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El ensayo presenta cuatro posibles estimaciones del producto potencial de le economía nicaragüense. Usando datos anuales desde 1960-2012 del Banco Central de Nicaragua, se estima por medio alisados Hodrick-Presscot y de alisado de Baxter y King, la tendencia y el ciclo del PIB. Por otro lado, se estima una función lineal con el tiempo como variable independiente y una función de producción tipo Cobb-Douglas y se obtiene un producto potencial a partir de supuestos de niveles óptimos de capital y de empleo. Finalmente se concluye que el crecimiento potencial de la economía entre las dos metodologías se encuentra cercano a 4.3%. Por lo tanto, si el país quisiera encontrar sendas de crecimiento potencial superiores a las actuales, es pertinente realizar reformas de fondo, donde la mejora en la productividad y mayor empleo sean primordiales.

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar el empleo de la ironía como recurso retórico y sus manifestaciones lingüísticas en el discurso periodístico sobre las controversias biopolíticas en torno a la salud, mediante el estudio de un caso: una noticia aparecida en el diario español El Mundo el 16 de noviembre del 2006, y cuyo tema era la polémica sobre las "hamburguesas gigantes" suscitada entre el Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo, y la cadena de restaurantes Burger King. La finalidad del empleo de la estrategia irónica en esta controversia periodística es rechazar la postura del adversario aceptando parcialmente uno de sus argumentos irrebatibles, pero rebajando su importancia y su gravedad, mediante la ridiculización.

The aim of this paper is to analyze the use of irony as a rhetorical device and its linguistic forms in journalistic discourse on the biopolitical controversies concerning health. The case study, a news item appearing in the Spanish newspaper El Mundo on 16th November 2006, deals with the controversy arising between the Ministry of Health and Consumer Affairs and the Burger King Company over "giant hamburgers". The reason behind using an ironic strategy in this journalistic controversy is to reject the opponent's position by partially accepting one of their irrefutable arguments, but understating its importance and seriousness by employing ridicule., El objetivo de este artículo es analizar el empleo de la ironía como recurso retórico y sus manifestaciones lingüísticas en el discurso periodístico sobre las controversias biopolíticas en torno a la salud, mediante el estudio de un caso: una noticia aparecida en el diario español El Mundo el 16 de noviembre del 2006, y cuyo tema era la polémica sobre las "hamburguesas gigantes" suscitada entre el Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo, y la cadena de restaurantes Burger King. La finalidad del empleo de la estrategia irónica en esta controversia periodística es rechazar la postura del adversario aceptando parcialmente uno de sus argumentos irrebatibles, pero rebajando su importancia y su gravedad, mediante la ridiculización.

Aunque se conoce la importancia de las asociaciones micorrízicas, en las regiones tropicales, los estudios sobre la diversidad y funcionamiento de los hongos micorrízicos arbusculares (HMA) son escasos, especialmente en meliáceas nativas del neotrópico como la caoba (Swietenia macrophylla King) la cual es la especie maderable de mayor valor económico en Latinoamérica. En vivero, las prácticas de manejo pueden afectar la calidad de las plantas producidas para actividades de reforestación. Bajo este contexto, en este estudio se identificó la situación actual de los sistemas de producción de plántulas de caoba en viveros oficiales en el estado de Veracruz. También se identificaron las especies de HMA asociadas a la rizósfera de plántulas y árboles maduros de caoba, en un fragmento del bosque tropical perennifolio de la región de los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, México. Finalmente, se determinó el crecimiento de plántulas de caoba en función de los factores luz, defoliación e inoculación micorrízica, en condiciones de vivero. Los viveros presentaron diferencias en relación al tipo de sistema de producción, clasificándose como convencional, intermedio, semitecnificado y tecnificado. Se registraron 23 morfotipos de HMA, pertenecientes a cuatro géneros; 11 morfoespecies correspondieron al género Glomus, 10 al género Acaulospora, uno al género Gigaspora y otro al género Ambispora. Los factores en estudio presentaron interacciones estadísticamente significativas (P

