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One of the features that has distinguished industrial relations in Australia from those of other countries in the twentieth century has been the legally binding awards of industrial tribunals. These have occupied the place of collective bargaining elsewhere and the Australian peculiarity has usually been traced back to the great strikes and the defeat of the unions in the 1890s.1 Nevertheless, the events leading up to B. R. Wise's very successful arbitration act of 1901 have received only cursory consideration. The New South Wales Trade Disputes Conciliation and Arbitration Act of 1892, which followed by three months Victoria's Councils of Conciliation Act of 1891, was the second such measure to be passed by any Australasian colony and as a pioneer ing and useful experiment should not be dismissed merely (in the words of William Pember Reeves) as 'an amiable and nicely drafted measure' and 'a not inexpensive piece of waste paper'.2 One line of Labour historians has seen conciliation and arbitration as a Labour achievement. George Black wrongly included it among the planks of the Labor Electoral League platform of 1891 which Henry Parkes promised to implement and he considered J. H. Cann's amendment bill of 1893 to be a Labor party bill, although in fact eight Labor members voted against it.3 L. G. Churchward asserts that the Labor parties provided the main drive for compulsory arbitration in the 'nineties,4 but it should be pointed out that not until 1898 did Labour as a whole press for compulsory awards. The other line of Labour thinking is exemplified by Brian Fitzpatrick who saw that, 'the arbitration system was of the masters' making, not the men's', and that the acts of 1892 and 1901 'were not Labor measures, nor did they necessarily owe much to the Labor Party'. Here the word 'necessarily' converts a precise into an unclear statement, and Fitzpatrick's account shifts uneasily between a denial of Labour paternity for the acts and an admission that Labour pressed for and influenced the legislation. Fitzpatrick did not distinguish between Labour's attitude to voluntary conciliation and to compulsory arbitration and he gave an erroneous account of the act of 1892 which later historians have repeated.5 In seeking the origin of the arbitration system in Australia almost infinite regression is possible. English practice and precedent came

Through a framework that combines literature's observations on traffickers’ policy-based representations with International Relations (IR) theories, this paper explores the representations of traffickers and anti-trafficking government goals in policies of the United Kingdom’s (UK), Scottish and Northern Irish governments. Policies were found to mostly subscribe to a Realist’s viewing of human trafficking, emphasising criminal choices. Still, and despite their growing tendency to focus on a wider range of traffickers, their dominant narrative tends to revolve around trafficking stereotypes, often ignoring the full spectrum of traffickers' identities to promote total human trafficking elimination. This discourse may overstate Britain's trafficking problem, sustaining state legitimacy and intervention and narrowing down the scope of anti-trafficking efforts. Conclusively, to ensure a more effective anti-trafficking response, the UK needs to set more feasible goals and based on an in-depth knowledge of traffickers strive to further enrich the policy-promoted human trafficking narrative.

Vulnerability management strategy, from both organizational and public policy perspectives, hinges on an understanding of the supply of undiscovered vulnerabilities. If the number of undiscovered vulnerabilities is small enough, then a reasonable investment strategy would be to focus on finding and removing the remaining undiscovered vulnerabilities. If the number of undiscovered vulnerabilities is and will continue to be large, then a better investment strategy would be to focus on quick patch dissemination and engineering resilient systems. This paper examines a paradigm, namely that the number of undiscovered vulnerabilities is manageably small, through the lens of mathematical concepts from the theory of computing. From this perspective, we find little support for the paradigm of limited undiscovered vulnerabilities. We then briefly support the notion that these theory-based conclusions are relevant to practical computers in use today. We find no reason to believe undiscovered vulnerabilities are not essentially unlimited in practice and we examine the possible economic impacts should this be the case. Based on our analysis, we recommend vulnerability management strategy adopts an approach favoring quick patch dissemination and engineering resilient systems, while continuing good software engineering practices to reduce (but never eliminate) vulnerabilities in information systems.

In this paper, a Phase-shift-modulated (PS) Resonant Two-switch Boosting Switched-capacitor Converter (RTBSC) and its modulation map are proposed. Compared with the traditional RTBSC, all diodes are replaced by active switches and then phase-shift modulation is applied. The advantages of the modified topology are obtained as follow. 1) The voltage gain can be regulated efficiently either below or above the nominal value even at light-load condition, making it suitable for applications with voltage fluctuations; 2) The conduction loss is reduced by replacing all diodes in RTBSC with low turn-on resistance transistors, especially for high-order and high-gain configuration; 3) All switches achieve the zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) turn-on operation; 4) The soft-charging property smooths the current profile. Aside from the topology modification, a comprehensive analysis of operation principle, voltage gain, component stress and ZVS region is given. On the basis, a modulation map with the optimal operation region is proposed. It provides a guideline to operate and design such converters in the target gain range, low component stress and ZVS region, making up for the lack of modulation map and design guideline in aforementioned literatures. A 120W prototype with low-voltage side 43-60V and high-voltage side 150V was designed to verify the above analyses.

This paper presents a new transistor self-oscillating inverter suitable for high efficiency switch mode power supplies, which can operate directly from high voltages and is free from output transformer saturation problems due to transistor characteristic mismatch. It uses a half-bridge power circuit, consisting of two transistors in one limb and two capacitors in the other. Amongst several advantages of this configuration, the switching transistors need to withstand a minimum voltage equal to the dc supply only and not higher as in conventional circuits, while using only two transistors.

This paper proposes a design method of the feed- forward controller to improve on the non-interference control performance of a single-phase AC/DC PWM converter in parallel for high speed trains. The feed-forward controller compensates interference phenomenon generated by switching converter in parallel. As the secondary leakage inductance in transformer is changed by operating conditions of the trans- former, the gain value of feed-forward controller is calculated by estimating the changed leakage inductance. The estimation procedure of the boost inductance is only based on the variation of input current and the input AC voltage measurement. The estimated boost inductance is optimized by the least square method. Then the controller with gain value can exactly compensate the interference phenomenon. The validity of proposed technique is verified through the MATLAB Simulink simulation results.

Glavni je cilj ovog rada dobiti uvid u oblike i kvalitetu podrške namijenjenu studentima s invaliditetom u visokoškolskom obrazovanju u Republici Hrvatskoj. Uvid je dobiven prilikom analiziranja postojeće dokumentacije i relevantnih rezultata istraživanja. Prilikom analiziranja osam sveučilišta u Republici Hrvatskoj (Split, Zadar, Rijeka, Dubrovnik, Pula, Zagreb, Osijek i Slavonski Brod), dobiven je uvid o tome kako je pozicionirana podrška studentima s invaliditetom u sveučilišnim dokumentima i u pravnim dokumentima Republike Hrvatske te djelovanje i ustrojstvo Ureda za studente s invaliditetom., The main goal of this paper is to gain insight into the forms and quality of support intended for students with disabilities in higher education in the Republic of Croatia. The insight was obtained during the analysis of existing documentation and relevant research results. During the analysis of eight universities in the Republic of Croatia (Split, Zadar, Rijeka, Dubrovnik, Pula, Zagreb, Osijek and Slavonski Brod), an insight was gained into how support for students with disabilities is positioned in university documents and in legal documents of the Republic of Croatia, as well as the operation and organization. Office for students with disabilities.

