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This study explored the concept of state in Lontara Latoa, which was used as a political reference in the kingdom of Bone since the Seventh Bone King La Tenrirawe Bongkangnge then became a political book in the land of Bugis. The concept of the state which was used as a theoretical reference was an institution of power that has a government apparatus, people, and zones or areas of power. These three elements would serve as theoretical instruments for sorting Latoa texts that talk about these three things. This research method was qualitative with the type of literature because the object of study studied was Latoa Lontara text. The data source of this research was Lontara Latoa collected by B.F. Matthes which was still written in Lontara script. The results of this study provided a state construct in the paradigm of the Bugis community as outlined in Lontara Latoa.

In 1664 Molière and his troupe played in the gardens of Versailles, in front of the Sun King, La Princesse d'Elide a rewriting of the Desdén con el Desdén by Moreto. As Maria Grazia Profeti pointed out in her writings, Genette's analysis still allows, after some time from the critical works of the critic, to avoid the ever-present and threatening obstacles of moral, formal or aesthetic value judgements accompanied by the more or less declared idea of superiority or inferiority of an author or a culture and dramaturgy. Entering the Molierian laboratory, after having highlighted how much the French hypertext owes to its Spanish hypotext, the essay tries to recontextualize the pièce within the Royal Festivals of the Plaisirs de île enchantée also in the light of the reception of contemporaries: wearing virtually the spectacles of a spectator of the time, and taking into consideration the transvalorizations carried out by the French playwright, he also tries to grasp the meaning that the Molierian play may have assumed for the Sovereign and the public in the context of the political and sentimental biography of the King of France at that chronological height.

Devouts and Good Frenchmen Louis XIII decided, in the fall of 1627, that he would personally supervise the critical siege of La Rochelle. He mustered a large army, about 30,000 men, and ordered the nobility of the nearby provinces of Guyenne and Poitou to meet him in front of the city. The governor of Poitou, the duke of la Rochefoucauld, arrived with a contingent of 1,500 mounted nobles; dismounting in front of the king, la Rochefoucauld told Louis that “there is not one of these men who is not my relative.” Shortly thereafter, Louis replaced him as governor. Here, in a single incident, we have a summary of the basic problems facing the French state in the 1620s. The governor of a relatively small province is able, on four days' notice, to raise a private army of 1,500 mounted nobles, all of whom are his client-relatives. La Rochefoucauld's feat was hardly atypical: in 1621, the duke of Epernon, governor of Guyenne, raised a similar number of nobles for a campaign against Bearn; the duke of la Tremoille once raised 3,000 men in 24 hours. The grandees ( grands ) regularly traveled with armed noble entourages of 100 to 300 men; they had military clients throughout their governorships, although the southern provinces tended to have rival factions rather than one coherent clientage network. One can imagine the effect upon the deputies of the estates of Brittany of the arrival of the duke of Rohan and his 150 mounted clients or of the baron of Pontchâteau and his armed 100.

‘Count John of Nassau, their so-called stadholder, is assembling troops in order to force the north-eastern provinces into accepting the damnable Union of Utrecht’.1 This is how Parma described the new alliance around a year after its creation in a letter to his king — ‘la damnable Union d’Utrecht’.

Burton Pollin argues that, despite Edgar Allan Poe‟s evident legacy in Stephen King‟s fiction, Poe‟s influence on the writings of this author from Maine has often been overlooked and even ignored by Poe scholars. Pollin suggests that King‟s most acclaimed horror novel The Shining (1977) was mostly inspired by Poe‟s gothic tales “The Masque of the Red Death” and “The Fall of the House of Usher.” Taking Pollin‟s premise as a point of departure, this article aims to retrace examples of transtextuality – to use Gerard Genette‟s term − between King‟s novel The Shining and some of Poe‟s gothic tales, thus following Pollin‟s initial proposal, but with the view to analyse different passages from King‟s novel in comparison with other Poe‟s tales that have been hardly mentioned in relation to The Shining.RESUMEN: Burton Pollin defiende que, pese al evidente legado que Edgar Allan Poe atesora en la ficcion de Stephen King, la influencia que Poe ha ejercido en las obras del escritor de Maine a menudo ha sido menospreciada o includo ignorada por parte de los estudiosos de la obra de Poe. Pollin sugiere que la novela de terror mas aclamada de King, El resplandor (1977), fue inspirada principalmente por los relatos goticos de Poe “La mascara de la muerte roja” y “La caida de la casa Usher.” Tomando la premisa de Pollin como punto de partida, este articulo pretende identificar ejemplos de transtextualidad – utilizando el termino de Gerard Genette – entre la novela de King “El resplandor” y relatos de Poe, siguiendo la propuesta inicial de Pollin, pero con el objetivo de analizar diferentes pasajes de la novela de King comparandolos con otros relatos de Poe que apenas han sido mencionados en relacion a El resplandor.