rat te državnim neprijateljima. Stoga je 1945. godine započet proces konfiskacije njihove imovine i smještanje u logore do konačne odluke što učiniti s njima. Njihova imovina i posjedi biti će iskorišteni u provedbi plana o agrarnoj reformi i kolonizaciji. Nakon raspuštanja logora 1948. godine većina Nijemaca odlazi u južnu Bavarsku gdje njihovi potomci i danas žive. Agrarna reforma i kolonizacija započela je 1945., a završena 1948. godine. Njome je novouspostavljena vlast u drugoj Jugoslaviji, za razliku od vlasti Kraljevine Jugoslavije, uspjela riješiti vlasničke i posjedovne odnose, a kolonizacijom se omogućilo stanovništvu prenapučenih i siromašnih dijelova Hrvatske, ali i iz ostalih republika koje su tvorile Jugoslaviju, preseljenje i dobivanje vlastitog komada zemlje. In Croatia, we often hear the name of the Danube Swabians for members of the German minority, mostly in the area of Slavonia, Baranja and Srijem. They are also known under another name that was created during the World War II. This name is a Volksdeutsche and is referred to all Germans born outside the country. On the Croatian territory they began to settle after the expulsion of the Ottoman Turks in the late 17th and early 18th centuries. They founded the new settlements, and enhanced the economic and cultural life of the local population. The end of good relations and co-existence with the local population ends with the appearance of Nazi ideology. Some of them were supporting the Nazi ideology, some were helping partisan movement, while some were passive and did not support anyone. With allied victory in World War II their fate was closely associated with the defeat of the Third Reich. In Croatia, as well as in the whole of Yugoslavia, the new government declared them accomplices in World War II and the enemies of the state. Thus in 1945 began the process of confiscation of their property and placing them in concentration camps until the final decision of what to do with them. Their property and possessions were used in the implementation of the agrarian reform and colonization. After the dissolution of the camps in 1948, most Germans left for southern Bavaria, where their descendants still live. Agrarian reform and colonization began in 1945 and ended in 1948. Unlike the government of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, the new authorities succeeded to solve the ownership and land relations, while the process of colonisation enabled relocation of population from the overcrowded and poor parts of Croatia and other Yugoslav republics to other areas where they got their own land.

Localizada no município de Guarapuava, Estado do Paraná, a Colônia Entre Rios surgiu a partir da vinda e fixação, em 1951, de refugiados da Segunda Guerra Mundial, que se identificam como Suábios do Danúbio (Donauschwaben). No Paraná, verifica-se a produção e reprodução de narrativas que visam preservar essa identificação. Este texto aborda algumas narrativas que produzem a identificação suábia-danubiana nesta Colônia.Abstract Entre Rios Colony, located in the city of Guarapuava, Parana State, Brazil, arose in 1951 from the arrival and establishment of refugees from Second World War, known as Danube Swabians (Donauschwaben). In the Parana State, there is a production and 186 reproduction of narratives that aim to preserve that identity. This text shows some of this narratives that produce idenfication Danube-Swabian this colony.

This dissertation analyzes literary jurisprudence in Gottfried’s Tristan and explicates the poem as an exemplar of Grimm’s theory of medieval law-poetry. This study examines how Gottfried dramatizes the institutions and practices of law, such as feudal tenure, judicial combat, and evidentiary debate. Chapter One traces the history of Gottfried’s Tristan as an object of study for law-in-literature research. The chapter also analyzes the poet’s relationship to and distinction from the Arthurian tradition. Chapter Two investigates legal discourse relating to the intersection of geography and authority in the poem. The chapter explicates scenes related to property transmission and contractual obligations. Chapter Three examines the juridical language and logical structures of judicial duels in the cases of Morgan and Morold. Chapter Four discusses the scrutiny of direct and indirect evidence in three scenes: The Seneschal and the Dragon Tongue, Isolde and the Sword Splinter, and the Flour on the Floor. The fourth chapter also elucidates the manner in which Tristan and Isolde rhetorically manipulate the presentation of evidence in order to deceive King Mark and his surrogates, Marjodoc and Melot. In sum, this dissertation argues that Gottfried’s juridical language gives definition to a model of jurisprudence characterized by legal efficacy, rational thought, and individual judgement.