Serious legal issues have cropped up since the enactment of the Administration of Criminal Justice Act, 2015 in the Federation of Nigeria and the domestication of the law by some or all the States of the Federation. One of the important strictures surrounding the enactment of the law shall dominate this study. It is the doctrine of ‘no case submission.’ For the purpose of this study, in a ruling of a trial Magistrates’ Court sitting at Abbi in Charge No. MAB/22c/2019 Commissioner of Police v. Sunday Usuh the trial Magistrate, His Worship, Edema Doris (Mrs.) Senior Magistrate Grade 1, ruled on the 27th day of May, 2023 that ‘The most recent law of the State which is the Administration of Criminal Justice Law does not make provision of a no case submission. The law does not entertain it. So therefore the defendant is called upon to open his defence in accordance with section 492(3) of the ACJL 2017. The matter is adjourned to the 24th day of June, 2022 for defence.’ Is it true? The facts of the case in Charge No MAB/22c/2019 Commissioner of Police v. Sunday Usuh shall be extensively considered in this discourse. Can a State law do away with the fundamental rights of a citizen as guaranteed by the provisions of the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria and notorious judicial precedence or case law on the point of law? This paper which adopts the doctrinal method seeks to review the Administration of Criminal Justice Law, 2017 of Delta State vis-à-vis the Administration of Criminal Justice Act, 2015, Laws of the Federation of Nigeria and the provision of section 36 of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1999. It will also consider the impact of the State law on judicial precedence and the constitutional rights of a defendant to appeal against any ruling not favourable to him. It concludes that the law is irregular and contrary to well established constitutional provisions and recondite principles of procedural law and should be amended.

This demo paper presents a new sensor focusing on the measurement of real time foot plantar pressure distribution. IEE S.A. releases a single insole-solution for daily usage in order to acquire information on the plantar load dispersion in a large range of shoe configurations. The new High-Dynamic Force-Sensing Resistor (HD-FSR) multi-cell smart insole sensor enables advanced real-time gait analysis applications.

Basic understanding of Islamic inheritance law is important to overcome problems of inheritance in the family. Many families experience conflict in the distribution of inheritance due to a lack of understanding of the principles of Islamic inheritance law. This paper aims to provide a basic understanding of Islamic inheritance law and overcome problems of inheritance in the family. This writing uses a descriptive method by collecting data from literary sources related to Islamic inheritance law. Islamic inheritance law regulates the division of inheritance based on the commandments of Allah SWT in the Al-Quran. The division of inheritance in Islam refers to the principle of equality and justice between heirs. In Islam, there are two types of heirs, namely obligatory heirs and ashabul furudh heirs. Basic understanding of Islamic inheritance law can help overcome problems of inheritance in the family. With a correct understanding of the principles of Islamic inheritance law, the distribution of inheritance can be done fairly and avoid conflicts within the family.

Since Bitcoin, the blockchain space considerably evolved. One crucial piece of software to interact with blockchains and hold private-public key pairs to distinct crypto-assets and securities are wallets. Wallet software can be offered by liable third-parties (‘custodians’) who hold certain rights over assets and transactions. As parties subject to financial regulation, they are to uphold Anti-money Laundering and Combating the Financing of Terrorist (AML/CFT) standards by undertaking Know-Your-Customer (KYC) checks on users of their services.In juxtaposition, wallet software can also be issued without the involvement of a liable third-party. As no KYC is performed and users have full ‘freedom to act’, such ‘non-custodial’ wallet software is popular in criminal undertakings. They are required to interact with peer-to-peer applications and organisations running on blockchains whose benefits are not the subject of this paper. To date, financial regulation fails to adequately address such wallet software because it presumes the existence of a registered, liable entity offering said software. As illustrated in the case of Tornado Cash, financial regulation fails to trace chains of secondary liability. Alas, the considered solution is a systematic surveillance of all transactions.Against this backdrop, this paper sets forth an alternative approach rooted in copyright law. Concepts that pertain to secondary liability prove of value to develop a flexible, principles-based approach to the regulation of non-custodial wallet software that accounts for both, infringing and non-infringing uses.

Background: In a previous paper, we have demonstrated that: (1) local injection of corticosteroids for carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is as effective as decompressive surgery, at 1-year follow-up; and (2) surgery has an additional benefit in the 2-year follow-up. In this study, we assess the long-term outcomes of both therapies in an observational extension of the patients originally enrolled in our randomized clinical trial. Methods: Patients were included in an open, randomized clinical trial, comparing injections versus surgery in CTS. After the end of the clinical trial, patients received the treatment prescribed by their general practitioner or specialist. Therapeutic failure was defined as the need of any new therapeutic intervention on the involved wrist. Comparison between groups was made using Cox multiple regression analysis. Estimation of the accumulated incidence of new therapeutic failure was made considering the withdrawal as a competitive risk (Gooley’s test). Results: Of 163 randomized wrists at the beginning of the study, only 148 were available at the final follow-up. The mean follow-up was 6.3 and the median was 5.9 years. In the long-term follow-up, the accumulated incidence of therapeutic failure in the surgery group was 11.6% versus 41.8% in the injection group. The Cox multiple regression analysis showed a risk of failure associated with injection group of 4.5 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.1-9.8; P < .0001). Conclusions: In long-term follow-up, surgery seems more effective than local corticosteroid injections in primary CTS. Nonetheless, about 58% of the patients in the injection group will not need further therapeutic interventions during the follow-up.

