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The effect of SnO2 nanocrystalline coatings on the performance of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) based on TiO2-nanoparticle photoanode was studied. The TiO2-nanoparticle photoanode was prepared by screen-printing technique, and the SnO2 nanocrystalline films were coated on TiO2 nanoparticles by soaking TiO2 photoanodes in SnO2 solution with different concentrations or different time. SEM images indicate SnO2 nanocrystalline films have smaller surface grains than the TiO2 nanocrystalline films. The electrical properties of the films indicate that SnO2 thin films growing on the TiO2 films by soaking TiO2 films in 0.4 mol /L SnO2 solution for 50 min play a positive role on the structure and performance of the TiO2 films, and the conversion efficiency of the solar cell with TiO2/SnO2 photoanode is about 7% higher than that of TiO2 films.

By analyzing the problem of k-means, we find the traditional k-means algorithm suffers from some shortcomings, such as requiring the user to give out the number of clusters k in advance, being sensitive to the initial cluster centers, being sensitive to the noise and isolated data, only being applied to the type found in globular clusters, and being easily trapped into a local solution et cetera. This improved algorithm uses the potential of data to find the center data and eliminate the noise data. It decomposes big or extended cluster into several small clusters, then merges adjacent small clusters into a big cluster using the information provided by the Safety Area. Experimental results demonstrate that the improved k-means algorithm can determine the number of clusters, distinguish irregular cluster to a certain extent, decrease the dependence on the initial cluster centers, eliminate the effects of the noise data and get a better clustering accuracy.

This article poses an algorithm of the hierarchical topology in wireless sensor network based on shortest path tree algorithm to cover the shortage of LAC Routing Algorithm (LAC-T), which based on SPT(Shortest Path Tree). LAC-T algorithm elects cluster head by the remaining energy of nodes and the distance between node and base station. Meanwhile, it uses SPT to communicate among cluster heads in WSNs. The result of stimulation shows that LAC-T algorithm is not only easy to achieve, but could be better balance the energy consumption of each node, extend the lifespan of WSN (Wireless Sensor Network).

The evaluation of node importance in complex networks has been an increasing widespread concern in recent years. Seeking and protecting vital nodes is important to ensure the security and stability of the whole network. Existing clustering algorithms of complex networks all have certain drawbacks, which could not cover everything in calculation accuracy and time complexity, and need external supervision. To design a fast complex networks clustering method is a problem which requires to be solved immediately. This paper proposes a clustering algorithm of complex networks based on data field using physical data field theory, which excavates key nodes in complex networks by evaluating the importance of nodes based on a mutual information algorithm, and then uses it to classify the clusters. To verify the validity of the algorithm, a simulation experiment was conducted. The results indicated that the algorithm could analyze the cluster exactly and calculate with high-speed, it could also determine the granularity of a partition according to the actual demand.

An efficient method was developed for chlorination of aromatic compounds with electron-donating groups using iodobenzene as the catalyst and m -chloroperbenzoic acid as the terminal oxidant in the presence of 4-methylbenzenesulfonic acid in THF at room temperature for 24 h, and a series of the monochlorinated compounds was obtained in good yields. In this protocol, the catalyst iodobenzene was first oxidized into the hypervalent iodine intermediate, which then treated with lithium chloride and finally reacted with aromatic compounds to form the chlorinated compounds.

1,1,2,3,3-Pentamethylindane was synthesized by alkylation of tert-amyl alcohol and α–methylstyrene (AMS) using sulfuric acid and sulfolane as catalyst. The effect of the volume of sulfolane on the selectivity for the cross-dimerization as compared to the dimerzation of the AMS was studied. The result shows that the selectivity increased by 32% after adding even 1 ml of sulfolane as solvent.

DNS (Domain Name System) tunnels can provide high-bandwidth covert channels that pose a significant risk to sensitive information inside the company networks. Sensitive data are embedded in DNS query and response packets to exfiltrate and infiltrate the network boundaries. However, traditional Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) and Firewalls let DNS packets pass without any checking. This paper explores a novel approach to detect in real time whether a DNS packet is in a tunnel by scoring the query domain based on bigram. Experiment shows that the bigrams of domains follow Zipf's law whereas tunnelled traffic is obedient to random distribution. The score mechanism in detecting DNS tunnels is proved to be usable theoretically and is confirmed in the experiment. Our approach can get a high accuracy of 98.74% and low false positive of 1.24%.

The rapid industrial development has led to the intermittent outbreak of pm2.5 or haze in developing countries, which has brought about great environmental issues, especially in big cities such as Beijing and New Delhi. We investigated the factors and mechanisms of haze change and present a long-term prediction model of Beijing haze episodes using time series analysis. We construct a dynamic structural measurement model of daily haze increment and reduce the model to a vector autoregressive model. Typical case studies on 886 continuous days indicate that our model performs very well on next day’s Air Quality Index (AQI) prediction, and in severely polluted cases (AQI ≥ 300) the accuracy rate of AQI prediction even reaches up to 87.8%. The experiment of one-week prediction shows that our model has excellent sensitivity when a sudden haze burst or dissipation happens, which results in good long-term stability on the accuracy of the next 3–7 days’ AQI prediction.

