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This dissertation consists of three chapters that examine the spatial distribution of economic activities. The first chapter examines how disasters as well as individuals’ expectations of what others will do affect the development of cities. The development of cities often involves the rejuvenation or replacement of existing structures. However, history, in the form of the sunk cost of existing durable structures, often serves as an impediment to urban development. In theory, by reducing the opportunity cost of waiting to rebuild to zero, disasters can eliminate these frictions and bring about higher quality structures. In addition, the simultaneous rebuilding after a disaster would allow property owners to experience stronger cross-building spillovers which would encourage further upgrades of nearby buildings. Nevertheless, these are not sufficient to guarantee higher quality buildings. This is because individuals’ investment decisions also depend on their expectations of what others will do. Therefore, in this chapter, we examine both of these issues using the 1666 Great Fire of London as a natural experiment. First, using a difference-in-differences (DiD) strategy, we show evidence that the Fire was able to free parishes within London from the constraints of their existing durable structures and move them to a new equilibrium involving higher quality structures. Second, using DiD and an IV strategy, we find that legal rulings arising from the Fire Court – a court specially set up by the English Parliament to hear rebuilding disputes – were able to anchor expectations and in so doing, helped to facilitate the development of London. Providing causal evidence that legal rulings can be a main driver in the formation of expectations is the main contribution of our paper. The second chapter examines how the quirks of history shape present-day economic outcomes. Building on Bazzi et al. (2020), I study how a particular episode of history – time at the frontier – helps to explain the present-day manufacturing production patterns across American counties. First, I show empirical evidence that there are fewer establishments and lower employment in counties that spent a longer time on the frontier. The same results hold for industries that are more “contractible” (i.e., easier to specify in contracts and hence less susceptible to holdup). Second, using a DiD strategy, I show that firms in high “contractibility” industries sort into producing at counties that spent a longer time on the frontier. I hypothesize that due to “rugged individualism”, individuals in counties that spent a longer time on the frontier are less likely to trust other people. Therefore, anything that is not “contractible” becomes harder and more costly to enforce. Consequently, only the more “contractible” industries locate in counties that spent a longer time on the frontier. The third chapter examines how land use regulations and NIMBY (“not in my back yard”) behavior affect housing prices in the UK. In the UK, developers have to apply to the local planning authority to seek development permission. Applicants who have their plans rejected can appeal to the Secretary of State, via the Planning Inspectorate. The Planning Inspectorate then assigns an inspector to decide whether to overturn the local authority’s decision. We propose a theoretical model which shows that in locations with high levels of NIMBY-ism, developers are better off getting their plans rejected by the local authority and gambling on drawing an inspector who is less sympathetic towards locals’ NIMBY behavior. Our empirical strategy exploits the fact that inspectors are quasi-randomly assigned to the appeals. This allows us to use inspector leniency as an instrument for whether an appeal is successful. We find that overturning the local authority’s decision does not lead to a large fall in housing prices. For some projects, the impact may in fact be positive because they also add to local amenities such as retail shops. This suggests a prevalence of NIMBY-ism, as locals pressure authorities to reject even relatively benign projects.

Posljednjih nekoliko desetljeća, uz ostale društvene prijepore, fokus se stavlja na ekološka pitanja i probleme te gospodarenje otpadom, ali rijetkost su istraživanja koja ispituju percepciju lokalnog stanovništva o istom. Lokalna zajednica ima važnu ulogu u suvremenom, demokratskom društvu, a upravo mišljenje i stavovi lokalne zajednice mogu doprinijeti određenim promjenama. Jedan od ekoloških problema koji je potrebno razmotriti je odlagalište neopasnog baliranog otpada na lokaciji Brezje na koji se duži niz godina odlagao otpad i čija sanacija još uvijek nije realizirana. U ovom radu naglasak je na percepciji lokalnog stanovništva o ekološkim problemima i zabrinutosti za okoliš, što se odražava i utječe na zabrinutost na lokalnoj razini. Istraživanje je provedeno on-line anketom na uzorku od 101 ispitanika. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju kako su ispitanici zabrinuti za stanje okoliša, a stanje na odlagalištu neopasnog baliranog otpada na lokaciji Brezje prepoznaju kao ekološki problem te se kod njih očituje prisustvo NIMBY sindroma koje se prvenstveno manifestira kroz nepovjerenje nadležnim institucijama i službama. For the past couple of centuries, along with some other social strifes, the biggest focus was put on ecological questions, ecological problems and waste management. Research on previously mentioned problems that examine thought of locals are very rarely done. Local community has a huge role in temporary, democratic society, whose opinions and attitudes can contribute to specific changes. One of ecological problems that needs to be considered is nonhazardous baled waste in Brezje, where the waste had been disposed for long period of time. The landfill remediation hasn't started yet. This paper deals with perception of its local community on ecological problems and worries about the environment, which reflects and affects solicitude at the local level. This research was done through online poll on representative sample of 101 people. Results show that people are worried for the environment, and the condition of Brezje is considered as ecological problem. Also, the NIMBY syndrome is manifested through their lack of trust in competent institutions and services.

