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This paper identifies the low-elevation coastal zone populations and developing regions most vulnerable to sea-level rise and other coastal hazards, such as storm surges, coastal erosion, and salt-water intrusion. The focus is on the rural poor in the low-elevation coastal zone, as their economic livelihoods are especially endangered directly by coastal hazards and indirectly through the impacts of climate change on key coastal and near-shore ecosystems. Using geo-spatially referenced malnutrition and infant mortality data for 2000 as a proxy for poverty, this study finds that just 15 developing countries contain over 90 percent of the world’s low-elevation coastal zone rural poor. Low-income countries as a group have the highest incidence of poverty, which declines somewhat for lower-middle-income countries, and then is much lower for upper-middle-income economies. South Asia, East Asia and the Pacific, and Sub-Saharan Africa account for most of the world’s low-elevation coastal zone rural poor, and have a high incidence of poverty among their rural low-elevation coastal zone populations. Although fostering growth, especially in coastal areas, may reduce rural poverty in the low-elevation coastal zone, additional policy actions will be required to protect vulnerable communities from disasters, to conserve and restore key coastal and near-shore ecosystems, and to promote key infrastructure investments and coastal community response capability.

In the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic, New Zealand stood out with its ambitious elimination goal and the small death count per capita. The country?s strategy included full lockdown measures that were strict by international standards. In this paper we investigate whether New Zealand?s strict lockdowns brought significant changes to the dwelling price capitalisation of environmental amenities. Our results show a nuanced landscape. While before the pandemic, Auckland homebuyers were willing to pay a premium for dwellings located adjacent to open spaces, such premium either vanished or became a penalty during the lockdown phases. There was also a significant premium for dwellings within 300 m of beaches. But again such premium either decreases or becomes a penalty across the lockdown phases. In addition, we find a preference for dwellings located further away from Auckland CBD. Hence, some amenities that used to have a positive (or neutral) impact on the price of a property have now become disamenities from homebuyers? perspective after the experience of the pandemic. This paper informs planners, policy-makers and private actors with a better understanding of the behaviour of Auckland?s housing market under the disruptions due to the pandemic and lockdowns.

Beaches are the main part of an integral tourist product of a destination. They represent a highly valuable resource from the aspect of natural, social, economic and recreational potential. They make a tourist product attractive, and represent a motive of arrival to a destination for a certain number of tourists. In order for a beach to be placed in a function of tourist offer and positioning of a tourist destination on the tourist market, and for destination´s tourist product to become more attractive, it is necessary to enrich the offer of beaches according to the desires of market segment while respecting the principles of sustainable development. Beach offer of the Istrian County has been analysed within this paper. While preparing this paper, the authors have used the scientific methodology, which means gathering and the analysis of data from primary and secondary sources. An analysis of domestic and foreign professional and scientific literature has been carried out, as well as the valid law frame of beach managing in the Republic of Croatia. With a goal of analysing the existing state of regulation and managing beaches in the Istrian County, an evaluation of beach resources has been carried out.

The relationship between Earlier Stone Age (ESA) hominins and the southern African coastal environment has been poorly investigated, despite the high concentration of open-air sites in marine and fluvial terraces of the coastal plain from c. 1Ma onward during the Mid-Pleistocene Transition. Southern Africa provides some of the earliest evidence of coastal subsistence strategies since the end of the Middle Pleistocene, during the Middle Stone Age (MSA). These coastal MSA sites showcase the role of coastal environments in the emergence and development of modern human behaviors. Given the high prevalence of coastal ESA sites throughout the region, we seek to question the relationship between hominins and coastal landscapes much earlier in time. In this regard, the +100 m raised beaches of the Benguela Province, Angola, are key areas as they are well-preserved and contain a dense record of prehistoric occupation from the beginning of the Middle Pleistocene, including sites like Dungo, Mormolo, Sombreiro, Macaca and Punta das Vacas. Accordingly, this paper provides a critical review of the coastal ESA record of southern Africa and a detailed presentation of the Dungo IV site, through a qualitative technological analysis coupled with a quantitative inter-site comparison with contemporary southern African coastal plain sites. Through our detailed technological analyses, we highlight the influence of coastal lithological resources on the technical behaviors of hominin groups, and we propose the existence of a “regional adaptive strategy” in a coastal landscape more than 600 000 years ago. Finally, we argue for the integration of coastal landscapes into hominins’ territories, suggesting that adaptation to coastal environments is actually a slower process which begins with “territorialization” well before the emergence and development of Homo sapiens.

No início dos anos 1990, os arrastões ficaram conhecidos no Rio de Janeiro como eventos nos quais furtos e roubos eram cometidos por bandos de jovens, particularmente nas praias, marcando fortemente a experiência nestes espaços e alterando o imaginário acerca das práticas balneárias na cidade. Este artigo se propõe a compreender, a partir da análise de notícias de jornal, o debate público que antecedeu à estabilização dos conteúdos relacionados ao arrastão e de sua localização nas praias da orla marítima da Zona Sul carioca. Recuando até o início da década de 1980, quando os arrastões ocorriam em outros espaços da cidade, o estudo se estende até o “verão do arrastão” (1991-1992), quando a prática se associa definitivamente à orla carioca e é profundamente requalificada. O artigo procura também destacar, além das próprias definições da prática e dos atores envolvidos, os elementos que constituíram a espacialidade de tal fenômeno, com ênfase para a centralidade e a visibilidade dos espaços públicos, e as relações e conexões entre diferentes espaços da cidade. Au début des années 90, les arrastões ont été connus à Rio de Janeiro comme des événements au cours desquels des vols ont été commis par des gangs de jeunes, particulièrement sur les plages, marquant de manière significative l’expérience vécue dans ces espaces et modifiant l’imaginaire des pratiques balnéaires de la ville de Rio de Janeiro. Cet article propose de comprendre, à partir de l'analyse de articles de journaux, le débat public qui a précédé la stabilisation du contenu relatif à l’arrastão et son emplacement sur les plages du front de mer de la zone sud de Rio. Remontant au début des années 1980, lorsque les arrastões avaient lieu dans d’autres quartiers de la ville, l’étude se poursuit jusqu’à "l'été de l’arrastão" (1991-1992), lorsque cette pratique est définitivement associée au front de mer carioca et a été profondément requalifiée. L'article cherche également à mettre en évidence, outre les définitions mêmes de la pratique et des acteurs impliqués, les éléments constitutifs de la spatialité de ce phénomène, en mettant l'accent sur la centralité et la visibilité des espaces publics, ainsi que sur les relations et les connexions entre les différents espaces de la ville. In the early 1990s, arrastões became known in Rio de Janeiro as events in which robberies were committed by youth gangs, particularly on the beaches.They shaped strongly the experience in these spaces and changing the imaginary about seaside practices in the city of Rio de Janeiro. This paper proposes to understand, from the analysis of newspaper news, the public debate that preceded the stabilization of the contents related to the arrastão and its location on the seashore beaches of the Southern Zone of Rio. This article proposes to understand, from the analysis of newspaper news, the public debate that preceded the stabilization of the content related to the trawler and its location on the seashore beaches of the Southern Zone of Rio. Back in the early 1980s, when arrastões took place in other areas of the city, the study continued until the "summer of the arrastão" (1991-1992), when the practice was definitively associated with the carioca seafront and was highly requalified. In addition to the definitions of the practice and the actors involved, the paper also seeks to highlight the elements that constituted the spatiality of such phenomenon, with emphasis on the centrality and visibility of public spaces, and the relationships and connections between different spaces in the city.