Vegetation cover in the upper reaches of the Yellow River basin and its relation to climatic changes were analyzed at one-month resolution, using AVHRR NDVI data and meteorological records from 1982–2006. Major climatic factors that affected vegetation changes in different regions of this basin were investigated. Correlation analyses revealed that high temperatures favored plant growth in most regions, especially the southern part of the study area (regions with alpine characteristics) during early and late periods of the growth season (i.e., relatively cold periods). Increased rainfall during spring had a strong positive effect on plant growth in the eastern and northern parts (semiarid regions) of this area. In contrast, increased spring rainfall had a negative effect on plant growth in the west and south (regions with abundant rainfall but insufficient thermal energy).

Dendron-like poly(e-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-lysine)/linear poly(ethylene oxide) block copolymers (i.e., Dm-PZLys-b-PEO, m = 0 and 3; Dm are the propargyl focal point poly(amido amine) dendrons having 2m primary amine groups) were for the first time synthesized by combining ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of e-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-lysine N-carboxyanhydride (Z-Lys-NCA) and click chemistry, where Dm-PZLys homopolypeptides were click conjugated with azide-terminated PEO. Their molecular structures and physical properties were characterized in detail by FTIR, 1H NMR, gel permeation chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, polarized optical microscopy, and wide angle X-ray diffraction. Both homopolypeptides and copolymers presented a liquid crystalline phase transition for PZLys block, and the transition was irreversible. Moreover, the degree of crystallinity of PEO block within linear copolymers decreased from 96.2% to 20.4% with increasing PZLys composition, whereas that within dendritic copolymers decreased to zero. The secondary conformation of PZLys progressively changed from β-sheet to α-helix with increasing the chain length. These copolymers self-assembled into spherical nanoparticles in aqueous solution, and the anticancer drug doxorubicin-loaded nanoparticles gave a similar morphology compared with their blank counterparts. The drug-loaded nanoparticles showed a triphasic drug-release profile at aqueous pH 7.4 or 5.5 and 37 °C and sustained a longer drug-release period for about 2 months. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012

Accurate risk stratification is crucial for the evaluation of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). We evaluated 8 biomarkers representing inflammation (growth differentiation factor [GDF]-15, fibrinogen), renal function (estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR]), endothelial activation (

In order to indicate the aging process and evaluate the aging resistance of warm mix asphalt, thin film oven tests of original asphalts and warm mix asphalts were conducted, and the softening points of different asphalts in aging process were compared. Then, using softening point as a parameter, the aging kinetics model was established and the kinetics parameters were also calculated to reflect the aging performance of different asphalts. It is indicated that warm mix asphalt has larger activation energies and lower reaction rate constant than those of original asphalt, and the aging performance of warm mix asphalt after are better. The aging behavior of warm mix asphalt could be well evaluated by the aging kinetics model.

Fluorescent compound without typical fluorophores was synthesized with citric acid (CA) and aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTS) firstly, and then it was grafted to the surface of the prepared SiO2 microspheres by chemical reaction. The fluorescent SiO2 microspheres with good fluorescent properties were obtained by optimizing the reaction conditions. And the morphology and structure of the fluorescent SiO2 microspheres have been characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The results showed that the preparation of fluorescent SiO2 microspheres have good monodispersity and narrow particle size distribution. Moreover, the fluorescent SiO2 microspheres can be applied to detect Fe3+ in aqueous solution, prepare fluorescent SiO2 rubber, and have potential to be applied in the fluorescent labeling and fingerprint appearing technique fields.

Based on the relationship between regional development and water environment protect and affection of water environment quality of river and lake on regional development, the paper analysed regional disparity of water environmental risk and controlling of water pollution discharge in regional development. Taking Wuxi as a case, comprehensively considering physical geographical factors such as river and lake hydrological condition, watershed geomorphic condition etc, the whole city had been divided into two sections of the first grade environmental cells, thirty four sections of the second grade environment sub-cells, as estimating cells of water environmental risk. According to the relationships between land development and change of water environments, several factors had been selected, such as function of water utilization, connecting condition to water body (Lake Taihu, Yangtze River, etc) outside, water quality needs and the channels of leading water, and geomorphic condition for evaluating and regionalize the risk of water environments for four grads by using GIS spatial analyzing and statistic analyzing methods. As a result, the area with big risk of water environments would not allow the development of water polluting factory and inhabitant quarter. It could be the one of guidances for the spatial development.