Funding Information: This work was supported by the Directorate-General Environment of the European Commission (Grant Number 110661/2018/794607/SUB/ENV.C2 ). Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia ( FCT , Portugal), through the strategic projects , and the project LA/P/0069/2020 granted to the Associate Laboratory ARNET - Aquatic Research Network. We are very grateful to all partners of the RAGES (Risk Based Approaches to Good Environmental Status; https://www.msfd.eu/rages/rages.html) consortium for discussions during the development of this work, particularly to Jean-Marc Brignon and Valentin Chapon for their contributions to discussions around the application of the ELECTRE II approach. We are also indebted to the RAGES partners as well as to invited experts that contributed to the NIS lists and to the HS exercise. Finally, we would like to thank two anonymous reviewers for their remarks, which improved the quality of this work. Publisher Copyright: © 2023 The Authors Risk-based Approaches (RBA) are increasingly playing an explicit and important role in a number of environmental regulations across Europe and globally. In this paper, we summarise a generic RBA developed for the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) and its application to two descriptors of Good Environmental Status (GES) for marine waters, Non-Indigenous Species and Underwater Energy and Noise (Descriptors 2 and 11). We provide an overview of the findings and outcomes emerging from the application, which focus on identifying common advantages as well as common challenges encountered in the application of the RBA. Recommendations are then made, aimed at identifying potential solutions to the common problems, particularly in relation to data and expert-judgement approaches. Further recommendations address the development of governance structures to facilitate the uptake of risk-based approaches at the level of the MSFD common implementation strategy. Finally, some general and specific recommendations are made to effectively embed RBA and enhance regional cooperation for future implementation of the MSFD. publishersversion published

We find ourselves at a critical crossroads for the future governance of the high seas, but the perceived remoteness of the global ocean creates a psychological barrier for people to engage with it. Given challenges of overexploitation, inequitable access and other sustainability and equity concerns, current ocean governance mechanisms are not fit-for-purpose. This decade offers opportunities for direct impact on ocean governance, however, triggering a global transformation on how we use and protect the half of our planet requires a concerted effort that is guided by shared values and principles across regions and sectors. The aim of the series of workshops outlined in this paper, was to undertake a futures thinking process that could use the Nature Futures Framework as a mechanism to bring more transformative energy into how humans conceptualise the high seas and therefore how we aim to govern the ocean. We found that engaging with the future through science fiction narratives allowed a more radical appreciation of what could be and infusing science with artistic elements can inspire audiences beyond academia. Thus, creative endeavours of co-production that promote and encourage imagination to address current challenges should be considered as important tools in the science-policy interface, also as a way to elicit empathetic responses. This workshop series was a first, and hopefully promising, step towards generating a more creative praxis in how we imagine and then act for a better future for the high seas.

We find ourselves at a critical crossroads for the future governance of the high seas, but the perceived remoteness of the global ocean creates a psychological barrier for people to engage with it. Given challenges of overexploitation, inequitable access and other sustainability and equity concerns, current ocean governance mechanisms are not fit-for-purpose. This decade offers opportunities for direct impact on ocean governance, however, triggering a global transformation on how we use and protect the half of our planet requires a concerted effort that is guided by shared values and principles across regions and sectors. The aim of the series of workshops outlined in this paper, was to undertake a futures thinking process that could use the Nature Futures Framework as a mechanism to bring more transformative energy into how humans conceptualise the high seas and therefore how we aim to govern the ocean. We found that engaging with the future through science fiction narratives allowed a more radical appreciation of what could be and infusing science with artistic elements can inspire audiences beyond academia. Thus, creative endeavours of co-production that promote and encourage imagination to address current challenges should be considered as important tools in the science-policy interface, also as a way to elicit empathetic responses. This workshop series was a first, and hopefully promising, step towards generating a more creative praxis in how we imagine and then act for a better future for the high seas.

The paper argues that protecting post-mortem privacy is not solely beneficial for the deceased and their relatives but enables intergenerational data-sharing. However, legal approaches alone are unlikely to generate the trust required and need to be supplemented with tools that assist data subjects in controlling what data they risk sharing more efficiently and, which they prefer to delete. Using the example of Dickens' “Bonfire of letters” as an example, we argue that the main challenge for law and digital technology is the cumulative risk of data breadcrumbs, which are likely to be individually harmless. Based on research within the EPSRC project “Cumulative Revelations of Personal Data”, we discuss how our findings indicate possible avenues to assist in more efficient intergenerational data sharing.

The conflict between Israel and the Palestinians had ebbs and flows during the last century. The principle agreement between Israel and the Palestinians signed in 1994 was one of the milestones in that conflict and planted hopes for peaceful end of that conflict. The violent conflict that began in September 2000 was a bitter remainder that the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is far from being solved. This conflict began while the two participants had different intent and perspectives. During that conflict Israel had to change its national security strategy and used different means to achieve its strategies. In this paper I will provide a historical background to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and information about Israel s national security strategy. Secondly, I will explore the internal Israeli debate regarding Israel's borders. Thirdly, I will discuss former Prime Minister Barak s policy, and Prime Minister Sharon s policy. I will evaluate the leadership challenge of General Mofaz as the Chief of Staff of the Israeli military. Finally, at the conclusion of this paper, I will analyze the strategic consequences of the Defensive Shield operation.

Recent analyses of least-sensitive inflection points in derivatives of the microcanonical entropy for the two-dimensional Ising model revealed higher-order transition signals in addition to the well-studied second-order ferromagnetic/paramagnetic phase transition. In this paper, we re-analyze the exact density of states for the one-dimensional Ising chain as well as the strips with widths/lengths of up to 64/1024 spins, in search of potential transition features. While some transitions begin to emerge as the strip width increases, none are found for the chain, as might be expected., 19 pages, 9 figures

For the realization of future wireless networks, gigabit wireless technology which can achieve higher-than-1Gbps data transmission with extremely low transmit power is indispensable. We have been studying the distributed antenna network (DAN) and the frequency-domain wireless signal processing. In DAN, many antennas or clusters of antennas are spatially distributed over a service area and they are connected by means of optical fiber links with DAN signal processing center (SPC). A number of distributed antennas cooperatively serve mobile users using spatial multiplexing, diversity, array or relaying technique. In this paper, the recent research advances of gigabit DAN and its related wireless techniques are introduced.

How can foster care in Portugal be defined and characterized today? How relevant is it in the child protection system? What main obstacles does it have to overcome and what challenges is it facing? The purpose of this article is to reflect upon foster care, on the basis of its new legal framework (Decreto-Lei n.º 11/2008, 17 January), analyzing the different types of fostering it foresees, as well as the mechanisms of foster career selection, training, and support. In its conclusion, the paper presents a number of ideas on the future of foster care in Portugal., Como se define e caracteriza, na actualidade, o acolhimento familiar em Portugal? Qual a expressão que assume no sistema de protecção, quais os principais obstáculos e desafios que enfrenta? O objectivo deste artigo é reflectir sobre o acolhimento familiar a partir do seu novo quadro normativo (o Decreto-Lei n.º 11/2008, de 17 de Janeiro), caracterizar os diferentes tipos de acolhimento nele propostos, bem como os mecanismos de selecção e de formação das famílias de acolhimento, os processos de preparação, acompanhamento e cessação da colocação, e apresentar algumas reflexões sobre o futuro do acolhimento familiar em Portugal.