Drowning is a global public health problem, but accurately estimating drowning risk remains a challenge. Coastal drowning comprises a significant proportion of the drowning burden in Australia and is influenced by a range of behavioural factors (e.g. risk perception, knowledge, attitudes and behaviours) that are poorly understood. These factors, along with those that impact exposure (e.g. coastal visitation and activity participation) all impact on drowning risk. While excellent mortality and morbidity data exists in Australia, a lack of coastal participation data presents challenges to identifying high-risk groups or activities and prioritising prevention efforts. This methods paper describes the development and evolution of an ongoing, annual, nationally representative online survey as an effective tool used to capture valuable data about the Australian population’s relationship with the coast. This paper explores how the survey is structured (12–14 sections spanning multiple topics and themes), the different question types used (including open text, 4-digit responses and categorical questions), the sample size (1400–1600 respondents), sampling strategy (using demographic quota sampling which can then be post-weighted to the population if required) and how topics and themes have changed over time to enhance the quality of data collected (i.e., wording changes to enhance participant comprehension or data usability and changing issue-specific ‘feature’ topics of interest such as campaign evaluation). How the survey is implemented online is described, both practically through to third-party recruitment processes and ethically to maximise anonymity of respondents and ensure data quality. Interim analyses indicate the impact of considering exposure when calculating fatal drowning rates, especially by activity (e.g., crude boating drowning rate 0.12 per 100,000 population vs 0.95 per 100,000 exposed population [relative risk = 8.01; 95% confidence interval: 4.55–14.10]). This study highlights lessons learned in the process of conducting a nationally representative coastal participation survey as well as the strengths and limitations of adopting this approach. Data collected will provide more detailed information on the skills, behaviours, knowledge and attitudes of coastal activity participants. Analyses of this unique dataset will inform research that will underpin development and evaluation of coastal drowning prevention initiatives prioritising those most at risk. It is hoped that the methods detailed within this study may be useful for other countries to develop similar approaches to understanding their own population.

Plaže su ikone ljetnog turizma i snažan motivacijski faktor dolaska turista u turističke destinacije sunca i mora. Plaže služe kao rekreacijske zone priobalnih gradova te kao ekosustavi koji pružaju određene prirodne i zaštitne funkcije. Hrvatska obala bogata je ovim vrijednim turističkim resursom, ali upravljanje plažama kao turističkim proizvodom nije dosegnulo značajan napredak. Ovom doktorskom disertacijom nastoji se dati doprinos održivom upravljanju plažama kao turističkim proizvodom prepoznajući mogućnost uključivanja svih dionika u taj proces putem istraživanja njihovih sociodemografskih odrednica, preferencija, zadovoljstva i budućih namjera ponašanja. Ovo znanje o posjetiteljima može biti važan doprinos procesu upravljanja plažama te može poslužiti donošenju kvalitetnijih upravljačkih odluka. Svrha ove doktorske disertacije je razviti kognitivno–afektivno–konativni model zadovoljstva posjetitelja plaža. U ovoj disertaciji razvijen je, validiran te testiran empirijski model zadovoljstva posjetitelja plažom kroz okvire održivog razvoja, međunarodnih protokola upravljanja obalnim područjem i nacionalnog zakonodavstva te teorija zadovoljstva, kvalitete i ponašanja potrošača. Empirijski model sadrži mjerenje koncepta zadovoljstva prirodnim obilježjima plaža, sadržaja na plaži, emocija, zadovoljstva cjelokupnim iskustvom na plaži i budućih namjera posjetitelja. U ovoj disertaciji uspostavljena je aplikativna, teorijska i empirijska valjanost promatranja plaža kao turističkog proizvoda te je prikazano na koji način ovaj pristup u sebi ima ugrađena načela održivog razvoja uz istovremenu orijentiranost prema nekim od najvažnijih determinanti uspješnog poslovanja – zadovoljstva i budućih namjera posjetitelja. Procjenom pouzdanosti i validnosti empirijskog modela te znanstvenih hipoteza otkriveni su novi uvidi u područje zadovoljstva posjetitelja plažama. Ovi uvidi uključuju emocije kao značajne prediktore zadovoljstva cjelokupnim iskustvom i budućih namjera ponašanja posjetitelja te drugačija emotivna iskustva posjetitelja na prirodnoj plaži u ruralnoj sredini, nego na plažama u gradskim i urbanim sredinama. Rezultati također ukazuju na postojanje medijacijskog učinka emocija, između zadovoljstva prirodnim obilježjima plaže i zadovoljstva cjelokupnim iskustvom na plaži te između zadovoljstva sadržajima na plaži i zadovoljstva cjelokupnim iskustvom., Beaches are icons of summer tourism and a strong motivating factor for the arrival of tourists in the sun and sea tourism destinations. Spending time on the beach is one of the most popular forms of tourism leisure worldwide. Beaches serve both as recreational areas of coastal cities, and valuable ecosystems that provide natural and protective functions. The Croatian coast is relatively rich in this valuable tourism resource, but the management of beaches as a tourist product has not reached significant progress. This dissertation aims to contribute to the sustainable management of beaches as a tourism product and recognises the possibility of involving all stakeholders in this process by studying socio-demographic factors, preferences, satisfaction, and future behavioural intentions of beach visitors. This knowledge can make an important contribution to the beach management process because it can be used to make more informed management decisions. Which characteristics of a particular beach need to be improved, what facilities should be introduced or discontinued, beach managers can find out through social science research methods that can encourage participation of all stakeholders, increase visitor satisfaction and destination competitiveness, and thus lay the groundwork for more sustainable development of beaches as tourism products. The purpose of this doctoral dissertation is to develop a cognitive-affective-conative model of beach visitor satisfaction. This dissertation developed, validated, and tested an empirical model of beach visitor satisfaction by combining the sustainable development framework, international coastal zone management protocols, and national legislation with theories of satisfaction, quality, and consumer behaviour. The empirical model includes measures of beach visitor satisfaction levels with natural beach features, beach facilities, emotional experience, overall beach experience, and their future behavioural intention. The study follows a mixed method design, employing both quantitative and qualitative research methods. The structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) method was used for the purpose of testing the links between model constructs. Kruskal Wallis and Mann- Whitney U tests were used in analyses of socio-demographic variable influences of beach visitors. Data was collected through a semi-structured questionnaire on three separate beach locations in the Primorsko – goranska county littoral during the summer of 2021, with the paper assisted personal interview (PAPI) technique. A 5-point Likert scale was used in attribute level satisfaction and importance performance measurements. Qualitative methods include investigation by an unstructured inquiry of importance, concerning beach attributes not mentioned in the structured part of the questionnaire, as an opening of an unstructured interview with the beach visitor. Findings of the qualitative analysis have shown that beach visitors also value cultural factors and place high importance on beach sediment quality. The findings of the descriptive statistical analyses concerning socio-demographic characteristics of beach visitors indicate that on average, women (59.4%) visit the beach more than men (40.6%). The most frequent age group of beach visitors is in between 45-54 years old (25.7%), followed by visitors in between 15-24 (21%) years old. Regarding education levels, on average most visitors have finished high school (54.6%) followed by visitors with university level education (43.5%). Foreign tourists make up most of beach visitors (60.2%) while domestic tourists are second most represented (20.7%), followed by local residents (17.2%) and season residents (1.9%). Concerning the habits of beach visitors, they are most likely to visit the beach as a family with children (31.3%), as a couple (26.8%) or with friends (26.3%). Beach visitors will most likely use a car to get to the beach (77.7%), go on foot (12.5%) or use public transport (8.8%). Concerning the time they spend on the beach, most visitors stay in between 3-5 hours long (39.5%), followed by stays in between 1-3 hours long (38.2%) and stays over 5 hours long (21.2%). The descriptive statistical analyses of structural model independent variable constructs for the whole sample of all three beaches, indicates that regarding beach natural characteristics, beach visitors are most satisfied with beach scenery 𝒙̅ = 4.57, cleanliness of the sea 𝒙̅ = 4.47 and texture of beach sediment 𝒙̅ = 4.06. Beach visitors are somewhat satisfied with the opportunities to observe maritime species 𝒙̅ = 3.42. The least levels of beach visitor satisfaction are with available shade on the beaches 𝒙̅ = 2.82. Concerning beach visitor satisfaction with beach facilities, all average values of individual attributes are below 4, which indicates that beach visitors are on average more satisfied with the natural beach attributes than facilities available at the beaches. In the overall sample, beach visitors are satisfied the least with lifeguard and/or medical service 𝒙̅ = 2.90, accessibility to the beach and sea for persons with disabilities 𝒙̅ = 2.97, rental service of water sport and recreation equipment 𝒙̅ = 3.12, parking space availability 𝒙̅ = 3.12, shower availability 𝒙̅ = 3.13, toilet cleanliness 𝒙̅ = 3.15 and toilet availability 𝒙̅ = 3.24. Beach visitors are satisfied the most with bar and restaurant service on the beaches 𝒙̅ = 3.99, clearly designated safe swimming areas in the sea 𝒙̅ = 3.88, litter bin availability 𝒙̅ = 3.88 and with areas for sport, recreation, and children play on the beaches 𝒙̅ = 3.81. Concerning the descriptive analyses of beach visitor emotional experiences, measured on the Destination Emotion Scale (DES), on average beach visitors feel joy 𝒙̅ = 4.21 the most, followed by the emotion of love 𝒙̅ = 3.84 and positive surprise 𝒙̅ = 3.69. Beach visitor satisfaction with the overall experience at the beaches is on average relatively high 𝒙̅ = 4.29, as are the intention of revisit 𝒙̅ = 4.49, and the intention of recommending the beach 𝒙̅ = 4.35. The results of the bivariate statistical analysis show significant statistical differences in overall experience satisfaction regarding visitor type, while no differences were found by age or gender. Domestic tourists are least satisfied on average, while season residents are satisfied the most. The results partially support hypothesis H1. Significant statistical differences were found in the construct of intention of recommendation by gender and age. Women have a higher intention to recommend the beach than men. Age groups of 15-24 years of age tend to recommend the beach the least, while age groups of 45-54 and 55-64 have the highest levels of recommendation intention. These results partially support hypothesis H2, as no differences were found by beach visitor type. Women also have a higher intention of revisit the beach then men, while local residents and season residents have significantly higher intention of revisit than tourists, partially supporting hypothesis H3, as no differences by age were found. Lastly, the results of multivariate statistical analysis show that satisfaction with natural beach characteristics affects satisfaction with the overall experience at the beach (β=0.529, p