Aeruginosins are a class of cyanobacteria-derived bioactive linear tetrapeptides composed of nonproteinogenic amino-acid residues, such as the 2-carboxy-6-hydroxyoctahydroindole (Choi) moiety, which is the hallmark of aeruginosin. The biosynthetic pathway of the Choi moiety remains elusive. Previous studies have suggested that AerE, a protein that possesses two cupin domains, participates in the biosynthesis of the Choi moiety. In this study, recombinant AerE fromMicrocystis aeruginosa, which was overexpressed inEscherichia coliand purified by Ni2+-chelating affinity and gel-filtration chromatography, was successfully crystallized and X-ray diffraction analysis was performed. The crystal belonged to the orthorhombic space groupP212121, with unit-cell parametersa= 34.770,b= 62.133,c= 87.401 Å. The diffraction data from the crystal were scaled to a maximum resolution of 1.60 Å. The calculated Matthews coefficient of the crystal is 1.93 Å3 Da−1, suggesting that there is one molecule in the asymmetric unit.

This paper aims to find a mathematical and statistical way to express natural words' semantic information by mapping words onto a high-dimension continuous space. This paper presents a new approach of training word representations which 1) uses Weighted Local Influence language model (WLI model) by assigning different weight to the words on different locations, 2) introduces polynomial linear regression into the training of word representations, and 3) presents a global optimization scheme introduces polynomial linear regression into global optimal solution word representations. Empirical evidence indicates the availability and effectiveness of the distributed representations based on WLI model. A 7-dimensional sentiment lexicon is constructed based on word representations to prove WLI's semantic descriptiveness and the feasibility of linear empirical functions. Finally this paper discusses over some possible improvements on WLI model in future work.

The effect of the extremely low frequency magnetic field (ELF-MF) on biomass and mannatide production by α-hemolytic Streptococcus in liquid-state fermentation culture medium was studied during shake flask culture. Magnetic field (MF) inductions, exposure times, and exposure periods varied in a range of 0-1.5 mT, 0-16 h, and six periods of incubation time, respectively. Results showed both biomass and mannatide production increased significantly at MF induction 0.4, 0.6, and 0.9 mT and decreased at both 1.2 and 1.5 mT. Biomass increased by exposure for initial and middle stages of fermentation. Mannatide production increased significantly at 4-8, 8-12, and 17-21 h. Peak yield of biomass and mannatide production increased by 10.7% and 14.0% at 25 and 27 h of incubation at 0.6 mT MF induction and exposure to 8-12 h of incubation time, compared with the control experiment, respectively. ELF-MF could also enhance the growth rate and mannatide production rate of α-hemolytic Streptococcus. However, ELF-MF did not alter α-hemolytic Streptococcus cell growth and mannatide metabolizing regulation or fermentation pattern. Mannatide production was not associated with cellular growth but rather only partially associated. Bioelectromagnetics. 37:331-337, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

A structural evaluating approach is presented by using influence matrix when the support displacements are known. The steps of the evaluating approach are given by applying the expression between the nodal displacements of the upper structure and the support displacements. A single span, two-story plane frame are analyzed for obtaining the nodal displacements and the internal forces of members of the upper structure when the uneven support settlement occurs. The results show that the proposed approach is simple and applicable for analyzing the upper structure due to the support settlement.

Epstein-Barr virus-positive T/NK-cell lymphoproliferative disorder (EBV+T/NK-LPD) is a continuous spectrum of diseases that share a common feature observed in T cells and NK cells: Excessive lymphoid proliferation. This disease is rare in adults and predominantly affects children with high mortality. Herein, we present a case of EBV+T-LPD that occurred in an adult with clinical manifestations of hepatic dysfunction and megalosplenia. The patient received a splenectomy at a local hospital for the treatment of megalosplenia. Before surgery, she exhibited mild hepatomegaly and normal liver function. However, after the operation, abdominal computed tomography (CT) showed obvious hepatomegaly and severely damaged liver function. After a final diagnosis of EBV+T-LPD at our hospital, the patient received combination therapy with antiviral and immunosuppressive agents. At the 4-month follow-up visit, hepatic function was normal and the size of the liver decreased. Because this patient presented with hepatomegaly before the splenectomy and because hepatic dysfunction rapidly progressed after surgery, an early diagnosis of EBV+T-LPD was crucial. Splenectomy may be recommended before liver involvement to reduce negative postoperative effects on the liver.

The plane frame structure of three-span, six-story reinforced concrete structure, is adopted to study whether wave passage effect should be considered in the seismic responses of frame structures or not. The influence factors of seismic wave's frequency and wave passage effect on the structure are studied. The earthquake responses of the frame structure to wave passage excitations and uniform excitations are computed respectively for the class III site seismic wave by using Midas Gen software. The results of column shear forces obtained from the wave passage excitations are compared with those of the uniform excitations. And the frequencies of seismic waves are analyzed. Numerical results showed that wave passage effect caused the shear force of the first-story column facing the seismic wave to increase remarkably for the plane frame structures. For the seismic waves with wave passage effect, the main peaks of frequency amplitude spectrum of seismic wave arise in low frequency domain.

