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Wet-running multi-plate clutches fulfill a major safety-relevant role in drive trains and, as a result, damage to and failure of the clutch system must be strictly avoided, especially spontaneous damage. This paper deals with spontaneous damage to wet-running multi-plate clutches with paper friction lining with respect to spontaneous damage behavior. The paper presents a comparison method, by means of which the load-carrying capacity of various multi-plate clutches can be compared with regard to spontaneous damage based on experimental data and recommendations can be formulated. The experiments were performed on six different clutch variants, and the results were examined for significant differences. Various statistical tools were used to detect statistically significant variations. The experiments showed that higher load levels have a greater dispersion of the measured values, thus making comparisons more difficult. In the clutch variants investigated, significant changes in spontaneous damage behavior could only be detected when the cooling plate thickness or the carbon content was changed.

The literature has several studies on the addition of several agglomerating materials, waste, natural and artificial fibers, among others. Most of them aim to improve soil engineering properties. Certain studies combine this investigation with the environmental issue, that is, the issue of making the best use of a certain material that is discarded in nature and generates a significant environmental impact. Thus, this study aims to use paper fiber, from the cement bag, which is a construction waste, as reinforcement of a sandy soil and a clayey soil. Fiber-reinforced soil is considered an effective technique for soil improvement due to cost, adaptability, and reproducibility. Thus, the choice was to study the fiber of natural multifoliated kraft paper (NKP) as soil reinforcement, which was added randomly at the percentages of 5, 10, and 15% of dry soil mass. This study focused on soil resistance and its behavior with the addition of NKP fibers to a sandy soil (SC) and to a clayey soil (ML). Compaction, shear strength, and unconfined compression tests were performed in samples with the fiber contents mentioned. The results of the tests showed an improvement and an increase in the friction angle of the soils when 10% and 15% of fibers were added to the SC, and for ML, a significant increase in the friction angle was found in both optimum moisture and 28 days, with emphasis on 5% dosage and flooded for 15% dosage. Regarding the unconfined compression, an improvement was verified in the resistance at 10% for the CS, while for ML soil, the better dosage was 5% of fibers. One concludes that the use of NKP fibers can be considered a reinforcement material. The results indicated that the fibers made the soils ductile, able to maintain shear strength at high levels of strain.

This study introduces a novel geotechnical composite material comprising two types of fill material sourced from the paper industry-deinking paper sludge ash (DPSA) and deinking paper sludge (DPS). Five composites with different DPSA and DPS contents were investigated. Two composites were selected for further analyses. The technology and procedure for composite installation were implemented in field tests. The composites with 80% and 70% DPSA exhibited the elasticity required to withstand minor landslide slip deformations, in addition to achieving sufficiently high values of uniaxial compressive strength. The composites had a low maximum dry density value, which led to fewer settlements in the entire support structure. The enhanced shear characteristics can enable the construction of a thinner retaining wall. The delay between preparation and installation of the composites was further investigated. The field tests confirmed that the composites with 80% and 70% DPSA can be installed on the construction site 4 h and even 24 h after mixing. In 2018, a retaining wall structure with 70% DPSA and 30% DPS was successfully implemented near a railway line using conventional technology as followed-up research to the herein presented study. Results have been derived from work performed in the scope of the H2020 Paperchain project in which novel circular economy models centered on the valorization of the waste streams generated by the pulp and paper industry as secondary raw material for several resource-intensive sectors, including the construction sector, have been developed. Environmental benefits are savings in natural raw materials, reduction of landfill disposal as well as CO2 emission reduction. Nasl. z nasl. zaslona. Opis vira z dne 16. 11. 2021. Št. članka 22363. Bibliografija: str. 12-13. Abstract.

