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The work presented in this thesis is part of the research carried out in the dietary nutrition decision supporting problem (DNDSP) [1]. This thesis consist of two parts. The first part presents ant colony algorithmpsilas basic principle and its typical application in traveling salesman problem(TSP). Firstly, put forward the clustering analysis, which based on the ant colony algorithm, the incursion in each path would be renewed in each searching time, then the path which had the most incretion would be selected as the result. The second part of the thesis mainly involves with its application in DNDSP and sums up the research result with forms., combining technology of Asp.Net, network technology and Chinese Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs), the based Browser/Server dietary decision support system is developed as the previous requirement, and the details implement is showed subsequently; Computer simulations demonstrate that the artificial ant colony is capable of generating good solutions to DNDSP, meanwhile show algorithmpsilas validity.

To investigate the expression of phosphatase of regeneration liver-3(PRL-3) protein and its relationship with tumor invasion and metastasis in human colorectal carcinoma,and elucidate prognostic value.Immunohistochemistry method was applied to detect the PRL-3 expression in the primary tumor specimens and paired paratumor normal tissues from 46 colorectal carcinoma patients, the adenoma tissues from 6 patients with colorectal adenoma, all the metastatic lymph nodes from 29 cases and the metastatic liver lesions from 6 cases. The relationship between PRL-3 expression and clinicopathologic parameters was analyzed and a survival curve was achieved according to Kaplan-Meier method.No or weak PRL-3 protein expression was detected in normal colorectal mucosa and colorectal adenoma. In colorectal carcinoma tissues, PRL-3 expression was confirmed in 26 of 46 cases (56.5%) of primary colorectal carcinomas (with lymph node metastasis 63.0%, without lymph node metastasis 37.0%, P=0.001), 26 of 29 (89.7%) lymph node metastases, and 5 of 6 liver metastases. The expression of PRL-3 was assembled in the cytoplasm of carcinoma cells and more intensively on the cell membrane.Analysis of the relationship between PRL-3 expression and the clinicopathologic features showed that PRL-3 expression was closely associated with tumor stage (P=0.019), lymph node metastasis (P=0.026), but no relationship with age, sex, tumor size, degree of differentiation was founded (P0.05). The mean follow-up time was 41.4 months and results showed that patients with positive expression of PRL-3 had a significantly poorer prognosis than those with negative PRL-3 expression group(P=0.032).PRL-3 protein plays a novel role in tumor progression and metastasis of colorectal carcinoma. PRL-3 can be expected to be a potential predictive biomarker for identifying the prognosis in colorectal carcinoma patients.

In this paper, a pendulum system is constructed to perform the fundamental research which is concentrated on the various frequency pattern of impact-object simulation tests are presented. and we confirmed application possibility for the method of discriminable pattern recognition whether impact-object is human-like or not via frequency analysis using smart sensor. Therefore a specific experimental data are compared and analyzed with the above database within a short time period. The impact analysis system, which is based on the above processing, can be developed and then used to recognize the impact information measured by smart sensors.

Stathmin (Oncoprotein18), a ubiquitous and highly conserved 19-kDa cytosolic phosphoprotein, has been reported to play a critical role in mitosis and possibly other cellular processes, which is associated with tumor carcinogenesis and development. The purpose of this study was to examine the involvement of stathmin in human cervical carcinogenesis and to evaluate its prognostic significance in human cervical carcinoma. Using semiquantitative RT-PCR and Western blotting, we detected the expression of stathmin in human normal cervical epithelial cell line, immortalized cervical epithelial cell lines, and cervical carcinoma cell lines. Additionally, we also detected the expression of stathmin protein in 15 cases of cervical carcinoma tissues and adjacent non-carcinomous margin tissues. Furthermore, specimens from 148 patients with different grade and stage cervical carcinoma were investigated by immunohistochemistry for stathmin expression. Correlations between the expression of stathmin and various clinicopathological factors were studied, while statistical analyses were performed to evaluate prognostic and diagnostic associations. The levels of stathmin mRNA and protein expression were significantly higher in cervical carcinoma cells and immortalized cervical epithelial cells than in normal cervical epithelial cells (P