In SiHa and CaSki cells, E6 and E7-targeting shRNA specifically and effectively knocked down human papillomavirus (HPV) 16 E6 and E7 at the transcriptional level, reduced the E6 and E7 mRNA levels by more than 80% compared with control cells that expressed a scrambled-sequence shRNA. E6 and E7 repression resulted in down-regulation of DNA methyltransferase mRNA and protein expression, decreased DNA methylation and increased mRNA expression levels of tumor suppressor genes, induced a certain apoptosis and inhibited proliferation in E6 and E7 shRNA-infected SiHa and CaSki cells compared with the uninfected cells. Repression of E6 and E7 oncogenes resulted in restoration of DNA methyltransferase suppressor pathways and induced apoptosis in HPV16-positive cervical carcinoma cell lines. Our findings suggest that the potential carcinogenic mechanism of HPV16 through influencing DNA methylation pathway to activate the development of cervical cancer exist, and maybe as a candidate therapeutic strategy for cervical and other HPV-associated cancers.

The 2-carboxy-6-hydroxyoctahydroindole moiety is an essential residue for the antithrombotic activity of aeruginosins, which are a class of cyanobacteria-derived bioactive linear tetrapeptides. The biosynthetic pathway of the 2-carboxy-6-hydroxyoctahydroindole moiety has not yet been resolved. AerF was indicated to be involved in the biosynthesis of the 2-carboxy-6-hydroxyoctahydroindole moiety. This study reports the cloning, expression, purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of AerF fromMicrocystis aeruginosawith a C-terminal His6tag. The crystal diffracted to a maximum resolution of 1.38 Å and belonged to the tetragonal space groupP4322, with unit-cell parametersa=b= 101.581,c= 116.094 Å. The calculated Matthews coefficient and solvent content of the crystal were 2.47 Å3 Da−1and 50.32%, respectively. The initial model of the structure was obtained by the molecular-replacement method and refinement of the structure is in progress.

The ATP-binding cassette transporter A-1 (ABCA1) gene is a key target of the transcription factors liver X receptors. Liver X receptor activation has anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in animal ischemic stroke models. Here, we tested the hypothesis that brain ABCA1 reduces blood-brain barrier (BBB) and white matter (WM) impairment in the ischemic brain after stroke.Adult brain-specific ABCA1-deficient (ABCA1(-B/-B)) and floxed-control (ABCA1(fl/fl)) mice were subjected to permanent distal middle cerebral artery occlusion and were euthanized 7 days after distal middle cerebral artery occlusion. Functional outcome, infarct volume, BBB leakage, and WM damage were analyzed.Compared with ABCA1(fl/fl) mice, ABCA1(-B/-B) mice showed marginally (P=0.052) increased lesion volume but significantly increased BBB leakage and WM damage in the ischemic brain and more severe neurological deficits. Brain ABCA1-deficient mice exhibited increased the level of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and reduced the level of insulin-like growth factor 1 in the ischemic brain. BBB leakage was inversely correlated (r=-0.073; P0.05) with aquaporin-4 expression. Reduction of insulin-like growth factor 1 and aquaporin-4, but upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression were also found in the primary astrocyte cultures derived from ABCA1(-B/-B) mice. Cultured primary cortical neurons derived from C57BL/6 wild-type mice with ABCA1(-B/-B) astrocyte-conditioned medium exhibited decreased neurite outgrowth compared with culture with ABCA1(fl/fl) astrocyte-conditioned medium. ABCA1(-B/-B) primary cortical neurons show significantly decreased neurite outgrowth, which was attenuated by insulin-like growth factor 1 treatment.We demonstrate that brain ABCA1 deficiency increases BBB leakage, WM/axonal damage, and functional deficits after stroke. Concomitant reduction of insulin-like growth factor 1 and upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 may contribute to brain ABCA1 deficiency-induced BBB and WM/axonal damage in the ischemic brain.

Triangular grid reinforced by carbon fiber/epoxy (CF/EP) was designed and manufactured. The sandwich structure was prepared by gluing the core and composite skins. The mechanical properties of the sandwich structure were investigated by the finite element analysis (FEA) and three-point bending methods. The calculated bending stiffness and core shear stress were compared to the characteristics of a honeycomb sandwich structure. The results indicated that the triangular core ultimately failed under a bending load of 11000 N; the principal stress concentration was located at the loading region; and the cracks occurred on the interface top skin and triangular core. In addition, the ultimate stress bearing of the sandwich structure was 8828 N. The experimental results showed that the carbon fiber reinforced triangular grid was much stiffer and stronger than the honeycomb structure.