Electronic waste (e-waste) represents a severe global environmental issue due to the fast upgrading and updating of electronic products and the high environmental risk. Current low recycling technology, high economic cost, and weak disposal capability make it difficult for e-waste to be rendered 100% harmless. E-waste disposal requires new site-selection methods and site-saving technology to take into account the loss of public perceived value. This study attempts to improve e-waste disposal through siting and landscaping to reduce perceived value loss. The first step is to determine the minimum distance for landfill siting by surveying the minimum loss of perceived value and to use the geographic information system (GIS) to sketch the suitable landfill site thereafter. To optimize the landfill landscape, a landscape infrastructure and its filling process have been designed to reduce the environmental risk and ensure future reuse potential. The application case showed that the minimum distance is 521 m, which was sensitive to the educational level and occupation of residents. The key to landfill landscaping is the construction of isolation layers and the integration of the landfill and urban landscape. The method described in this paper is characterized by minimizing the perceived loss of value to the public, reducing environmental risks, and preserving the resource value of e-waste. This design could provide an alternative to current electronic waste processing methods.

In the United States, cities like New York, San Francisco, and Washington, D.C., the three metropolitans that are wealthy and have excessive cost, all share one common struggle: homelessness. With a policymaking effort regarding homelessness that were experimented within a highly dependent system of mayoral administration, hence my paper primarily focuses on new homeless shelter policy under NYC Mayor Bill de Blasio’s second term that started in 2017 until 2022. Under his 2017 plan ‘Turning the Tide on Homelessness’, the City has targeted to open new ninety shelters across the City by 2022. Under his 2017 plan ‘Turning the Tide on Homelessness’, the City has targeted to open new ninety shelters across the City by 2022. This target has drawn different responses from local neighborhood community level that has forced the City to engage in complex situations, such as opposition and protest that require clear communication to push the goal to happen. Community advocacy and the way local residents negotiate has been central in influencing the City to open a new homeless shelter, with the notion that the local will always challenge any siting if its within their neighborhood area, activating their ‘not in my back yard’ (NIMBY) response that arises by simply selfish or uninformed beliefs and responses by residents. This paper uses single case study (n=1) on West 58th St. Coalition in Manhattan to support detail examination based on the hypotheses that community advocacy that takes place in an affluent neighborhood (higher median income, higher educational attainment, higher median gross rent than the City’s average) is more likely to be powerful to oppose the City’s plan on developing new homeless shelter in their neighborhood. This community is chosen as a case because it has more accessible resources, therefore, it can provide more support to this research. To provide a fair comparison, West 58th St. will be supported by the other cases of community advocacy from different place such as Crown Heights shelters in Brooklyn and Maspeth shelters in Queens.

