1,787 results on '"Hohokam"'
Search Results
52. Micromorphological study of Hohokam irrigation canals and natural stratigraphic sequences along the Middle Gila River
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Purdue, Louise, Culture et Environnements, Préhistoire, Antiquité, Moyen-Age (CEPAM), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA), and UCA CNRS more...
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River ,stratigraphic ,Gila ,along ,[SHS.ARCHEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Archaeology and Prehistory ,canals and ,Micromorphological ,sequences ,study ,Hohokam ,Middle ,irrigation ,natural - Abstract
Micromorphological study of Hohokam irrigation canals and natural stratigraphic sequences along the Middle Gila River
- Published
- 2012
53. Application of remote sensing technologies in detecting prehistoric canals of the Hohokam Period (a.d. 450–1450) in the Middle Gila River Valley, Arizona
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M. Kyle Woodson, Stephanie Rost, and David K. Wright
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010506 paleontology ,Archeology ,River valley ,Ground truth ,060102 archaeology ,06 humanities and the arts ,01 natural sciences ,Archaeology ,Research model ,Prehistory ,Archaeological research ,Remote sensing (archaeology) ,Anthropology ,Period (geology) ,0601 history and archaeology ,Geology ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Remote sensing - Abstract
This paper summarizes research on the potential of high-resolution imagery downloaded from Google Earth Pro to detect prehistoric canals from the Hohokam Period in the Middle Gila River Valley, Arizona. The potential of the imagery to identify obscured features was evaluated by means of ground truthing reconnaissance as well as a comparative analysis of the Google Earth imagery with the more traditionally employed CORONA and Landsat ETM+ imagery used in analogous studies. This research is presented as a method-based solution to utilize remote sensing in exploratory archaeological research projects facing budget constraints. The conclusion of the research was that Google Earth imagery provided the best spatial resolution for detecting obscured irrigation features compared to the other imagery used. The results of the investigation are summarized as a potential research model applicable in other dryland settings. more...
- Published
- 2015
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54. Upland desert late pre-classic Hohokam adaptations in the middle Gila
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Peter Pagoulatos
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Canyon ,010506 paleontology ,Archeology ,Irrigation ,geography ,Resource (biology) ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,060102 archaeology ,business.industry ,Range (biology) ,Alluvial fan ,Distribution (economics) ,06 humanities and the arts ,01 natural sciences ,Archaeology ,Current (stream) ,Agriculture ,0601 history and archaeology ,business ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
Late pre-Classic Hohokam (A.D. 750–1150) upland desert adaptations of the middle Gila River Valley in southern Arizona are still rather poorly understood. Current site and feature distribution data from Florence Military Reservation indicate that late pre-Classic groups used the upland or bajada zone in a varied and complex manner. First, a variety of agricultural technology was employed, including floodwater farming, dry farming, and to a lesser degree, simple irrigation-based agriculture. Second, a wide range of occupation types have been encountered in these bajada zones, consisting of villages, farmsteads, field houses, agricultural field sites, and more specialized resource processing sites. And, third, a flexible mobility pattern existed, where primary habitations such as rancheria-like villages and small farmsteads were situated along alluvial fans of Cottonwood Canyon Wash. This habitation zone has produced a diversity of floodwater, dry, and irrigation-based farming practices associated with residential areas, trash mounds, and a ball court; the combination of farming technology and presumed ceremonial features may have contributed to group aggregation, at least on a seasonal basis. From this habitation zone, specialized task groups and domestic units repeatedly used field houses and large agricultural fields out on creosote flats, and smaller dry farming loci, on more elevated ridge tops. more...
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- 2015
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55. Hohokam Canal Irrigation and the Formation of Irragric Anthrosols in the Middle Gila River Valley, Arizona, USA
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M. Kyle Woodson, Jonathan A. Sandor, Wesley Miles, and Colleen Strawhacker
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Hydrology ,Archeology ,Irrigation ,River valley ,Pleistocene ,Soil water ,Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous) ,Sedimentary rock ,Anthrosol ,Canal system ,Arid ,Geology - Abstract
Irragric anthrosols form as a result of prolonged deposition of fine sediments from irrigation water. Ancient irragric soils centuries to millennia old occur in several world regions, especially in arid environments of Asia and the Americas. This article presents evidence for an ancient irragric anthrosol in the North American Southwest, along the Snaketown Canal System in the Middle Gila River Valley, Arizona. This pedostratigraphic unit was formed as a result of a millennium of irrigation by Hohokam farmers from A.D. 450 to 1450. The irragric soil consists of a mantle of silty-to-loamy textures with minimal soil formation overlying a natural argillic horizon on a Pleistocene stream terrace. A soil mapped independently by the United States Department of Agriculture-Natural Resources Conservation Service with these horizons corresponds closely with the canal system. Soil within the canal system tends to be lower in salt, sodium, and pH compared with external soils. This suggests that the irragric process improved soil for crop production through long-term leaching and additions of fresh sediments with the irrigation water. This anthropogenic process of canal sedimentation has had a long-lasting impact on the sedimentary record and soils in this arid environment. more...
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- 2015
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56. Prehistoric histories of Hohokam kin groups
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Bradley E. Ensor
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Prehistory ,Geography ,Archaeology - Published
- 2018
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57. Prehistoric agrosystems of central Arizona: a paleoenvironmental approach to the study of Hohokam irrigated fields and canals
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Purdue, Louise, Miles, Wesley, Palacios-Fest, Manuel, Philips, Bruce, Woodson, Karl, Wright, David, Centre d'Études Préhistoire, Antiquité, Moyen-Age (CEPAM), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, and McMaster University [Hamilton, Ontario]-Offord Centre for Child Studies more...
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agrosystems ,canals ,of central ,Hohokam irrigated ,[SHS.ARCHEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Archaeology and Prehistory ,Prehistoric ,approach ,study ,paleoenvironmental ,fields ,Arizona - Abstract
Prehistoric agrosystems of central Arizona: a paleoenvironmental approach to the study of Hohokam irrigated fields and canals
- Published
- 2011
58. Enculturation and Large-Scale Group Identity from the Center to the Edge of the Late Pre-Classic Hohokam World
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Sarah A. Herr and Jeffery J. Clark
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- 2018
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59. Preclassic Hohokam
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Douglas B. Craig and M. Kyle Woodson
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The establishment of the first permanent farming villages in the southern Southwest coincided with the emergence of the Hohokam cultural tradition. This chapter examines the environmental, demographic, and social processes that shaped the development of Hohokam culture. Special attention is paid to the timing and tempo of cultural change across the region. Three periods of rapid change are discussed—the first associated with the establishment of permanent villages (ca. 500 ce), the second associated with the spread of the ball court system (ca. 800 ce), and the third associated with the collapse of the ball court system (ca. 1050–1100 ce). The conditions that affected the operation and management of the largest irrigation works in pre-Hispanic North America are also discussed. more...
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- 2017
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60. Classic Period Hohokam
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David R. Abbott and Jeffery J. Clark
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Geography ,Ancient history ,Period (music) - Abstract
This chapter discusses the Hohokam Classic Period (ca. 1200–1450 ce) in southern Arizona. Two perspectives are presented for observed archaeological patterns. One perspective is from the Phoenix Basin center, a densely populated region on a trajectory of overexploitation and decline throughout much of the interval, despite the construction of massive irrigation works and architectural buildings that left impressive ruins. The other perspective is from the outlying valleys to the north and east of Phoenix that had much lower population densities. Here intense interaction between local majorities, and small, but socially resilient, Kayenta immigrants from northeast Arizona led to the development of an inclusive Salado ideology that transcended the identities of both groups. This ideology ultimately penetrated the Phoenix Basin when the latter was on the verge of collapse. This collapse was so complete that few pre-contact archaeological sites have been identified in the Hohokam region after 1450 ce. more...
- Published
- 2017
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61. Hohokam Irrigation Communities: A Study of Internal Structure, External Relationships and Sociopolitical Complexity
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Howard, Jerry Brian
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Geophysical Survey ,Irrigation Communities ,Phoenix Basin ,Environment Research ,Salt River Valley ,Hohokam ,Huhugam ,Archaeological Overview - Abstract
The relationship between large-scale water control projects and the development of sociopolitical complexity is an important theoretical domain in anthropology that can benefit from the diachronic nature of archaeological data. It is argued that irrigation systems are socio-technic entities, designed not only to satisfy engineering requirements but also to accommodate the social groups operating it. This study develops a new theoretical framework for identifying the task groups operating these systems and for modeling sociopolitical organization and complexity. A model is constructed using the irrigation community as the basic analytical unit having an internal organization and external relationships. This model is successfully tested against ethnographic analogs. The model is applied to the Hohokam, the prehistoric irrigation agriculturists of south-central Arizona. The reconstruction of the internal organization of the irrigation community begins at the level of the household fields, which are identified in detail for the first time. The "command area," consisting of a set of fields receiving water from a common distribution canal and the cooperating task group of farmers operating it, is identified as a major organizational level. The organization of task groups along main canals, branch canals and within village territories represents increasingly higher levels of integration. Finally, the overall structure and organization of the irrigation community is examined. The exploration of relationships external to the irrigation community encounter traditional arguments concerning the impact of irrigation technology on centralization and sociopolitical complexity. In the Hohokam case, the relationships between irrigation communities are examined diachronically. It is argued that new irrigation communities are constructed in response to demographic expansion until circa AD 1000 when water demand begins to exceed available water resources. The need for communal resource management, in the form of negotiation for water resources, initiated a trajectory of sociopolitical change. These changes are dramatically reflected in the Classic Period, including the introduction of a new ideology linked to platform mound ceremonialism. While not achieving a state level of organization, it is proposed that a hierarchy of corporate leadership roles was established to meet the organizational needs of irrigation in the Salt River Valley. more...