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM-1), on the recurrence of liver cancer after apparently curative surgical resection of the tumor. METHODS An experimental mouse model of liver cancer metastasis was designed using hepatoma 22(H(22)) inoculated into the subserous layer of spleen of 615 mice. Partial hepatectomy (PH) or sham operation (SH) was performed at various periods of spleen inoculation and metastasic effects were recorded. The expression of inflammatory cytokines as TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6 and VCAM-1 were analyzed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS Compared with SH, a significant augmented metastatic effect was observed in the mice with PH (P < 0.01), and higher mRNA expressions of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6 and VCAM-1 were also observed. The peak expressions of IL-1beta, IL-6 and VCAM-1 were found at 48 and 72 h, respectively. Among them, TNF-alpha expression was found immediately increasing after 4 h and kept at a high level till 96 h after PH. The expression of VCAM-1 was found to have two peaks at 4 and 72 h after PH, 3-6 times higher than its level prior to the operation. The expression of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6 and VCAM-1 showed a significantly positive correlation with the augmenting effect of liver metastasis in the mice model. CONCLUSION The results indicate that pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6 and VCAM-1 might be involved in promoting the enhanced metastasis of liver cancer after surgical operation, especially the PH.

To investigate the role of mast cells in the development of renal interstitial fibrosis in children with Henoch-Schonlein purpura nephritis (HSPN) and possible mechanisms.Paraffin-embedded renal biopsy tissue sections from 20 children with HSPN were examined for the levels of tryptase-beta and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) by immunohistochemical staining. Mast cells were counted by toluidine blue staining. Masson staining was used to assess the level of renal interstitial fibrosis and renal histopathological scores. Normal renal tissue sections from 5 nephrectomized children for nephroma were used as control group.The percentages of positive tryptase-beta cellsand mast cells and the TGF-beta1 expression in the HSPN group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P0.05). The percentages of positive tryptase-beta cells and mast cells and the TGF-beta1 expression in renal tissue were positively correlated with the glomeruli histopathological score (r =0.940, 0.920, 0.937, respectively; P0.05) and were also positively correlated with the histopathological score of renal interstitium (r=0.903, 0.859, 0.948, respectively; P0.05). The level of renal interstitial fibrosis was positively correlated with the percentages of positive tryptase-beta cells and mast cells and the expression of TGF-beta1 (r =0.790, 0.766, 0.858, respectively; P0.05). There was a positive correlation between the percentages of positive tryptase-beta cells and mast cells (r =0.941, P0.05), between the percentage of positive tryptase-beta cells and the TGF-beta1 expression (r =0.897, P0.05) and between the percentage of positive mast cells and the TGF-beta1 expression (r=0.942, P0.05).Tubulointerstitial mast cell infiltration is associated with the development of renal interstitial fibrosis in children with HSPN. Mast cells together with TGF-beta1 and mast cell-derived tryptase-beta may be involved in the development of the renal interstitial fibrosis in HSPN.

A cobalt-containing hyperbranched polydiyne shows refractive indexes (n) as high as 1.713–1.813 in the long wavelength region, which can be tuned to a large extent (Δn up to ∼0.048) by UV irradiation; the polymer can also function as a spin-coatable catalyst for the growth of carbon nanotubes.

The paper mainly presents an impedance-based technique and also a guided wave method to detect and localize the same incipient damages in structures, respectively. The impedance-based technique utilizes the direct and converse electro-mechanical impedance properties of bonded piezoceramic (PZT) patches which serve as actuator-sensors. The interaction between a PZT and its host structure can be described by using a simple 1-D vibration model. A longitudinal wave is applied to the structure by the special arrangement of the PZT pairs, [1]. The guided wave method needs high-frequency wave propagation for achieving the necessary time and space resolution to detect and localize the incipient damages instead of the electro-impedance obtained by the efficient impedance analyzer. To check the time-of-flight of the wave the damage is localized. Results of several experiments presented show high sensitivity and reliability of the guided wave method, [2]. Based on the electro-impedance based technique and the guided wave method, a large number of experiments are conducted. Additionally, the applications of the wavelet transform to detect incipient damages are also presented by means of several simulated examples. The numerical method requires only the response of the damaged structure. When the suitable wavelet is selected, the ability of wavelet to detect and localize the damages is verified.