Статья посвящена член-корреспонденту РАН, доктору физико-математических наук, профессору, заслуженному деятель науки Российской Федерации Р.В. Гольдштейну. В настоящей библиографической заметке приводятся биографические сведения об этом крупном ученом, который хорошо известен в России и за рубежом. Представлены сведения о его вкладе в развитие механики деформирования и разрушения. The paper is devoted to corresponding member of RAS, PhD, professor, honored scientist of Russian Federation R. V. Goldstein. In this bibliographic note the information about this worldwide well-known scientist is given. Information on his contribution to the development of deformation and fracture mechanics is given.

This paper deals with the valorization of waste paper fly ash (WPFA) as a binder for soil stabilization. The mineralogical characterization shows the presence of free lime, as well as some non-reactive and cementitious phases. The hydration of lime is an expansive reaction and can be problematic in soil stabilization. Therefore, to study its effect on stabilized soil, an in-house experimental set-up is proposed to measure the possible expansion. Furthermore, to study the effect of water reduction and delay time on strength, unconfined compressive strength with different mixes is conducted. The obtained results showed that using WPFA causes expansion in stabilized soil, but a delay time of 30 min, after mixing the material with water and then compacting it, can decrease the expansion. Additionally, decreasing the water content by a point of Proctor can be essential for improving the strength in soil samples, even reaching the same strength values as control samples cured at 7 days. Finally, all the results obtained in this study have shown that WPFA is a suitable material for use as a binder for soil stabilization while reducing its optimum water content, adding a proper delay time, and taking into consideration WPFA&rsquo, s expansive behavior at the moment of its use.

Madagascar undergoes, like all countries in the world, the effects of climate change. in fact, since the last 5 years, in the coastal regions and the basins, the temperature has raised from 2 to 2.5 ° and varies between 34 to 36 ° in the shadow during the rainy season and on the high hills, the temperature diminishes from 2 to 2.5 ° during the dry period and varies from 4 ° to 8 °. However, the structure of lodging of 60% of the people are not adapted to this temperature change. Particularly, in the coastal regions, the walls of the houses are made of sheet iron. The inside of these houses is very hot when the weather is hot and very cold when it is cold. The inhabitants can’t afford the houses made in bricks or breeze block and the natural sources of aggregates are in the process of exhaustion. In the other part, we have seen that tons of paper are ready to be burned at the administrative services (public treasury, public financing, universities, ...) and the newspaper publishers. So, it becomes a must to find another way to the construction materials, justifying in that case our research axis. This study aims at the developing of construction material based on recycled paper, binder and aggregate. It deals of picking up or gathering all waste of papers and outdates newspapers and transforming them into brick for building constructions. What’s more, papers have prominent thermal insulating properties. Our work is focused on the study of variants on the different manufacturing processes, the choice of binder, the preparation of the specimens with different binders and different dosages, the mechanical compression tests for different binders, the evaluation of thermal conductivity for different binders and the numerical simulation of the thermo mechanical behavior of samples. The result is a lightweight brick with good thermal insulation. Tests have also made it possible to declare that the material has acceptable mechanical properties : the compressive strength is 1.56 [N/mm2], higher than the value prescribed by the standard for lightweight concrete blocks for construction of 1.1 [N/mm2], the value of thermal conductivity is 0.114 [W/mK], ten times less conductive heat than concrete and it can replace glass wool for a double its thickness. The specific weight is 57.5 [kg/m2].The practical results were confirmed by finite element simulations.

Fatigue cracking is a major distress in hot mix asphalt (HMA) pavements. The coalescence of microcracks into macrocracks has been widely recognized as a prevalent cause of fatigue failure i...