International audience; Shoreline change at various spatial and temporal scales on sandy beaches depends on coastal morphology and dynamics. However, anthropogenic activity has changed the way in which coastal geomorphology influences the trend of beach erosion processes. Coastal responses to the different influencing factors are important for decision makers to manage the risks in a sustainable coastal development framework. This paper discusses a methodology based on two complementary approaches; the combined use of satellite imagery, GIS, DSAS statistical methods and a mineralogical and granulometric characterization of beach sediments by analyzing the spatial evolution of sand characteristics. In this context, we sought to identify from a geomorphological, sedimentological and hydrodynamic viewpoint the factors affecting the central zone of the Algerian coastline by the beach and to evaluate the impact of developments on their evolution and balance. For this purpose, a 17-year historical time series on the shoreline is analysed, in order to obtain recent evidence of erosion/accretion trends. We used mathematical morphology to transform RGB satellite images of very high spatial resolution into shorelines. For granulometric changes and mineralogical composition of beach surficial sediments, a sampling campaign was carried out for one beach along 17 profiles perpendicular to the shoreline. Thus, we monitored the trace metal concentrations by X-ray diffraction. The results show that the study area exhibits a wide variety of shoreline trends. This study showed that there is a concordance between the distribution of wave energies and the coastline evolution. The results relating to the granulometric indices and their distributions showed that they are generally medium-sized sands, well classified and almost symmetrical in the eastern sector of the beach and mixed facies in the western sector. However, variability in the spatial distribution of sand grains highlights the combined effect of hydrodynamic agents and sediment sources. The evidence of sediment dynamics and the statistical study of heavy metals corroborate the results both qualitatively and quantitatively, allowing us to identify coastal erodibility in the area.

The north-western coast of Cadiz (Spain) presents a variety of coastal engineering and coastal management problems whose solution is not an easy task due to the complexity of the parameters involved. Two cases of dune zone management in this a rea are described in this paper. Punta Candor beach, a very popular recreational area in Rota municipality, experiences one of the highest dune erosion rates in Spain of more than 1 m/yr. In order to address this coastal degradation, the Atlantic Andalusian Coastal District has performed beach and dune restoration planning, described in this paper as an example of sustainable coastal management. The Valdevaqueros dune area also represents animportant recreational zone. However, after the Spanish Shore Act was approved in 1988, sand extraction was prohibited, and the system began to lose stability resulting in landward dune invasion. As in the previous case, an integrated study of the management alternatives is also presented for the Valdevaqueros dune area, considering all of the problems involved: dune degradation, invasion of the Punta Paloma road by the mobile dunes, excessive recreational pressure on the dune area and adjacent lagoon, parking lot resettlements, and undesirable land use in the surroundings. In particular, a cost-benefit analysis for the different alternatives was carried out regarding the road-dune interaction.

The Caribbean islands share a history of plantation economy in which the "1%" not only controlled the natural resources and economies of the region, but also owned the majority of the "99%" who were enslaved. This disparity in wealth approximated a racial divide in the society, as the wealthy minority was predominantly "white" while the dispossessed majority was mainly non-whites. While the coastlands were always of importance in these export-oriented agricultural colonies, beach and backshore lands unsuitable for agriculture were less so, often being utilized for boatyards/fishing depots, cemeteries and "tenantries" or squatter settlements housing the landless. Since World War II, and particularly since the Cuban revolution in 1960, beach-oriented tourism has become the leading economic activity in most Caribbean countries. Competition for coastal resources has generally been resolved in favour of foreign currency, transferring much coastal property to foreign ownership and increasingly shutting off the local population's access to the sea. As the majority of foreign investors and tourists are white, this also has racial connotations. This paper examines the legal and administrative responses to the challenges that this situation presents which have been adopted by the Anglo-Caribbean Small Island Developing States (SIDS), with particular reference to the islands of Jamaica, Barbados, Tobago and some of the member countries of the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS). Las islas del Caribe comparten una historia de economía basada en plantaciones, en el que el 1% de la población controlaba los recursos naturales y la economía de la región, y al 99% restante, que vivía esclavizado. Esta diferencia en la riqueza traía consigo una división racial en la sociedad, ya que la minoría rica era principalmente "blanca", mientras que la mayoría desposeía era principalmente "no blanca". Mientras que las tierras costeras tenían siempre importancia en estas colonias agrícolas orientadas a la exportación, las playas y terrenos inadecuados para la agricultura lo eran menos, utilizándose muchas veces como astilleros o almacenes de pesca, cementerios o asentamientos ilegales para los sintierra. Desde la Segunda Guerra Mundial, y en particular desde la revolución cubana de 1960, el turismo de playa se ha convertido en la principal actividad económica en la mayoría de los países del Caribe. La competencia por los recursos costeros se ha resuelto en general a favor del capital extranjero, transfiriendo muchas propiedades costeras a dueños extranjeros y, cada vez más, cerrando a la población local el acceso al mar. Como la mayoría de los inversores extranjeros y turistas son blancos, esto también tiene connotaciones raciales. Este artículo analiza las respuestas legales y administrativas a los desafíos surgidos por esta situación, que se han adoptado por Anglo-Caribbean Small Island Developing States (SIDS) (Pequeñas Islas y Estados en Desarrollo Anglo-Caribeños), con especial referencia a las islas de Jamaica, Barbados, Tobago y algunos de los países miembros de la Organización de Estados del Caribe Oriental (OECO).DOWNLOAD THIS PAPER FROM SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2571281

To position the tourism offering of the Municipality of Lovran, it must be adjusted to the modern needs of tourists. In this, a key role belongs to designing, implementing and sustaining an experience system as part of the destination’s integrated tourism product. Lovran as a tourist destination can become distinctive only to the extent to which it can provide services and facilities capable of satisfying the travel needs and motivations of tourists. When designing an experience system, the destination is generally in the focus of interest. This paper, however, takes a closer look at the thematization of beaches that are a part of Lovran’s tourism offering. Previous tourism development in Lovran has first and foremost been centred on the summer months when the sun, sea and beaches are the primary motivation for tourist arrivals. Lovran as a tourist destination, together with its beaches, provides opportunities that have yet to be fully valorised with regard to implementing the experience system in beaches. In this respect, the paper aims to highlight the need for beach thematization. Beach thematization is carried out in accordance with the vision of the destination to ensure the optimal distribution of bathers and to satisfy their preferences. A new classification of beaches is made according to the Bathing Area Registration and Evaluation (BARE) system, which is adjusted to the needs of the market. The BARE system categorises beaches based on their accessibility and coastal scenery. The purpose of the paper is to analyse beaches in Lovran and, in accordance with a beach’s potential, to propose a theme (eco beach, romantic beach, beach for families with children, etc.) for each one, based on the Regional Program for the Adaptation and Management of Seaside Beaches in Primorje-Gorski Kotar County. The authors conclude that beaches have a primary importance for most tourists as well as residents, making it essential to respect their physical, social and ecological carrying capacities.