Dünyada enerjiye olan talep her geçen gün artmaktadır. Fosil yakıtların sınırlı miktarda olması ve çevreye verdiği zararların fazla olması nedeniyle ülkeler enerji taleplerini yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarından tedarik etmeye yönelmişlerdir. Alternatif yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarından bir tanesi rüzgâr enerjisidir. Bu çalışmada, Aydın ilinde Bağarası rüzgâr enerji santrali civarında yaşayan yerel halkın rüzgâr enerji santrali hakkındaki düşüncelerine yer verilmiştir. Bu çerçevede türbinlere yakın bölgede yaşayan 118 kişi ile yüz yüze anket çalışması yapılmış ve anket sonucunda elde edilen veriler bu çalışmada paylaşılmıştır. Bireylerin fosil yakıtların çevresel zararlarının bilincinde olduğu ve yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının faydaları konusunda farkındalıklarının yüksek olduğu, diğer yandan bireylerin rüzgâr enerji santrali ile ilgili çekincelerinin olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Katılımcılar, türbinlerin yaydığı gürültüden dolayı bilhassa yaz aylarında göç ettikleri yayla evlerinde rahatsız olduklarını belirtmişler, rüzgâr enerji santrallerinin kurulum ve işletim sürecinde yerel halkın düşüncelerinin alınmasının projenin kabullenilmesi açısından önemli olduğunu vurgulamışlardır. Bölge halkı genel olarak yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarını desteklemekte ve yenilenebilir enerji kaynakları konusunda olumlu bir tavır sergilemektedir. Yenilenebilir enerji teknolojilerinin ve kurulumlarının artmasının bölgede istihdam alanı yaratacağı düşünülmektedir. The demand for energy in the world increases day by day. Because of the environmental damage and limited scale of fossil fuels, countries begin to supply their energy requirements from renewable energy sources and invest in renewable energy technologies. One of the alternative renewable energy sources is wind energy. In this study, we undescore the people's opinion who live around the wind power stations in Aydın. In this context, we conduct a survey face to face with 118 people living around turbines and present the survey results in this study. The individuals are conscious of environmental damage of fossil fuels and aware of the advantages of renewable energy sources. On the other hand, individuals have some drawback about wind power stations. Especially, they are uncomfortable from the noise emitted by wind turbines in the summer months when they live in mountain houses. Besides, individuals are in aggrement that having an exchange of ideas with locals during the setup and operation stages of wind power stations will strengthen the acceptance of the project by local community. Participants give countenance to renewable energy sources and technologies in general and display positive attitude. The raise in installation and commissioning of renewable energy stations will create employment area in rural areas and provide economic development. 105

The article shows the need for a adoption of urban and spatial management documents in the areas/cities of great housing expansion which also demands location of other infrastructures objects and services areas. Development of urban infrastructure is essential for formation of sustainable cities. However location and construction process of new public investments of urban infrastructure both technical and social, lead to numerous protests of inhabitants of local communities. Lack of sufficient information based on research and/or disbelief in its reliability, causes concerns of local communities for negative effect of the investment on the natural environment, local inhabitants and decrease of property value. Thus, the local inhabitants express their concerns as an objection for the location of such investments in the vicinity. Such protests are described as the NIMBY syndrome (Not In My Back Yard). Therefore, the choice of a convenient location for these objects among alternative locations is often time-consuming and extend launching of investments process and start-up and as a result block further sustainable city development. First part of the article analyzes effect of changing urbanized areas of the city in relation to demand for development of technical infrastructure facilities and grid with focus on waste management the wastewater treatment and heat and power plants with lack of acceptance for location of new objects. There are also described issues concerning spatial and urban development on the regional and local level. Second part of the article analyzes waste management facilities location in relation to other infrastructure objects needed for integrated waste and wastewater treatment on the example of Warsaw city in correlation to the spatial planning documents and buildings land development structure surrounding these objects.

In dealing with renewable electricity (RE), individuals are involved both as end-consumers on the demand side and as stakeholders (citizens) in the local production process on the supply side. Empirical evidence shows that in many countries, consumers are willing to pay a significant amount to facilitate adoption of RE. By contrast, environmental externalities are often the cause of strong opposition to RE adoption if local communities are involved as stakeholders in wind, solar or biomass investment projects. Looking at the literature on willingness to pay and on willingness to accept, we have investigated RE acceptance mechanisms. First, we have used the meta-analysis to assess the major determinants of RE acceptance on both demand and supply sides. Meta-analysis has provided some insights useful for managing field research on an onshore wind farm enlargement project located in the Umbria region. Meta-analysis and survey results confirm that the local community plays a central role in local RE acceptance. Furthermore, people who have previous experience with windmills require less compensation, or are willing to pay more, for RE development. Results suggest that these attributes should be included in future research to improve understanding of determinants of RE acceptance.