This paper focuses on the means by which the City Hall of Rio Janeiro implemented a policy for the preservation of local cultural heritage and used legal instruments available to the protection of intangible heritage, notably from 2013, as of the creation of a new category: The Traditional and Notable Economic Activities`s Book of Registry. The research is based on the debate about the conception of the Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) as an analytical category, in order to recognize that the ICH carries a challenging potential capable of supporting the struggles of historically subalternized groups and subjects, thus revealing the essentially political nature of this category. The development of the research intends to demonstrate that Rio`s intangible heritage was captured by the entrepreneurial logic, which led to the neutralization of the challenging power of this category and permitted the beginning of the memory deletion process of those historically subalternized subjects and groups.

Garry Young has made three objections against Sebastian Ostritsch’s endorsement view on the immorality of computer games. In this paper, we want to defend the endorsement view against all three of them., Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DE), Projekt DEAL

L'objectiu del present article és analitzar el poder de les patents i el seu paper en la confrontació actual entre el dret a la salut (pública) i els drets a la propietat intel·lectual (patents), tots dos reconeguts per la Declaració Universal de Drets Humans. Aquest poder es basa en el control monopolístic de material biològic mitjançant les patents biotecnològiques conegudes com “patents de la vida”. L'Oficina Espanyola de Patents i Marques defineix les patents com “un títol que reconeix el dret d'explotar en exclusiva una invenció, impedint a altres la seva fabricació, venda o utilització sense consentiment del titular”. Aquest monopoli permet establir preus molt elevats, condemnant a milers de persones al que denominem “Bioprecarietat” entesa com a violència estructural contra la vida per la manca d'accés a productes patentats bàsics per a la supervivència (vacunes, llavors, medicaments, tractaments o kits de diagnòstic). En l'escenari de la pandèmia del Covid-19, la Bioprecarietat ha estat protagonista, especialment en el desigual repartiment de les vacunes entre països rics i pobres. La nostra proposta és crear un marc normatiu i comitès d'ètica de patents que serveixin per a posar límits ètics a les patents segons els criteris de responsabilitat i cautela; justícia global; i capacitats i desenvolupament humà., This article is focused on the analysis of the power of patents and their role in the current confrontation between the right to (public) health and the right to Intellectual property (patents), which are both human rights recognised by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. This power is based on the monopoly controlling life (biological material) by means of biotechnological patents or “patents of life”. The Spanish Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as “a title recognising the right to exclusively exploit an invention, preventing third parties from manufacturing, selling or using it without prior consent of the owner”. This monopoly involves high prices for patented products, which condemns thousands of people to what we call “bioprecariousness” defined as structural violence against life due to the lack of access to basic patented products (vaccines, seeds, medicines, treatments and tests). Bioprecariousness has also been present in the Covid-19 pandemic, given that there has been an unequal distribution of vaccines between rich and poor countries. We propose a new ethical framework and ethical patent committees aimed at setting ethical limits to patents according to the criteria of responsibility and caution; global justice, and capabilities and human development., El objetivo del presente artículo es analizar el poder de las patentes y su papel en la confrontación actual entre el derecho a la salud (pública) y los derechos a la propiedad intelectual (patentes), ambos reconocidos por la Declaración Universal de Derechos Humanos. Este poder se basa en el control monopolístico de material biológico mediante las patentes biotecnológicas o “patentes de la vida”. La Oficina Española de Patentes y Marcas define las patentes como “un título que reconoce el derecho de explotar en exclusiva una invención, impidiendo a otros su fabricación, venta o utilización sin consentimiento del titular”. Este monopolio permite establecer precios elevados a los productos patentados, condenando a miles de personas a lo que denominamos “bioprecariedad” entendida como la violencia estructural contra la vida por la falta de acceso a productos patentados básicos para la supervivencia (vacunas, semillas, medicamentos, tratamientos o kits de diagnóstico). En el escenario de la pandemia del Covid-19, la Bioprecariedad ha sido la protagonista, especialmente en el desigual reparto de las vacunas entre países ricos y países pobres. Nuestra propuesta es crear un marco normativo y comités de ética de patentes que sirva para poner límites éticos a las patentes según los criterios de responsabilidad y cautela; justicia global; y capacidades y desarrollo humano.

Although the legal regulation of this contract as a special named modality of the basic type of contract of sale was missing in our positive legislation, its significance for today’s modern legal transactions is undoubted. Sales contracts with the right of redemption are still concluded today and are an integral part of the living organisms of our contractual contract law. This was also noticed by the Commission for the Drafting of the Civil Code of the Republic of Serbia, which envisaged the legal regulation of this important legal work in the Pre-Draft of the new Civil Code. In this way, the intention of the Commission to finally fill the legal gap that still exists in the Serbian contract law regarding the legal regulation of this legal transaction as a special named contract was expressed. Sales contracts with the right of redemption are valid legal transactions that still produce legal effects, under the condition that they are concluded in accordance with the general principles of our contract law, within the limits prescribed by positive laws and regulations and are not contrary to public order and good customs. In this paper, the author looks at the origin and historical development of this modality of the contract of sale, the concept, features and subject of the contract, including the rights and obligations of the parties, presented significant understandings of legal science on the legal nature and duration of contracts of sale and pointed out the need for its legal regulation as a named contract.

In this paper were listed analysed and commented examples from legislative national and international laws which reflect the growing concern to protect, recover and make public the cultural heritage and, consequently, influence the development of cultural tourism in a sustained way in diferents territories and geographies, villages and cities, regions and countries. The Portuguese Cathedrals Route, created by legislative decision in a signed Protocol between the Portuguese State and the Portuguese Episcopal Conference is a very good example. &nbsp, Este artículo enumera, analiza y comenta ejemplos de legislación nacional e internacional que reflejan la creciente preocupación por proteger, recuperar y hacer público el Patrimonio Cultural y, en consecuencia, influir en el desarrollo del Turismo Cultural de forma sostenible en diferentes territorios y geografías, desde pueblos a ciudades pasando por regiones y países. Un buen ejemplo es la Ruta Portuguesa de las Catedrales, creada por decisión legislativa en un protocolo firmado entre el Estado portugués y la Conferencia Episcopal Portuguesa., Neste artigo foram listados, analisados e comentados exemplos de legislação nacional e internacional que refletem a preocupação crescente de proteger, recuperar e tornar público o Património Cultural e, consequentemente influenciar o desenvolvimento do Turismo Cultural de forma sustentadaem territórios e geografias diversas, de aldeias a cidades passando por regiões e países. Um bom exemplo é a rota das catedrais portuguesas, criada por decisão legislativa em protocolo assinado entre o Estado português e a Conferência Episcopal Portuguesa.[1] &nbsp