King LA, St George RJ, Carlson-Kuhta P, Nutt JG, Horak FB. Preparation for compensatory forward stepping in Parkinson's disease. Objective To characterize preparation for compensatory stepping in people with Parkinson's disease (PD) compared with healthy control subjects, and to determine whether levodopa medication improves preparation or the execution phases of the step. Design Observational study. Setting Outpatient neuroscience laboratory. Participants Nineteen participants with idiopathic PD tested both in the on and off levodopa states and 17 healthy subjects. Intervention Moveable platform with posterior translations of 24cm at 56cm/s. Main Outcome Measures Compensatory steps forward, in response to a backward surface translation (24cm amplitude at 56cm/s), were categorized according to the presence of an anticipatory postural adjustment (APA) before stepping: no APA, single APA, or multiple APAs. The following step parameters were calculated: step latency, step length, center of mass (CoM) average velocity, and CoM displacement at the step initiation. Results Lateral APAs were evident in 57% and 42% of trials for people with PD in the off and on medication states, respectively, compared with only 10% of trials for control subjects. Compared with subjects with PD who did not have APAs, those subjects with PD who did make an APA prior to stepping had significantly later (mean ± SEM, 356±16ms vs 305±8ms) and shorter (mean ± SEM, 251±27mm vs 300±16mm) steps, their CoM was significantly farther forward (185±7mm vs 171±5mm) at foot-off, and they took significantly more steps to regain equilibrium. Levodopa did not affect the preparation or execution phase of compensatory stepping. Poor axial scores and reports of freezing in the United Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale were associated with use of 1 or more APAs before compensatory stepping. Conclusions Lateral postural preparation prior to compensatory stepping in subjects with PD was associated with inefficient balance recovery from external perturbations.

Este libro desarrolla los conocimientos básicos de historia para aprobar los exámenes de Edexcel IGCSE nivel de enseñanza secundaria. Los temas del libro son: USA, 1917-29 (el impacto de la Primera Guerra Mundial, reacciones a la guerra, inmigración, prohibición y crimen, el gobierno, el consumismo, racismo), el desarrollo de la dictadura: Alemania, 1918-45 (la Revolución Alemana, 1918, la República y el Tratado de Versalles, problemas económicos, 1918-23, juventud y educación en la Alemania Nazi, la muerte de Hitler) un mundo dividido, 1945-62 ( ¿Por qué empezó la Guerra Fría?, la guerra coreana, Hungría, la crisis de Berlín)USA, 1945-74 (Martin Luther King, la posición de las mujeres en los 60, el impacto de Watergate). sc Biblioteca de Educación del Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte; Calle San Agustín, 5 - 3 planta; 28014 Madrid; Tel. +34917748000; biblioteca@mecd.es GBR

International audience; The puys of Amiens series preserved at the Picardy Museum are a group of paintings devoted to the Virgin. When considered in combination with probates inventories, they are a remarkable and original source about the “clothing visual culture” of the urban elites. Between 1518 and 1618 the garments worn by the citizens of Amiens become shorter and more fitted and furs are less common, so the dressed body looks slighter. The dressed bodies also become significantly darker at the beginning of the 17th century. The stiffness and austerity of fashion displayed by the citizens are in keeping with the stylistic evolution of the puys. These paintings also deprive the bodies of their gestures and place them behind the king who is now present among his subjects. The clothing of the urban elites of the puys reveals a distinctive eloquence and shows a sobriety that gives them a well ordered unity asserting their identity of very catholic and loyal subjects of the Bourbon king.; La série des puys d’Amiens, tableaux de dévotion à la Vierge conservés au musée de Picardie, constitue un corpus documentaire remarquable et inédit sur la culture visuelle vestimentaire des élites urbaines à la Renaissance. On peut croiser leur étude avec celle des inventaires après décès de la ville. Entre 1518 et 1618, le vestiaire amiénois évolue vers un allègement des formes grâce au recul de la fourrure et à des vêtements plus proches du corps et plus courts. Les corps vêtus s’assombrissent aussi, car le noir l’emporte définitivement dans les apparences affichées au début du XVIIe siècle. L’effet de raideur, donné alors par la mode, et l’austérité affichée par les Amiénois sont accompagnés par l’évolution stylistique des puys. Ceux-ci privent les corps de tout mouvement et les alignent derrière le souverain, désormais présent parmi ses sujets. L’éloquence distinctive des élites urbaines s’affiche dans le sens de la sobriété qui confère à celles-ci, sur les puys, une unité bien ordonnée, participant de leur identité de très catholiques et fidèles sujets du roi Bourbon.