L’acceptabilité sociale traduit un jugement collectif à propos d’une politique ou d’un projet, dont il s’agit de comprendre les fondements et les facteurs d’influence. Si les préférences individuelles peuvent jouer un rôle dans la formation de ce jugement collectif, l’acceptabilité sociale est davantage une question de valeurs et de croyances partagées. L’acceptabilité sociale réfère à une évaluation collective plutôt qu’à des positionnements individuels, au sens où le jugement d’acceptabilité participe des dynamiques sociales susceptibles de le forger et de le transformer. Par ailleurs, ce jugement suppose un élément de comparaison entre le projet proposé et ses alternatives, d’où la définition suivante de l’acceptabilité sociale : « Assentiment de la population à un projet ou à une décision résultant du jugement collectif que ce projet ou cette décision est supérieur aux alternatives connues, incluant le statu quo ». Social acceptability reflects a collective judgment about a policy or a project which it is to understand the foundations and influences. If individual preferences may play a role in the formation of the collective judgment, social acceptability is more a matter of shared values and beliefs. Social acceptability refers to a collective assessment rather than individual positions, in the sense that the judgment of acceptability takes part of social dynamics likely to build and transform it. Moreover, this decision involves an element of comparison between the proposed project and its alternatives. Given those features, social acceptability can be defined as the consent of the population in a project or decision resulting from collective judgment that the project or decision is superior to known alternatives, including the status quo.

Moral legitimacy entails intrinsic value and helps executives convince firm’s stakeholders and the general public of the ethical acceptability of an institution or its activities or projects. Social license to operate (SLO) is the social approval of those affected by a certain business activity, and it is receiving increasing attention, especially in the context of controversial projects such as mining and public works. Moral legitimacy provides ethical support to SLO. Drawing from the Aristotelian-Thomistic tradition and taking substantive justice and the common good of society as the key references, this paper applies the Triple Font of Morality Theory and proposes four criteria which serve to evaluate moral legitimacy: (1) contribution of the project or activity to the common good in a better way than other alternatives (intended end), (2) morality of the means and procedures employed (means elected), (3) ethical evaluation of the situation including stakeholder concerns and needs (concurrent relevant circumstances), and (4) ethical evaluation of reasonably foreseeable consequences associated with the project and how to minimize possible damage or risks, and balance foreseeable negative consequences and benefits. The application of these criteria is illustrated through a project, presented as a case study, which certainly involved controversy and problems with SLO. The project was the construction of a rail tunnel for a high-speed train near the foundations of the Sagrada Familia, the well-known monumental church in Barcelona, Spain.

Public participation and consensual decision-making on the part of all stakeholders (e.g. political institutions and local communities) are presently two of the most shared "leitmotifs" in determining waste-to-energy plants locations. Far from assuming deterministic perspectives, a key role is played by the media, whose narrative influence can drive the negotiation strategies between citizens and promoters towards different outcomes. No matter what tag is applied on local controversies and conflicts associated to these projects (i.e. NIMBY, BANANA, LULU, and so on and so forth) research studies that specifically focus on the active role of the media are still few, and this is especially the case in Italy. As a part of an on-going 5-year research study on the social impact of the incinerator currently under construction in Turin, Italy, this paper is mostly concerned with the 2008 Italian newspaper coverage of the waste emergency in Naples. Secondly, data from the mass media analysis are cross-tabulated with those coming from a longitudinal survey and various focus groups, giving empirical evidence of the effects of press coverage on public opinion towards waste-to-energy technology. Some parts of the contents have been mentioned earlier in a brief editorial (Tipaldo 2012), but here are accompanied by a broader empirical documentation. The work demonstrates a highly emphatic and dramatized communication has been employed by Italian newspapers to describe the Naples' waste emergency as a "new Chernobyl", the sole solution of which would be incineration with energy recovery. Alternate solutions to incineration were given short shrift and limited space in press coverage. By making the local emergency in Naples a sort of Hirschman's "catalytic event" nation-wide, the media strongly influenced public opinion from a short term perspective, inducing people (particularly those of low cultural profile) to agree with a "waste-to-energy" philosophy. Hence, the strong rise of positive attitudes towards the incineration plant in Turin between 2007 and 2008. With that coverage losing its intensity after the second half of 2008, a general sense of uncertainty, possibly due to a crowding-out effect, is detected among interviewees in the 2009 wave, whereas a sharp reversal of trend towards more critical positions is clearly evident from the latest 2011 data. Thus, in a medium-term perspective, forms of communication strongly affected by sensationalism, alarmism and oversimplification, beyond the relevant ethical implications, do not appear to give any ROI (Return On Investments) in delicate and controversial technoscientific issues, but may be counterproductive for everyone: end-users, institutions, industry stakeholders and media reputation.