Introduction. In today's globalized society, the problems of inter-civilizational relations tend to intensify, because one of themanifestations of globalization is the uneven economic and socio-cultural development of different peoples, regions, civilizations, etc.The aim is to study the political-legal dimension of inter-civilizational challenges of the globalized world from socio-philosophicalpositions. Research methodology. The research uses cultural-civilizational and dialectical methods in their integrative combination.Axiological and historical approaches were also used, which contributed to a deeper understanding of the political and legal dimensionsof the inter-civilizational challenges of the globalized world. Research results. It is emphasized that the positions of Westernresearchers of civilizational development reflect the self-awareness of the superiority of Western European society. This entailsinconsistencies in the correlation of the terms "civilization" and "globalization" and the ambiguity of the term "civilization" itself: on theone hand, it presupposes certain universalist principles of development, and on the other hand, it clearly contains orientalism, thuscalling into question the existence of non-Western forms of civilization. Discussion. In this way, one of the tools of globalization ishyperdiffusionism, which is based on the principle that one civilization, race, or one people, due to its peculiarities, are the creators of allthe benefits that less developed civilizations and peoples borrowed from them. Therefore, non-Western peoples resist not the principlesof the rule of law, but the rules and standards established by the Western world to artificially manage globalization development andexert influence on social consciousness. Conclusions. This largely determines the political and legal dimension of the inter-civilizationalchallenges of the globalized world, due to which the conflict of civilizations can be considered as an inevitable consequence ofglobalization. У статті розкривається специфіка політико-правового виміру міжцивілізаційних викликів глобалізованого світу.Акцентується увага на тому, що проблематика міжцивілізаційних відносини має тенденції до загострення, адже одним із проявівглобалізації є нерівномірність економічного і соціокультурного розвитку різних народів, регіонів, цивілізаційних утворень тощо.Наголошується, що позиції західних дослідників цивілізаційного розвитку відображають самосвідомість переваги західноєвро-пейського суспільства. Це тягне за собою неузгодженості у співвіднесенні термінів «цивілізація» і «глобалізація» та неоднознач-ність трактування самого терміну «цивілізація»: з одного боку, він передбачає певні універсалістські засади розвитку, а з іншого– з усією очевидністю містить орієнталізм, ставлячи під сумнів існування незахідних форм цивілізації. У такий спосіб, одним зінструментів глобалізму виступає гіпердифузіонізм, який ґрунтується на такому принципі, що одна цивілізація, раса, або одиннарод, через свої особливості, є творцями всіх благ, які в них запозичили менш розвинені цивілізації та народи. Це значною міроюобумовлює політико-правовий вимір міжцивілізаційних викликів глобалізованого світу, через що можна розглядати конфліктцивілізацій як неминучий наслідок глобалізму.

Is behaving politely towards others morally valuable? Or are manners merely conventional rules which make social interaction run more smoothly without fulfilling any deeper ethical role? Even though the ‘value of manners’ is far from a mainstream topic in contemporary philosophy, there have lately been some efforts to afford manners a more important role in the moral debate. Thanks to the writings of Amy Olberding and other scholars of Chinese philosophy, Confucian approaches have also played a central part in this renewed discussion.This paper aims to contribute to this debate, but not by offering a completely new perspective on why manners might be morally relevant. Rather, my goal is to add to the discussion by focussing on the moral psychology of manners. I want to better understand what sorts of changes learning and behaving in accordance with good manners initiate in us. This may seem like a matter that is merely peripheral to the discussion. However, in my view, those wishing to defend the moral importance of manners need to provide a plausible account of such changes. Most importantly, they need to explain how good manners are not only a tool that allows us to avoid social sanctions for impolite behavior, but rather that learning good manners profoundly changes who we are., Projekt DEAL

This paper seeks to examine some of the perceptions and attitudes developed by Muslims in relation to the social conflict of Maluku. This paper argues that there were no single views among Muslims with regard to the conflict. Some Muslim hard-liners in general have demonstrated hostile perceptions and confrontational attitudes toward their perceived enemy. They constructed the conflict as a “religious war,” and demanded that the Indonesian Council of Religious Scholars (MUI) issue a fatwa that would allow Muslims outside Maluku to fight against the enemy in Maluku. The Muslim moderates, on the other hand, tended to avoid religious vocabularies, while attempting to work out peaceful solutions. The semi-official MUI, Nahdlatul Ulama, and Muhammadiyyah perceived the conflict as not religiously driven; they viewed the conflict in a more sophisticated way. They saw no need to wage a religious war and no need to issue a fatwa for a national jihad.

Laser ultrasonic techniques (LUTs) are becoming widely used for damage detection based on full-field ultrasonic data. In general, LUTs provide threedimensional (3-D) ultrasonic signals from which significant informative features may be extracted about the health condition of a structure. In this paper, statistical convariance method is proposed to investigate 3-D ultrasonic features. A laser ultrasonic interrogation method based on a Q-switched laser scanning system was used to interrogate 3-D ultrasonic signals in to a 2 mm aluminum plate. The ultrasonic signals in three-dimensional (3-D) space were generated, indexed by spatial N (xdirection), spatial M (y-direction), and temporal K (t-direction) samples, respectively. Then, two sets of covariance matrices were obtained based on the vector variables in x-direction and y-direction respectively for all k time samples respectively. The covariance imaging and the corresponding variance map were obtained. The wavelength and group velocity of S0 and A0 modes were able estimated from the variance map. The wavelength of the S0 and A0 modes were estimated with the deviation error of 2.3% and 11% respectively. The group velocities of S0 and A0 modes were estimated with the deviation error of 1.8% and 0.9%. The analysis will be further performed to develop group velocity curves for a range of frequency in metal and composite plates.

Purpose Using system theory, this paper aims to interrogate the impact of Boko-Haram on bank administration. The paper explains how death, injury and property destruction caused by terrorism affect banking supervision and structures. Design/methodology/approach With the aid of a mixed research method, this paper conducted 47 interviews. It extracted secondary data from the Central Bank of Nigeria database, the National Deposit Insurance Corporation publications, Enhancing Financial Innovation and Access Survey, the World Bank database and the Global Terrorism Index. Descriptive, content and regression analysis was used in this research. Findings With a significant regression model (p-value < 0.05), the analysis shows that terrorism accounts for 84.02% variation in banking administration. The impact of Boko-Haram on banking administration is negatively significant, especially in the areas like on-site supervision of Money Deposit Banks/Micro-finance Institutions and citizens’ accessibility to financial systems. Originality/value This paper generates new knowledge in the thematic area, which is still grey. The influence of terrorism on financial institutions as an element of economic governance is less researched. Hence, the strategic linkage of the impact of Boko-Haram on banking administration as a component of financial institutions. Therefore, this paper contributes to the existing body of literature on terrorism and economic governance.