Atomically thin materials such as graphene and semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) have attracted extensive interest in recent years, motivating investigation into multiple properties. In this work, we demonstrate a refined version of the optothermal Raman technique to measure the thermal transport properties of two TMDC materials, MoS2 and MoSe2, in single-layer (1L) and bi-layer (2L) forms. This new version incorporates two crucial improvements over previous implementations. First, we utilize more direct measurements of the optical absorption of the suspended samples under study and find values ~40% lower than previously assumed. Second, by comparing the response of fully supported and suspended samples using different laser spot sizes, we are able to independently measure the interfacial thermal conductance to the substrate and the lateral thermal conductivity of the supported and suspended materials. The approach is validated by examining the response of a suspended film illuminated in different radial positions. For 1L MoS2 and MoSe2, the room-temperature thermal conductivities are (84+/-17) W/mK and (59+/-18) W/mK, respectively. For 2L MoS2 and MoSe2, we obtain values of (77+/-25) W/mK and (42+/-13) W/mK. Crucially, the interfacial thermal conductance is found to be of order 0.1-1 MW/m2K, substantially smaller than previously assumed, a finding that has important implications for design and modeling of electronic devices.

In this paper, a real-time stereo vision based pose and motion estimation system is presented. It is used for landing an unmanned helicopter on a moving target such as a ship deck. The vision algorithm mainly consists of a feature extraction task and a pose and motion estimation task. By the specially designed pattern of the landing target, the feature extraction algorithm can simplify the step of feature points matching of stereo system. In the task of feature extraction, the step of accurate corner detection can get to the precision of sub-pixel, which helps improve the measurement precision in state estimation. We present results from semi-physical simulation which show that our vision algorithm is accurate and robust to allow our vision sensor to be placed in the control loop of unmanned helicopter management system.

Atomically thin two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors such as molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) hold great promise in electrical, optical, and mechanical devices and display novel physical phenomena such as coupled spin-valley physics and the valley Hall effect. However, the electron mobility of mono- and few-layer MoS2 has so far been substantially below theoretically predicted limits, particularly at low temperature (T), which has hampered efforts to observe its intrinsic quantum transport behaviors. Potential sources of disorder and scattering include both defects such as sulfur vacancies in the MoS2 itself, and extrinsic sources such as charged impurities and remote optical phonons from oxide dielectrics. To reduce extrinsic scattering and approach the intrinsic limit, we developed a van der Waals (vdW) heterostructure device platform where MoS2 layers are fully encapsulated within hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), and electrically contacted in a multi-terminal geometry using gate-tunable graphene electrodes. Multi-terminal magneto-transport measurements show dramatic improvements in performance, including a record-high Hall mobility reaching 34,000 cm2/Vs for 6-layer MoS2 at low T. Comparison to theory shows a decrease of 1-2 orders of magnitude in the density of charged impurities, indicating that performance at low T in previous studies was limited by extrinsic factors rather than defects in the MoS2. We also observed Shubnikov-de Haas (SdH) oscillations for the first time in high-mobility monolayer and few-layer MoS2. This novel device platform therefore opens up a new way toward measurements of intrinsic properties and the study of quantum transport phenomena in 2D semiconducting materials., 21 pages, 4 figures, 1 table; fix the affiliation and acknowledgements;remove the refs. 36 on page 7

This study aimed to explore the assessment value of virtual touch quantization (VTQ) for the clinicopathological typing of renal fibrosis. The quantitative detection of 76 patients with nephropathy was performed using acoustic radiation force impulse imaging (ARFI). The extent of the renal fibrosis in each patient was confirmed using ultrasound-guided biopsy pathology. The VTQ values were compared with the degree of renal fibrosis in order to analyze the correlation between them. Patients were divided pathologically into four groups, as follows: non-fibrosis (n=14), mild fibrosis (n=40), moderate fibrosis (n=21) and severe fibrosis (n=1). Compared with the non-fibrosis group, the VTQ values of the mild and moderate fibrosis groups were significantly increased (P0.05). According to the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, a VTQ value of renal parenchyma of >1.67 m/sec was determined to be an indicator of renal fibrosis, with a sensitivity of 86.3% and a specificity of 83.3%. VTQ technology may be significant in the assessment of the extent of renal fibrosis.

The injection efficiency of spin-polarized quasi-particles in a superconducting Y-Ba-Cu-O (YBCO) film is investigated by means of current injection into the Nd0.7Sr0.3MnO3/SrTiO3/YBa2Cu3O7-δ heterostructures. We have successfully prepared six injection junction windows in the YBCO thin film strip, which are all 56 µm wide, but 80 µm, 40 µm, 20 µm, 10 µm, 5 µm, and 2 µm long, respectively. At 16 K, our YBCO thin film strip (80 nm thick) has Jc = 2×105A/cm2. Under the spin-polarized injection current of Iinj = 0.5 mA, with decreasing injection junction length L, injection efficiency η (η≡ΔJc/ΔJinj; ΔJc: the suppression of critical current density due to finite ΔJinj) increases gradually, until L is not more than 20 µm. In that case, η hardly varies with the change of L, reaching up to about 6. We think that these results are related to the spin diffusion length of spin-polarized quasi-particles in the superconducting thin film. In our heterostructures, the YBCO thin film keeps good superconductivity and the injection junction windows are of proper size, therefore, we have obtained relatively high injection efficiency of spin-polarized quasi-particles.