In Part A, the geotechnical background is presented to a stability problem regarding the North Spur dam wall at Muskrat Falls in Churchill River in Newfoundland, Canada. This land was formed in the regression of the sea during and after the last ice age with deposits of multiple layers of silty sands and silty sandy clays that formed the valleys and plains that are now above sea level. Some of these layers, deposited thousands of years ago in post-glacial times, are vulnerable to liquefaction when they are disturbed. These conditions have in the past repeatedly caused slides along the banks of the Churchill river. In the report, a specific type of possible progressive failure –the most dangerous one in respect of the safety of the North Spur – is discussed. This type of landslide development may be caused by the rising water pressure, when - or after - the dam is impounded. As will be explained, such a slide could force part of the North Spur ridge to slide along a failure surface sloping East-wards into the deep river whirlpool downstream of Muskrat Falls. In the following, a brief overview is provided of the geotechnical background behind our concerns, also discussing methods of mitigating the risk of the kind of slopefailure in question. Hence, we propose measures such as compacting the soil by piling or by methods of grouting and drainage. We also suggest the need for an expert Advisory Panel to look further into the long-term safety of the North Spur. In Part B, the paper in Part A is discussed and the risk for a failure is denied. In Part C, finally, the authors of Part A, give their answer to the criticism and uphold their view: There may be a serieois risk for a dam breach caused by weak soil layers in the dam. This risk should be properly investigated and mitigated.

In this paper, the most important observations of the effect of seawater (SW) and/or sea-sand (SS) on the properties of concrete are presented and critically reviewed. Concrete is responsible for about 9% of global annual industrial water and almost 70% of the extracted natural sands use. During last decades many researchers focused on replacing them by SW and SS and many promising results have been reported. SW and SS affect the fresh concrete properties by decreasing setting time. They increase the early age strength while their effects on 28-days and long-term strength is insignificant. Durability of seawater sea-sand concrete (SWSSC) and corrosion resistance of embedded steel can be improved by using supplementary cementitious materials. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

A large amount of high water content mud is generated at civil engineering works and disaster sites, and the high water content mud is subjected to dehydration treatment and finally disposed in landfills. As for a method of recycling high water content mud, fiber-cement-stabilized soil method has been developed. Failure strength and failure strain of fiber-cement-stabilized soil have been investigated through unconfined compression test. However, there are few measured data of the shear strength parameters compared to failure strength and failure strain. In this study, to evaluate shear strength parameters of fiber-cement-stabilized soil, box shear test and unconfined compression test are conducted with different additive amount of cement and paper debris to clarify the effect of additive conditions on the shear strength parameters of modified soil. Furthermore, the improvement was performed on mud with different particle size distribution, and the effect of the difference in soil properties on the shear strength parameters was clarified. The results showed that the internal friction angle increased as increasing the amount of paper debris. In addition, when the additive amount of cement increased, the cohesion increased. In the case of unconfined compression test, it was confirmed that the failure strength and failure strain tended to increase due to the increase of the additive amount of cement and paper debris. Furthermore, it is suggested that the shear strength parameters of fiber-cement-stabilized soil has close relationship with the grain size characteristics of mud.

The soil-water retention curve defines a relationship between the water content of a soil and the corresponding pressure at which the soil-water-air is in equilibrium. In cases in which undisturbed sampling are not feasible, especially for nonplastic and low-plastic soil fabrics, reconstituted soil samples are required. A newly designed mold was devised for use with reconstituted soil samples and the filter paper test. The newly designed mold consisted of a #200 wire mesh that allows for three-dimensional vapor flow. Implementing this new apparatus in conjunction with an energy-based reconstitution protocol minimizes inconsistencies across the test specimen such that variabilities associated with the filter paper testing method can be isolated and calibration curves verified. Calibration procedures are assessed and results are presented based on axis translation and verified by tensiometer measurements. This redesigned filter paper test was then conducted over a range of nonplastic to low-plastic soils yielding comparable results with published field studies and data bases. It can be concluded from this investigation that the filter paper method, using an energy-based reconstitution method and a mesh mold, is comparable to non-filter paper testing methods and is preferable for some applications because of its simplicity and relative short testing times.