Purpose This paper aims to make the case for early action approaches with migrant families, introducing a set of principles for practice, mapped against the Professional Capabilities Framework for social work and the Social Work England professional standards. Design/methodology/approach The paper first explores the context of social work with migrant families, outlining the challenges and gaps in our conceptual understanding of this work. The paper then introduces a conceptual model of work with migrant families which draws on the literature from social work and allied professions, and informed by social work values and ethics. Findings Current social work practice with migrant children has been criticised as defensive, procedural and lacking a coherent conceptual basis, particularly for those who are subject to the no recourse to public funds (NRPF) rule. This field of social work practice would benefit from an evidence-informed model of practice, anchored in human rights approaches and focused on early action. Eight principles, drawn from existing good practice in other social work and social care contexts, are outlined as the basis for a new model of practice in social work with migrant families. Originality/value The NRPF rule is a provision in the immigration rules that prevents people who are subject to immigration control from claiming most social security benefits in the UK. In recent years, there has been an increased interest in research about the NRPF rule and its negative impact on children. However, there is currently no evaluated model of social work practice for children and families with NRPF.

International audience; Tax evasion and money laundering have become important sources of illicit financial flows in developing countries. Foreign capital flows used by shell corporates are generally with no real economic activities but motivated by harmful tax practices, thereby inducing loss of revenue for developing countries. Despite the coercive actions, such as backlisting of noncooperative jurisdictions to anti-money laundering and countering terrorism financing standards, illicit financial activities are still eroding the tax base in developing countries. The purpose of the paper is to assess the blacklisting effectiveness as a coercive policy against illicit financial activities. This paper applies a propensity score matching strategy to a sample of 118 developing jurisdictions from 2009 to 2017 to evaluate changes in illicit financial activities following the blacklisting. The results show that rather than altering illicit inflows in blacklisted countries, financial restrictions have produced the inverse, causing a boomerang effect on financial crime activities. The illicit share of capital inflows increases on average by 6 percentage points and 0.7% of GDP following the blacklisting. These results are robust to alternative matching methods and to the hidden bias problem.; L'évasion fiscale et le blanchiment d'argent sont devenus des sources importantes de flux financiers illicites dans les pays en développement. Les flux de capitaux étrangers utilisés par des sociétés écrans n'ont généralement pas d'activités économiques réelles mais sont motivés par des pratiques fiscales dommageables, ce qui entraîne une perte de revenus pour les pays en développement. Malgré les mesures coercitives, telles que l'inscription des juridictions non coopératives sur la liste noire des normes de lutte contre le blanchiment d'argent et le financement du terrorisme, les activités financières illicites continuent d'éroder la base d'imposition des pays en développement. L'objectif de ce document est d'évaluer l'efficacité de la liste noire en tant que politique coercitive contre les activités financières illicites. Cet article applique une stratégie d'appariement des scores de propension à un échantillon de 118 juridictions en développement entre 2009 et 2017 afin d'évaluer l'évolution des activités financières illicites à la suite de l'inscription sur liste noire. Les résultats montrent qu'au lieu de modifier les entrées illicites dans les pays inscrits sur la liste noire, les restrictions financières ont produit l'effet inverse, provoquant un effet boomerang sur les activités de criminalité financière. La part illicite des entrées de capitaux augmente en moyenne de 6 points de pourcentage et de 0,7 % du PIB à la suite de l'inscription sur la liste noire. Ces résultats sont robustes aux autres méthodes d'appariement et au problème du biais caché.

Professor Robinson, in the chair, said that during the first four sessions of the Round Table it was intended to find possible areas of conflict between the interests of North America and of Europe. It was necessary to get the interests of each area clear, as seen by its inhabitants. Professor Wallich would talk about the interests of the United States. Professor Robinson said that, as Chairman of the Programme Committee, he had deliberately asked another American participant to comment on this paper in order to try to make it as clear as possible what were the interests of the United States. The same would be done in the following session for Canada, and later papers and their discussions would deal similarly with the areas of Europe.

The goal of our paper is to demonstrate the potential effects of a tax on paying a ransom on the incentives of stakeholders involved: both the perpetrators (the attackers placing the ransomware) as well as the potential victim. We do think that there is a case for a ransom tax, but we do also realise that it is not easy to make that case, and hence we express this doubt in our title. A tax could stimulate ex ante cybersecurity and also (when price elasticity is not too low) reduce ex post ransom payments. In addition, a tax in combination with a smartly designed subsidy could have benefits.

CIIC partially supported this research under the project UIDB 04524/2020 by FCT/MCTES and EU funds under the project UIDB/EEA 50008/2020. This paper studies the post-mortem digital forensic artifacts left by the Android Zepp Life (formerly Mi Fit) mobile application when used in conjunction with a Xiaomi Mi Band 6. The Mi Band 6 is a low-cost smart band device with several sensors that allow for health and activity monitoring, collecting metrics such as heart rate, blood oxygen saturation level, and step count. The device communicates via Bluetooth Low Energy with the Zepp Life application, which displays its data, provides some controls, and acts as a bridge to the Internet. We study, from a digital forensics perspective, the Android version of the mobile application in a rooted smartphone. For this purpose, we analyze the data repositories, namely its databases and XML files, and correlate the data on the smartphone with the corresponding usage of the Mi Band device. The paper also presents two open-source scripts we have developed to ease the task of forensic practitioners dealing with Zepp Life/Mi Band 6: ZL_std and ZL_autopsy. The former refers to a Python 3 script that extracts high-level views of Zepp Life data through the command-line, whereas the latter is a module that integrates ZL_std functionalities within the popular open-source Autopsy digital forensic software. Data stored on the Android companion device of a Mi Band 6 might include GPS coordinates, events and alarms, and biometric data such as heart rate, sleep time, and fitness activity, which can be valuable digital forensic artifacts. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Magnetic circuit components have long been the largest and most difficult components to miniaturize. Printed circuit board (PCB) fabrication methods cannot achieve small diameter, high aspect-ratio vias for high winding turn numbers to achieve high inductance, and microelectronics methods cannot achieve the high-quality and thick ferrite core materials. In this paper, we present an alternative breakthrough method of printed circuit fabrication to significantly reduce the effective via diameter for embedded magnetic devices, boosting the inductance per unit area. To reduce the effective via diameter, high-density via plugs are ex-situ fabricated and shaped, and then embedded into PCB substrate in the same process as standard magnetic core embedding. The structure of the plug is such that precise placement within the substrate, or alignment to the plug with the winding pattern, is not necessary. Devices presented in this paper use via plugs with an effective diameter of 40 μm and a theoretically unlimited aspect ratio, though refinements in the plug fabrication process are expected to reduce the via diameter down to 10μm. The process is experimentally demonstrated with a 14-turn racetrack shaped transformer; novel diagnostic methods using magneto-optic garnet films to image current paths are also demonstrated.