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- 2006
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62. Organizational Change and Intellectual Production: The Case Study of Hohokam Archaeology
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Harris, Cory
- Subjects
Hohokam ,Archaeological Overview - Abstract
Histories of archaeology increasingly focus on the role that the social context of the discipline plays in shaping its intellectual production. Of particular importance in the social context of American archaeology during the last half of the 20th century is the development of Cultural Resource Management (CRM) archaeology. The coalescence of the CRM industry has transformed archaeology—providing new sources of support, mandating new goals, and placing practitioners into newly emergent organizational environments. Drawing upon theory in the sociology of science, this project examines the case study of the recent history of Hohokam—archaeological label for the agricultural people of southern Arizona—archaeology, which has been shaped by CRM more than any other region in the United States. According to sociological expectations, such a dramatic change in the social setting of the discipline should be reflected in its intellectual production. This dissertation documents patterns of intellectual production within Hohokam archaeology over the past century through both qualitative and quantitative means. In addition to providing a recent historical account of the region’s archaeological community, this project utilizes a range of citation analyses to elucidate patterns in a manner relatively independent of subjective assessments of the character of Hohokam discourse. The analyses suggest that the changing organizational structure of Hohokam archaeology has impacted its basic intellectual structure. Changing patterns evident in both academic and CRM publications parallel reconfigurations in the social context of the region’s archaeology. These findings offer substance for discussions of how archaeology should conduct itself in the face of changing organizational environments to ensure that the discipline continues to achieve its primary goal—the construction of knowledge about the past—in productive and intellectually rewarding ways. more...
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- 2006
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63. Phase 2 Data Recovery Investigations at AZ T:4:150(ASM), A Multicomponent Hohokam, Yavapai, and Euroamerican Rockshelter Site at Lake Pleasant Regional Park, Yavapai County, Arizona
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System User
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Historic ,Dating Sample ,Domestic Structure or Architectural Complex ,Arizona (State / Territory) ,Domestic Structures ,Archaeological Overview ,Lake Pleasant Regional Park ,AZ T:4:150 (ASM) ,Protein Residue Analysis ,Phase 2 Data Recovery ,Rock Shelter ,Protohistoric ,Gila Butte Phase ,Chipped Stone ,Yavapai (County) ,Hohokam ,Macrobotanical ,Radiocarbon Analysis ,Ceramic ,Data Recovery / Excavation ,Euroamerican ,Fauna ,Yavapai ,1920's-1940's ,Ground Stone ,Historic Period ,Colonial Period ,Late Historic period ,Classic Period ,Artifact Analysis - Abstract
At the request of the Bureau of Reclamation-Phoenix Area Office, ACS conducted Phase 2 data recovery at the Lake Pleasant Rockshelter site (AZ T:4:150[ASM]), Yavapai County, Arizona. Based on the results of Phase 1 investigations conducted at the site (Pinter et al. 2009), Reclamation determined that potentially significant subsurface cultural deposits were present that could provide important new data on prehistoric, protohistoric, and historic Native American and Euroamerican occupation of the general area. The proposed work plan for Phase 2 (Pinter et al. 2009) was accepted by Reclamation, and was implemented in two sessions due to inclement weather and rising lake levels. The first session occurred in January 2010, followed by a hiatus to allow the lake level to drop and the weather to cool; the second and final session occurred in late September 2010. more...
- Published
- 2011
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64. Completion of Archaeological Fieldwork at the La Plaza Hohokam Village Site, AZ U:9:165(ASM), for the Tempe Transportation Center
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Cox, Eric S. and A.E. (Gene) Rogge
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Historic ,Pit House / Earth Lodge ,Roasting Pit / Oven / Horno ,Dating Sample ,East Fifth Street ,Domestic Structure or Architectural Complex ,La Plaza Site ,Domestic Structures ,Hayden Canal ,House ,Hamlet / Village ,Hayden Butte ,Burial Pit ,Agricultural or Herding ,Refuse Pit ,Shell ,Building Materials ,Midden ,AZ U:9:165 (ASM) ,Cemetery ,Archaeological Feature ,Resource Extraction / Production / Transportation Structure or Features ,Methodology, Theory, or Synthesis ,Chipped Stone ,Arizona ,Funerary and Burial Structures or Features ,Canal or Canal Feature ,Hohokam ,Macrobotanical ,Settlements ,Ceramic ,Maricopa County ,Euroamerican ,Fauna ,College Avenue ,Ground Stone ,Tempe ,Pit ,Forest Avenue ,Hearth ,Glass ,Human Remains - Abstract
The City of Tempe is building the Tempe Transportation Center adjacent to the Central Phoenix/East Valley Light Rail Transit Project that Valley Metro is constructing. The transportation center project includes construction of a ���green��� three-story building in the western part of the site and a bus plaza in the eastern part of the site adjacent to a transit station. Planning studies concluded that the construction of the transportation center could adversely affect a large Hohokam archaeological site known as La Plaza [AZ U:9:165(ASM)] and perhaps archaeological remnants of the early Tempe townsite. The project is a federal undertaking that must comply with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act, and FTA is the lead agency for Section 106 compliance. During preparation of an environmental impact statement for the Central Phoenix/East Valley light rail transit project, the FTA executed a Section 106 memorandum of agreement (MOA) in consultation with Valley Metro; the City Historic Preservation Officers of Phoenix, Tempe, and Mesa; the State Historic Preservation Office; and other agencies and tribes. The MOA defines how historic properties will be considered during final design and construction of the project. Valley Metro sponsored preparation of a historic properties treatment plan pursuant to the MOA. The City of Tempe assumed responsibility for implementing the historic properties treatment plan within the site of the Tempe Transportation Center. The City of Tempe retained URS Corporation to archaeologically test the transportation center site and subsequently to conduct data recovery excavations to mitigate the project impacts on the La Plaza archaeological site. This report documents that the fieldwork phase of the data recovery studies has been successfully completed. more...
- Published
- 2007
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65. Construction, maintenance and abandonment of hydraulic systems: hydroclimatic or social constraints? A case study of prehistoric Hohokam irrigation systems (Phoenix, Arizona, USA)
- Author
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Louise Purdue
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Hydrology ,History ,Irrigation ,Resource (biology) ,biology ,Geoarchaeology ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Flooding (psychology) ,Structural basin ,biology.organism_classification ,Hydraulic structure ,Period (geology) ,Physical geography ,Phoenix ,Geology ,Water Science and Technology - Abstract
On the North American continent, irrigated agriculture principally occurred in the semi-arid American Southwest. The Hohokam built major irrigation systems along the plains of the Salt River in the Phoenix Basin (Arizona) between the seventh and the fifteenth century A.D. Their occupation in the basin is structured around three major phases: the Pioneer Period: 600–750 A.D., the PreClassic Period: 750–1150 A.D. and the Classic Period: 1150–1450 A.D., during which they constantly coped with a constraining environment and mainly a rare resource, water. In order to understand long-term socio-environmental dynamics, hydraulic structures are ideal objects of study as they can be studied from a chronological and geoarchaeological perspective. The analysis of 60 dates (radiocarbon, OSL, archaeomagnetic and ceramic) obtained from 47 irrigation canals used from the Pioneer to the Classic Period allowed us to discuss the temporalities of irrigation networks (construction/abandonment). Characterizing and classifying the depositional environment where the dates were obtained was key to identify phases of low flow, periodic sedimentation or uncontrolled flooding. Results were correlated with regional geomorphic changes, climatic evolutions, as well as demographic data in order to discuss the relative impact of environmental shifts, settlement pattern and population pressure on water management. This approach also offers an illustration of the vulnerability and adaptation of agrarian communities to socio-environmental constraints in semi-arid environments. more...
- Published
- 2015
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66. An integrated socio-environmental approach to the study of ancient water systems: the case of prehistoric Hohokam irrigation systems in semi-arid central Arizona, USA
- Author
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Jean-François Berger, Louise Purdue, Culture et Environnements, Préhistoire, Antiquité, Moyen-Age (CEPAM), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA), Environnement Ville Société (EVS), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Lyon (ENSAL)-École des Mines de Saint-Étienne (Mines Saint-Étienne MSE), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État (ENTPE)-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-Université Jean Moulin - Lyon 3 (UJML), Université de Lyon-Université Lumière - Lyon 2 (UL2)-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Environnement, Ville, Société (EVS), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-École des Mines de Saint-Étienne (Mines Saint-Étienne MSE), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Université Lumière - Lyon 2 (UL2)-Université Jean Moulin - Lyon 3 (UJML), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), and Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État (ENTPE)-École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Lyon (ENSAL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) more...