Facial expression recognition have a wide range of applications in human-machine interaction, pattern recognition, image understanding, machine vision and other fields. Recent years, it has gradually become a hot research. However, different people have different ways of expressing their emotions, and under the influence of brightness, background and other factors, there are some difficulties in facial expression recognition. In this paper, based on the Inception-v3 model of TensorFlow platform, we use the transfer learning techniques to retrain facial expression dataset (The Extended Cohn-Kanade dataset), which can keep the accuracy of recognition and greatly reduce the training time.

Background It is demonstrated that elevated serum levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and phosphate indicate a higher risks of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and total mortality in population with chronic kidney disease (CKD), but it remains unclear whether this association exists in people with normal or preserved renal function. Method Clinical trials were searched from Embase and PubMed from inception to 2013 December using the keywords “ALP”, “phosphate”, “CVD”, “mortality” and so on, and finally 24 trials with a total of 147634 patients were included in this study. Dose-response and semi-parametric meta-analyses were performed. Results A linear association of serum levels of ALP and phosphate with risks of coronary heart disease (CHD) events, CVD events and deaths was identified. The relative risk(RR)of ALP for CVD deaths was 1.02 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01–1.04). The RR of phosphate for CVD deaths and events was 1.05 (95% CI, 1.02–1.09) and 1.04 (95% CI: 1.03–1.06), respectively. A non-linear association of ALP and phosphate with total mortality was identified. Compared with the reference category of ALP and phosphate, the pooled RR of ALP for total mortality was 1.57 (95% CI, 1.27–1.95) for the high ALP group, while the RR of phosphate for total mortality was 1.33 (95% CI, 1.21–1.46) for the high phosphate group. It was observed in subgroup analysis that higher levels of serum ALP and phosphate seemed to indicate a higher mortality rate in diabetic patients and those having previous CVD. The higher total mortality rate was more obvious in the men and Asians with high ALP. Conclusion A non-linear relationship exists between serum levels of ALP and phosphate and risk of total mortality. There appears to be a positive association of serum levels of ALP/phosphate with total mortality in people with normal or preserved renal function, while the relationship between ALP and CVD is still ambiguous.

Elevated serum phosphate is associated with cardiovascular and total mortality in patients with kidney diseases and healthy individuals. But whether serum phosphate is associated with stroke is controversial. We searched PubMed and Embase from January 1, 1970 to May 9, 2014 with keywords such as “serum phosphate”, “serum phosphorus”, and “stroke”. Dose–response meta-analysis was conducted. A restricted cubic spline model was used, and then we estimated pooled RR using generalized least square regression taking into account the correlation among categories of each study. Five studies with a total of 32,608 patients were included. We identified a linear relationship between serum phosphate and risk of stroke (P for non-linearity = 0.5258). The RR of phosphate (1 mg/dL) for stroke was 1.00 (95 % CI 0.97–1.05), similar results were observed in subgroup analysis. A linear relationship between serum phosphate and risk of stroke is identified. There is no association between serum level of phosphate and stroke.

As using traditional MDS-MAP algorithm to locate nodes’ position in irregular WSN leads to low positional accuracy, based on this fact, this chapter presents an improved algorithm named MDS-MAP(C, RF). The algorithm can effectively divide a WSN into several clusters, and each cluster locates all nodes’ position in it and forms a local position map. After all clusters get local position maps, the algorithm merges all the local position maps together using the information of inter-cluster nodes. Simulations demonstrate the proposed algorithm yields smaller accuracy error in irregular WSN.

Fe-doped GaN thin films are grown on c-sapphires by metal organic chemical vapour deposition method (MOCVD). Crystalline quality and phase purity are characterized by x-ray diffraction and Raman scattering measurements. There are no detectable second phases formed during growth and no significant degradation in crystalline quality as Fe ions are doped. Fe-related optical transitions are observed in photoluminescence spectra. Magnetic measurements reveal that the films show room-temperature ferromagnetic behaviour. The ferromagnetism may originate from carrier-mediated Fe-doped GaN diluted magnetic semiconductors or nanoscale iron clusters and Fe-N compounds which we have not detected.