Districts of the city of Krakow, in addition to decision-making powers related to the implementation of the statutory tasks, have the ability to give opinions and come up with proposals on important issues affecting local communities they represent. Districts are trying to infl uence the shape of both the urban and commercial investments and impact the city’s policy on spa-tial planning. Municipality support units in their activities support the demands of residents and often participate in social protest movements. The most glaring example of the promotion of social protest movements by the auxiliary units of the municipality is the attitude of districts authorities to protests of residents known as NIMBY (Not In My Back Yard), i.e. the social protest of people who express their opposition to certain investments made in their immediate neighborhood, although they do not deny that they are needed at all.

U ovom radu analizirali smo odnos lokalne zajednice prema odlaganju komunalnog otpada, pri čemu je istraživački fokus bio na razlikama u percepciji i ponašanju pojedinih socijalnih aktera (prosvjednici, predstavnici jedinica lokalne samouprave, građani) prilikom postavljanja blokade i zatvaranja odlagališta komunalnog otpada Donja gora na Makarskom primorju 2003./2004. godine. U empirijskom istraživanju služili smo se metodom studije slučaja (case study), u okviru koje smo kombinirali kvalitativne i kvantitativne istraživačke tehnike. Prije iznošenja i interpretiranja rezultata istraživanja saželi smo kronologiju "slučaja Donja gora" od lociranja odlagališta Donja gora 1976. godine do njegova zatvaranja i završetka sanacije 2007. godine. Istraživanjem smo utvrdili da je odnos lokalne zajednice na Makarskom primorju prema odlaganju komunalnog otpada vrlo loš, a udaljenost prebivališta društvenih aktera od odlagališta komunalnog otpada Donja gora glavni prediktor njihovih stavova, mišljenja i ponašanja prema tom problemu. Time je generalna hipoteza našeg istraživanja potvrđena. S obzirom na nalaze istraživanja smatramo da se analizirani slučaj po mnogo čemu može smatrati tipičnim za pristup rješavanju problema komunalnog otpada u Hrvatskoj., In diesem Artikel wird die Einstellung der Lokalbevölkerung von Makarska (Großraum Split) zum Problem der Müllentsorgung untersucht. Der Fokus liegt dabei auf der unterschiedlichen Wahrnehmung des Problems sowie auf unterschiedlichen Verhaltensweisen einzelner gesellschaftlicher Akteure (Gegner der wilden Müllablagerung Donja gora, Vertreter der Kommunalverwaltung, Bürger) in den Jahren 2003 und 2004, als die Mülldeponie Donja gora bei Makarska blockiert und dann geschlossen wurde. Gemäß den Regeln der Fallstudie werden im vorliegenden Text qualitative und quantitative Untersuchungstechniken kombiniert. Der Autor beginnt mit einer Chronologie des „Falls Donja gora“, von deren Entstehung 1976 bis hin zu ihrer Räumung und endgültigen Sanierung, die 2007 abgeschlossen wurde. Im Laufe der Untersuchung wurde ermittelt, dass die Lokalbevölkerung der Makarska-Riviera eine sehr schlechte Einstellung zum Problem der Müllentsorgung hat und dass der Umstand, wie weit oder wie nahe die genannten gesellschaftlichen Akteure an der Müllkippe wohnen, maßgeblich deren Standpunkte, Überlegungen und Verhalten in Bezug auf das Problem der Müllentsorgung beeinflusst. Die generelle Hypothese dieser Untersuchung konnte somit bestätigt werden. Nach Ansicht des Verfassers ist der analysierte Fall typisch für die Art und Weise, in der das Problem der Müllentsorgung in Kroatien behandelt wird., This paper analyses the attitude of the local community towards the problem of municipal waste disposal, setting the research focus on the differences in perception and behavior of the respective social actors in the case of blockade and close-down of "Donja gora" municipal landfill in the Makarska littoral in the year 2003-2004. The main method used in the empirical research was the case study method, within which qualitative and quantitative research techniques were combined. Before the presentation and the interpretation of the results, a brief chronology of the "Donja gora landfill case" was outlined, starting from the landfill localization in 1976, up until its close-down and remediation in 2007. The research affirmed the rather negative existing attitude of the local community of Makarska littoral towards the municipal waste disposal, finding the distance between the social actors, places of residence and the landfill to be the key predictor of their attitudes, beliefs and behavior – corroborating therefore the general research hypothesis. Regarding the research findings, it is concluded that the analyzed case could, in many ways, be regarded as an example of a typical approach to the resolution of municipal waste disposal problems in Croatia.