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010506 paleontology ,Archeology ,[SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Context (language use) ,Structural basin ,01 natural sciences ,11. Sustainability ,0601 history and archaeology ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,media_common ,060102 archaeology ,biology ,[SDE.IE]Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering ,business.industry ,Geoarchaeology ,Environmental resource management ,06 humanities and the arts ,15. Life on land ,biology.organism_classification ,[SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society ,Arid ,Archaeology ,Hydraulic structure ,13. Climate action ,Agriculture ,[SDE]Environmental Sciences ,Psychological resilience ,Phoenix ,business ,Geology - Abstract
Water systems lie at the interface between nature and culture and in that perspective are a rich but under-explored research object. Their temporalities (construction, maintenance, abandonment) represent an image of a social, cultural, economic and political context as well as changing environmental conditions. This socio-environmental signature recorded in the spatial organization, sedimentary fill and profile of hydraulic structures can be reconstructed by means of a systemic cross-disciplinary approach (geoarchaeology, chronology and paleoenvironment). The principle and limits of the methods applied to this research object are presented and discussed in this paper. While they can be applied to different environmental contexts, they will be presented through the example of Hohokam irrigation systems in the semi-arid Phoenix basin, Arizona, where this approach has been applied as a whole. As water systems are structural elements of the spatial and socio-political organization of societies, this approach will provide elements to discuss the relative impact of human and/or environmental factors on landscape change and cultural shifts, and measure the long-term vulnerability and resilience of agricultural communities to regional environmental changes. more...
- Published
- 2015
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67. Hohokam Farming Settlements in North Scottsdale: Archaeological Excavations at AZ U:1:183 (ASM) and AZ U:1:186 (ASM)
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System User
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Historic ,Domestic Structure or Architectural Complex ,Artifact Scatter ,Archaeological Overview ,Pollen Analyiss ,Trash Midden ,Fauna analysis ,Sedentary Period ,Archaeological Feature ,Buffware ,Redware ,Entryway ,Tabular Knife ,Hohokam ,Fauna ,Ground Stone ,Non-Thermal Pit ,Pollen ,Paradise Valley, AZ ,Hearth ,Plainware ,Core ,Pit House / Earth Lodge ,Ceramic Analysis ,Mano ,Lithic Analysis ,Domestic Structures ,Shell Analysis ,Macrobotanical Analysis ,Projectile Point ,Hohokam Farming ,Shell ,Records Search / Inventory Checking ,Huhugam ,AZ U:1:183 (ASM) ,Maricopa (County) ,Midden ,Sonoran Desert ,Historic Background Research ,Axe ,metate ,Chipped Stone ,polishing stone ,AZ U:1:186 (ASM) ,Phoenix Basin ,Macrobotanical ,Ceramic ,Scraper ,Research Design / Data Recovery Plan ,Archaic ,Data Recovery / Excavation ,Scottsdale, AZ ,Pit ,Storage Pit - Abstract
This report discusses excavation results at two Hohokam farmsteads (AZ U:1:183 [ASM] and AZ U:1:186 [ASM]) in north Scottsdale, Arizona. Data recovery investigations identified one pithouse and several extramural features at both sites. In addition, a pole-and-brush-lined surface structure was identified at AZ U:1:186 (ASM) that suggests the pithouse may have functioned as a cold-season dwelling while the surface structure served as a warm-season dwelling. Architecture and material culture indicate that both sites date to the Sedentary period (A.D. 950-1150). Trade goods demonstrate that occupants of both sites had access to ceramics and jewelry typically found at large Hohokam villages. The implications of these findings are discussed in the final chapter of this volume, which places the two farmsteads investigated by SWCA into a regional context. more...
- Published
- 2001
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68. Archaeological Investigations of the Cactus Forest Site (AZ AA:3:214 [ASM]): A Late Classic Period Hohokam Settlement in the Middle Gila River Valley
- Author
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Brin, Adam
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Site Evaluation / Testing ,Primary Inhumation ,Pit House / Earth Lodge ,Thermal Pit ,Roasting Pit / Oven / Horno ,Pinal (County) ,Secondary Inhumation ,Middle Gila River Valley ,Domestic Structure or Architectural Complex ,Archaeomagnetic Dates ,Arizona (State / Territory) ,Domestic Structures ,1300's ,Adobe-Walled Structure ,14th Century ,Shell ,Midden ,Archaeological Feature ,Cactus Forest Site ,Chipped Stone ,Prehistoric ,Funerary and Burial Structures or Features ,Hohokam ,Salado Polychrome Ware ,State Route 79 ,Ceramic ,Cactus Forest, AZ ,Flotation Sample ,1400's ,15th Century ,Data Recovery / Excavation ,Fauna ,Ground Stone ,Secondary Cremation ,Pit ,Non-Thermal Pit ,Pollen ,Human Remains ,AZ AA:3:214 (ASM) ,Late Classic Period - Abstract
Northland Research, Inc., (Northland) has completed Phase II archaeological data recovery within a portion of the Cactus Forest site (AZ AA:3:214[ASM]), located near Cactus Forest, Pinal County, Arizona (Figures 1.1 and 1.2). The work was undertaken in advance of planned improvements to the intersection of State Route 79 (SR 79) and Cactus Forest Road by the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT). Northland performed the work under contract to Jones & Stokes and ADOT. The primary purpose of the investigations was to mitigate adverse effects to portions of AZ AA:3:214(ASM) located along SR 79 north of Cactus Forest Road and slated to be disturbed by construction activities. The work was undertaken because Federal Highway Administration funding for the project required compliance with 36 CFR Part 800, Section 106. more...
- Published
- 2009
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69. Religion on the Rocks: Hohokam Rock Art, Ritual Practice, and Social Transformation
- Author
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Polly Schaafsma
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Archeology ,History ,Wright ,Anthropology ,Social transformation ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Rock art ,Art ,Archaeology ,media_common - Abstract
Wright's volume is the most recent in a laudable series of studies of Hohokam rock art, but it differs significantly in its approach. The focus on the Hohokam petroglyphs and the associated archaeo... more...
- Published
- 2015
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70. The Roeser Park Archaeological Project: Investigations in a Portion of Pueblo Viejo, AZ T:12:73 (ASM), a Hohokam Site in Phoenix, Maricopa County, Arizona
- Author
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Wright, Thomas E.
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Dating Sample ,Vahki Phase ,Domestic Structure or Architectural Complex ,Paleohydraulic Study ,Archaeological Overview ,Flotation Analysis ,Agricultural or Herding ,Soil Analysis ,Civano Phase ,Sedentary Period ,Archaeological Feature ,Canal or Canal Feature ,Hohokam ,Pollen Analysis ,Fauna ,Roeser Park ,Ground Stone ,Charcoal ,Colonial Period ,Pollen ,Hearth ,Core ,Archaeomagnetic Analysis ,Estrella Phase ,Pit House / Earth Lodge ,AZ T:12:73 (ASM) ,Fire Cracked Rock ,Roasting Pit / Oven / Horno ,Graver ,Pueblo Viejo ,Prehistoric Pit Structure ,Mano ,Pioneer Period ,Arizona (State / Territory) ,Sweetwater Phase ,Domestic Structures ,Chopper ,Shell ,Records Search / Inventory Checking ,Huhugam ,Maricopa (County) ,Hammerstone ,Resource Extraction / Production / Transportation Structure or Features ,metate ,Phoenix, AZ ,Chipped Stone ,Phoenix Basin ,Radiocarbon Analysis ,Systematic Survey ,Ceramic ,Scraper ,Data Recovery / Excavation ,Reamer ,Pit ,Glass ,Classic Period - Abstract
In May 2004, Archaeological Research Services, Inc. (ARS) conducted a phased data recovery program in part of a large prehistoric Native American village called Pueblo Viejo in southern Phoenix, Maricopa County, Arizona. The site is also known as AZ T:12:73 (ASM) in the Arizona State Museum's site numbering system; the site’s name and number are used interchangeably in this report. The City of Phoenix Archaeology Office has assigned the following project number to the work performed at Pueblo Viejo by ARS: PGM 2005-82. As part of the City of Phoenix Archaeology Office’s review of this proposal, the parcel’s location was compared to maps of known archaeological site locations in the Salt River Valley. As a result, it was determined that the 8.4-acre parcel lies within the northwestern portion of Pueblo Viejo. Furthermore, a prehistoric irrigation canal was believed to cut across the parcel from east to west. Based on this information, the City Archaeologist recommended an archaeological survey in order to evaluate the presence/absence of cultural remains on the modern site surface, and to evaluate the potential for buried archaeological features. Of particular concern was the potential presence of unmarked human graves, which are protected from disturbance by state law (Arizona Revised Statutes 41-865). A cultural resources survey of the project area noted that prehistoric ceramics, flaked stone, and ground stone were scattered across most of the 8.4 acres, excluding only an area covered by modern fill (Wright 2004a). The types and frequencies of artifacts were consistent with a Hohokam habitation site. No human bone was noted on the site’s surface, but background research indicated that numerous prehistoric human graves had been encountered during other excavation projects in Pueblo Viejo (e.g., Zyniecki 1993). The survey report recommended that any planned ground disturbances within the project area be preceded by archaeological investigations designed to locate and evaluate buried archaeological features, and to recover their important scientific data content. After completion of these archaeological studies, the planned residential development could be constructed as originally planned. This volume provides relevant background information about the site and the project, reports descriptive and analytical data pertaining to the features and artifacts encountered within the project area, and presents interpretations of past human occupations within and near the project area based on a synthesis of the available data. This introductory chapter describes the project's location, natural and cultural setting, and administrative background. Subsequent chapters describe the study procedures and report the results of the field work, laboratory analyses, and data synthesis. more...