The soil–water characteristic curve (SWCC) and hydraulic conductivity function (HCF) are widely used to study the hydraulic conductivity behavior of unsaturated soil. This article proposes a filter paper–based instantaneous profile method to simultaneously measure the SWCC and HCF of unsaturated soil. The method uses a small soil column that comprises several vertically stacked soil specimens sandwiched with filter papers. The water content and matric suction of the soil column are measured by weighing the soil specimens and filter papers, respectively, at regular time intervals. Therefore, the matric suction profiles and water content profiles can be obtained, and the SWCC and HCF can be calculated with the profile data. The method was applied to intact loess soil. The measured suction range is 0 to 2×105 kPa, and the measured hydraulic conductivity range is 10−5 to 10−13 m/s. Both SWCC and HCF curves display a bimodal characteristic and are consistent with previous mathematical models. This method is an inexpensive method to measure the SWCC and HCF in a large suction range.

Objective The effect of organic modified bentonite on rheological behavior of paper coating was studied to extend the use of bentonite in the paper industry. Background In the coating process, the paper coating was performed in various shear forces. Therefore, the rheological properties of the coating had profound effects on the quality of coated paper. In order to achieve the good rheology, paper coating required the addition of thickener or rheology modifiers. Organic bentonite was a kind of thixotropic ge1, which was extensively used in a number of applications as rheology modifier to modify the rheology and control the stability of systems. Method Na+-bentonite was modified with diallyl dimethylammonium chloride and dodecyl trimethylammonium chloride, respectively. The organic bentonite was characterized by XRD and TGA and the rheological properties of paper coating containing organic bentonite were measured by rheometer. Results The XRD spectra showed that the 001 reflection of bentonite was shifted to a lower 2θ after the modification. Moreover, the modification with DTAC had more pronounced effect than with DADMAC. The TGA curve showed that one dehydration stage in the range of 30–155 °C was observed. For organic bentonite, thermal degradation took place in two stages. The first step was obtained in the temperature range of 250–600 °C and the second step took place between 600 and 900 °C. The addition of modified organic bentonite resulted in the increases of yield stress and viscosity of coating, and they increased when the amount of organic bentonite was increased. The flow characteristics fitted well with the Herschel–Bulkley model, and the rheological properties of paper coatings exhibited typical pseudoplastic behavior. Conclusion (1) The organic modifying agents were successfully inserted into the interlayer space of bentonite, the bonded amount of DADMAC and DTAC was 0.107 g/1 g Bent-DADMAC and 0.124 g/1 g Bent-DTAC, respectively; (2) organic bentonites had the thickening and promoting rheological function for paper coating; and (3) the paper coating containing organic bentonite exhibits the pseudoplastic fluid.

Numerous papers included within the broad subject of geomaterials have been published in QJEGH over the past 50 years. These have been compiled and divided here into three main categories: aggregates, building stone and earthworks. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary of the relevant papers published in QJEGH with a view to identifying the main areas of interest historically, now and in the future. Some clear trends are evident from the survey and review; for example, there has been a steady interest in building stone and in particular its deterioration, a decline in papers on earthworks and an increase in those on ground improvement (also covered here). It is also noted that methods of characterizing geomaterials are becoming more sophisticated with advancing technology. The review makes relevant links with other Special Publications from the Geological Society, including also Engineering Geology Special Publications.

Many of the causes of the occurrence of pathologies in reinforced concrete structures are linked to the transport of different substances through the pores and fissures of the mortar cover layer and the concrete itself. This transport is influenced by environmental factors and the properties of the porous media. This paper deals with the application of geotechnical techniques to obtain chloride transportation parameters in mortar samples. The filter paper technique was used in order to obtain the water retention curves, and column tests were performed to obtain parameters such as retard (attenuation) factor, diffusion and mechanical dispersion coefficients and permeability. These techniques proved to be useful for determining the parameters needed for modeling the transport of chloride through the concrete cover layer. Furthermore, these techniques enable the different phenomena involved (matric suction, attenuation and hydrodynamic dispersion) to be treated separately, which is useful for modeling purposes.

