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Background Harmful Alcohol use is frequent among opioid dependents patients undergoing agonist maintenance treatment. The objective assessment of harmful alcohol use can be done using laboratory measures of serum biomarkers. For community-based patients, there is often a requirement of an alternative method due to lack of onsite laboratory services. The aim of the study was to examine filter paper as a matrix to measure serum biomarkers of harmful alcohol use. Methods The initial phase involved standardization of the filter-paper-based assay. Conditions were optimised for extraction and estimation of alcohol biomarkers (Aspartate Aminotransferase; AST, Alanine Aminotransferase; ALT, Gamma Glutamyl transferase; GGT and Carbohydrate Deficient Transferrin; CDT) from the filter paper. For clinical validation, serum samples were collected from community clinics. Biomarker levels obtained from both the methods were correlated using linear regression analysis. Limits of agreement between the two methods was estimated using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC). Results The extraction of enzymes (AST, ALT and GGT) from filter paper was carried out using the substrate buffer available with the reagent kit (Randox, UK). CDT was readily extracted from filter paper using deionised water. Serum biomarker levels measured from samples collected from community clinics correlated well with filter paper extracted levels (ICC 0.97-0.99). More than 90% of alcohol biomarker levels were recovered from the filter paper matrix using this method. Conclusion Filter paper has the potential to be used as a matrix to objectively measure alcohol biomarkers among opioid-dependent patients from community settings lacking onsite laboratory facilities.

The aim of this study is to provide methodological insights using the case study of a large remote RCT which aimed to assess the efficacy of a digital intervention, Drink Less, in helping increasing and higher risk drinkers to reduce their alcohol consumption.

The COVID-19 pandemic is presenting significant challenges for health and social care systems globally. The implementation of unprecedented public health measures, alongside the augmentation of the treatment capacity for those severely affected by COVID-19, are compromising and limiting the delivery of essential care to people with severe substance use problems and, in some cases, widening extreme social inequities such as poverty and homelessness. This global pandemic is severely challenging current working practices. However, these challenges can provide a unique opportunity for a flexible and innovative learning approach, bringing certain interventions into the spotlight. Harm reduction responses are well-established evidenced approaches in the management of opioid dependence but not so well-known or implemented in relation to alcohol use disorders. In this position paper, we explore the potential for expanding harm reduction approaches during the COVID-19 crisis and beyond as part of substance use treatment services. We will examine alcohol use and related vulnerabilities during COVID-19, the impact of COVID-19 on substance use services, and the potential philosophical shift in orientation to harm reduction and outline a range of alcohol harm reduction approaches. We discuss relevant aspects of the Structured Preparation for Alcohol Detoxification (SPADe) treatment model, and Managed Alcohol Programs (MAPs), as part of a continuum of harm reduction and abstinence orientated treatment for alcohol use disorders. In conclusion, while COVID-19 has dramatically reduced and limited services, the pandemic has propelled the importance of alcohol harm reduction and created new opportunities for implementation of harm reduction philosophy and approaches, including programs that incorporate the provision of alcohol as medicine as part of the substance use treatment continuum.

Alcohol intoxication is usually associated with drowning, falls, overdoses, fires, occupational accidents, physical and sexual abusements, domestic violence and traffic accidents. Therefore, alcohol considered an important factor for the explanation of the occurrence of many types of injuries. For many purposes such as forensic, it is important to establish a detection method to ensure whether the subject or the patient have consumed alcohol at a level that would be the reason for the accidents or injuries occur. Therefore, in this work, a simple, rapid and low-cost method was developed and validated for the detection of the alcohol in saliva as a function of blood alcohol concentration (BAC). The method is based on fabricated a biosensor consisted of chromium oxide nanoparticles deposited on filter paper. The validation of the biosensor was tested on 50 participants which categories into two selected groups (1 and 2). Group 1 consisted of 20 subjects from an organized party (no alcohol), they usually consumed three to four drinks as an average per week while Group 2 consisted of 30 subjects from an organized party the local bar (alcohol group), usually consumed two to three drinks per day. The results of the present study have shown that 95% of group 1 demonstrated positive results with variable colour intensities of the BAC in comparison to the 80% only of subjects from group 2. The present study has approved that the fabricated biosensor can effectively detect 0.02% or more of BAC which can be a useful test for many purposes such as medical, forensic, research and workplace.

We conducted a review to analyze the 100 most-cited studies on binge drinking (BD) in the Web of Science (WoS) database to determine their current status and the aspects that require further attention. We carried out a retrospective bibliometric analysis in January 2021. The year of publication, authors, design, subject, journal, institution and lead author’s country, as well as the definition of BD, were extracted from the articles. The data on the country, year, thematic category of the journals and their rank were obtained from the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) Journal Citation Reports 2020. The number of citations was collected from the WoS, and the h index was collected from the Scopus database. The citation density and Bradford’s law were calculated. The majority of the articles were empirical quantitative studies with a cross-sectional design published between 1992 and 2013 in 49 journals. There were 306 authors, mostly English-speaking and from the USA. The definitions used to describe BD are not homogeneous. The most-cited topics were the analysis of consequences, determinants and epidemiology. There is a need to unify the definitions of BD and base them on scientific evidence. The multidisciplinary nature of BD is not well reflected in each of the thematic areas discussed in this work.