- Published
- 2006
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71. Social Network Analysis of Early Classic Hohokam Corporate Group Inequality
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Matthew Pailes
- Subjects
010506 paleontology ,Archeology ,History ,Differentiation ,060102 archaeology ,Inequality ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Museology ,Social network analysis (criminology) ,Differential (mechanical device) ,06 humanities and the arts ,01 natural sciences ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,Leverage (negotiation) ,Corporate group ,0601 history and archaeology ,Sociology ,Economic geography ,Socioeconomics ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,media_common ,Network analysis - Abstract
Network analysis provides a unique approach for archaeologists to identify structural relationships between the emergent properties of social interactions and the trajectory of corporate groups. This article presents the results of a survey of architectural features and a network analysis of walkways between house clusters at the thirteenth-century Hohokam site of Cerro Prieto, located in the Tucson Basin, Arizona. Statistical measures suggest that nascent inequality was developing at this site, making it an excellent case study of the factors that led to the emergence of economic and social differentiation. Network analysis provides a means to explain how corporate groups were able to leverage social connections in their struggle for ascendance in these spheres of interaction. Regardless of the strategy of social ascendance, a simple increase in the opportunity to influence others appears to explain a large portion of differential corporate group success. more...
- Published
- 2014
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72. FOOD PRODUCTION CALENDAR FOR THE MIDDLE GILA RIVER, ARIZONA: AKIMEL O'ODHAM (PIMA) AND HOHOKAM
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Robert C. Hunt and Scott E. Ingram
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Archeology ,History ,biology ,Native american ,business.industry ,Agave ,biology.organism_classification ,Archaeology ,Prehistory ,Geography ,Agriculture ,Anthropology ,Food processing ,business ,Archaeological culture - Abstract
In this paper we present an Akimel O'odham (Pima) food production calendar. The environmental and biological data for the calendar derive in large part from information gathered in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries CE. The social and cultural data are derived from what we know of the Akimel O'odham (Pima) Indians, a Native American group that has lived along the Middle Gila River in southern Arizona. Plants considered include a Mesoamerican suite (maize, beans, cucurbits, cotton) as well as major local species (mesquite, agave, saguaro, cholla). Animals considered include lagomorphs, rodents, and deer. The major changes in Akimel O'odham (Pima) agriculture after the Spanish entrada are evaluated. We argue that much of the production calendar can plausibly be retrodicted into prehistory, specifically to that archaeological culture called Hohokam. more...
- Published
- 2014
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73. Archaeological Test Excavations at AZ T:12:191 (ASM): A Hohokam Limited Activity Site Located Just North of Las Cremaciones, Phoenix, Maricopa County, Arizona
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Kwiatkowski, Scott M. and Wright, Thomas E.
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Historic Background Research ,Site Evaluation / Testing ,Roasting Pit / Oven / Horno ,Chipped Stone ,Phoenix, Arizona ,Phoenix Basin ,Sacaton Phase ,Hohokam ,Artifact and Biological Sample Analyses ,Arizona (State / Territory) ,Ceramic ,Wood ,AZ T:12:4 (PG) ,AZ T:12:191 (ASM) ,Data Recovery / Excavation ,Fauna ,Ground Stone ,Post Hole / Post Mold ,Las Cremaciones ,Shell ,Pollen ,Records Search / Inventory Checking ,Huhugam - Abstract
Between May 22 and June 3, 2003, Archaeological Research Services, Inc. (ARS), completed test-phase archaeological excavations within a portion of the planned 20 acre Vista Rio residential subdivision (26 total person-field days). The project area is located on private land within a parcel measuring 1,320 feet north south, by 660 feet east-west within the City of Phoenix. The actual area subjected to archaeological investigations was limited to the most potentially archaeologically sensitive 4.51 acres near the southwest corner of the subject property. As a result of this testing project, a small quantity of prehistoric artifacts (n=99) and four pit features were encountered. Following the artifact analyses, it was concluded that the pits likely related to a Sacaton phase (ca. a .d . 950-1150) Hohokam limited activity site that was situated near, but not within, the boundaries of a nearby, large, prehistoric Hohokam village named Las Cremaciones (a.k.a. AZ T:12:4 [PG]). The area containing the four archaeological features was designated Site AZ T:12:191 (ASM). As a result of testing, it appears that very few—if any—cultural materials that would contribute important, new information about either Las Cremaciones or AZ T:12:191 (ASM) remain undisturbed within the planned Vista Rio subdivision location. Also, it is unlikely that prehistoric human remains occur within this area. It is therefore the opinion of ARS that no additional archaeological studies are required within the entire 20-acre planned Vista Rio subdivision parcel. more...
- Published
- 2003
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74. Las Cremaciones: A Hohokam Ball Court Center in the Phoenix Basin
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Brin, Adam
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Historic ,Site Evaluation / Testing ,Roasting Pit / Oven / Horno ,Snaketown Phase ,Domestic Structure or Architectural Complex ,Sacaton Phase ,Arizona (State / Territory) ,Artifact Scatter ,Ball Court ,House floor ,Domestic Structures ,Inhumation burial ,Borrow Pit ,Burial Pit ,Shell ,Puddling Pit ,Maricopa (County) ,Midden ,Mineral ,Cemetery ,Archaeological Feature ,Phoenix, AZ ,Chipped Stone ,Phoenix Basin ,Prehistoric ,Funerary and Burial Structures or Features ,Non-Domestic Structures ,Hohokam ,AZ T:12:220 (ASM) ,Macrobotanical ,Ceramic ,Cremation Burial ,AZ T:12:4 (PG) ,Data Recovery / Excavation ,Fauna ,Ground Stone ,Post Hole / Post Mold ,Las Cremaciones ,Pit ,Hearth ,Human Remains ,Soho Phase - Abstract
The archaeological excavation of a prehistoric village, site AZ T:12:220 (ASM) (Las Cremaciones), at the proposed K. Hovnanian Homes Project Phoenix, Arizona, used trench sampling, block exposures and screened excavation to recover archaeological features of site AZ T:12:220 (ASM), particularly human burials. The investigation was conducted to ensure compliance with State of Arizona statute A.R.S. 41-865 pertaining to the repatriation of human remains, the City of Phoenix Ordinance on Historic Preservation (Chapter 8, Section 802), and the City of Phoenix Guidelines for Archaeology (Bostwick 2006). Also included are the appendices A-L which cover the topics of feature inventory and descriptions, decorated vessels chronology, special artifacts, inhumation and cremation burial details, demographic data, and flotation and radiocarbon dating. more...
- Published
- 2008
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75. The Tanque Verde High School Archaeological Project: Excavations at a Hohokam Limited Activity Site in the Northeastern Tucson Basin
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System User
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AZ BB:9:360 (ASM) ,Netherstone ,Tanque Verde Phase ,Early Classic Period ,Archaeological Overview ,Pima (County) ,Cañada del Oro Phase ,Red-on-Brown ,Rillito Phase ,Pestle ,Sedentary Period ,Faunal Analysis ,Archaeological Feature ,Buffware ,Redware ,Hohokam ,Quartz ,Tucson Basin ,Ground Stone ,Colonial Period ,Pollen ,Red-on-Buff ,Plainware ,Core ,Phylite ,Site Evaluation / Testing ,Rhyolite ,Roasting Pit / Oven / Horno ,Mano ,Arizona (State / Territory) ,Arizona Upland Subdivision ,Tucson, AZ ,Refuse Pit ,Records Search / Inventory Checking ,Huhugam ,Midden ,Grinding Slab ,Sonoran Desert ,Hammerstone ,Rincon Phase ,Historic Background Research ,metate ,Chipped Stone ,Macrobotanical ,Radiocarbon Analysis ,Systematic Survey ,Handstone ,Ceramic ,Research Design / Data Recovery Plan ,Data Recovery / Excavation ,Quartzite ,Pit - Abstract
Archaeological testing and data recovery at AZ B:9:360 (ASM), a Hohokam limited activity site in the northeastern Tucson Basin, resulted in the discovery of two roasting pits, an associated activity surface, and two large trash-filled pits. Botanical data suggest that the site was used for processing locally procured upper bajada wild plant resources as well as domesticated crops (maize). Chronometric data indicate a likely span of site use from the Rillito phase of the Colonial period to the Tanque Verde phase of the Early Classic period, with the most intensive occupation occurring during the Rincon phase of the Sedentary period. more...
- Published
- 2005
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76. Isolated But Not Alone: The Utility of Hohokam Isolated Occurrences from Florence Military Reservation, Middle Gila River Valley, Arizona
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Peter Pagoulatos
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Archeology ,River valley ,Plucking ,Artifact (archaeology) ,Feature (archaeology) ,Terrace (agriculture) ,Range (biology) ,Period (geology) ,Reservation ,Archaeology ,Geology - Abstract
The nature of Hohokam-related (A.D. 300-1450) isolated occurrences is still poorly understood in the middle Gila River Valley of southern Arizona. In this study, isolated occurrence data from Florence Military Reservation is classified to discern the range of cultural activities across different topographic settings in lower-lying terrace and more elevated upland, or bajada zones. While terrace-based isolated occurrences reflect a focus upon lithic procurement and quarrying tasks, topographic settings in bajada zones produce artifact and feature distributions more oriented toward wild plant and farming activities. Although isolated occurrence data closely mirror Hohokam site-specific distributions, new information has become available which significantly increases our understanding of changes to pre-Classic and Classic period settlement patterns. This study also demonstrates that isolated occurrence data should receive increased attention and scrutiny, and that recommendations are made for the standardization of both isolated occurrence and site definitions across the region. more...