To investigate the impact of acute hypobaric hypoxia on the gastrointestinal motility.Eighty Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 equal groups to be fed with (99)Tc(m)-labeled test food: ground level control group, put in the hypobaric chamber for 30 minutes; 3000 m simulated altitude group, exposed to the environment of simulated altitude of 3000 m for 30 minutes; 5000 m simulated altitude group, exposed to the environment of simulated altitude of 5000 m for 30 minutes; and mosapride + 5000 m simulated altitude group, fed with mosapride 2 mg/kg by perfusing stomach and fed with isotope-labeled test food 30 minutes later, and then exposed to 5000 m simulated altitude for 30 minutes. By the end of experiment the rats were killed, their stomachs were taken out to calculate the gastric emptying rate. Their intestine from pylorus to ileocecum was taken out to measure the intestinal propulsion function by using charcoal particle method. At the beginning and at the end of experiment abdominal arterial blood samples were collected to detect the plasma motilin and nitric oxide (NO) concentrations.The gastric emptying rate of the 5000 m simulated altitude group was 41% +/- 10%, significantly lower than that of the ground level group (62% +/- 12%, P0.01), and the charcoal transit rate of the 5000 m simulated altitude group was 37% +/- 8%, significantly lower than that of the ground level group (61% +/- 13%, P0.01). The gastric emptying rate and intestine propulsion rate of the 3000 m simulated altitude group were not significantly different from those of the ground level group. The gastric emptying rate of the mosapride + 5000 m simulated altitude group was 55% +/- 12%, significantly higher than that of the 5000 m simulated altitude group (P0.05), however, the intestine propulsion rate of the mosapride + 5000 m simulated altitude group was not significantly different from that of the 5000 m simulated altitude group (P0.05). The plasma motilin level of the 5000 m simulated altitude group was 88 pg/ml +/- 19 pg/ml, significantly lower than that of the ground level group (123 pg/ml +/- 28 pg/ml, P0.01), in contrast, the plasma NO level of the 5000 m simulated altitude group was 106 micromol/L +/- 24 micromol/L, significantly higher than that of the ground level group (80 micromol/L +/- 18 micromol/L, P0.01).Acute exposure to hypobaric hypoxia at the height of 5000 m inhibits the gastric emptying and intestinal propulsion. Mosapride may alleviate the inhibitory effect of hypobaric hypoxia on gastric emptying. Decrease of plasma motilin and elevation of NO level may be the main mechanism of inhibition of gastrointestinal motility by hypobaric hypoxia.

The period from March to mid April, when oriental armyworm Mythimna separata (Walker) moths migrate from South China to Central China over several nights, is an important window of time in annual armyworm population increase. The presence of nectar sources along the pathway of the migratory population is a prerequisite for moths to reach target habitats and lay eggs. Using flowering periods and geographic distributions, the major spring nectar plants suitable for M. separata moths were identified from among 102 species/varieties of apicultural nectar plants. The nectar plants proposed as important to M. separata include milk vetch Astragalus sinicus L., rape Brassica napa L. and six other species. Spearman's rank correlation analyses were conducted between the annual population size of M. separata and the acreages of milk vetch and rape in the daily stopover areas for migrating populations of M. separata during 1950-1979. The Spearman's coefficient between milk vetch and M. separata was 0.6259 and the correlation was highly significant (P0.001). Further regression analysis with data from 1950-1979 and from 1980-1992 also revealed a close relationship between annual acreage of damaged crops/wheat and acreage of milk vetch. These results strongly suggest that the unprecedented enlargement in the geographic distribution of milk vetch from Central China into South China was the key factor in the frequent severe oriental armyworm outbreaks that occurred during 1966-1977. This is thought to be the first report in the world that reveals the key role of nectar sources in long distance, regional scale, migration of moths. The argument for the key role of milk vetch is supported by the simultaneous decline in the level of damage inflicted by M. separata and the acreage of milk vetch after 1980.

The use of evolutionary algorithms (EAs) to solve problems with multiple objectives (known as multiobjective optimization problems (MOPs)) has attracted much attention recently. Population based approaches, such as EAs, offer a means to find a group of Pareto-optimal solutions in a single run. However, most studies are undertaken on unconstrained MOPs. Recently, we developed the co-evolutionary algorithms for unconstrained MOPs. The objective of this paper is to introduce a modification to co-evolutionary algorithms for handling constraints. The solutions, provided by the proposed algorithm for one test problem, are promising when compared with an existing well-known algorithm.