AIM: To investigate the protective effect of glutamine (Gln) on intestinal injury and the bacterial community in rats exposed to hypobaric hypoxia environment. METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into control, hypobaric hypoxia (HH), and hypobaric hypoxia + Gln (5.0 g/kg BW·d) (HG) groups. On the first 3 d, all rats were placed in a normal environment. After the third day, the HH and HG groups were transferred into a hypobaric chamber at a simulated elevation of 7000 m for 5 d. The rats in the HG group were given Gln by gavage daily for 8 d. The rats in the control and HH groups were treated with the same volume of saline. The intestinal morphology, serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and diamino oxidase (DAO) were examined. We also evaluated the expression levels of occludin, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), nuclear factor-κB p65 (NF-κB p65) and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), and examined the bacterial community in caecal contents. RESULTS: Hypobaric hypoxia induced the enlargement of the heart, liver, lung and kidney, and caused spleen atrophy. Intestinal villi damage was also observed in the HH group. Supplementation with Gln significantly alleviated hypobaric-induced damage to main organs including the intestine, increased serum SOD (1.14 ± 0.03 vs 0.88 ± 0.04, P < 0.05) and MDA (8.35 ± 1.60, P < 0.01) levels and decreased serum IL-6 (1172.13±30.49 vs 1407.05 ± 34.36, P < 0.05), TNF-α (77.46 ± 0.78 vs 123.70 ± 3.03, P < 0.001), IFN-γ (1355.42 ± 72.80 vs 1830.16 ± 42.07, P < 0.01) and DAO (629.30 ± 9.15 vs 524.10 ± 13.34, P < 0.001) levels. Moreover, Gln significantly increased occludin (0.72 ± 0.05 vs 0.09 ± 0.01, P < 0.001), TLR4 (0.15 ± 0.05 vs 0.30 ±0.09, P < 0.05), MyD88 (0.32 ± 0.08 vs 0.71 ± 0.06, P < 0.01), and NF-κB p65 (0.16 ± 0.04 vs 0.44 ± 0.03, P < 0.01) expression levels and improved the intestinal bacterial community. CONCLUSION: Gln treatment protects from intestinal injury and regulates the gut flora imbalance in hypoxia environment. These effects may be related to the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway.

An efficient method was developed for chlorination of aromatic compounds with electron-donating groups using iodobenzene as the catalyst and m -chloroperbenzoic acid as the terminal oxidant in the presence of 4-methylbenzenesulfonic acid in THF at room temperature for 24 h, and a series of the monochlorinated compounds was obtained in good yields. In this protocol, the catalyst iodobenzene was first oxidized into the hypervalent iodine intermediate, which then treated with lithium chloride and finally reacted with aromatic compounds to form the chlorinated compounds.

The gas-phase oxidation mechanism of phenol initiated by OH radical was investigated using DFT and ab initio calculations. The initiation of the reaction is dominated by OH addition to ortho-position, forming P2, which subsequently combines with O2 at the ipso-position to form P2-1-OO adduct. A concerted HO2 elimination process from P2-1-OO was found to be much faster than the common ring closure to bicyclic intermediates. The HO2 elimination process from P2-1-OO forms 2-hydroxy-3,5-cyclohexadienone (HCH) as the main product and is also responsible for the experimental fact that the rate constants for reaction between P2 and O2 are about 2 orders of magnitude higher than those between other aromatic-OH adducts and O2. It was speculated that HCH would isomerize to catechol, which is thermodynamically more stable than HCH and was the experimentally observed main product, possibly through heterogeneous processes. Reaction of P2 with NO2 proceeded by addition to form P2-n-NO2 (n = 1, 3, 5), followed by HONO elimination from P2-1/3-NO2 to form catechol. The barriers for HONO elimination and catechol formation are below the separate reactants P2 and NO2, being consistent with the experimental observation of catechol in the absence of O2, while H2O elimination from P2-1/3-NO2 to form 2-nitrophenol (2NP) is hindered by high barriers. The most likely pathway for 2NP is the reaction of phenoxy radical and NO2.

One OCDMA PON system is discussed in this paper. Multi-length Two-Weight Carrier Hopping Prime Codes is selected as encoder scheme, encoded information is transmitted through Optical fiber. Hard Limiter is utilized in receiver terminal to ensure lower bit error rate. Simulation shows that it can be used for large capacity optical networks.

To assure the accuracy and safety of thermal detection, the thermal flowmeter must be calibrated before using. In order to reduce the uncertainty in a calibration system, the paper presents to build a calibration system for large flowmeter based on the combination of the mass method and master meter method. Meanwhile, the system simulation, monitor function and data process will be achieved through Lab VIEW basing on NI's Virtual Instruments. This method can avoid the large error due to the using of mass method or master meter method separately. It is helpful to improve the autoimmunization degree and reduce the uncertainly of the results during the measuring process.

Format-management in highway projects is a brand new concept and concrete implementation of elaborative management theory, which holds significance for improving domestic construction management. This paper reveals the connotation and characteristics of format-management, constructs the theory system of format-management, and expounds the principles, requirements and basis of format design in format-management. The main contents of highway project format-management contain owner business format-management, supervision business format-management and construction business format-management. The successful use of format-management in Huangpu Bridge above Zhujiang River in Guangzhou City should be well worth attention and study by the managers of highway projects.