An increased global supply of minerals is essential to meet the needs and expectations of a rapidly rising world population. This implies extraction from greater depths. Autonomous mining systems, developed through sustained RD to establish the mechanics basis for the empirical rules now used in rock engineering and their validity for the prediction of rock mass behavior beyond current experience; and to use the discrete element method (DEM) in the optimization of deep mine design. For the first time, mining—and rock engineering—will have its own mechanics-based “laboratory.” This promises to be a major tool in future planning for effective mining at depth. The paper concludes with a discussion of an opportunity to demonstrate the application of DEM and SRM procedures as a laboratory, by back-analysis of mining methods used over the 80-year history of the Mount Lyell Copper Mine in Tasmania.

Part of the dewatering in a paper machine takes place via vacuum suction boxes situated below the moving web. In addition to the removal of liquid water, considerable amounts of air are sucked through the paper. The air flow that accompanies dewatering is a crucial parameter for the electricity consumption of a vacuum system. The present study models this air flow, combining differential conservation equations with fiber characterization. Measured air flow rates for different vacuum levels, basis weights, and pulp types are compared to model predictions. More than 70% of the data agree within the range of experimental error.

This experimental study addresses the effect of membrane and filter paper on measurements of deviator stress by performing triaxial compression tests on gelatin, silicon, and Speswhite clay specimens. The magnitude of this effect is assessed at large strains close to the critical state conditions for soft soils with an undrained shear strength ranging up to 40 kPa. This study shows that the corrections for the membrane and filter paper effect, given by ASTM and BS, can lead to a significant overestimation of the correction required when applied to typical values for deviator stress found in tests on soft soils. Particularly at large strains the correction associated with the presence of membrane and filter paper, according to ASTM and BS, can be more than half of the material’s undrained shear strength. This study also demonstrates that for soft specimens, the membrane correction is strain level–dependent and can be predicted by taking into account the buckling state of the membrane during shearing. In addition, the strength contributed by the membrane is found to be independent of cell pressure but greatly affected by the friction between the tested specimen and membrane. Furthermore, the correction for filter paper is shown to depend primarily on the wetting of the filter paper strips, and to a lesser extent on their orientation. The combination of wet and oblique filter paper strips is the most effective way of making accurate measurements of deviator stress. This results in a filter paper correction that can be as low as 1 kPa, irrespective of the strain level. Finally, alternative expressions for the membrane and filter paper corrections to be used in the triaxial testing of soft soils are presented herein.

We investigate theoretically and experimentally the spontaneous imbibition of water based inkjet formulations utilizing paper capillary rise and imbibition of inkjet drops. We approximate the paper ...

Direct shear test is a type of laboratory test which is used to determine shear strength parameters such as cohesion c (kPa) and angle of internal friction φ (°). For performing this test various conditions should be considered. The conditions are such that there must have constant vertical pressure at the top of the sample and the volume of the sample must be constant to estimate shear strength parameters of loose and dense soils. A constant horizontal displacement rate is utilized to determine shear strength parameters. The researchers also found some factors which control these shear strength parameters. These controlling factors are surface roughness, soil composition, the magnitude of normal loading, and moisture content. In the direct shear test, the surface thickness of the sample influences shear strength parameters. The researchers have given a different report based on their analysis. They showed the different modes of shear strength parameters in different conditions of sand, clay, soil, etc. for the interaction of soil structure. By mixing geo-membrane, geotextile, etc. with soil, sand, clay greatly affects shear strength parameters. When horizontal displacement is applied, vertical deformation of the shear plane of soil increases up to the yielding point of sand. The direct shear box contains a gap between the upper and lower ring but it is not constant. But, there are some drawbacks to their research. They did not show how shear strength parameters behave in silty clay. In this paper, a relative review of soil-structure interaction using silty clay is shown. In the direct shear test, cohesion is increased due to an increase in moisture content. To determine shear strength parameters, the conditions of silty clay are unsaturated. For this investigation, a shear box is used. Different loading is applied to see the deflection in a specific time interval.