In The Shining, Stanley Kubrick appropriates the codes of gothic horror and uses them to create both an extremely effective film and a commentary on the workings of horror. Ironically, it is through his obsessively controlling and all-encompassing directorial style that Kubrick best conveys the gothic themes of transgression, ambiguous identity, and the monstrous/abject. Kubrick's idiolect combines original source material (Stephen King's novel, Bartók's music) and cinematic technique, transforming them in ways which force the spectator into an uneasy dialogue based on Kubrick's filmic language., Dans son film, Shining, Stanley Kubrick s'approprie les codes génériques de l'horreur et du gothique, créant à la fois un film efficace et un commentaire sur les rouages du genre. Il est ironique que Kubrick se serve de son style notoirement autoritaire et méticuleux afin de transmettre les thèmes gothiques de la transgression, le brouillage de l'identité et l'abject/monstrueux. L'idiolecte cinématographique Kubrickien transforme ses sources (le roman de Stephen King, la musique de Bartók), forçant ainsi le spectateur à dialoguer avec le film dans un langage qui le met mal à l'aise.

This case study aimed at identifying family dynamics in face of risk situation, and to propose care strategies for health education based on the King’s model. The case was a family considered to be at risk in the periphery of Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil. Data were collected by domiciliary visits, participant observation, and interviews. The results showed that family care transcends the biomedical dimension, contemplates the family’s perceptual field, and demands its participation in the elaboration of educational proposals aiming at the social construction of health under a participant and transforming perspective., Se trata de un estudio de caso que tuvo por objetivo identificar la dinámica familiar frente a situaciones de riesgo, proponiendo estrategias de cuidado para la Educación en Salud adoptando como base teórica el Modelo de King. La unidad de análisis fue una familia considerada de riesgo, de un barrio periférico de Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil. Para la toma de datos se realizaron visitas domiciliarias utilizando observación participativa y entrevistas. Los resultados mostraron que, cuidar de la familia trasciende la dimensión biomédica, contempla el campo de percepción de las familias y exige su participación en la elaboración de propuestas educativas buscando la construcción social de la salud, desde una perspectiva participativa y transformadora., Trata-se de um estudo de caso, cujo objetivo foi identificar a dinâmica familiar frente às situações de risco, propor estratégias de cuidado para Educação em Saúde tendo como suporte teórico o Modelo de King. A unidade de análise foi uma família considerada de risco, em um bairro periférico de Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil. Para a coleta de dados, foram realizadas visitas domiciliares, observação participante e entrevista. Os resultados mostraram que cuidar de família transcende a dimensão biomédica, contempla o campo perceptual das famílias, e exige participação desta na elaboração das propostas educativas visando a construção social da saúde, numa perspectiva participativa e transformadora.

In this paper, the authors examine how well the Hodrick-Prescott filter (HP) and the band-pass filter recently proposed by Baxter and King (BK) extract the business-cycle component of macroeconomic time series. The authors assess these filters using two different definitions of the business-cycle component. First, they define that component to be fluctuations lasting no fewer than six and no more than thirty-two quarters; this is the definition of business-cycle frequencies used by Baxter and King. Second, they define the business-cycle component on the basis of a decomposition of the series into permanent and transitory components. In both cases the conclusions are the same. The filters perform adequately when the spectrum of the original series has a peak at business-cycle frequencies. When the spectrum is dominated by low frequencies, the filters provide a distorted business cycle. Since most macroeconomic series have the typical Granger shape, the HP and BK filters perform poorly in terms of identifying the business cycles of these series., Dans la pr��sente ��tude, les auteurs cherchent �� ��valuer l'efficacit�� avec laquelle le filtre de Hodrick-Prescott (HP) et le filtre passe-bande r��cemment propos�� par Baxter et King (BK) permettent d'isoler la composante cyclique des s��ries macro��conomiques. Ils utilisent deux d��finitions du cycle ��conomique pour comparer la performance de ces filtres. Selon la premi��re d��finition (celle que retiennent Baxter et King), la composante cyclique correspond �� des fluctuations d'une dur��e minimale de six trimestres et maximale de trente-deux trimestres. L'autre d��finition du cycle consiste dans la d��composition de la s��rie en deux composantes, l'une permanente et l'autre transitoire. Les auteurs parviennent aux m��mes conclusions peu importe la d��finition utilis��e. Les filtres donnent des r��sultats satisfaisants lorsque le spectre de la s��rie initiale atteint un sommet au voisinage des fr��quences comprises entre six et trente-deux trimestres. Lorsque le spectre est domin�� par les basses fr��quences, le cycle ��conomique obtenu donne une image fauss��e de la r��alit��. Comme la forme spectrale de la plupart des s��ries macro��conomiques ressemble �� celle que Granger a mise en lumi��re, les filtres HP et BK r��ussissent mal �� isoler la composante cyclique de ces s��ries.