To evaluate the clinical necessity of postoperative gastrointestinal decompression after operation on lower digestive tract.Three hundred and sixty-eight patients who required excision and anastomosis of lower digestive tract were randomly divided into two groups, with or without receiving gastrointestinal decompression after operation. Clinical therapeutic efficacy and complications were compared between two groups.The volume of gastrointestinal suction ranged from 10 ml to 520 ml each day after operation, and was less on the first day than those on the second and the third day after operation in decompression group. There was no significant difference in the average girth between two groups before and after operation. The average girths were shorter before operation than those after operation in two groups (P0.001). There was no significant difference in postoperative defecation and urination time between two groups (P0.05). The complication rate was significantly higher in decompression group than that in non-decompression group (28% vs. 8.2%, P0.001). The incidence of pharyngolaryngitis was up to 23.1% in decompression group. There was no difference in hospital stay between the two groups after operation.The recovery of patients who receive excision and anastomosis of lower digestive tract will benefit from non-gastrointestinal decompression.

To investigate the expression of phosphatase of regenerating liver-3 (PRL- 3) mRNA and evaluate its relationship with tumor invasion and metastasis in human colorectal carcinoma.The expression level of PRL-3 mRNA was examined semi-quantitatively in surgically resected tumor specimens, paired paratumor normal tissues from 46 CRC patients, metastatic lymph nodes and liver metastases from 18 cases with metastasis,adenoma tissues from 6 patients with colorectal adenoma (CRA). In addition,the mutation of PRL-3 gene was examined by PCR-SSCP.The PRL-3 mRNA level was increased in primary CRC tissues as compared with paired paratumor normal tissues (1.6+/- 0.7 vs. 0.4+/- 0.1, P0.01), while no significant difference of its expression was found between CRA tissues and their adjacent normal mucosae (P0.05). However,the PRL-3 mRNA levels of liver metastases (2.1+/- 0.8) in 12 cases and metastatic lymph nodes (3.3+/- 1.0) in 6 cases were significantly higher compared with the matched primary lesions, normal tissues and negative-lymph nodes (P0.01). There was significant relation of the expression of PRL-3 mRNA with the clinicopathological features including Dukes stage, invasion depth and metastasis (P0.05), but no relation with sex,tumor size,degree of differentiation was found (P0.05). Abnormal electrolysis band was found in 1 of 6 cases with liver metastasis by PCR-SSCP analysis.PRL-3 gene plays an important role in tumor invasion and metastasis and may associated with carcinogenesis and development of CRC. There might exist some unknown mechanisms of overexpression and mutation of PRL-3 gene in CRC.

OBJECTIVE: The goal of the present study was to determine how proapoptosis proteins regulate the progression of liver proliferative foci and tumorigenesis initiated by a chemical carcinogen, diethylnitrosamine (DEN). METHODS: Bid-deficient mice (15-day-old) were injected with 15 µg/g of DEN, then killed at 3 and 10 days, and 4 and 8 months after injection for analysis of hepatocellular proliferation, apoptosis and tumorigenesis. RESULT: The rate of apoptosis in the hepatocytes of the wild-type mice was significantly higher than in the Bid-deficient mice at 10 days after DEN exposure (P

Some experiments were made on the effects of light illumination on the (Cs,O) activated GaAs(110) photocathode in previous work. It was observed that if the GaAs photocathode activated without illumination were illuminated by light of proper intensities, its photosensitivity would increase to a new maximum in several minutes and that too intensive illumination could decrease the photosensitivity on the contrary. We also made a stability and recovery study of GaAs photocathodes under varies intensities illumination, which was sealed in image intensifier and placed in UHV chamber respectively, with the help of the self-developed spectral response testing instruments. We found that when the photocathode sealed in the image intensifier illuminated by light of weak intensities, the photosensitivity first increased to a new maximum and then decreased. After removing the light for several hours, the photosensitivity can be recovered itself. Contrast to the weak illumination case, the photosensitivity of photocathode under intensive illumination would decrease monotonously and could not be recovered. By another experiment on photocathode that had been activated successfully in the UHV chamber, we found some new phenomena. Monotonous degradation is produced not only by intensive illumination, but also by weak illumination. Furthermore, photosensitivity after illuminating was unrecoverable. One of the most important phenomena observed by us was that the intensity of pressure in UHV system varied with the intense of illumination. The more intense the illumination was, the more intense would be the pressure in vacuum chamber in the several minutes of beginning. In this paper, the phenomena above-mentioned are analyzed and discussed. It is suggested that excess minority carrier induced by incident photons would damage the surface composition and structure of (Cs,O) activated GaAs photocathode. According to our research, an effective solution to increase photoemission stability is put forward. In our discussion the dipole model is strongly supported.