Estimating the moisture content of insulation paper is important in transformer condition evaluation, the results of which are affected by thermal aging. This study investigates the independent effects of aged oil and aged paper on moisture equilibrium charts to determine which of the two primarily causes the inaccuracy in moisture estimation of aged transformers. A thermal aging experiment was conducted. At five aging degrees, four kinds of oil–paper insulation systems were formed: new oil–new paper, aged oil–new paper, new oil–aged paper, and aged oil–aged paper. Moisture equilibrium curves were drawn for each insulation system. The relative moisture content of oil and that of paper were calculated. Results showed that the moisture content of insulation paper decreased with aging, which led to the migration of the moisture equilibrium curves and further influenced the moisture estimation results. A comparative analysis showed that the migration of the moisture equilibrium curves was mainly cause...

Pulp and paper mills are categorized as a core sector industry and are the fifth largest contributor to industrial water pollution. The pollutant, discharge from the pulp and paper industry, affect all aspects of the environment such as water, air and land. Various studies have reported detrimental effects of pulp and paper mill effluent on animals living in water bodies receiving the effluent. The effects are in form of respiratory stress, oxidative stress, liver damage and genotoxicity. This study aimed to determine the species of fungi present in the soil environment of Jharna area. Different types of fungi were isolated from soil samples contaminated with degraded papers. Identification of fungi was carried out by culturing on Potato dextrose and Sabouraud’s Dextrose agar media and microscopic method. In our study, dominant fungal flora, that is, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus terrus, Penicillium sp., Trichoderma sp. and yeast were isolated. These fungi play important role in the paper and pulp industry in degradation of paper waste. Key words: Pulp, paper, fungi, Aspergillus sp.

This discussion is based on the paper by Farshidianfar and Soheili [1] . In this paper, the authors consider Soil–Structure Interaction effects (SSI) and optimize parameters of Tuned Mass Dampers (TMD) to decrease the earthquake vibrations of tall buildings. They also develop a mathematical model based on the time domain analysis. In this discussion we show that the offered model is not accurate enough and we rectify the model.

This paper analyses the mechanical and mathematical models in Yanbin Wang et al.‘s six papers on mechanical analysis of marine riser: “Wang, Yanbin, Gao, Deli, Fang, Jun 2014. Static analysis of deep-water marine riser subjected to both axial and lateral forces in its installation. J. Nat. Gas Sci. Eng. 19, 84–90”, “Wang, Yanbin, Gao, Deli, Fang, Jun 2014. Axial dynamic analysis of marine riser in installation. J. Nat. Gas Sci. Eng. 21, 112–117”, “Wang, Yanbin, Gao, Deli, Fang, Jun 2015. Coupled dynamic analysis of deepwater drilling riser under combined forcing and parametric excitation. J. Nat. Gas Sci. Eng. 27, 1739–1747”, “Wang, Yanbin, Gao, Deli, Fang, Jun 2015. Study on lateral vibration analysis of marine riser in installation-via variational approach. J. Nat. Gas Sci. Eng. 22, 523–529”, “Wang, Yanbin, Gao, Deli, Fang, Jun 2015. Mechanical behavior analysis for the determination of riser installation window in offshore drilling. J. Nat. Gas Sci. Eng. 24, 317–323”, and “Wang, Yanbin, Gao, Deli, Fang, Jun 2015. Finite element analysis of deepwater conductor bearing capacity to analyze the subsea wellhead stability with consideration of contact interface models between pile and soil. J. Pet. Sci. Eng. 126, 48–54”; and finds that the mechanical and mathematical models described in these papers are clearly incorrect. Therefore, new mechanical and mathematical models have been suggested in this study. Keywords: Marine riser, Mechanical analysis, Mechanical model, Mathematical model