Devouts and Good Frenchmen Louis XIII decided, in the fall of 1627, that he would personally supervise the critical siege of La Rochelle. He mustered a large army, about 30,000 men, and ordered the nobility of the nearby provinces of Guyenne and Poitou to meet him in front of the city. The governor of Poitou, the duke of la Rochefoucauld, arrived with a contingent of 1,500 mounted nobles; dismounting in front of the king, la Rochefoucauld told Louis that “there is not one of these men who is not my relative.” Shortly thereafter, Louis replaced him as governor. Here, in a single incident, we have a summary of the basic problems facing the French state in the 1620s. The governor of a relatively small province is able, on four days' notice, to raise a private army of 1,500 mounted nobles, all of whom are his client-relatives. La Rochefoucauld's feat was hardly atypical: in 1621, the duke of Epernon, governor of Guyenne, raised a similar number of nobles for a campaign against Bearn; the duke of la Tremoille once raised 3,000 men in 24 hours. The grandees ( grands ) regularly traveled with armed noble entourages of 100 to 300 men; they had military clients throughout their governorships, although the southern provinces tended to have rival factions rather than one coherent clientage network. One can imagine the effect upon the deputies of the estates of Brittany of the arrival of the duke of Rohan and his 150 mounted clients or of the baron of Pontchâteau and his armed 100.

In this paper, the authors examine how well the Hodrick-Prescott (HP) and the band-pass filter recently proposed by Baxter and King (BK) extract the business-cycle component of macroeconomic time series. The authors assess these filters using two different definitions of the business-cycle component. First, they define that component to be fluctuations lasting no fewer than six and no more than thirty-two quarters; this is the definition of business-cycle frequencies used by Baxter and King. Second, they define the business-cycle component on the basis of a decomposition of the series into permanent and transitory components. In both cases the conclusions are the same. The filters perform adequately when the spectrum of the original series has a peak at business-cycle frequencies. When the spectrum is dominated by low frequencies, the filters provide a distorted business cycle. Since most macroeconomic series have the typical Granger shape, the HP and BK filters perform poorly in terms of identifying the business cycles of these series. Dans la présente étude, les auteurs cherchent à évaluer l'efficacité avec laquelle le filtre de Hodrick-Prescott (HP) et le filtre passe-bande récemment proposé par Baxter et King (BK) permettent d'isoler la composante cyclique des séries macroéconomiques. Ils utilisent deux définitions du cycle économique pour comparer la performance de ces filtres. Selon la première définition (celle que retiennent Baxter et King), la composante cyclique correspond à des fluctuations d'une durée minimale de six trimestres et maximale de trente-deux trimestres. L'autre définition du cycle consiste dans la décomposition de la série en deux composantes, l'une permanente et l'autre transitoire. Les auteurs parviennent aux mêmes conclusions peu importe la définition utilisée. Les filtres donnent des résultats satisfaisants lorsque le spectre de la série initiale atteint un sommet au voisinage des fréquences comprises entre six et trente-deux trimestres. Lorsque le spectre est dominé par les basses fréquences, le cycle économique obtenu donne une image faussée de la réalité. Comme la forme spectrale de la plupart des séries macroéconomiques ressemble à celle que Granger a mise en lumière, les filtres HP et BK réussissent mal à isoler la composante cyclique de ces séries.