This article investigates the role of the Israeli border in the process of criminalising Palestinians. Defining Israel in contrast to the Arab ‘terrorists’, waiting to attack, necessitates a grand, looming settler- colonial border and the sequestration of an entire population behind a manufactured prison. The justification for this form of border ‘control’ is made possible by the historic truths established by the West in the colonial era. The paper outlines this understanding of Arabs as a ‘bestial’, ‘bellicose’ group that thrives in conflict situations. It moves on to note that the consequence of this characterisation is the global, all-encompassing understanding of the Arab threat. It finally narrows the border wall down as an Israeli tool of segregation, justified by understandings of a racialised, ‘threatening Arab’. The Israeli ‘defence’ of its borders will be reimagined from a Southern perspective as an oppressive system of segregation justified by the ways in which Arabs have historically been constructed.

Non-government organisations (NGOs) have emerged in Mexico to support migrants while also cooperating with governmental institutions. Based on nine months of fieldwork, this paper explores the ambivalences within humanitarian organisations that aid migrants from Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador. First, this article suggests that organisations engage in practices of mistrust and policing of migrants that do not align with their intention to safeguard them. Second, it argues that NGOs facilitate instances of paternalism to control migrants in their shelters and further subordinate them. Finally, it addresses how local organisations and shelters resolved the duality of care and control by punishing migrants. NGOs are drawn to reinforce the power structures that govern global migration. This is often in contradiction to their caring and supportive roles. As a result, NGOs replicate entrenched racialising discourse, power inequalities and control over mobile subjects.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide an extensive examination and analysis of the current literature on the use of blockchain technology in courts. The paper aims to explore the potential benefits of implementing blockchain technology in courts, such as increasing transparency and accountability, improving the efficiency of court procedures and enhancing the security of court records. Additionally, the paper intends to identify the challenges and limitations of using blockchain technology in courts and propose potential solutions to overcome these obstacles. The ultimate goal is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the potential applications and implications of blockchain technology in the context of the court system. Design/methodology/approach The research design of this study is qualitative, involving a thorough examination and analysis of existing literature on the use of blockchain technology in courts. The data collection procedure involves gathering information from various sources, such as academic publications, official reports and other relevant records. Data analysis is conducted using a thematic analysis approach, which identifies and categorizes recurring themes that emerge from the data. This approach ensures that the results are credible, dependable and accurate representations of the experiences of the participants. By using these methodologies, the study is able to draw meaningful conclusions and insights into the use of blockchain technology in courts. Findings The major findings of this paper suggest that the implementation of blockchain technology in courts has the potential to bring significant benefits such as increased transparency, efficiency and security. The use of blockchain technology in courts can enable the creation of tamper-proof records that are immutable, secure and transparent, which can help prevent fraud, reduce costs and enhance trust in the judicial system. However, adopting this technology also poses challenges and limitations, such as interoperability, governance and scalability. Overall, the paper concludes that while there are challenges to be addressed, the benefits of blockchain technology in courts are significant and should be explored further. Research limitations/implications The study has several limitations that need to be taken into account. Firstly, the availability of data on blockchain implementation in the court system is limited, making it challenging to provide a comprehensive analysis of the topic. Thus, the study’s findings may not be generalizable to other contexts. Secondly, the study takes a technology-centric approach and does not consider blockchain technology’s social and legal implications in court operations. Thirdly, the case studies presented in this paper are limited to a few countries. Moreover, the implementation of blockchain technology in the court system is still in its early stages and lacks standardization, technical expertise and regulatory frameworks. Lastly, uncertainty around the legal framework may hinder its widespread adoption and use. Practical implications The practical implications of this study suggest that the use of blockchain technology in courts has the potential to improve efficiency, security, transparency and accountability in the court system. It can reduce the risk of data tampering, expedite case resolution and lower the cost of legal proceedings. Therefore, this study provides a framework for courts to consider blockchain technology’s potential benefits and explore its future adoption. Social implications The social implications of this study are significant, as the adoption of blockchain technology in the court system can have a profound impact on society. Firstly, by increasing transparency and accountability, blockchain technology can promote public trust in the court system and improve access to justice, particularly for disadvantaged communities (Liu et al., 2020). Secondly, blockchain technology can reduce the reliance on intermediaries, such as lawyers, and streamline the case management process, making legal services more accessible and affordable for the general public (Khurana, 2020). Finally, the use of blockchain technology can create a more secure and efficient court system, enhancing the overall effectiveness of the judicial system and promoting public confidence. Originality/value This study provides an original contribution to the literature by exploring the use of blockchain technology in courts from a qualitative research design perspective. While there are a growing number of studies on the potential applications of blockchain technology in various fields, this study provides a comprehensive examination of the current literature on the use of blockchain in courts, identifying the benefits and limitations of its implementation. The study’s focus on the strengths and limitations of blockchain technology and its implications in court adds to the originality of this research.

Objectives Understanding if police malfeasance might be “contagious” is vital to identifying efficacious paths to police reform. Accordingly, we investigate whether an officer’s propensity to engage in misconduct is associated with her direct, routine interaction with colleagues who have themselves engaged in misbehavior in the past. Methods Recognizing the importance of analyzing the actual social networks spanning a police force, we use data on collaborative responses to 1,165,136 “911” calls for service by 3475 Dallas Police Department (DPD) officers across 2013 and 2014 to construct daily networks of front-line interaction. And we relate these cooperative networks to reported and formally sanctioned misconduct on the part of the DPD officers during the same time period using repeated-events survival models. Results Estimates indicate that the risk of a DPD officer engaging in misconduct is not associated with the disciplined misbehavior of her ad hoc, on-the-scene partners. Rather, a greater risk of misconduct is associated with past misbehavior, officer-specific proneness, the neighborhood context of patrol, and, in some cases, officer race, while departmental tenure is a mitigating factor. Conclusions Our observational findings—based on data from one large police department in the United States—ultimately suggest that actor-based and ecological explanations of police deviance should not be summarily dismissed in favor of accounts emphasizing negative socialization, where our study design also raises the possibility that results are partly driven by unobserved trait-based variation in the situations that officers find themselves in. All in all, interventions focused on individual officers, including the termination of deviant police, may be fruitful for curtailing police misconduct—where early interventions focused on new offenders may be key to avoiding the escalation of deviance.

This paper presents an examination of the relationship between the presence and composition of a corporate social responsibility (CSR) committee on the corporate governance board and CSR decoupling. Using a sample of listed firms drawn from 41 countries, we found that the presence of a CSR committee on the corporate board is negatively associated with CSR decoupling. We also noted that the nature of the industry to which a firm belongs, a firm's level of CSR orientation, and corporate governance quality strengthen such association. Further analysis of the relationship between the structure of the CSR committee and CSR decoupling shows that larger CSR committee size and a greater independence and longer tenure of its members negatively affect CSR decoupling. Our results are robust to various alternative specifications and offer important research and managerial implications. The findings of this study contribute to the growing literature on corporate governance and CSR.