In this research, dynamic friction behavior of paper-based wet friction material subjected to contact pressure fluctuation was investigated experimentally and theoretically. Complex friction coefficient obtained by the ratio between dynamic components of friction and normal force was defined as an index of dynamic friction characteristics. First, the frequency dependence of complex friction coefficient was measured changing the contact surface dimension and compressive modulus of specimen as parameters. As a result the amplitude and phase angle of complex friction coefficient decreased with the increase of pressure fluctuating frequency and this tendency was significant for larger dimension and for lower modulus. Then, calculations were done combining the stress-strain analysis with an analytical model based on the theory of poroelasticity and the assumption in which the solid part at contact surface only contributed to friction. It was found that the increase in load sharing ratio by fluid caused by the flow resistance made the solid contact relaxed and delayed, which resulted in the decrease in amplitude and phase angle of complex friction coefficient. The calculated results showed similar tendency to the experimental ones, thereby the analytical model was appropriate and the mechanism of dynamic friction behavior of paper-based wet friction material was demonstrated.

Teoretical foundation for three-phase fluid sysytem calculation of possible drainage and imbibition pathes having place in formation and transformation of lays with mobile light petroleum products at groundwater fluctuation and different wettability is developed on hysteretic constitutive relations governing multiphase flow [Lenhard, Parker, 1987; Lenhard, 1992].

The paper recycling process generates a sludge characterized by a high content of cellulose fiber. To understand the behavior of this fibrous material, this article presents an interpretation of the geotechnical behavior of a waste sludge from a paper recycling plant situated in southern Brazil using data from laboratory tests. Engineering properties of compacted paper mill sludges are similar to those of most fibrous organic soils: low hydraulic conductivity upon compression and high compressibility. The waste studied has a water content of approximately 250%, organic content of 48%, mineral charges, and water. The one-dimensional compressibility parameters are indicative of high compressibility. For the determination of the strength parameters of the material, undrained triaxial tests were carried out. An incredibly high effective friction angle (ϕ′=53°) was found, probably because of the fibrous nature of the paper sludge. In addition, hydraulic conductivity tests were performed on a flexible wall perm...

The use of paper-mill residuals in concrete formulations provides an alternative to landfill disposal. A response surface statistical methodology was carried out to model the influence on the slump and compressive strength of concrete containing paper-mill residuals with and without Class F fly ash replacement. The variables considered in this study included the water/cement ratio (w/c), paper-mill residual content and fly ash content to total cementitious material (FA/CM). The performance of the derived models to achieve good balance between the workability and compressive strength were further discussed by using the contour diagrams. The results showed that the compressive strength of concrete containing paper-mill residuals could be predicted from the referred slump value.

Composite soils have been widely used in civil engineering applications, especially in slopes, embankment dam and landfills. This paper aims to investigate effect of fiber inclusion on shear stress of composite soil (i.e. clay composite). A series of laboratory direct shear tests carried out to evaluate paper reinforcement effect on strength behavior of composite clay. Kaolin clay was selected as soil part of the composite and paper was used as reinforcement. The paper reinforcement parameters differed from one test to another, the paper length was changed from 10 mm to 30 mm and paper content were varied from 5% to 15%. Normal stress kept constant at 150 kPa. For each test, stress_ displacement graph derived and the results were compared. The results proved that inclusion of paper reinforcement affected strength behaviour of clay composite so that increasing in paper reinforcement content and length caused increasing in shear stress.

The main objective of this research is to investigate the use of fly ash and other is Stone dust as partial replacement of cement and concrete production. In this research we analyze the strength of concrete made with using these waste materials one is Fly ash and other is Stone dust. The Fly as his used as 20 replace by weight of cement and Stone Dust as the partial replacement of Fine Aggregate from 0 , 10 , 20 , 30 and 40 . The grade of the concrete here is M 30 grade. Khan Gayasuddin Abdul Rauf | Pratiksha Malviya "Review Paper on Properties of Concrete Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate & Cement" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18919.pdf

This paper has been retracted by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers due the commercial nature of the content. December 21, 2018. Copyright © 2018 by ASME