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- 2014
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77. Hohokam Farmsteads Along Cave Creek, Arizona
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System User
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Field House ,AZ 11:1:16 (ASM) ,Domestic Structure or Architectural Complex ,Archaeological Overview ,AZ U:1:11 (ASM) ,AZ U:1:359 (ASM) ,AZ U:1:309 (ASM) ,Dacite ,Sedentary Period ,Hohokam ,AZ U:1:159 (ASM) ,Projectile points ,Fauna ,Ground Stone ,Colonial Period ,Pollen ,Red-on-Buff ,Plainware ,Core ,Cave Creek, AZ ,Obsidian ,Site Evaluation / Testing ,Pit House / Earth Lodge ,AZ U:1:310 (ASM) ,Mano ,Arizona (State / Territory) ,Domestic Structures ,Arizona Upland Subdivision ,House ,Diorite ,Shade Structure / Ramada ,The Livingston Site ,Shell ,Records Search / Inventory Checking ,Huhugam ,Maricopa (County) ,Sonoran Desert ,Hammerstone ,Historic Background Research ,metate ,Chipped Stone ,Phoenix Basin ,Macrobotanical ,Andesite ,Systematic Survey ,Ceramic ,Research Design / Data Recovery Plan ,Data Recovery / Excavation ,Classic Period ,Basalt - Abstract
In 1998 and 1999, archaeologists from SWCA and volunteers from the Desert Foothills Chapter of the Arizona Archaeological Society conducted archaeological investigations at four sites in the Estado de Cholla project area, located southwest of the town of Cave Creek, Arizona. Three isolated Hohokam habitation structures were fully excavated at two of the sites. Each of the three houses was catastrophically burned and each contained intact, abundant, floor-contact artifact assemblages. More than 60 complete or partial ceramic vessels, as well as dozens of whole stone, bone, and shell artifacts were recovered from the three houses. The abundance and variety of artifacts indicate a wide range of commodity and food procurement, processing, and storage activities. The houses were also replete with cotton seeds and a wide range of other cultivated and wild collected botanical material. These characteristics, in conjunction with architectural data, indicate that the structures functioned as the permanent residences of self-sufficient household groups. Radiocarbon assays from two of the houses date to the early or middle Hohokam Classic period. This report first summarizes the archaeological investigations at the Estado de Cholla sites. Subsequent analytical chapters describe the studies of flaked stone, ground stone, ceramic, faunal, and shell artifacts, and of macrobotanical and pollen samples. A concluding chapter evaluates the role of these newly discovered, richly stocked houses in the Classic period Hohokam northern periphery land-use system. Several other catastrophically burned, one-room Hohokam structures with abundant, well-preserved artifact assemblages have recently been excavated in the vicinity of the Estado de Cholla. The accumulating evidence suggests that many, if not most of the small, isolated Classic period Hohokam pithouses and masonry rooms along middle Cave Creek actually represent year-round habitation structures instead of temporarily occupied, special-function “field houses.” This interpretation contradicts the standard models of Classic period Hohokam culture history that posit a land-use transformation that created population aggregates at a few large, compact villages. An alternative evaluation of Classic period land-use patterns in the middle Cave Creek drainage is presented. more...
- Published
- 2002
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78. Sending the Spirits Home: The Archaeology of Hohokam Mortuary Practices
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Teresa Rodrigues
- Subjects
Archeology ,History ,Geography ,Anthropology ,Ancient history ,Archaeology - Published
- 2016
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79. The 'Collapse' of Cooperative Hohokam Irrigation in the Lower Salt River Valley
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Jeffery J. Clark, William H. Doelle, Patrick D. Lyons, and J. Brett Hill
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Hydrology ,River valley ,Irrigation ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Collapse (topology) ,Geology ,General Environmental Science - Published
- 2015
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80. Hohokam Exchange in Social Context
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Tammy Stone
- Published
- 2017
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81. Archaeological Data Recovery at the Tortolita Vistas Site, AZ AA:12:271 (ASM): A Hohokam Fieldhouse in Marana, Pima County, Arizona
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Swartz, Deborah
- Subjects
Fire Cracked Rock ,Roasting Pit / Oven / Horno ,Domestic Structure or Architectural Complex ,Domestic Structures ,Pima (County) ,Petrographic Analysis ,Huhugam ,Sedentary Period ,AZ AA:12:271 (ASM) ,Chipped Stone ,Tortolita Vistas site ,Azurite ,Hohokam ,Macrobotanical ,Ceramic ,Pollen Analysis ,Marana, AZ ,Middle Rincon Phase ,Data Recovery / Excavation ,Fauna ,Tucson Basin ,Ground Stone ,Pit ,Pollen ,Trash Concentration ,Artifact Analysis - Abstract
Archaeological data recovery was conducted at the Tortolita Vistas site, AZ AA:12:271 (ASM), prior to construction of a housing development in Marana by Cottonwood Properties. This fieldhouse site is situated on the upper bajada of the Tortolita Mountains. A single pit structure and five extramural features were discovered and completely excavated: 2 roasting pits, 2 small extramural pits, and 1 trash concentration. No human remains were found. Ceramic analysis dates the site occupation to Middle Rincon 2 times (A.D. 1040-1080). The site appears to have been occupied at least twice. The first occupation was probably longer and included the pithouse and trash concentration. These features were the only features that contained cultigens— maize and squash pollen-suggesting an agricultural use of the site occupied for at least one growing season. Evidence for wild resources, primarily cacti, was also found and was probably the reason for additional seasonal use of the site. There was little evidence of any other activities except agriculture and resource procurement and processing at the site. more...
- Published
- 2005
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82. Exploring complexity with the Hohokam Water Management Simulation: A middle way for archaeological modeling
- Author
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John T. Murphy
- Subjects
Lead (geology) ,Ecology ,Computer science ,Ecological Modeling ,Suite ,Complex system ,Trajectory ,Context (language use) ,Complex adaptive system ,Data science - Abstract
The Hohokam Water Management Simulation is a simulation model constructed to explore the dynamics that underlie the long-term trajectory of the Hohokam, a people who lived in what is today Arizona (USA) and who built large-scale irrigation systems and operated them successfully for approximately 1000 years. The nature of the data available and the form of questions that the context prompts lead to a novel modeling approach that is described here. The core of the approach is the ability to shift the model's components along axes from highly detailed to very abstract, while pursuing a suite of related but distinct goals. The intent is to allow questions about the behavior of the entire socionatural system to be investigated to discern and explore complex system dynamics. The modeling framework and underlying theory is explicated, a (purely demonstrative) example is presented, and current work and future plans are discussed. more...
- Published
- 2012
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83. A HOHOKAM KILN AT LAS CANOPAS
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John Czarzasty and David Bustoz
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Archeology ,History ,Engineering ,biology ,business.industry ,Kiln ,Anthropology ,Market exchange ,Pottery ,business ,Phoenix ,biology.organism_classification ,Archaeology - Abstract
Hohokam villages at the foot of South Mountain in Phoenix, Arizona, specialized in the production of large jars for market exchange during the pre-Classic period. In the Classic period these communities specialized in the manufacture of polished red ware bowls and jars. Excavations at Las Canopas, a large Hohokam village in Phoenix occupied from the late Pioneer period through the Classic period, have uncovered evidence of a kiln. The evidence consists of structural form, size, the presence of a substantial oxidation ring and copious ashy refuse, location on the fringe of the village, and spatially associated hand tools used for pottery manufacture. The kiln may have been built as the direct result of increased demand for pottery production at Las Canopas for market exchange in the pre-Classic period, and may have been a technological response to demand not just for more vessels but also the larger vessels used for exchange. more...
- Published
- 2012
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84. Hohokam Farming on the Salt River Floodplain: Refining Models and Analytical Methods
- Author
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Fernandez, Rachel
- Subjects
NA 19,324 ,Dating Sample ,Vahki Phase ,AZ T:8:68 (ASM) ,Domestic Structure or Architectural Complex ,La Ciudad ,Las Colinas ,AZ T:12:131 (ASM) ,Archaeological Overview ,AZ T:12:48 (ASM) ,Petrographic Analysis ,AZ U:15:32 (ASM) ,AZ T:12:95 (ASM) ,Pueblo Patricio ,Pueblo Grande ,AZ T:12:62 (ASM) ,Middle-Late Sacaton ,Shelltown ,Archaeological Feature ,AZ AA:1:66 (ASM) ,Gila Butte Phase ,Los Morteros ,El Caserío ,La Villa ,Las Canopas ,Early-Middle Sacaton ,AZ T:12:69 (ASM) ,Funerary and Burial Structures or Features ,Colonial-early Sedentary ,Hohokam ,Civano/ Polvoron ,Pueblo Salado ,Red Mountain ,AZ T:12:51 (ASM) ,AZ AA:2:2 (ASM) ,Los Solares ,Snaketown ,AZ T:12:70(ASM) ,AZ T:12:5 (ASM) ,Ground Stone ,Gopherette ,Siphon Draw ,Soho Phase ,AZ T:12:10 (ASM) ,Pit House / Earth Lodge ,Ceramic Analysis ,A.D. 300-400 ,Casa Buena ,Snaketown Phase ,AZ U:10:6 (ASM) ,Sidewinder ,Pioneer Period ,Los Guanacos ,Arizona (State / Territory) ,AZ T:12:43 (ASM) ,Domestic Structures ,Irrigation Canal System ,Grewe ,AZ T:12:47 (ASM) ,AZ U:9:46 (ASU) ,AZ U:15:87 (ASM) ,AZ T:12:50 (ASM) ,Santa Cruz Phase ,Red-on-gray Horizon ,Late Classic ,AZ T:12:37 (ASU) ,Methodology, Theory, or Synthesis ,Phoenix, AZ ,Chipped Stone ,Prehistoric ,Palo Verde site ,Salt River Floodplain ,AZ AA:12:57 (ASM) ,Dutch Canal Ruin ,Ceramic ,AZ U:9:67 (ASM) ,Canal Patricio system ,AZ U:13:1 (ASM) ,La Lomita ,AZ U:9:116 (ASM) ,Pit ,Late Sedentary-early Classic ,Grand Canal Ruins - Abstract
This is the second of two volumes presenting the results of data recovery investigations at the Dutch Canal Ruin (AZ T:12:62 [ ASM]), conducted by Desert Archaeology, Inc., at the western end of the North Runway, Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport. The Dutch Canal Ruin is a prehistoric agricultural site, dating between 1,700 and 500 years ago, consisting of fieldhouses and farmsteads scattered along a network of canals on the geological floodplain of the Salt River. The first volume (Henderson, ed. 2003) presented site-specific results of the Sky Harbor Airport (SHA) North Runway Expansion project. Descriptions of features and data recovery methods, analyses of artifacts and biological remains, and a synthesis that elucidates the activities of prehistoric farmers at the Dutch Canal Ruin are included there. The current volume, in contrast, includes an assortment of specialized studies whose ultimate purpose was to enhance our ability to interpret and understand the prehistoric past. This chapter provides background for the direction of SHA research and context for the specific studies. more...