Facing industrial unrest in each of its Canadian petroleum refineries, the Imperial Oil Company embarked on a wide-ranging industrial-relations initiative in 1919. Patterned after Mackenzie King's "Rockefeller Plan," the logic was clear: joint worker-management councils would alleviate shop-floor discontent; a package of welfare benefits would reduce absenteeism and turnover; and a share-purchase plan would enhance worker loyalty to the Company. Where similar attempts at corporate welfarism in Canada generally failed, Imperial Oil enjoyed a union free status until 1946, and freedom from work stoppages until the early 1950s. What made it unique in this regard was its willingness and capacity to buy labour harmony; and in an era hostile to organized labour, its workers succeeded in extracting important monetary concessions as the price of their loyalty. Imperial Oil thus offers a cogent example of the conditions necessary for King's variant of welfare capitalism to flourish. Resume Faisant face a l'agitation industrielle dans chacune de ses raffineries de petrole canadiennes, la Compagnie Imperial Oil s'est engagee dans une initiative variee de relations industrielles en 1919. Modelee sur le «plan Rockefeller» de Mackenzie King, la logique etait claire: des conseils mixtes de patronat et de travailleurs diminueraient le mecontentement parmi les ouvriers; un contrat global d'avantages sociaux reduirait l'absenteisme et le renouvellement de personnel; et un plan pour acheter des actions ameliorerait la loyaute des ouvriers envers la compagnie. Alors que des essais similaires d'implanter politiques sociales de l'intreprise (corporate welfarism) ont echoues generalement au Canada, Imperial Oil a jouit d'une situation sans syndicat jusqu'a 1946 et sans arrets du travail jusqu'au debut des annees 50s. Ce qui l'a rendu unique a cet egard ce sont son empressement et son aptitude a acheter l'harmonie au travail; et a une epoque hostile a la main-d'oeuvre syndiquee, ses travailleurs ont reussi a arracher des concessions monetaires importantes comme prix de leur loyaute. De cette facon, Imperial Oil offre un exemple pertinent des conditions necessaires sous lesquelles la variante du «capitalisme de l'assistance social» (NdeT) de King a prospere.

On etudie l'evolution avec la temperature du spectre d'absorption de la vapeur de magnesium, obtenue dans un four de King. La raie de resonance ( 1P1 — 1S0) 2 852 A de MgI, s'elargit lorsque la temperature croit et la zone continue d'absorption ainsi formee, s'etend entre 4 040 et 2 660 A, pour une temperature de 1 200 °C. Pour les temperatures moins elevees, il apparait sur les deux ailes de la raie des « fluctuations » et des bandes. Celles situees du cote de grandes longueurs d'onde, tres nombreuses, s'etendent entre 3 850 et 2 950 A au moins, et presentent une structure complexe. Celles du cote violet sont, soit de larges continus, soit des bandes avec des maximums fins entre 2 830 et 2 660 A. Une interpretation theorique a ete tentee.

‘Count John of Nassau, their so-called stadholder, is assembling troops in order to force the north-eastern provinces into accepting the damnable Union of Utrecht’.1 This is how Parma described the new alliance around a year after its creation in a letter to his king — ‘la damnable Union d’Utrecht’.

Burton Pollin argues that, despite Edgar Allan Poe‟s evident legacy in Stephen King‟s fiction, Poe‟s influence on the writings of this author from Maine has often been overlooked and even ignored by Poe scholars. Pollin suggests that King‟s most acclaimed horror novel The Shining (1977) was mostly inspired by Poe‟s gothic tales “The Masque of the Red Death” and “The Fall of the House of Usher.” Taking Pollin‟s premise as a point of departure, this article aims to retrace examples of transtextuality – to use Gerard Genette‟s term − between King‟s novel The Shining and some of Poe‟s gothic tales, thus following Pollin‟s initial proposal, but with the view to analyse different passages from King‟s novel in comparison with other Poe‟s tales that have been hardly mentioned in relation to The Shining.RESUMEN: Burton Pollin defiende que, pese al evidente legado que Edgar Allan Poe atesora en la ficcion de Stephen King, la influencia que Poe ha ejercido en las obras del escritor de Maine a menudo ha sido menospreciada o includo ignorada por parte de los estudiosos de la obra de Poe. Pollin sugiere que la novela de terror mas aclamada de King, El resplandor (1977), fue inspirada principalmente por los relatos goticos de Poe “La mascara de la muerte roja” y “La caida de la casa Usher.” Tomando la premisa de Pollin como punto de partida, este articulo pretende identificar ejemplos de transtextualidad – utilizando el termino de Gerard Genette – entre la novela de King “El resplandor” y relatos de Poe, siguiendo la propuesta inicial de Pollin, pero con el objetivo de analizar diferentes pasajes de la novela de King comparandolos con otros relatos de Poe que apenas han sido mencionados en relacion a El resplandor.