summary This paper considers the impact of tidal forcing on regional groundwater flow in an unconfined coastal aquifer. Numerical models are used to quantify this impact for a wide range of hydrogeological conditions. Both a shallow and a deep aquifer are investigated with regard to three dimensionless parameter groups that determine the groundwater flow to a large extent. Analytical expressions are presented that allow for a quick estimate of the regional scale effect of tidal forcing under the same conditions as used in the numerical models. Quantitatively, the results in this paper are complementary to previous studies by taking into account variable density groundwater flow, dispersive salt transport and a seepage face in the intertidal area. Qualitatively, the results are in line with previous investigations. The time-averaged hydraulic head at the high tide mark increases upon a decrease of each of the three considered dimensionless parameter groups: R (including the ratio of the hydraulic conductivity and the precipitation excess), a (the slope of the intertidal area) and AL (the ratio of the width of the fresh water lens and the tidal amplitude). The relative change of the location and the hydraulic head of the groundwater divide, which together characterize regional groundwater flow, increase as a and AL decrease, but decrease as R decreases. The difference between the analytical solutions and numerical results is small. Therefore, the presented analytical solutions can be used to estimate the bias that is introduced in a numerical model if tidal forcing is neglected. The results should be used with caution in case of significant wave forcing, as this was not considered.

Flooding, as a result of heavy rains and/or storm surges, is a persistent problem in coastal areas. Under scenarios of climate change, there are expectations that flooding events will become more frequent in some areas and potentially more intense. This poses a potential threat to coastal communities relying heavily on coastal resources, such as beaches for tourism. This paper develops a methodology for the assessment of coastal flooding risks, based on an index that compares 16 hydrogeomorphological, biophysical, human exposure and resilience indicators, with a specific focus on tourism. The paper then uses an existing flood vulnerability assessment of 724 beaches in Galicia (Spain) to test the index for tourism. Results indicate that approximately 10% of tourism beaches are at high risk to flooding, including 10 urban and 36 rural beaches. Implications for adaptation and coastal management are discussed.

Cet article part des acquis des recherches en sciences sociales (et en particulier en géographie) sur la visibilité et les processus de territorialisation des gays dans l’espace public littoral (les plages) pour se focaliser sur l’expérience des personnes s'identifiant comme lesbiennes. Il questionne l’identité sexuelle et de genre en lien avec l’espace et plus particulièrement l'accès à l'espace public, en se concentrant sur l’analyse du rapport entre normes sexuelles et normes de genre, dans le cadre des pratiques de loisirs. Les entretiens menés montrent l’intériorisation des pratiques et des comportements qui caractérisent l’expérience des femmes dans les espaces publics. Les lesbiennes interviewées déclarent ne pas concevoir la plage comme un espace « safe ». Bien que l’expérience lesbienne de la plage est influencée par l’intériorisation des normes de genre, le poids de la socialisation peut être contrebalancé par le positionnement politique de chaque personne. L'article montre qu'il existe des enjeux spécifiques à l'expérience que les lesbiennes ont de la plage, liés à leur appartenance à un groupe minoritaire, non pas seulement au sens quantitatif, mais au sens politique : l'expérience lesbienne de la plage renvoie à la construction sociale de leur sexualité. This paper builds on the literature in social sciences (in particular in geography) regarding the gays' visibility and processes of territorialization in relation to coastal recreative space (beaches), to focus on the experience of those who identify themselves as lesbian. It questions the lesbian sexual and gender identity in relation to space and in particular to the access to the public space, focusing on the analysis of the link between sexual and gender norms, in relation to leisure practices. The interviews indicated the internalization of the practices and behaviors that are typical of women's experience of public space. The lesbians interviewed declare not to consider the beach as a safe space. Although the lesbian experience of the beach is influenced by the internalization of gender norms, the weight of socialization can be counterbalanced by the political positioning of each person. The paper shows that the lesbians' experience of the beach involves specific issues that are linked to their belonging to a minority group, not only in quantitative but also in political terms : the lesbians' experience of the beach brings back to the social construction of their sexuality.

This paper builds on the literature in social sciences (in particular in geography) regarding the gays' visibility and processes of territorialization in relation to coastal recreative space (beaches), to focus on the experience of those who identify themselves as lesbian. It questions the lesbian sexual and gender identity in relation to space and in particular to the access to the public space, focusing on the analysis of the link between sexual and gender norms, in relation to leisure practices. The interviews indicated the internalization of the practices and behaviors that are typical of women's experience of public space. The lesbians interviewed declare not to consider the beach as a safe space. Although the lesbian experience of the beach is influenced by the internalization of gender norms, the weight of socialization can be counterbalanced by the political positioning of each person. The paper shows that the lesbians' experience of the beach involves specific issues that are linked to their belonging to a minority group, not only in quantitative but also in political terms : the lesbians' experience of the beach brings back to the social construction of their sexuality.

One of the important steps towards sustainable development of territories is the assessment of the reserves and rate of consumption of natural resources. Such assessments are also supported at the international level. The recreational resources represent the most important type of natural resources for the coastal zone of Crimea. They are the basis for recreational tourism and, therefore, determine the economic status of the peninsula as a whole. Currently, however, the coastal zone of Crimea is being developed quite chaotically. The need for a specialized information system capable of timely reflecting natural and manmade changes in the coastal zones is widely recognized. The paper presents a system that was developed using ESRI ArcGIS formats capable of not only capturing changes occurring in the environment, but to also identifying options for a more efficient use of the recreational resources of the peninsula. The approach and unique algorithms developed by the authors of this paper were applied to four Crimean beaches.

Purpose – This paper examines the relationships between: (1) motives for internalization of a quality system, (2) the internalization of a quality system and (3) customer results, employee results and social results in public organizations by means of replication research Design/methodology/approach – First, the work applies a quantitative study to test hypotheses using structural equations based on the Partial Least Squares (PLS) approach. Then, a qualitative study is carried out to support the quantitative results obtained Findings – Results show that internal and external motives affect internalization, and that the most important issues for internalization are commitment, communication, training, recognition and follow-up. In addition, continuous improvement is key in order to enhance customer results, employee results and social results Originality/value – The contribution of this work is that it provides empirical support to prior research on internalization focused on manufacturing and service organizations, and extends these results to the case of public organizations. Propósito – Este trabajo analiza la relación entre: a) los motivos para interiorizar un sistema de calidad, b) la interiorización de un sistema de calidad y c) los resultados de clientes, empleados y sociedad en organizaciones públicas, a través de un estudio que replica los análisis previos sobre interiorización realizados en organizaciones manufactureras y de servicios. Diseño/metodología/enfoque – Interiorización de la calidad en organizaciones públicas Para conseguir este objetivo se realiza primero un estudio cuantitativo para comprobar las hipótesis a través de un análisis de ecuaciones estructurales desde el enfoque Partial Least Squares (PLS). Posteriormente se realiza otro estudio cualitativo para apoyar los resultados cuantitativos obtenidos. Resultados – Los resultados muestran que los motivos internos y externos influyen en la interiorización y que los aspectos más importantes para interiorizar un sistema de calidad son la implicación, la comunicación, la formación, el reconocimiento y el seguimiento interno. Además, la mejora continua es clave para mejorar los resultados de clientes, empleados y sociedad. Originalidad/valor – La contribución del trabajo es que proporciona apoyo empírico a los resultados de trabajos previos sobre interiorización centrados en organizaciones manufactureras y de servicios y extiende estos resultados al caso de organizaciones públicas. This study has been carried out as part of research project ECO2012-36316, funded by the Spanish government (National R&D&i Plan).

Blue Flag is a high standard symbol of environmental protection and it is awarded to the beaches and agreement ports by the Foundation of Education for the Environment. The beaches having been awarded this distinction warrant particular protection for their visitors, which is a particular point of tourism attractiveness: the result, they are preferred by tourists and, therefore, by tour operators selling tourism packages for the littoral. In 2009, Romanian beaches were not awarded any Blue Flags.