Conditions of political modernization in Croatia, in 1990’s were not suitable for a quick and successful transition, especially not for the development of ecological conscience and ecological behavior. The environment is one of the most important resources of a society, and also one of the key elements of national and local identities. We have conducted empirical qualitative research (case study) to find the Attitude of the local community towards the problem of municipal waste disposal. Case study of Makarska littoral pointed some Key Findings: The municipal waste disposal Donja gora was opened in 1976 on private land, against the will of the land owners. That was a typical way of decision-making in a totalitarian system ; Since 1981, the location of Donja gora falls within the boundaries of the protected area (Biokovo Nature Park) ; All of these years, the appropriate authorities did not take any steps necessary to change this situation (to close the waste disposal) ; Even worse, the waste disposal Donja gora had never been issued a valid operational license, for it did not did not comply to necessary conditions. Among the protestors in Podgora, all elements of NIMBY syndrome were detected. Protestors were very well organized in their activities and chose good timing for the beginning of protest (it started during the National Elections Campaign in 2003). They used public arenas, mostly TV and newspapers, for promotion of their positions and interests. Authorities of the local self-government of Makarska littoral used the cost-benefit approach to solving of this social problem. They also expected strong assistance from the Croatian Government and the County of Split-Dalmatia. Public opinion survey conducted in Makarska showed strong indifference of citizens regarding the environmental protection problems. They were almost completely inactive regarding the activities and participation in civil society organizations. Key social actors in the case of Donja gora had conflicting attitudes about the causes, consequences and solutions of this social problem.

Svrha je ovoga rada poticanje rasprave o ulozi lokalne zajednice u Hrvatskoj u rješavanju problema odlaganja komunalnoga otpada. Ovaj tekst polazi od teorijskih definicija pojmova: tranzicija, lokalna zajednica, komunalni otpad i sindrom NIMBY. Pregledom provedenih istraživanja i službenih podataka u Hrvatskoj zaključili smo da je doprinos lokalnih zajednica u rješavanju problema komunalnoga otpada vrlo skroman, a glavni je razlog tomu prisutnost sindroma NIMBY među građanima. Stoga je nužno da država uloži napore u edukaciju građana i njhovo poticanje na sudjelovanje u radu organizacija civilnoga društva na području zaštite okoliša., The aim of this text is to encourage the role of the local community in Croatia in solving the problem of municipal waste disposal. The text starts from theoretical definitions of transition, local community, municipal waste and the NIMBY syndrome. Reviewing the conducted researches and official data, a conclusion arises that the contribution of local communities in solving the problem of the municipal waste disposal is very modest. The main reason for it is the presence of the NIMBY syndrome among citizens. The state should consequently make efforts in educating citizens and activating them in the civil society organizations.

The application of game theory and cognitive economy to analyze the problem of undesired location - The analysts of the processes of public bodies decision - taking have long been discussing on the establishment of proper strategies to manage "environmental conflicts" - above all the so-called problems of "undesired location" of public works and facilities - efficiently (i.e. on a short-period basis so as to grant decision and agreement stability) and fairly (the parties’ satisfaction is itself a further guarantee of decision and agreement stability). Each strategy, anyway, is still in progress, like a "universe to create and explore". Therefore, in this paper, we will focus on the analysis of the problem and provide as well some theoretical proposals to arrange "a new interpreting model of public bodies decision-taking processes" based on the achievements of two new subject-matters: evolutionary game theory and cognitive economy. Both sciences share their investigation field with law and economic science.