- Published
- 2004
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85. A 10th Century Hohokam Camp Along New River. Archaeological Investigations at AZ T:8:86 (ASM), Peoria, Arizona
- Author
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System User
- Subjects
Historic Background Research ,Fire Cracked Rock ,Roasting Pit / Oven / Horno ,Chipped Stone ,Phoenix Basin ,Peoria, AZ ,Hohokam ,Lithic Analysis ,Arizona (State / Territory) ,Artifact Scatter ,Ceramic ,Wood ,Pollen Analysis ,Archaeological Overview ,Research Design / Data Recovery Plan ,Data Recovery / Excavation ,Fauna ,Ground Stone ,Pit ,Sheet Midden ,Pollen ,Records Search / Inventory Checking ,Huhugam ,Az T:8:86 (ASM) ,Corn Cob Fragment - Abstract
This report presents the results of archaeological investigations at AZ T:8:86 (ASM), a small Hohokam site located in the path of a proposed extension of 83rd Avenue in the City of Peoria. The project area is located in on Arizona State Trust Land, administered by the Arizona State Land Department (ASLD). The City of Peoria, on behalf of the Pivotal Group, applied to the ASLD for a 20 m (65 feet) wide right-of-way for the proposed extension (Application No. 16 104229). The archaeological work was conducted under an Arizona State Museum (ASM) project specific permit (permit number 1998-146ps/ext.). During an archaeological survey of the proposed extension, AZ T:8:86 (ASM) was identified as a Hohokam artifact scatter, and was found to be potentially eligible for inclusion to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) under Criterion D (Ryden et al. 1998). Archaeological testing was conducted in March 1999 to evaluate the eligibility of the site. Testing included mapping, surface collection, 21 backhoe trenches (totaling 210 linear meters), and 4 hand test excavation units (Stubing 1999). Four subsurface features were identified during testing within the project right-of-way, including a possible pithouse, two pits, and a charcoal stain. Further archaeological work was recommended for AZ T:8:86 (ASM) (Stubing 1999:12) and data recovery was conducted in May 1999. more...
- Published
- 1999
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86. The Shaw Butte Hilltop Site: A Prehistoric Hohokam Observatory
- Author
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Bostwick, Todd W. and Plum, Stan
- Subjects
Platform Mound ,Mesoamerican Classic period ,Rock Alignment ,Architectural Survey ,O'odham ,Equinox Markers ,O'odham Mythology ,Circular Platform Mound ,Pueblo Grande ,Metate Slick ,Solstice Positions ,Sierra Estrella ,Rock Shelter ,Geophysical Survey ,Great House / Big House ,Wall opening ,Hohokam ,Baboquivari Mountains ,O'odham Calendar Systems ,Mapping ,Papago Buttes ,Post Hole / Post Mold ,Astroarchaeology ,Southern Arizona ,Environment Research ,Rock Art ,Calendar Systems ,Mound / Earthwork ,Petroglyph ,Tempe, AZ ,Prehistoric Solar Observatories ,Mesoamerican Calendar Systems ,Communal / Public Structure ,Mesa Grande ,Arizona (State / Territory) ,Ball Court ,Domestic Structures ,Tempe Butte ,Pima Calendar Systems ,Petroglyph Design ,Shaw Butte Hilltop Site ,Phoenix Mountains ,Historic Background Research ,Hohokam Calendar Systems ,Geological ,Methodology, Theory, or Synthesis ,Phoenix, AZ ,Hole-in-the-Rock Canyon ,Phoenix Basin ,Salt River Valley ,Macrobotanical ,Ceramic ,Ajo Mountains ,Roof Structure - Abstract
The Sonoran Desert of Southern Arizona was once occupied by the prehistoric Hohokam, a group of agriculturalists who constructed thousands of kilometers of irrigation canals as well as public architecture, including platform mounds and bailcourts. They also appear to have been keen astronomical observers, although the subject of Hohokam archaeoastronomy remains underexplored. This paper summarizes previous Hohokam archaeoastronomy studies, discusses O'odham (Piman) Indian calendar systems, outlines a theoretical framework for studying Hohokam archaeoastronomy, and present the results of a study of a fortified hill site in the Phoenix Mountains, Arizona. This site appears to have served as an observatory, where the Hohokam marked the appearance of solstices and equinoxes with light patterns in an artificially constructed rockshelter, and by the location on the horizon of sunrise and sunset in relation to architectural features. Furthermore, some of the petroglyphs at the site which may be associated with astronomical observations are described. The implications of a Hohokam calendar system also are discussed. more...
- Published
- 1996
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87. Hohokam Farming on the Salt River Floodplain: Excavations at the Sky Harbor Airport North Runway
- Author
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Fernandez, Rachel
- Subjects
Historic ,Site Evaluation / Testing ,Pit House / Earth Lodge ,Roasting Pit / Oven / Horno ,Domestic Structure or Architectural Complex ,Late Pioneer Period ,Domestic Structures ,AZ T:12:131 (ASM) ,Shade Structure / Ramada ,Late Sedentary Period ,Agricultural or Herding ,Shell ,AZ T:12:62 (ASM) ,Archaeological Feature ,Rock Concentration ,Resource Extraction / Production / Transportation Structure or Features ,Phoenix, AZ ,Chipped Stone ,Septic Tank ,Prehistoric ,Funerary and Burial Structures or Features ,Salt River Floodplain ,Canal or Canal Feature ,Hohokam ,Macrobotanical ,Dutch Canal Ruin ,Ceramic ,Cremation ,Canal Patricio system ,Data Recovery / Excavation ,Fauna ,Early Pioneer to middle Classic period ,Ground Stone ,Post Hole / Post Mold ,Ditch ,Pit ,Pollen ,Hearth - Abstract
Archaeological monitoring, testing, and data recovery in advance of construction related to the expansion of Sky Harbor International Airport's North Runway, including the realignment of 24th Street north of Buckeye Road. The work was authorized by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) for the purpose of compliance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, and conducted in accordance with a Memorandum of Agreement (1993) executed by the FAA with the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation and the Arizona State Historic Preservation Office for the treatment of cultural resources on airport property. The archaeological work was prompted by the possibility that prehistoric features related to the Dutch Canal Ruin, AZ T:12:62 (ASM)- a National Register-eligible site situated west of the airport-and prehistoric (Canal Patricio, AZ T:12:131 [ASM]) and historic (Dutch Ditch) canals would be present within the airport grounds. more...
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
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88. MOGOLLON, HOHOKAM, AND O’OTAM: RETHINKING THE EARLY FORMATIVE PERIOD IN SOUTHERN ARIZONA
- Author
-
Stephanie M. Whittlesey
- Subjects
Prehistory ,Formative assessment ,Archeology ,History ,Geography ,Horizon (archaeology) ,Anthropology ,Archaic period ,Archaeology ,Period (music) - Abstract
An important issue in the prehistory of the Early Formative period is cultural affiliation. It is crucial to understanding the origin and development of ceramic period cultures and the relationships between these and Archaic period peoples. In the past, Early Formative period cultures of southern Arizona were identified variously as Hohokam, Mogollon, and O’otam. Recent evidence has demonstrated an Early Formative period culture that was widespread across much of the southern Southwest and characterized uniformly by diagnostic horizon markers. The earliest horizon is marked by a strong Mogollon character in material traits. Our previous notions of cultural affiliation do not explain this cultural pattern well. Two alternative explanations for the phenomenon are the existence of a generalized, widely shared cultural pattern that gave rise to later groups recognized as Hohokam and Mogollon, and the coresidence of different groups on community and regional levels. These models and their implications ... more...