Background noise is an important factor that creates defective generation 2 image tubes. The main source of the background noise of generation 2 image tubes is the noise making from micro-channel plate (MCP). This paper discusses the main noise of MCP describes the principle of phones scatter and electron scatter, deduce the mathematics model of funnel shaped MCP, and presents the method which enlarges the micro-channel plate surface to increase the ratio of hatch area, reduce the scatter noise and improve the resolution of MCP. Process the experimentation of enlarging the surface of MCP. It provides a theory and practice foundation for farther craft research.

To provide the mode of cancer distribution in the mesorectum and circumferential resection margin.Large slice technique was used in the pathologic study of 62 specimens operated on following the principles of total mesorectal excision (TME).More than 40% of all the observed neoplastic foci were located in the outer layer of the mesorectum in Stage III patients. Further analysis of the foci's localities with respect to the primary tumor's locality showed that ipsolateral neoplastic foci (44.44%) were significantly more than the contralateral neoplastic foci (13.33%) in the mesorectum (P0.05). Extramural distal spread was found in 8 cases with the maximum extent of 3.5 cm. No significant difference in occurrence of circumferential margin involvement (CMI) was observed among tumors of different location, but tumors of poorer differentiation were noted to have a higher risk of CMI.Large slice technique offers a whole image of rectum, mesorectum, together with the position of neoplastic foci. There are outer preponderance and lateral discrepancy of neoplastic foci distribution in the mesorectum. A distal clearance margin of 4 cm would be mandatory. We advocate the adoption of TME as the baisc surgical principles in treating patients with rectal cancer and in avoiding surgery-related circumferential margin involvement.

Systematic error caused by stray magnetic fields is often one of the major sources of the uncertainties in many precision measurements. It is necessary to accurately control the magnetic fields in these measurements. The spectrum of the fine structure of helium can be used to determine the fine structure constant, and also to test the quantum electrodynamic theory of multi-electron systems. In this work, we present a magnetic shield that can eliminate stray magnetic fields and a cosine coil that generates a uniform magnetic field. The central magnetic strength produced by the coil is measured through the spectrum of a 4He metastable atomic beam. The magnetic shield reduces the strength of the external magnetic field down to less than 0.8 mGs. The variation of the magnetic strength in the spectrum region is less than 10 mGs at a magnetic strength up to 20 Gs. In this case, the uncertainty introduced by the magnetic field will be less than in the spectrum of helium fine structure.

1,5-Diphenyl-1-pentanone (A) and 1,5-diphenyl-2-penten-1-one (B) are natural products extracted for the first time from Stellera chamaejasme. Laboratory bioassay showed that the two products have strong contact activity and very good anti-feedant activity against Aphis gossypii and Schizaphis graminum. Both products showed dose-dependent relationships for both forms of activity against the two aphids, the contact activity of B being about twice that of A. Both products were inferior to methomyl in contact activity but superior in anti-feedant activity against the two aphids. This is the first report of aphicidal activity in these two compounds, which may represent a new class of aphicide.

Background Astragalus memebranaceus is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine used in treatment of common cold, diarrhea, fatigue, anorexia and cardiac diseases. Recently, there are growing evidences that Astragalus extract may be a potential anti-tumorigenic agent. Some research showed that the total saponins obtained from Astragalus membranaceus possess significant antitumorigenic activity. Gastric cancer is one of the most frequent cancers in the world, almost two-thirds of gastric cancer cases and deaths occur in less developed regions. But the effect of Astragalus membranaceus on proliferation, invasion and apoptosis of gastric cancer BGC-823 cells remains unclear. Methods Astragalus saponins were extracted. Cells proliferation was determined by CCK-8 assay. Cell cycle and apoptosis were detected by the flow cytometry. Boyden chamber was used to evaluate the invasion and metastasis capabilities of BGC-823 cells. Tumor growth was assessed by subcutaneous inoculation of cells into BALB/c nude mice. Results The results demonstrated that total Astragalus saponins could inhibit human gastric cancer cell growth both in vitro and in vivo, in additional, Astragalus saponins deceased the invasion ability and induced the apoptosis of gastric cancer BGC-823 cells. Conclusions Total Astragalus saponins inhibited human gastric cancer cell growth, decreased the invasion ability and induced the apoptosis. This suggested the possibility of further developing Astragalus as an alternative treatment option, or perhaps using it as adjuvant chemotherapeutic agent in gastric cancer therapy.