There has been an upsurge of recent interest in blue spaces, especially evident in nature-based research associated with the health and wellbeing potential of oceanic, coastal and inland waters. This paper documents Irish studies that compare indoor and outdoor blue spaces for different user communities and practices. The studies employ qualitative methodologies including interviews, visual surveys and go-alongs, to enact a form of ‘place capture’ in three different types of blue space. The first study, based at an indoor swimming pool in West Dublin, identifies the benefits and value of swimming as a healthy practice, from three different cohorts of respondents (n=79). The second study of a single canal space in the Midlands looks at the benefits identified by mixed regular users, including Park Runners, of the blue-ways alongside the Royal Canal (n=12). A third study captured comparative in-situ user-perspectives from two very different blue spaces, canal and beach, in two locations in Central/South Dublin (n=8). What emerges from the studies are complex assemblages of identified therapeutic outcomes in both health and wellbeing terms, reflecting diverse user perspectives from different types of blue space. The accounts reflect the literature in identifying both health-promoting and health-reducing dimensions of blue space experience, as well as commonalities and variations in how users explicitly value blue spaces settings. Key additional themes include, self-discovery, socialisation and recovery that hint at the potential of qualitatively focused ‘emplaced blue community’ studies to underpin and inform public health policy and promote health resilience in Ireland and beyond. En los últimos años se ha producido un aumento del interés en espacios azules, especialmente evidente en la investigación basada en la naturaleza asociada con el potencial de las aguas oceánicas, costeras e interiores para mejorar la salud y el bienestar. Este artículo aborda estudios irlandeses que comparan espacios azules interiores y exteriores para comunidades de usuarios y prácticas diferentes. Los estudios emplean metodologías cualitativas que incluyen entrevistas, observación y visitas, para llevar a cabo una especie de ‘captura de sitio’ en tres diferentes tipos de espacio azul. El primer estudio, realizado en una piscina cubierta en Dublín Oeste, identifica los beneficios y el valor de la natación como práctica saludable, de tres diferentes cohortes de población encuestada (n=79). El segundo estudio, de un único espacio de un canal en las Midlands, analiza los beneficios identificados por usuarios habituales mixtos, incluidos Park Runners (corredores de parque), de los blue-ways (vías azules) al lado del Canal Real (n=12). Un tercer estudio, recoge las opiniones de los usuarios in situ de dos espacios azules muy diferentes, el canal y la playa, en el centro y sur de Dublín (n=8). Lo que se desprende de estas investigaciones son complejos grupos de resultados terapéuticos identificados tanto en términos de salud como de bienestar, que reflejan las diversas perspectivas/valoraciones de los usuarios de los diferentes tipos de espacios azules. Así, este trabajo recoge aportaciones a la literatura científica sobre la identificación de las dimensiones de la promoción de la salud y de la reducción de la misma atendiendo al nivel de la utilización de los espacios azules, así como los puntos comunes y las variaciones en la forma en que los usuarios valoran explícitamente los espacios azules. Temas claves adicionales que subyacen en este trabajo hacen referencia además al autodescubrimiento, la socialización y la recuperación como elementos que permitan entrever el potencial de estudios cualitativos que se dirijan a las comunidades azules de usuarios de un lugar, con la finalidad de sustentar e informar a la política de salud pública y promover la resiliencia de la salud tanto en Irlanda, como en otros países.

Beaches are a vital coastal resource and a precondition to successful tourism development. Resent research shows that when looking for a destination where to enjoy the sea and sun tourists tend to choose the Croatian coast. In Croatia today, beaches are underutilized resources. Beach management in Croatia is carried out by regional and local self-governments that have varying success in fostering development in accordance with beach usage and burgeoning user demands. This paper examines legal and other solutions that profoundly affect beach management quality. Given the broader, economic and socio-environmental significance of beach management today, the authors explore management mechanisms and analyse the level of coordination among institutions. The purpose of the paper is to analyse the interdependence of local administration and the involvement of local communities in beach-management decision making. The paper aims to identify the influences and effects of management structure that directly impact development processes and sustainable beach management. Research methodology includes an overview of projects for improving the effectiveness of beach management and understanding the importance of beaches as resources.

Efficient absorption of reflected waves at the offshore boundary is a prerequisite for the accurate physical or theoretical modelling of long-duration irregular wave runup statistics at uniform, gently sloped beaches. This paper presents an implementation of the method suggested by Zhang et al. (2014) to achieve reflected wave absorption and simultaneous generation and propagation of incident waves in an existing numerical wave flume incorporating a moving boundary wavemaker. A generating–absorbing layer is incorporated within this 1DH hybrid Boussinesq-nonlinear shallow water equation model such that inshore-travelling incident waves, encompassing bound-wave structure approximately correct to second order, propagate unhindered while offshore-travelling reflected waves are absorbed. Once validated, the method is used to compile random wave runup statistics on uniform beach slopes broadly representative of dissipative, intermediate, and reflective beaches. Analyses of the individual runup time series, ensemble statistics and comparison to an empirical formula based on experimental runup data suggest that the main aspects of runup observed in the field are properly represented by the model. Existence of an upper limit on maximum runup is investigated using a simple extreme-value statistical analysis. Spectral saturation is examined by considering ensemble-averaged swash spectra for three representative beach slopes subject to incident waves with two different offshore significant wave heights. All spectra show f−4 roll-off at high frequencies in agreement with many previous field studies. The effect is also investigated of the swash motions preceding one particular extreme runup event on the eventual maximum runup elevation.

Tourism destination is a complicated system. Destination system consists of resources which can be natural and anthropogenic. It is necessary to harmonize them and to manage them in proper manner. Coastal area is one of the most valuable natural resources od Republic of Croatia which is well known and recognized as sun, sea&sand destination, and therefore coastal area is crucial for tourism development. Beaches, as part of coastal area, are foundation of competitive advantage, as well as income generator and due to this, there is growing interest in last couple years for possibility of using their recreational and economic potential. Purpose of this paper is, by using quantitative and qualitative analysis, to research beach resources of Pelješac peninsula which will then be used as a foundation for SWOT matrix to determine strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats to beaches of this area. For the analysis purpose, beside the secondary data research, there was a field research conducted which covered attitudes of key stakeholders and tourism board management of Pelješac peninsula which together make destination management of beach resources.

The four sea turtle species found in Malaysia are the leatherback, olive ridley, green and hawksbill. The threats to these species are acute. Populations of leatherback, olive ridley and hawksbill turtles are on the brink of collapse – threatening a biodiversity crisis in Malaysia and the region. This proceedings contains 8 technical papers presented at a workshop convened in Kijal, Terengganu to chart new directions in the conservation of Malaysia's critically endangered sea turtles and to reverse population decline. They represent a wide range of issues from aspects of biology to a review of 40 years of sea turtle conservation. A paper on the socioeconomic linkages and impacts of fisheries was also included as the workshop adopted a multidisciplinary approach to address the issues. Two case studies, including successful restoration examples from international experiences and restoration efforts in Sabah, pave the way for enhancing turtle conservation in the country.

Alexandria and its region comprise an ecological edge between land, water and sea. Known for its beaches and corniche it resembles an urban - natural interface (edge). Conflicting uses of an exploding population are intensely pressing the water line triggering protesting citizen acts and law suits calling for sound solution as the available shore line. After losing many beaches while widening the corniche a slow process of marine protection and regain is on the way, but it falls short to encompass all needs and factors in a regenerative manner, unless a holistic ecosystem vision is adopted to satisfy the human needs of beaches, recreation, view, pedestrian amenity, investment, urban development, fears of possible future inundation and lost ecological regeneration. The paper aims at providing the bases for approaching the corniche and beaches from an imperative holistic human ecosystem perspective.