Two auctions have been proposed in the literature for siting noxious facilities: the high-bid and the low-bid auctions. In this paper, we pursue the analysis of these auctions made by O'Sullivan [1993], where he concludes that the high-bid auction has the edge over the low-bid auction. We point out that O'Sullivan has made an approximation for the expected value of the compensation obtained with the high-bid auction, and we show how to obtain the exact value. We discuss a paradox linked with O'Sullivan's result, which mitigates his conclusions, and we show that with exact compensation, the high-bid auction mechanism is indeed far superior to the low-bid auction.; Deux enchères ont été proposées dans la littérature pour localiser les biens publics générateurs de nuisances : l’enchère à compensation haute et l’enchère à compensation basse. Dans ce papier, nous poursuivons l’analyse faite par O’Sullivan [1993] de ces deux enchères, dans laquelle il conclut que l’enchère à compensation haute domine l’enchère à compensation basse. Nous soulignons le fait que O’Sullivan a utilisé une approximation pour la valeur espérée de la compensation dans l’enchère à compensation haute et nous montrons comment obtenir la valeur exacte. Nous discutons d’un paradoxe, lié au résultat de O’Sullivan, qui nuance ses conclusions, et nous montrons qu’avec la compensation exacte l’enchère à compensation haute est largement supérieure à l’enchère à compensation basse.

Stobrec submarine outfall (HDPE, L=2.750 m, DN 1000 mm, d=37.0 m) - one of the biggest municipal wastewater discharge facilities built so far in the Republic of Croatia, was successfully installed in the August 2003 within the framework of the MEIP (Municipal Environmental Infrastructure) Wastewater Disposal Project “ Split/Solin” . The applied long length HDPE pipe concept has proven again a whole series of features that fully correspond to the environmental importance of the outfall which happened to be in the focus of public interest and open demonstration of the syndrome usually referred to as NIMBY (Not In My BackYard).

For the time being only 30–40% of the electric energy supply in Croatia comes from burning fossil fuel. New capacities of 800–1400 MW for the next decade will have to rely on the exclusive use of fossil fuels in thermal power plants (TPP). Public opinion will probably have a decisive influence on the issuing of construction permissions. The potential adverse effects on air seem to be the main argument against construction of TPPs. The priority is therefore to unambiguously state what air quality is warranted in the influenced area for the whole operation period of a TPP. It is important that the public should understand the real meaning of current air quality standards and emission limits. The only known way to do it today is through comparison with the corresponding standards and limits accepted worldwide. This paper discusses some important aspects of such comparison., Zasad se u Hrvatskoj samo 30–40% proizvodnje električne energije osigurava s pomoću izgaranja fosilnih goriva. Ipak, u nastupajućem desetljeću moraju se izgraditi novi proizvodni kapaciteti koji će se temeljiti na fosilnim gorivima, ukupne snage 800–1400 MW. Međutim, otpor javnosti tijekom postupka odobravanja izgradnje bilo kakve nove termoelektrane može bitno utjecati na konačnu odluku o njezinoj izgradnji. Pretpostavljeni nepovoljan utjecaj termoelektrana na kakvoću zraka je, čini se, prostor glavnih napada i protivljenja namjeravanim gradnjama termoelektrana. Zbog toga, vrlo veliku važnost imaju iskazi o kakvoći zraka koja se jamči za cjelokupno radno razdoblje termoelektrane, u svim područjima u kojima se, zbiljski, može očekivati njezin utjecaj na kakvoću zraka. Takvi iskazi mogu se postaviti na temelju razumljivog objašnjenja stvarnog značenja postojećih graničnih vrijednosti kakvoće zraka i emisijskih graničnih vrijednosti u zrak koje se zakonski moraju zadovoljiti. Na temelju današnjih aktualnih znanja, jedini način za takva tumačenja značenja graničnih vrijednosti jest njihova usporedba s odgovarajućim graničnim vrijednostima koje se u svijetu uzimaju kao uzor u području zaštite kakvoće zraka. Predložak koji se temelji na pretpostavci o logaritamskoj normalnoj raspodjeli koncentracija onečišćujućih tvari omogućava uspostavu poretka među graničnim vrijednostima kakvoće zraka i procjenu poretka među graničnim vrijednostima emisije. S pomoću takvog predloška izvršena je usporedba hrvatskih i uglednih svjetskih normi kakvoće zraka i emisijskih graničnih vrijednosti. Na temelju usporedbe slijedi da će kakvoća zraka kojoj će udovoljiti nove termoelektrane u Hrvatskoj biti na razini najzahtjevnijih svjetskih mjerila.