The plant flavonoid baohuoside-1 (B-1), isolated from Epimedium davidii, was shown to suppress antibody and delayed-type hypersensitivity responses in mice in a dose-dependent fashion. By contrast, similar dosage schedules of B-1 did not significantly prolong survival of cardiac grafts. Furthermore, B-1 did not potentiate the effects of the standard anti-rejection drug cyclosporine. Assessment of the mice for appearance, behaviour, biochemistry, haematology and histology revealed no toxic effects at the dosages used in the experiments. These results indicate that the immunosuppressive properties of B-1 are confined to the antibody-mediated system, and suggest that B-1 may be of value in the treatment of chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases in which autoantibodies have a major role in pathogenesis.

Phenolic-based activated carbon fibers (ACFs) were prepared by catalytic activation using Zr(acac) 4 and ferrocene in CO 2 , respectively. The presence of the metal catalysts can promote the formation of mesopores and enhance the electric conductivity, particularly in the presence of Zr(acac) 4 . The electrochemical performance of the ACFs as electrodes of electric double-layer capacitors in 1 mol L -1 LiClO 4 /propylene carbonate (PC) was studied using galvanostatic charge/discharge and ac impedance techniques. The number of ions participating in the double layers per surface area unit increases with increasing the pore size above 11 A, and from 25 to 81 A it is nearly constant. The capacitance per unit mesopore surface area (8.08 μF cm -2 ) is higher than that per unit micropore surface area (4.29 μF m -2 ) at a current density of 50 mA g -1 . The organic ions could enter the larger pore easily and quickly. But if the pore size is larger than 26.5 A, the ac impedance increases due to the poor electric conductivity of the ACFs. The optimal pore size seems to be around 25 A in LiClO 4 /PC solution.

Phenolic resin-based activated carbon fibers (ACFs) were prepared by KOH, CO 2 , steam, Zr(acac) 4 , and ferrocene activation. The porosity, surface chemistry, and electric conductivity of ACFs were studied as electric double-layer capacitors in KOH electrolyte. The specific capacitance for ACFs is generally in the range 130-180 F g -1 and roughly has a linear relationship with the Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) surface area (S BET ). Among all of the ACFs, ACF-KOH-200 (which has a S BET of only ∼ 1284 m 2 g -1 and an average pore diameter of 14.3 A, but has the largest amount of hydroxyl carbonyl and quinone groups on the surface) exhibits the maximum value of 215 F g -1 , indicating that although the capacitance is controlled basically by the S BET , the oxygen groups play a dominant role in the formation of the double layers. The presence of mesopores in ACFs with very high S BET and good electric conductivity is not effective for double-layer capacitors. The number of ions participating in the double layers per surface area unit increases with the decrease of the pore size in the range of 11-20 A; beyond 20 A, it is nearly constant. No simple correlation was found between the resistance and the capacitance.

Low-temperature polycrystalline Si films were fabricated by radio frequency plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition using SiH4, Ar and H2 as source gas. It was found that the content of H2 in the mixture plays an important role for crystallization of Si films. High-quality low-temperature polycrystalline Si films were obtained under the optimal amount of H2 in the source gas.

LetE=(0, 1,...), Q b=(qij), i, j=0, 1, ..., whereq i, i−1=ai, qi, i+1=bi, qii=−(ai+bi), qij=0, when|i−j|>1. a 0=0, b0=b>0, ai, bi>0 (i>0). Lettingb=0 inQ b, we get the matrixQ 0. The time homogeneous Markov processX b ={x b (t,w), 0≤t0 be arbitrarily fixed, then there is a one to one correspondence between theQ 0 processes and theQ b processes (in the sense of transition probability). TheQ 0 process is unique iffR *=∞. SupposingR

According to the principle of the function division of surface water, the Songhua River basin is divided into 2 primary function regions and 3 secondary function regions by divided system of two grades based on the analysis and evaluation on the water quality and quantity. According to the practical situation that the amount of water reducing and the channel becoming shallow in dry season makes the channel water amount and velocity decrease, the paper employs one-dimensional calculation model and defines model parameters rationally to calculate the water environment capacity of every function zone and get the calculation result. Based on knowing the water environment capacity of the water function region, people should carry out the optimization distribution and management of water resources, ought to improve the benefit and efficiency of water utilization, strictly control developing the industries of highly water-consuming and high-polluting, and construct a water-saving and anti-pollution society extensively.