Extended abstract Several types of currents occur along sandy shorelines. They are responsible for significant sediment transport and represent major processes causing coastal changes. Coastal currents are generated by various forcing mechanisms of atmospheric and/or marine origin which have distinct effects on the morphology and sedimentology of the littoral zone. The aim of this paper is to examine the role of coastal currents on the sediment dynamics of sandy shorelines. Tidal currents generally have limited effects on the morphodynamics of sandy coasts where wave- and wind-induced currents appear to be the main factors contributing to sediment transport in the coastal zone. The morphological and sedimentological effects that may be caused by these different currents are exemplified by a series of wave and current measurements carried out in the nearshore zone of the Mediterranean Sea and the Beaufort Sea. Examples of measurements of hydrodynamic parameters during fair-weather and storm conditions are shown in order to illustrate typical patterns of water circulation and sediment transport generated by different forcing mechanisms. Wave-generated currents result in both longshore and offshore sediment transport through shore-parallel littoral drift and seaward-directed rip currents and undertow. Wind-generated currents may result in more significant offshore sediment dispersal, particularly during storms. Some of the results presented in this paper show that the seaward-flowing downwelling near-bottom currents that develop in the nearshore zone during storm surges may be responsible for high magnitude offshore sediment transport. These currents differ from undertow and rip currents because they are not related to wave action but are generated by onshore wind stress causing a sea -level set-up at the coast. Because the coastal zone is not solely affected by surface gravity waves and associated currents, but also by other mechanisms such as wind-driven storm currents, existing models of beach/nearshore changes that are based only on wave-energy dissipation over an equilibrium profile may be seriously inadequate., Résumé Plusieurs types de courants agissent le long de côtes sableuses et sont responsables de transports sédimentaires d'une importance majeure dans l'évolution des littoraux meubles. Ces courants sont engendrés par divers phénomènes météorologiques et marins, ce qui explique leur variété et leurs répercussions morpho-sédimentaires distinctes sur les côtes. L'objet de cet article est d'examiner le rôle joué par les différents types de courants littoraux sur la dynamique sédimentaire des côtes sableuses. Les courants de marée ayant généralement un rôle mineur le long de ces littoraux, les courants orbitaux engendrés par les vagues et les courants causés par le vent lors des tempêtes sont examinés. Plusieurs exemples d'enregistrements de courants dans les petits fonds lors de tempêtes et de temps calmes sont présentés afin d'illustrer les phénomènes de forçage météorologiques sur le mouvement des masses d'eau et les transports sédimentaires dans la zone littorale. Les résultats présentés dans cet article montrent que les courants de downwelling qui agissent au niveau du fond pendant les crues de tempête peuvent être responsables du transport de quantités considérables de sédiments vers le large. Ces courants diffèrent considérablement des courants de retour comme les courants d'arrachement ou les courants ďundertow, car ils ne sont pas engendrés par les vagues, mais bien par le vent, et sont capables d'entraîner des sédiments littoraux jusqu'à des profondeurs nettement plus importantes., Héquette Arnaud. Courants et transports sédimentaires dans la zone littorale : le rôle des courants orbitaux et de downwelling / Currents and sediment transport in the coastal zone: the role of orbital and downwelling currents. In: Géomorphologie : relief, processus, environnement, Janvier-mars, vol. 7, n°1. pp. 5-16.

In this paper, we characterise tourists most likely to visit a coastal destination by high-speed rail (HSR). Our data came from a survey conducted among HSR passengers during 2014’s high season (July and August) at Spain’s Camp de Tarragona and Alicante Stations, each of which is near a mass tourism destination on the Mediterranean coast: the Costa Daurada and the Costa Blanca, respectively. We used responses to the survey, which presented binary discrete-choice situations, to construct a database necessary for a logistic regression model that allowed us to examine how passenger profile, trip characteristics, and stay conditions influenced the use of HSR services on visits to each coastal destination. Results highlighted significant differences in the profiles of tourists who arrived at each destination by HSR and, in turn, that no specific tourist profile is associated with HSR, even for two stations that serve sunny beach destinations. Among its implications, to analyse travellers that HSR can attract, it is vital to consider the specific characteristics of each destination and its current market. This research was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (GLOBALTUR–CSO2011–23004/GEOG; MOVETUR-CS02014-51785-R) to AG.

Coastal zones are one of the most rapidly changing environments on the global scale, mainly caused by anthropogenic activities (industry, urbanization, tourism and food production). Coastal erosion is primarily a natural process, although human-induced coastal changes are becoming more and more present and are significant factors associated with the loss of beach capacity. The Eastern Adriatic coast (EAC) is one of the most rapidly growing touristic markets within the Mediterranean, along which beaches still represent a leading component of the tourism resource. The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of natural geomorphologic features of the EAC as a starting point for further investigation and sustainable management of the coastal zone. The EAC is generally steep and rocky, mostly built up of karstified carbonates, and characterized, thus, by variety of drowned karstic forms. Beaches in carbonates are mostly small, narrow and scattered pocket gravel beaches. Coasts developed in the flysch and associated rocks are characterized by longer sandy and gravel beaches. The total beach length along the EAC presumably does not exceed 5 % and a small proportion of the beach length in relation to the rest of the EAC emphasizes their value in the touristic valorization, indicating the need for protection and sustainable management. Due to their geomorphologic diversities, fragmentation, different orientation, length, sediment composition and budget, each beach should be studied separately and on a small scale. Detailed information on a beach profiles, the nearshore geomorphology, and the beach processes needed to plan a sustainable coastal development are still mostly missing.

An increased number of accidents in water has been registered during the last decades. In order to reduce those accidents, state and international institutions have prescribed standards to be respected and fulfilled by States. Also, the modern tourist offer is not complete without safety standards being fulfilled. The specificity of Montenegrin teritory (the Adriatic sea coastline, Skadar Lake with acc. 60 km long coastline and other lakes, fast mountain rivers suitable for rafting, etc.) as well as the increased turning of Montenegro to the elite tourism, influenced on the adoption of a series of regulations and measures that have greatly increased the safety level on the beaches. Lifeguarding on water is an organized activity that has been implemented in Montenegro since 1999. The result of this implementation is a reduced number of accidents, better safety on the beaches, better informing of the guests about the risks that could happen during swimming, increased culture level of guests behaviour at the regulated swimming beaches. The aim of this paper is to present what has been done up to now in the field of training of lifeguards on the water in Montenegro, as well as possible directions for further development.

The aim of this paper was to search for and model spatial and seasonal trends in occurrences (stranding or by-catches) of adult loggerhead turtles in the western Mediterranean area and Gulf of Cádiz (Atlantic) independently of their origin. Adult turtles were only bycaught on longlines from May to August. Adults were stranded in the eastern and western areas of the Strait of Gibraltar threshold throughout the year. In the Gulf of Cádiz (Atlantic), strandings were significantly concentrated in May and June, whereas in the Alboran Sea (Mediterranean), strandings mainly occurred in June and July. The probability of catching a mature loggerhead increases during June and July south of the Balearic Islands. The results suggest that adult loggerhead turtles move (migrate) from the Atlantic area (Gulf of Cádiz) to the Mediterranean (Alboran Sea) from May to June, and subsequently move to the Balearic Sea from June to July. These results are in line with those obtained by previous studies., SI

The environmental contamination by geohelminths represents a world public health problem and has been well documented by several authors. However, few papers describe the presence of such contamination in saline soils of coastal beaches. A study was performed on the beaches of the municipality of Santos in the period between May 2004 to April 2005 with the aim of determining the degree of contamination, and the correlation between contamination level and seasonal conditions and characteristics of the environment. Of the 2,520 samples analyzed, 18.2% (458) were contaminated, 32.3% (148) of which were localized in children's recreational areas (playgrounds). The parasite profile found in the analyzed samples indicated the presence of several zoonotic parasites: Ancylostoma larvae (82.5%), Toxocara sp. eggs (59.4%), Ancylostomidae-like eggs (37.1%), coccid oocysts (13.5%), Trichostrongylus sp. eggs and larvae, Ascaris lumbricoides eggs, (11.6%), Entamoeba sp. cysts (10.0%), Strongyloides sp. (4.8%), several free nematoids and some non-identified parasitic structures (3.3%). It was established that the highest frequency of parasitic structures occurred in the months between May and October 2004, and from February to March 2005. An increase in the diversity of parasitic forms was documented in the months between February to December 2004 and from January to April 2005, these periods having the highest rainfall. A contaminação ambiental por geohelmintos representa um problema mundial de saúde pública e tem sido bem documentada por diversos autores. No entanto, poucos trabalhos descrevem a presença de contaminação em solos salinos de praias litorâneas. Este estudo foi realizado nas praias do município de Santos no período entre maio de 2004 a abril de 2005 com o objetivo de determinar o grau de contaminação, e possíveis correlações entre sazonalidade e características ambientais. Das 2.520 amostras analisadas, 18,2% (458) estavam contaminadas, 32,3% (148) das quais foram localizadas em areas de lazer das crianças(playgrounds). O perfil parasitário encontrado nas amostras analisadas indicaram a presença de vários parasitos com potencial zoonótico: larvas de Ancylostoma (82,5%), ovos de Toxocara sp (59,4%), ovos semelhantes aos de Ancilostomídeos (37,1%), oocistos de coccídeos (13,5%), ovos de Trichostrongylus sp., ovos de Ascaris lumbricoides, (11,6%), cistos de Entamoeba sp. (10,0%), Strongyloides sp. (4,8%), vários nematóides de vida livre e algumas estruturas parasitárias não identificadas que podem corresponder a um parasita (3,3%). Foi estabelecido que a maior frequência de estruturas parasitárias ocorreu nos meses entre maio e outubro de 2004, e de fevereiro a março de 2005. Um aumento na diversidade de formas parasitárias foi documentado nos meses entre fevereiro a dezembro de 2004 e de janeiro a abril de 2005, esses períodos com a maior pluviosidade.