- Published
- 2010
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89. Evolutionary Ecology, Elite Feasting, and the Hohokam: A Case Study from a Southern Arizona Platform Mound
- Author
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Frank E. Bayham and Deanna N. Grimstead
- Subjects
High concentration ,010506 paleontology ,Archeology ,History ,060102 archaeology ,Museology ,06 humanities and the arts ,01 natural sciences ,Archaeology ,Solidarity ,Politics ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,Archaeological research ,Elite ,Social position ,0601 history and archaeology ,Evolutionary ecology ,Animal bone ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
A number of researchers have shown that the abundance, diversity, and size of prey consumed or displayed at a feast can be used by elites to solidify and/or aggrandize their social position. Expectations for archaeological signatures of elite feasting—derived from ethnographic studies, archaeological research, and ecological theory—are used to assess the archaeofaunal record from selected contexts of the Marana platform mound site, located in southern Arizona. The magnitude of work conducted in the region provides a unique opportunity to address the importance of feasting as a mechanism of power consolidation among Hohokam elites. Here, we examine a hypothesized locus of elite feasting among the Classic period Hohokam (ca. A.D. 1250). A relatively high concentration of animal bone derived from a burned room adjacent to the Marana platform mound was first thought to represent debris from elite feasting. Analysis reveals a proportionate taxonomic profile that is similar to the remainder of the community and an overwhelming abundance of small game relative to large prey. Neither situation is consistent with elite feasting expectations. These results argue for a form of feasting among non-elites that likely served to promote intragroup solidarity or political support within the community. more...
- Published
- 2010
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90. Identical rock types with different chemistry: sourcing phyllite-tempered Hohokam pottery from the Phoenix basin, Arizona
- Author
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Joshua Watts and David R. Abbott
- Subjects
Archeology ,Provenance ,biology ,Phyllite ,Rock types ,Pottery ,Structural basin ,Phoenix ,biology.organism_classification ,Archaeology ,Geology - Abstract
The organization of ceramic production and distribution among the ancient Hohokam of the Phoenix basin, Arizona, has been documented in recent years with much detail. Based on diverse temper and clay compositions, the provenance of individual ceramics is routinely determined with considerable precision. One exception is phyllite-tempered pottery, which was made in one corner of the basin but also across a broad upland zone adjacent to the north. The phyllite-tempered pottery from different production sources cannot be distinguished on the basis of their temper type. As shown with assays with an electron microprobe, however, both the temper and clay fractions are chemically diverse and geographically distinct, allowing many of the phyllite-tempered wares to be sourced. Among the phyllite-tempered ceramics consumed in the Phoenix basin, some are shown to have been made locally, but, surprisingly, large numbers were imported from the northern uplands. Their numbers support the idea that the connection between the Phoenix basin and the northern uplands was a prominent component of the Hohokam regional economy despite the great difference between them in settlement size and density. more...
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
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91. Hohokam Palettes from the Gila Bend Region
- Author
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Devin Alan White
- Subjects
Geography ,biology ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Structural basin ,Phoenix ,biology.organism_classification ,Colonialism ,Archaeology ,General Environmental Science - Abstract
Palettes, generally found in Hohokam archaeological sites dating to the Colonial through the Sedentary Periods (ad 750-1150), have been studied by a number of researchers over the past eight decades. Much progress has been made toward understanding how they were made, how they were used, and what they meant to the Hohokam people, but much about them remains unknown. Although the best-studied specimens come from the area around Phoenix, many have been found in regions peripheral to the Phoenix Basin, such as the Gila Bend area to the southwest. more...
- Published
- 2010
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92. Hohokam Red-on-Buff Vessel Function: Perspectives from the Norton Allen Collection
- Author
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Owen Lindauer
- Subjects
Prehistory ,History ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Assemblage (archaeology) ,Pottery ,Archaeology ,General Environmental Science - Abstract
More than twenty years have passed since I completed my PhD disserta tion at Arizona State University in Tempe. It was a study of Hohokam Sacaton Red-on-buff vessel forms and painted designs whose source of data, for the most part, consisted of items in museum collections. The only privately owned pottery I examined were vessels owned by Norton Allen. Norton's large and diverse collection contributed valuable informa tion about the communities who once inhabited the Gila Bend area. Two decades ago, archaeologists studied how pottery vessels were used in order to better understand prehistoric communities. The function of Hohokam decorated pottery?especially red-on-buff pottery?was poorly understood. This article examines how red-on-buff vessels were used during the Sacaton Phase, mcluding the ways that these decorated vessels and their contents may have moved among Hohokam communi ties through networks of exchange. The pottery collected by Norton, which is now housed in the Arizona State Museum (ASM), represents the largest assemblage of whole vessels from Gila Bend. When ASM archaeologists conducted excavations in the area in the late 1950s and early 1960s, they found few whole vessels because they focused on architecture, but the report about this work more...
- Published
- 2010
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93. Archaeological Testing for the Proposed Hohokam Corporate Center, Phoenix, Maricopa County, Arizona
- Author
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Stubing, Michael, Mitchell, Douglas R., and Moore, Darby J.
- Subjects
Historic ,Site Evaluation / Testing ,AZ U:9:186 (ASM) ,Phoenix, Arizona ,Phoenix Basin ,Prehistoric ,Canal or Canal Feature ,Hohokam ,Arizona (State / Territory) ,Ceramic ,Research Design / Data Recovery Plan ,Data Recovery / Excavation ,Shell ,Records Search / Inventory Checking ,Huhugam ,Glass ,Maricopa (County) ,Classic Period ,Archaeomagnetic Analysis ,Artifact Analysis - Abstract
This report presents the results of archaeological testing conducted within the proposed Hohokam Corporate Center in Phoenix, Arizona. The testing was requested by V.T., Inc. to assess cultural resources in the Bureau of Reclamation (BOR) corridor that exists within the larger parcel. Proposed plans for the parcel include the development of the Hohokam Corporate Center, which would entail ground disturbing activities. The testing program was initiated to identify any cultural properties within the Bureau of Reclamation parcel, and to evaluate their potential for inclusion to the National Register of Historic Places. The testing parcel consisted of a corridor approximately 420 m (1378 feet) long north-south, and 12 m (40 feet) east-west. The corridor was based on the location of an historic canal, known as the San Francisco Canal, to which the Bureau of Reclamation has title. The centerline of the canal was staked prior to the archaeological testing by surveyors using historic property descriptions of the canal location. The project right-of-way corridor is 40 ft wide, extending 20 feet (6 m) to either side of the centerline stakes. Archaeological testing within the project corridor located four features consisting of two prehistoric canals, the historic canal that had been previously located, and a prehistoric burned surface. The features were collectively assigned site number AZ U:9:186 (ASM). None of the features are considered to be eligible for the National Register of Historic Places, and no further archaeological work is recommended. more...
- Published
- 1998
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94. Extensive and Long-Term Specialization: Hohokam Ceramic Production in the Phoenix Basin, Arizona
- Author
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David R. Abbott
- Subjects
010506 paleontology ,Archeology ,History ,River valley ,060102 archaeology ,biology ,Museology ,06 humanities and the arts ,Structural basin ,biology.organism_classification ,01 natural sciences ,Archaeology ,Prehistory ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,Specialization (functional) ,Period (geology) ,0601 history and archaeology ,Pottery ,Phoenix ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
The ceramic evidence from 10 sites in the lower Salt River valley, Arizona, represents the entire temporal interval defined as the pre-Classic era of Hohokam prehistory. These data indicate that nearly all of the clay pots consumed in the valley over a period lasting six centuries were manufactured by just a few potter groups. The uninterrupted duration, high volume, and the large variety of vessel forms and wares produced for exchange may have been unparalleled in the prehistoric Southwest. A temporally comprehensive model of pottery manufacture in the Phoenix basin is presented, its implications for the origins of specialization, and the influence of intensive irrigation are discussed. In addition, the implications are considered for a previously published model of the Hohokam economy centered on marketplace transactions (Abbott, Smith, and Gallaga 2007). more...
- Published
- 2009
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95. Hohokam and Historic Land Use of the Middle Gila River Valley Uplands: The Florence Army National Guard Survey, Pinal County, Arizona
- Author
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Deaver, William L. and Altschul, Jeffrey H.