COVID-19 accentuates the case for a global, rather than an international, development paradigm. The novel disease is a prime example of a development challenge for all countries, through the failure of public health as a global public good. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the falsity of any assumption that the global North has all the expertise and solutions to tackle global challenges, and has further highlighted the need for multi-directional learning and transformation in all countries towards a more sustainable and equitable world. We illustrate our argument for a global development paradigm by examining the implications of the COVID-19 pandemic across four themes: global value chains, digitalisation, debt, and climate change. We conclude that development studies must adapt to a very different context from when the field emerged in the mid-20th century., Annika Surmeier receives funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under grant agreement No. 799041.

The 23P0,1,2 fine structure interval of 4He can be determined to 10-8 accuracy both theoretically and experimentally. It can be used either to determine the fine structure constant or to test the quantum electrodynamics theory. To reach this goal, it is necessary to measure the fine structure splitting to sub kHz accuracy by increasing the signal-to-noise ratio and eliminating the systematic deviations. In the experimental configuration of present study, transverse laser cooling is used to obtain an intense metastable helium atom beam. The triple state metastable atoms are also bent from the original atomic beam to reduce the background noise. The spectral scanning will be accomplished by tuning the sideband of a frequency-locked diode laser to maintain sufficient frequency stability during the scan. The experimental method has been tested on the setup recently built, and the analysis shows that a sub-kHz precision is feasible.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are genomically encoded non-protein-encoding small RNAs, which negatively regulate target gene expression at post-transcriptional level. The present study aimed to investigate whether disorders of miRNAs system were involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). MiRanda, Target Scan and PicTar were utilized for predictive analysis of miRNAs and target genes. MiR-1, miR-133a, miR-155 and miR-208 were selected as the candidate miRNAs potentially related to blood pressure. The expression levels of miR-1, miR-133a, miR-155 and miR-208 in the aorta of 4-, 8-, 16- and 24-week-old SHR and age-matched Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats were detected by real-time RT-PCR. The mRNA levels of angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AGTR1a), angiotensin II receptor associated protein (AGTRAP), divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1), low-density lipoprotein-related protein 1B (LRP1B), fibroblast growth factor-7 (FGF-7), protocadherin 9 precursor (PCDH9), chloride channel protein 5 (CLCN-5), small conductance calcium activated potassium channel protein 3 (KCNN3) and thyroid hormone receptor associated protein 1 (THRAP1), which were predicted to be target genes of differentially expressed miRNAs, were further detected by real-time RT-PCR. The results obtained showed that the expression levels of miR-1, miR-155 and miR-208 in the aorta were significantly different from those in the heart of WKY rats. The miR-155 level was significantly lower in aorta of 16-week-old SHR than that of age-matched WKY rats (P0.05), but there was no difference between SHR and WKY rats in other age groups. In addition, miR-155 level was negatively correlated to blood pressure (r=-0.525, P0.05). Both in WKY rats and SHR, miR-208 was most abundantly expressed in 4-week-old rats, but declined significantly in 8-, 16- and 24-week-old rats (P0.05). No difference in miR-208 levels was observed between age-matched SHR and WKY rats. Moreover, miR-208 expression in aorta was negatively correlated with blood pressure (r=-0.400, P0.05) and age (r=-0.684, P0.0001). Neither miR-1 nor miR-133a was differentially expressed in SHR and WKY rats in different age groups. The mRNA levels of predicted target genes were not correlated to miR-155 or miR-208 levels. These results indicate that miR-155 is less expressed in the aorta of adult SHR compared with that of WKY rats and is negatively correlated with blood pressure, suggesting it is possibly involved in the development and pathologic progress of hypertension. The miR-208 expression in rat aorta declines with aging and it may play a role in the blood vessel development.