The paper analyses, compares and contrasts cross-shore morphodynamic behaviour offour diverse beaches that have very different regional settings, wave climates and sediment characteristics, with the aid ofrarely available long term measurements of beach profiles and incident waves. The beaches investigated are Narrabeen Beach, New South Wales, Australia; Milford-on-Sea Beach, Christchurch Bay, UK; Hasaki Coast, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan; and Joetsu-Ogata Coast, Niigata Prefecture, Japan. A statistical analysis, equilibrium beach profile analysis and Empirical Orthogonal Function analysis are used to investigate, compare and contrast spatial and temporal variability of cross shore beach profiles of the selected beaches at short-, medium- and long-term timescales. All beaches show evidence ofmulti-timescale morphodynamic change. Narrabeen Beach profile has the highest sensitivity to local weather patterns. Milford-on-Sea, Joetsu-Ogata and Hasaki profiles are sensitive to seasonal variation of the wave climate however, they also show some correlations with regional climate variabilities. The nature of sediment exchange across the profile, which contributes to profile shape change with time, is found to be related to sediment characteristics across the profile. At Milford-on-Sea and Joetsu-Ogata, both of which have composite profiles, sediment exchange between the upper beach and the inter-tidal zone dominates profile change, irrespective of the distinct differences in sediment composition found in the two beaches. On the other hand in Narrabeen and Hasaki where beach sediment comprises medium to find sand, sediment exchange and hence profile change occur mainly in intertidal and subtidal zones.

Sand serves as a reservoir for potentially pathogenic microorganisms. Children, a high risk group, can acquire infections from sand in sandboxes, recreational areas, and beaches. This paper reviews the microbes in sands, with an emphasis on fungi. Currently monitoring in sandboxes is limited to measurements of Toxocara eggs, although other microbes have been documented. Recreational areas and beach sands have also been found to harbour many types of fungi and microbes. A newly emerging group of fungi of concern include the black yeast-like fungi. After establishing that sand is a reservoir for fungi, clinical manifestations of fungal infections are described with an emphasis on ocular and ear infections. Overall, we recommend environmental studies to develop monitoring strategies for sand and studies to evaluate the link between fungi exposure in sand and human health impacts. Raquel Sabino was financially supported by a fellowship from Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) Portugal (contract SFRH/BPD/72775/2010). Monika Novak Babič was financially supported by a fellowship from Ministry of Education, Science and Sport and the University of Ljubljana [Innovative scheme for co-financing of doctoral studies, Contract No. 1244]

The development of dunes is characterized by the alternating effects of erosion during storm events and growth during milder conditions. The quantification of dune growth due to aeolian processes has received some attention but uncertainty remains on where the dune sand, which accommodates growing dunes, originates from in the coastal profile. In this paper we hypothesize that sediment eroded from the upper beach is the main sediment supply for aeolian sediment transport governing dune growth. To test this hypothesis we have analyzed morphological profiles collected monthly at three different field sites (Noordwijk, Vlugtenburg and Narrabeen) during several years. No significant erosive trend due to aeolian processes was found at the upper beach at this temporal resolution. We conclude that it is highly unlikely that the main supply for aeolian sediment transport governing dune growth was located at the upper beach. The intertidal zone might be a relevant alternative source of sediment in the cross shore profile.

This report is the culmination of a cross-African countries analytical and empirical study commissioned by the World Bank, which set out to improve the understanding of the characteristics and environmental, economic, and social performances of small-scale fisheries in Africa. It applies a common evaluation tool, called Fishery Performance Indicators (FPIs), which evaluates the ecological, social, and economic performances of a particular fishery. This paper is a compilation of a series of case studies to cast some light on the status of SSFs in Africa. The fisheries case studies range from inland to marine, single to multispecies, East to West African, and from artisanal to semi-industrial fisheries. A template was developed to provide structure and guidance for these case studies. Each case study involved the following elements: (a) characterization of SSFs (at both the national and case-study levels); (b) legal and institutional framework for case-study countries and communities; and (c) social, economic, and environmental performance of case-study fisheries. This synthesis report focuses on element (c) by using the standard Fishery Performance Indicators (FPIs) to do the comparison analysis. This report uses the quantitative results from the FPIs to explore commonalities and differences among and between the nine African fisheries in six countries (Ghana, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Senegal, and Sierra Leone) and to infer their relative strengths and weaknesses. Overall, there are large performance gaps in the recent African SSFs in terms of the output performance. These fisheries have unhealthy fish stock, high-risk volatility, weak market performance, and postharvest performance.

This paper presents (1) a study of the fate of high-quality detritus in Arctic sandy beaches, in particular its use by the sandy beach meiobenthos, and (2) a comparison of organic matter mineralisation rates with those in other climatic regions. We performed a tracer experiment in which lyophilised 13C-labelled cyanobacteria were added to sediments of two intertidal beaches (Tyskehytte and Breoyane) at Kongsfjorden (Spitsbergen) with contrasting sediment properties, benthic metabolic rates and meiobenthic communities. Tyskehytte was characterised by coarse sands on an exposed beach and Breoyane by medium sands on a relatively sheltered beach. Organic matter addition stimulated benthic metabolism in the coarser sediment but not in the finer one. Correspondingly, the added carbon was metabolised faster in the coarser sediment, respiration being its major short-term fate. Faster mineralisation of organic matter in coarser sediments was probably linked to a better availability to microbes and fauna in deeper sediment strata, resulting from a higher sediment porosity and a faster penetration of (labelled) organic matter to deeper sediment layers. Overall, organic matter mineralisation rates at both beaches compared favourably with those in temperate sediments. All major meiofauna taxa incorporated the added carbon source on both beaches, but specific uptake was substantially higher in the coarser sediment than in the finer one. Oligochaetes accounted for the largest share of meiobenthic carbon uptake. Despite a very high specific uptake, meiofaunal consumption accounted for but a small portion (13C-mineralisation. Thus our results do not support the hypothesis that meiofauna have a comparatively larger role in Arctic sandy beaches impoverished in macrofauna. However, more research including analyses on different spatial and temporal scales is needed before generalisations can be made.

The influence of the ENSO cycle on marine fauna and flora has only recently been given the attention it deserves. The very strong 1997–1998 El Niño and its obvious effects on marine biota was a key point in ENSO research, but unfortunately few quantitative data about the 1997–1998 El Niño itself are available. To gather information about the effect of ENSO on the macrobenthos, we performed a bi-weekly transect monitoring on an Ecuadorian sandy beach in 2000–2001, during the strong La Niña following the 1997–1998 El Niño, and in the normal period of 2002–2004. In this paper, intertidal macrofaunal densities at higher taxonomic level are used to compare a La Niña phase with the 'normal' situation. The few existing documents about El Niño and sandy beach macrobenthos, and scattered data from previous and current research, were used to complete the picture. Total macrobenthos densities were 300% lower during the La Niña phase compared with equal months in the normal phase. Especially Crustacea and Mollusca showed a marked increase in densities towards the normal situation (94% and 341% respectively). Polychaeta and Echinodermata, however, showed higher densities during the La Niña phase (22% and 73% respectively). Two possible explanations are proposed. (1) Low densities during the La Niña could be due to the very strong preceding El Niño, suggesting the populations were still recovering. This hypothesis is supported by previous work done in the south of Peru. This is, however, a cold water system, compared to the Ecuadorian warm water system. (2) The second hypothesis states that a La Niña will have a very severe impact on the intertidal macrofauna of a warm water system like the Ecuadorian coast.