- Subjects
Historic ,AZ U:15:196 (ASM) ,World War II ,AZ U:15:218 (ASM) ,Mine-Related Structures ,Domestic Structure or Architectural Complex ,Artifact Scatter ,AZ U:15:193 (ASM) ,AZ U:15:183 (ASM) ,AZ U:15:199 (ASM) ,AZ U:15:189 (ASM) ,AZ U:15:224 (ASM) ,AZ U:15:179 (ASM) ,Santan Mountains ,Building Materials ,Florence ,AZ U:15:211 (ASM) ,AZ U:15:221 (ASM) ,Sedentary Period ,AZ U:15:201 (ASM) ,AZ U:15:186 (ASM) ,Archaeological Feature ,AZ U:15:222 (ASM) ,AZ U:15:209 (ASM) ,Metal ,AZ U:15:187 (ASM) ,AZ U:15:202 (ASM) ,AZ U:15:180 (ASM) ,AZ U:15:214 (ASM) ,Florence Junction, AZ ,AZ U:15:217 (ASM) ,Hohokam ,Wood ,Isolated Feature ,Heritage Management ,AZ U:15:210 (ASM) ,Ground Stone ,AZ U:15:192 (ASM) ,Rock Art ,Gila River ,AZ U:15:195 (ASM) ,Reymert Mines ,Petroglyph ,AZ U:15:225 (ASM) ,AZ U:15:205 (ASM) ,AZ U:15:203 (ASM) ,Pit House / Earth Lodge ,Fire Cracked Rock ,AZ U:15:188 (ASM) ,Mine ,Arizona (State / Territory) ,AZ U:15:194 (ASM) ,AZ U:15:223 (ASM) ,Domestic Structures ,AZ U:15:198 (ASM) ,AZ U:15:213 (ASM) ,AZ U:15:178 (ASM) ,AZ U:15:216 (ASM) ,AZ U:15:206 (ASM) ,AZ U:15:226 (ASM) ,Florence Military Reservation ,Colonial Hohokam ,AZ U:15:191 (ASM) ,AZ U:15:181 (ASM) ,AZ U:15:190 (ASM) ,AZ U:15:177 (ASM) ,Resource Extraction / Production / Transportation Structure or Features ,Consultation ,AZ U:15:219 (ASM) ,Chipped Stone ,AZ U:15:197 (ASM) ,AZ U:15:212 (ASM) ,AZ U:15:204 (ASM) ,Quarry ,Systematic Survey ,Ceramic ,AZ U:15:207 (ASM) ,AZ U:LS:176 (ASM) ,AZ U:15:200 (ASM) ,AZ U:L5:208 (ASM) ,Euroamerican ,AZ U:15:220 (ASM) ,AZ U:15:185 (ASM) ,AZ U:15:182 (ASM) ,Glass ,AZ U:15:215 (ASM) ,AZ U:LS:184 (ASM) - Abstract
This document presents the results of a cultural resources survey of approximately 1,500 acres within the Florence Military Reservation (FMR) and adjoining State Trust Lands held in a special !and use permit (SLP) for military training exercises in Pinal County, Arizona. The project area is located north by northeast of Florence along U.S. 89). In addition to nine firing points, approximately 9.6 km of access roads were surveyed by Statistical Research, Inc. (SRI). A records check at the Arizona State Museum by the Arizona National Guard and SRI revealed that no known sites were within the proposed impact areas, but the specific areas mentioned above had never been surveyed. Other archaeological work had located several sites in the immediate project area so we expected to find cultural resources in the survey areas. The purpose of this cultural resources survey was to investigate the proposed firing points and access roads to locate cultural resources in the project area and make preliminary evaluations of their potential eligibility for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). In all, 51 archaeological sites and 294 additional isolated archaeological resources were identified in the project areas. Although the presence of archaeological resources was anticipated from previous studies, the number of sites was nevertheless surprising. The archaeological resources identified resulted from two very different uses of the landscape during two distinct periods. The earliest evidence of human activities in the project areas is attributable to the Colonial and Sedentary periods (ca. A.D. 775–1125) of the Hohokam cultural tradition. The evidence indicates that the Hohokam were farming on the Cottonwood Canyon alluvial fan, perhaps even using canal irrigation. These agricultural activities appear to have been the central focus of this occupation. The Hohokam are usually characterized as a cultural tradition focused on riverine agriculture, and in fact, the Gila River appears to have been the core of the Hohokam population. The intensive use of these upland, non-riverine areas indicates that the Hohokam agricultural adaptation was diversified and incorporated non-riverine as well as riverine farming strategies. more...
- Published
- 1994
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96. Late Preclassic Hohokam Land Use in the Middle Gila River Valley: A View from Florence Military Installation and Adjacent Areas
- Author
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Peter Pagoulatos
- Subjects
Current (stream) ,Archeology ,River valley ,Geography ,Land use ,business.industry ,Distribution (economics) ,business ,Archaeology ,Military installation - Abstract
Late pre-Classic (A.D. 750-1150) Hohokam land use of the middle Gila River Valley in southern Arizona is still poorly understood. Current site distribution data from Florence Military Reservation and adjacent areas indicate that unlike settlement and subsistence behavior existed in lowland and upland, or bajada zones. Early village formation and irrigation technology appear to have first developed in the lowlands, along the Gila River during the early pre-Classic (A.D. 300-750) and subsequently spread to the bajada. By the late pre-Classic, lowland village groups were focused upon irrigation agriculture, while village groups inhabiting the bajada were characterized by a more diverse range of farming strategies, including floodwater (ak chin), dry farming, and perhaps even limited irrigation-based technology. Regionally, late pre-Classic villages were very likely integrated into an interdependent economic system, based upon the presence of ballcourts with presumed marketplaces, where commodities were exchanged. Also, by the late pre-Classic, a degree of Territorial Sedentism existed, with village-based communities inhabiting lowland and bajada zones representing separate territorial units. more...
- Published
- 2012
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97. The process, location, and history of Hohokam Buff ware production: some experimental and analytical results
- Author
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David R. Abbott
- Subjects
Prehistory ,Archeology ,History ,Manufacturing process ,Pottery ,Archaeology - Abstract
A distinctive red-on-buff pottery, found throughout central and southern Arizona, is a hallmark of prehistoric Hohokam culture. To manufacture it, Hohokam potters used a complicated recipe and controls for firing to chemically manipulate their clay and produce a light-colored fabric on which to paint their red designs. In this study, firing experiments and ceramic analysis are used in conjunction with excavation evidence to evaluate competing ideas about the buff ware manufacturing process, investigate where the pots were made, and model the developmental history of red-on-buff production. more...
- Published
- 2008
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98. Hohokam Residential Organization at Kearny, Arizona
- Author
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David E. Doyel
- Subjects
Archeology ,Geography ,Subsistence agriculture ,Excavation ,Archaeology ,Chronology - Abstract
A Hohokam Sacaton phase (A.D. 950–1100) courtyard group excavated at Kearny along the Gila River in central Arizona (designated AZ V: 13:201[ASM]) consists of seven houses and associated features. The features, material culture, chronology, subsistence, growth sequence, activity structure, group size, and formation and abandonment processes of this courtyard group are discussed. The findings reinforce the interpretation that courtyard groups were fundamental features of Hohokam society and were a common form of residential organization across the region. The study highlights the value of spatial studies in the analysis of archaeological sites. more...
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
99. Archaeological Investigations at the Gila Butte Site: Hohokam Irrigation and Economic Systems Along the Gila River, Arizona
- Author
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Motsinger, Thomas N.
- Subjects
Site Evaluation / Testing ,Pit House / Earth Lodge ,Dating Sample ,Domestic Structure or Architectural Complex ,Domestic Structures ,Phoenix ,Archaeological Overview ,Agricultural or Herding ,Gila Butte Site ,Refuse Pit ,Shell ,Building Materials ,post-Classic Polvoron ,Archaeological Feature ,Sedentary ,Resource Extraction / Production / Transportation Structure or Features ,Classic Hohokam ,Chipped Stone ,Arizona ,Prehistoric ,Gila Butte ,Canal or Canal Feature ,Hohokam ,Macrobotanical ,Ceramic ,AZ U:13:76 (ASM) ,SACATON ,Ground Stone ,Post Hole / Post Mold ,Pit ,Pollen ,Gila River ,AZ U:13:18 (ASM) - Abstract
This report details the results of testing and data recovery efforts in the northern portion of the Gila Butte Site, a medium-sized Hohokam village located on the north side of the Gila River south of Phoenix, Arizona. Although the main portion of the site has not been subjected to substantial data recovery efforts, the primary occupation of the site is believed to date at least from the Estrella phase through the Sacaton phase of the Hohokam sequence (ca. A.D. 500-1100 [Dean 1991]), although minor components suggest that Archaic, Classic period Hohokam, and Protohistoric Piman peoples also made use of the site. The site’s greatest research potential lies in its apparent position as the prime supplier of micaceous-schist tempering material for Hohokam buff, red, and plain pottery. It is also possible, if not probable, that the residents of the site specialized in the production of some, most, or all of the distinctive buffware pottery that was used throughout the Hohokam region. Several canals and other agriculture-related features were recorded during the present project. In addition to adding to our understanding of irrigation agriculture at the Gila Butte Site, the project met with some success in providing additional data and presenting new, testable models related to Gila Butte’s position in the irrigation communities north of the Gila River and the site’s possible economic relationship with Snaketown and the rest of the Hohokam regional system. more...
- Published
- 1993
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100. Hematite sources and archaeological ochres from Hohokam and O’odham sites in central Arizona: an experiment in type identification and characterization
- Author
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Michael D. Glascock, B. Sunday Eiselt, Rachel S. Popelka-Filcoff, and J. Andrew Darling
- Subjects
Archeology ,biology ,Archaeological record ,Structural basin ,Hematite ,biology.organism_classification ,Archaeology ,Prehistory ,Craft production ,visual_art ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,Identification (biology) ,Rock art ,Phoenix ,Geology - Abstract
The use of ochre is a defining characteristic of populations living in the Sonoran Desert of the American Southwest. Red pigments and paints were used for craft production, bodily adornment, rock art, and in mortuary contexts. Hematite and other iron-oxides are common components of this pigment that frequently appear in the archaeological record in a variety of forms and in various stages of production. Beyond this, very little is known about these materials. This paper describes the collection of potential geological sources of ochre in the Phoenix Basin and presents a methodology for the identification of processed paints. Geological sources samples are characterized using instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) and compared to raw materials recovered archaeologically from the Gila River Indian Community reservation. This preliminary study indicates that iron-oxide sources can be distinguished from each other and that artifacts can be matched to these sources, revealing local procurement along the Gila River by Hohokam and O’odham artisans and continuity in use of one source from the prehistoric period to the present. more...
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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