In this paper a novel eye corner (canthus) detection method is proposed. The method is based on sematic features which are extracted from the structure and appearance characteristics of canthus. The eyelids are first fitted to construct an angle model. Based on this model, one feature is proposed to characterize the appearance difference between inner and outer canthus regions, and another feature is proposed to emphasize the role of the canthus angle bisector region. The two features are fused in a logistic regression classifier to detect accurate canthus. The effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method are demonstrated in experiments.

In this paper, we propose a reliable method of eye states detection for drowsy driving monitoring. Given a restricted local block of eye regions, the Local Binary Pattern (LBP) histogram of the block is extracted and each bin of the histogram is treated as a feature of the eye. An AdaBoost based cascaded classifier is then trained to select the significant features from the large feature sets and classify the eye states as open or closed. According to the states of the eye, the PERCLOS score is measured in real time to decide whether the driver is at drowsy state or not. Experimental results demonstrate that our eye states detection algorithm can give an average eye states detection rate of over 98% under different illuminations, face orientations and subjects. This reveals that our method can work reasonably well for the purpose of driver awareness.

In order to study the water quality and response to influencing factors in typical watersheds of Three Gorges area between 2004 and 2005, the variation characteristics of nitrate nitrogen concentration were analyzed under heterogeneous landscape condition through continuous observation with method of dividing into sub-watersheds in Quxi watershed (the first-grade branch, located in Three Gorges). The results suggested that nitrate nitrogen concentration fluctuated between 0.4 and 14.6 mg x L(-1) with the highest in winter,higher in autumn and summer and lower in spring. Discrepancy also exists in different years. In addition, nitrate nitrogen concentration shows increasing trends with the aggravating impacts of agricultural activities on environment. Moreover, nitrate nitrogen concentration had some relationships with different land use types and space layout to some extent, and was also affected by geological and hydrological characters in the sub-watersheds, which indicated that response of nitrate nitrogen concentration in water was evident to influencing factors.

In this paper, we propose a novel method for eye states detection. The detection of eye states is treated as an appearance based binary classification problem. The whole eye region is first scanned by a series of blocks with various locations and scales. The Local Binary Pattern Histogram (LBPH) is then extracted from each block to form a descriptor of the local texture. A reference template for each block is later calculated as the optimal histogram which makes the distances between it and the LBPHs of different clusters most separable. For all the blocks, the bin-wise distances between local LBPHs and the corresponding reference templates are then extracted to form a feature set for classification. A cascaded AdaBoost learning is further employed to select most discriminative features from the whole feature set and to accelerate the classification. Experimental results demonstrate that our eye states detection algorithm and can give correct and robust detection results in real-time.

To investigate the fluences on the proliferation and undifferentiation of spermatogonial stem cells in vitro.Mouse bone marrow stromal cells were subjected to primary culture; when the cells grew up and extended around, they were treated with mitomycin C. And then, to the bone marrow stromal cells were added spermatogonial stem cells for co-culture. The ambient temperature was 37 degrees C.The spermatogonial stem cells increased in number obviously when cultured for 2-4 days, they could be single, paired or clustered, while the differentiated cells began to die; when cultured for 4-8 days, the cells proliferated not in a distinct manner, they seemed to be stable; but at 10 days, the cells began to grow, especially when cultured for 15 days, the cells had the characteristic structure of the spermatogonial stem cell; when cultured continuously for 25 days, the cells had the same morphology and very clear intercellular bridges.Spermatogonial stem cells can proliferate and continue to be undifferentiated on the bone marrow stromal cells when the ambient temperature is 37 degrees C.

In this paper, we present a real-time stereo vision based pose and motion estimation system that will be used for landing an unmanned helicopter on a moving target such as a ship deck. The vision algorithm mainly consists of a feature extraction task and a pose and motion estimation task. The 2D planer target with regular features defined can significantly simplify the feature extraction task such as corner detection and feature points matching. To effectively estimate the distance between the camera carrier and target a stereo camera system is applied. By means of sub-pixel corner location the precisions of pose estimation and relative motion detection can be improved. We present results from semi-physical simulation which show that our vision algorithm is accurate and robust. The methodology provides an effective subsystem for the development of autonomous robot helicopter that will land on a given target under the guide of vision.

The study was conducted to investigate the role of vitamin E in the high altitude hypoxia-induced damage to the intestinal barrier in rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into control (Control), high altitude hypoxia (HH), and high altitude hypoxia+vitamin E (250 mg/kg BW*d) (HV) groups. After the third day, the HH and HV groups were placed in a hypobaric chamber at a stimulated elevation of 7000 m for 5 days. The rats in the HV group were given vitamin E by gavage daily for 8 days. The other rats were given equal volume saline. The results showed that high altitude hypoxia caused the enlargement of heart, liver, lung and kidney, and intestinal villi damage. Supplementation with vitamin E significantly alleviated hypoxia-caused damage to the main organs including intestine, increased the serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) (p< 0.05), diamino oxidase (DAO) (p< 0.01) levels, and decreased the serum levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2) (p< 0.01), interleukin-4 (IL-4) (p