As thresholds between order and chaos, between “places” endowed with meaning and undifferentiated “spaces,” the ocean’s edges have long lured humans to inhabit them while invariably denying their efforts at their control. Looking at coasts, this paper reveals the extent to which unruliness occurs when the human need for stability negotiates with nature’s dynamism, highlighting how we will be forced to renegotiate our relationship with the sea.

Advanced, multidimensional models are typically applied when researching processes occurring in the nearshore. Relatively simple, empirical equations are commonly used in coastal engineering practice in order to estimate extreme wave run-up on beaches and coastal structures. However, they were mostly calibrated to the characteristics of oceanic coasts, which have different wave regime than a semi-enclosed basin like the Baltic Sea. In this paper we apply the formulas to the Polish Baltic Sea coast. The equations were adjusted to match local conditions in two test sites in Międzyzdroje and Dziwnówek, where beaches are under continuous video surveillance. Data from WAM wave model and coastal gauge stations were used, as well as precise measurements of the beaches' cross-sections. More than 600 run-up events spanning from June to December 2013 were analysed, including surges causing dune erosion. Extreme wave run-up R2% was calculated and presented as a percentage value indicating what part of the beach was inundated. The method had a root-mean-square error of 6.1 and 6.5 percentage points depending on the test site. We consider it is a fast and computationally undemanding alternative to morphodynamic models. It will constitute a part of the SatBałtyk Operating System-Shores, delivering forecasts of wave run-up on the beaches for the entire Polish coastline.

This paper presents 28 species of Echinoderms collected on 5 beaches of Salvador (12º54' to 13º01' S and 38º26' to 38º33' W), Brazil, which are distributed in 19 families. Ophiuroidea represented 53,6% of the collected species, followed by Echinoidea (28,6%), Asteroidea (7,1%), Holothuroidea (7,1%), and Crinoidea (3,6%). Ophiuroidea and Echinoidea were the most frequent groups, occurring at all the studied beaches while Crinoidea occurred only on 20% of them. Most of the species are characterized as belonging to the tropical warm waters, some to the shallow coastal areas and some having a broad bathymetric distribution. The richness of species values on beaches ranged from 7 to 24, at Itapua Beach, and from 2 to 14 among different kinds of habitats, where protected ones showed higher values.

This paper presents 28 species of Echinoderms collected on 5 beaches of Salvador (12º54' to 13º01' S and 38º26' to 38º33' W), Brazil, which are distributed in 19 families. Ophiuroidea represented 53,6% of the collected species, followed by Echinoidea (28,6%), Asteroidea (7,1%), Holothuroidea (7,1%), and Crinoidea (3,6%). Ophiuroidea and Echinoidea were the most frequent groups, occurring at all the studied beaches while Crinoidea occurred only on 20% of them. Most of the species are characterized as belonging to the tropical warm waters, some to the shallow coastal areas and some having a broad bathymetric distribution. The richness of species values on beaches ranged from 7 to 24, at Itapua Beach, and from 2 to 14 among different kinds of habitats, where protected ones showed higher values.

This paper concerns with a description of the variations in the disturbance depth across four open mesotidal beaches in the Cadiz littoral (SW Spain), along single tidal cycles, using rods and cores of marked beach sands inserted in the foreshore. The studied beaches show a quite wide range of morphologies, from reflective and barred dissipative to pure dissipative ones. Nevertheless, the energetic conditions of the coast remain more or less constant along its length. In this work the recorded disturbance depths have been compared with parameters like wave height, beach gradient and grain size distribution. As a conclusion, it has been obtained that the morphodynamic regime is the characteristic that better explains the spatial variation of the disturbance depth, as well as the different response of the beaches under broadly similar energetic conditions. In each case the morphodynamic situation controls the distribution and relative intensity of wave processes acting across the beach profile and, hence, the different rate of disturbance depth. The morphodynamic study of a beach permits an initial prediction of its morphological response under variable wave conditions.El estudio de la profundidad de removilización durante un ciclo mareal es importante para conocer la morfodinámica de las playas. En el presente estudio se han considerado cuatro playas mesomareales del litoral de la provincia de Cádiz (SO de España), utilizando varillas y testigos insertados en la zona intermareal. La morfología de las playas estudiadas es muy variada, existiendo playas reflectivas, disipativas con barra y disipativas en sentido estricto. No obstante, las condiciones energéticas de la costa son bastante homogéneas y se mantienen relativamente constantes a lo largo de su extensión. En este trabajo se han comparado los valores de removilización registrados con los parámetros de altura de ola, pendiente de la playa y distribución del tamaño de grano. Como conclusión, se ha obtenido que el tipo de rompiente es el factor que mejor explica la variación espacial de la profundidad de removilización, así como la respuesta diferencial de las playas ante condiciones energéticas inicialmente similares. En cada caso la situación morfodinámica controla la distribución y la intensidad relativa de los procesos de oleaje que actúan en el perfil de la playa y, por lo tanto, el diferente valor de la profundidad de removilización. El estudio morfodinámico de una playa permite así predecir su respuesta morfológica bajo condiciones de oleaje variables.

O presente artigo pretende analisar a transformação das funcionalidades das praias marítimas que, atualmente, se destacam como alternativa aos principais destinos de massas, atendendo ao caso concreto da região do Alto Minho, no norte de Portugal. Nesse sentido, foi realizada uma análise sistemática e comparativa das praias com o objetivo de explorar o processo de transformação do litoral através das alterações nas suas funcionalidades turísticas. O método utilizado permitiu uma comparação temporal (histórico-atual) e espacial (as praias atuais). Como tal, a pesquisa pretende contribuir para uma melhor compreensão da dinâmica das áreas costeiras menos turísticas de Portugal, em contraste com os destinos mais populares, conotados com o turismo de massa., This paper aims to analyse the transformation process of alternative coastal areas to the principal mass tourism destinations. In particular, the focus is on the different evolutionary path and the changes in the tourism-related functionalities arising primarily from different climatic conditions. To this end, the coastline of Alto Minho region of Northern Portugal was used as a case study. A systematic and comparative analysis has been con-ducted to explore what functions these littoral areas develop and how do these functions change over time. The method allowed for a temporal (historic vs. present) and a spatial (current beaches) comparison. As such, the research aims to contribute to a better understanding of the dynamics of the less touristic Portuguese coastal areas as compared to the mass tourism destinations of the country.

Since both contemporary tourists and local communities are interested in appearance and quality of beaches and sea bathing water, the need arose for the transparent system of sea bathing water quality evaluation for tourists and the local community. Within the implementation of the Regulation on Bathing Water Quality, the Ministry of Environmental Protection, Physical Planning, and Construction, in cooperation with the Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries of Split and with the Croatian Environment Agency has developed the database on sea bathing water quality, i.e. web application for entry, processing, and valorization of data, along with reporting and public information on seawater bathing quality data for the Croatian Adriatic beaches. This paper also analyses the database developed to support the entry, processing and evaluation of test results, informing the public, along with national reporting on sea bathing water quality and reporting obligations to the European Union. The author suggests the design of the system of parameters interesting for tourists (i.e. capacity of the beach, parking possibility, sports and other facilities on the beach) and their continuous monitoring and entry into the database. Thus the necessary security measures, standards of tidiness, supply contents, and visual constant could be formed in order to make beaches recognizable. To conclude, in addition to further development and improvement, database must be integrated with GIS Browsers applied in the development of the bathing water profile, with the purpose of market valuation of space, environmental protection, and the growth in the quality of tourism offer and supply.

Understanding and managing dynamic coastal landscapes for beach-dependent species requires biological and geological data across the range of relevant environments and habitats. It is difficult to acquire such information; data often have limited focus due to resource constraints, are collected by non-specialists, or lack observational uniformity. We developed an open-source smartphone application called iPlover that addresses these difficulties in collecting biogeomorphic information at piping plover (Charadrius melodus) nest sites on coastal beaches. This paper describes iPlover development and evaluates data quality and utility following two years of collection (n = 1799 data points over 1500 km of coast between Maine and North Carolina, USA). We found strong agreement between field user and expert assessments and high model skill when data were used for habitat suitability prediction. Methods used here to develop and deploy a distributed data collection system have broad applicability to interdisciplinary environmental monitoring and modeling.