Autor analizira razloge pojavljivanja i načine strukturiranja konfliktnih situacija koje su izazvane problemima zbrinjavanja otpada. Prvo je istražena struktura NIMBY-sindroma (koji se svodi na stav da nitko ne želi u svom mjestu boravka ni cestu ni tvornicu, a kamoli neki otpadni objekt) i njegova »krivnja« u nastanku konflikata, a zatim su iznijeti rezultati izučavanja jedne konfliktne situacije na zagrebačkom području (slučaj Mraclin). Pokazalo se da je NIMBY-sindrom kombinacija socioloških, psiholoških i ekonomskih faktora i da je on zapravo prirodna reakcija građana na stvarno ili moguće ugrožavanje vlastite zajednice. Osim toga, NIMBY je upozorio na značenje socijalnih činilaca u ravnanju otpadom. Osnovni problem grada Zagreba jesu brojna »divlja« smetlišta, koja ne udovoljavaju osnovnim sanitarno-tehničkim kriterijima i koja su opasna kako za zdravlje ljudi, tako i za podzemne vode. Iz analize mraclinskog slučaja vidi se da su građani izuzetno osjetljivi na probleme zbrinjavanja otpada te da je ovaj slučaj rezultat nepostojanja konzistentnog i cjelovitog pristupa zbrinjavanju komunalnog otpada. Dosadašnji je pristup bio obilježen neprimjerenom obaviještenošću i nedovoljnim udjelom građana u procesima zbrinjavanja otpada, kao i izostankom bilo kakvih kompenzacijskih modela., The author is analysing the reasons for the appearance of and the ways of structurising conflict situations caused by the problems of safe disposal of waste. The structure of NIMBY syndrome has been studied first (the syndrome basically expresses the attitude: nobody wants a road or even a factory, not to speak of a city dump in one's vicinity) as well as a „blame“ that accompanies the setting off of the conflicts; the results of the study of a particular conflict situation in Zagreb area are discussed in the article as well (Mraclin case). The NIMBY syndrome has been explained as a combination of sociological, psychological and economic factors and, in fact, it represents a natural reaction of the citizens to the real or possible endangering of the community. Apart from that, NIMBY, is pointing to the significance of social factors in managing the waste. The basic problem of Zagreb are numerous, unorganized dumps which do not satisfy the basic sanitary and technical requirements and are, thus, representing the danger to the health of humans and purity of subterranean waters. The analyses of the Mraclin case make it obvious that there exists a high sensitivity of the citizens to the problems of safe disposal of the waste; the case points to the non-existence of a complete and consistent approach to the problem of the safe disposal of municipal waste. The present day approach is marked by the inadequate quantity of given information, by the insufficient participation of the citizens in the very process of establishing ways of safe disposal of waste, and, finally, by the absence of compensation models., Der Autor analysiert die ursachen der Erscheinung und die Strukturierung von Konfliktsituationen, die durch die probleme der Müllunterbringung hervorgerufen werden. Zuerst wird die Struktur des NIMBY-Syndroms erforscht (das auf die Stellungnahme zurückzuführen ist, dass sich niemand in seinem Wohnort eine Strasse oder Fabrik, geschweige denn eine Abfallanlage wünscht) und seine „Schuld“ an die Konfliktentstehung, dann werden die Ergebnisse der Ergründung einer Konfliktsituation im zagreber Gebiet (der Fall Mraclin). Es hat sich erwiesen, dass das NIMBY-Syndrom eine Kombination soziologischer, psychologischer und wirtschaftlicher Faktoren ist, und dass es tatsächlich eine natürliche Reaktion der Bürger auf die wirkliche oder mögliche Bedrohung der eigenen Gemeinschaft darstellt. Ausserdem weist das NIMBY-Syndrom die bedeutung der sozialen Faktoren in der Müllverwaltung hin. Das zagreber Grundproblem sind die zahlreichen „wilden“ Müllhaufen, die den grundlegenden sanitären und technischen Kriterien nicht nachkommen, und die sowohl die Gesundheit der Menschen als auch das Grundwasser gefährden. Aus der Analyse des mracliner Falls ist es yu sehen, dass eine ausgesprochene Empfindlichkeit der Einwohner gegen die Probleme der Müllunterbringung besteht, sowie dass dieser Fall das Resultat des Fehlens eines konsistenten Zugangs der Kommunalmüllunterbringung ist. Inadequate unterrichtung und unzureichende Teilnahme der Einwohner an den Unterbringungsprozessen, sowie die Abwesenheit irgendwelcher Kompensationsmodelle bezeichneten den bisherigen Zugang.