This paper aims to identify and analyze some of the substitutions of the particle sed (> ceterum/verum/at), visible in the manuscript of More’s De Tristitia. In this study, the theoretical framework of Functional Discourse Grammar is applied for the first time, and it helps to explain some of the reasons underlying More’s final choices. One of the clearest conclusions is that More tries to show that the particle chosen does not function as a conjunction at the sentence level but as an adversative connector at the presentational level; this level has to do with the presentation and organization of the information in the text, and can serve to offer an explanation, justification, clarification, context, etc. between the various textual units. The examination of the passages in context also shows how More was careful to avoid repetitions which could diminish the elegance of the chosen linguistic expression.

This paper contributes to the literature by investigating the effect of natural resources on under-five mortality in a sample of 50 African countries over the period 1996 to 2018. We also examine the extent to which governance shapes the relationship between natural resources and under-five mortality. Our results show that natural resources have increased under-five mortality. Resource rents also have detrimental effects on child mortality by age, gender, and the three major causes of infant mortality from infectious diseases. However, an extended analysis of different types of natural resources suggests that point resources (such as oil, natural gas and mineral rents) increase under-five mortality, in contrast to the diffuse resources (such as forest rent). We also find that governance mitigates the positive effect of natural resources on child mortality. Corresponding governance policy thresholds that should be attained in order to reverse the positive effects of natural resources on child mortality are provided. We thus suggest an increase in the funds allocated to the health sector from resource rents and encourage efforts to improve governance standards in sampled countries.

As the importance of critical minerals in facilitating the energy transition has grown, the present discussion has switched to examining 18 leading mineral resource-endowed countries for their economic and governance performance from 2002 to 2019 by employing a panel random effect model. The findings demonstrate the validity of the Pareto principle when studying mineral rents and economic development. The results confirm that mineral rents are positively related to GDP growth and governance levels measured by control of corruption. Trade volume and renewable energy consumption are also positively associated with mineral rents. The paper sheds some light on the socioeconomic and governance performance of resource-endowed countries. It provides policy suggestions for the development of critical minerals necessary for a sustainable energy transition.

The relationship between a conveyance's validity and its underlying contract has been a classic but unsettled topic for comparative private lawyers over the past three decades. This paper attempts to add positivist and normative observations drawn from property transfer theories and practices in English and Chinese law. A jurisdiction adopting an ‘intent plus’ model does not necessarily recognise a separate intent to convey distinct from the intent in the underlying contract, as exemplified by Chinese law, while a jurisdiction adopting the ‘intent alone’ model does not necessarily deny the separate intent to convey, as exemplified by English law. One advantage for a jurisdiction that takes the separatist approach is its flexibility, so that it can still choose between pure causality, pure abstraction, or context-based abstraction at a later stage. Recent developments show that English and Chinese law are moving towards this approach. As to whether flaws in the underlying contract infect the validity of the conveyance, the English position depends on vitiating factors, whereas the mainstream Chinese judgments tend to be pro-causal. Justifications favouring causality provided in the English and Chinese academia are different, though neither can stand up to scrutiny. The detecting opportunity argument submitted in this paper helps to justify abstraction.

Hyperbolic systems of conservation laws in multiple spatial dimensions display features absent in the one-dimensional case, such as involutions and non-trivial stationary states. These features need to be captured by numerical methods without excessive grid refinement. The active flux method is an extension of the finite volume scheme with additional point values distributed along the cell boundary. For the equations of linear acoustics, an exact evolution operator can be used for the update of these point values. It incorporates all multi-dimensional information. The active flux method is stationarity preserving, i.e., it discretizes all the stationary states of the PDE. This paper demonstrates the experimental evidence for the discrete stationary states of the active flux method and shows the evolution of setups towards a discrete stationary state.

Combustion turbines and combined cycles have become a dominant mode of new capacity addition in most parts of the world. However, to maximize the benefits of a combined cycle, it must be designed to take into account site-specific technical, economic, and environmental considerations. This paper outlines the important design considerations that must be addressed in the early stages of a project's development.

The theft of medicines is a significant component of the illicit trade in pharmaceutical products. Besides small-scale thefts committed for personal usage, organised criminal networks are increasingly targeting high-priced medical products, either to reintroduce them into the legal supply chain or sell them on the black market. This crime has considerable implications that extend beyond the value of the stolen goods, including harmful impacts on citizens’ health, legitimate companies, and national health systems. However, knowledge on organised theft of medicines remains limited. This paper employs a crime script analysis approach, based on interviews with relevant stakeholders and case studies retrieved across European countries, to examine the most common modi operandi in the organised theft of medicines and medical devices. Potential policy implications are also discussed.

The United States federal off-reservation Indian boarding schools of the twentieth century have been the locale for ethnocide and cultural genocide of the Native American population. While in any critical discussion of mass atrocity crimes, such as genocide and ethnocide, the question of the perpetrators always ranks central, not much attention has been paid to the perpetrators of ethnocide who operated in these off-reservation boarding schools. Furthermore, scholarship has focused on perpetrators in genocide but has not spent much time considering the definitional nuances between perpetrators in ethnocide and genocide. In this paper, I highlight an additional perpetrator type that applies specifically to ethnocide, which is an addition to existing perpetrator typologies. This benevolent perpetrator, who is specific to ethnocidal crimes, can for instance be found in United States federal off-reservation Indian boarding schools between 1878 and 1934. Paying attention to these perpetrators and considering them as a unique type, will allow for furthering and developing our understanding of ethnocide, perpetration and complicity, and assimilation practices in off-reservation boarding schools. Furthermore, this discussion is embedded in the debate about the applicability of the terms genocide and ethnocide in a settler-colonial context.

This paper explores the realities of men and women forced to marry by the Khmer Rouge regime in Cambodia, as well as the perspectives of children born of forced marriages. Forced marriage has been predominantly investigated in relation to violence and coercion towards girls and women. However, less attention has been paid to forced unions involving both spouses, as well as to children born of these couples. Data were collected from 80 participants, including in-depth interviews with 28 women and 30 men who experienced forced marriage, and focus groups with 22 children born of forced marriages. Those who experienced forced marriage highlighted the coercion and threats of violence that underlay the marriage process. However, interviews also pointed to spouses’ key coping mechanisms and resources, such as the long-term acceptance of the marriage and support from larger community, which sustained positive familial relations. Children born of these unions, who regarded their parents’ marriage as generally loving and supportive, corroborated these findings. Our study revealed the ways in which forced marriages within the context of genocide were not necessarily characterized by domestic violence and abuse. We suggest that the shared and widespread nature of forced marriage and post-genocide community support may play a role in leading to positive family relationships in the context of unwanted unions.