Paper spray ionization mass spectrometry (PS-MS) is employed herein as a convenient platform to investigate an on-surface catalytic process, that is, the oxidation of alcohols induced by ruthenium salts. The tag-charged benzyl alcohol 1 (m/z 166), used as a suitable prototype starting substrate, is quickly oxidized by tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) in an on-surface process catalyzed by ruthenium trichloride (RuCl3). The PS(+)-MS revealed the formation of products from the oxidation of alcohol 1. RuCl3 and TBHP played a crucial role in this process since when salts of other metals (platinum, palladium, and iron) and another oxidizing agent (hydrogen peroxide) are employed, no reaction is observed. Moreover, UV radiation and heating accelerate the on-surface alcohol 1 oxidation. Finally, an exciting possibility is to employ PS-MS to investigate similar organic catalytic reactions to accelerate them and detect unstable intermediates, indiscernible in the condensed phase.

Porous foams from cellulose nanofibres (CNF) and poly-vinyl alcohol CNF/PVA were prepared by uni-directional freezing to create a homogeneous pore structure. The CNF was derived from paper mills sludge (PMS), a by-product of paper manufacturing waste-water treatment. Sodium tetraborate decahydrate (borax) was used as a crosslinking agent. The density of the CNF/PVA foams were 0.03 g cm−3 with a compressive strength of 116 kPa at 20% strain. The foams were competitive to commercial expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam.

In this work, the types of products and their proportions, the evolution characteristics of the functional groups and gases products, the pollutants emission of combustible solid waste (CSW), paper mill sludge (PMS) and their blends were investigated by Py-GC/MS and TG-FTIR. For the blends, the proportions of PMS were 10%, 30% and 50%. The percentage of pyrolysis products (acid, hydrocarbon, aldehyde, alcohol, benzene, furan, phenol, ester and ketone) was pointed out. Among these, the content of acid was the maximum. Blended with 10% PMS, the percentage of alcohol reached the greatest. Both single sample and blends could be divided into two decomposition phases. The residue mass of blends increased from 17.74% to 30.47% with the PMS ratio increased. OH, CH, CO, CO, SO2, NO, HCl, CO, CH4 and CO2 were the main functional groups and gases products surveyed from the FTIR spectrums during co-pyrolysis. Adding PMS into CSW could reduce the emission of the pollutants and the lowest yield of pollutants (SO2, NO, HCl, CO and CO2) would be obtained covered with 50% PMS.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is an important and highly prevalent arrhythmia, which is associated with significantly increased morbidity and mortality, including a four- to five-fold increased risk for stroke,1,2 a two-fold increased risk for dementia,3,4 a three-fold risk for heart failure,2 a two-fold increased risk for myocardial infarction,5,6 and a 40–90% increased risk for overall mortality.2,7 The constantly increasing number of AF patients and recognition of increased morbidity, mortality, impaired quality of life, safety issues, and side effects of rhythm control strategies with antiarrhythmic drugs, and high healthcare costs associated with AF have spurred numerous investigations to develop more effective treatments for AF and its complications.8 Although AF treatment has been studied extensively, AF prevention has received relatively little attention, while it has paramount importance in the prevention of morbidity and mortality, and complications associated with arrhythmia and its treatment. Current evidence shows a clear association between the presence of modifiable risk factors and the risk of developing AF. By implementing AF risk reduction strategies aiming at risk factors such as obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and obstructive sleep ap-noea (OSA), which are interrelated, we impact upon the escalating incidence of AF in the population and ultimately decrease the healthcare burden of associated co-morbidities of AF. To address this issue, a Task Force was convened by the European Heart Rhythm Association and the European Association of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation, endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society and Asia-Pacific Heart Rhythm Society, with the remit to comprehensively review the published evidence available, to publish a joint consensus document on the prevention of AF, and to provide up-to-date consensus recommendations for use in clinical practice. In this document, our aim is to summarize the current evidence on the association of each modifiable risk factor with AF and the available data on the impact of possible interventions directed at these factors in preventing or reducing the burden of AF. While the evidence on AF prevention is still emerging, the topic is not fully covered in current guidelines and some aspects are still controversial. Therefore, there is a need to provide expert recommendations for professionals participating in the care of at-risk patients and populations, with respect to addressing risk factors and lifestyle modifications. Health economic considerations Atrial fibrillation is a costly disease, both in terms of direct, and indirect costs, the former being reported by cost of illness studies as per-patient annual costs in the range of US $2000–14200 in North America and of €450–3000 in Europe.9 In individuals with AF or at risk of developing AF, any effective preventive measure, intervention on modifiable risk factors or comorbidities, as well as any effective pharmacological or non-pharmacological treatment has the aim to reduce AF occurrence, thromboembolic events and stroke, morbidity and, possibly, mortality related to this arrhythmia. Apart from the clinical endpoints, achievement of these goals has economic significance, in terms of positive impact on direct and indirect costs and favourable cost–effectiveness at mid- or long-term, in the perspective of healthcare systems.10–12 In view of the epidemiological profile of AF and progressive aging of the population,13 an impressive increase of patients at risk of AF or affected by AF,14 also in an asymptomatic stage, is expected in the next decades, inducing a growing financial burden on healthcare systems, not only in Europe and North America, but also worldwide.15,16 In consideration of this emerging epidemiological threat due to AF, it is worth considering a paradigm shift, going beyond the conventional approach of primary prevention based on treatment of AF risk factors, but, instead, considering the potential for ‘primordial’ prevention, defined as prevention of the development of risk factors predisposing to AF in the first place.17 This approach, aimed at avoiding the emergence and penetration of risk factors into the population, has been proposed in general terms for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases17 and should imply combined efforts of policymakers, regulatory and social service agencies, providers, physicians, community leaders, and consumers, in an attempt to improve social and environmental conditions, as well as individual behaviours, in the pursuit of adopting healthy lifestyle choices.16 Since a substantial proportion of incident AF events can be attributable to elevated or borderline levels of risk factors for AF,18 this approach could be an effective way to reduce the financial burden linked to AF epidemiology. In terms of individual behaviour and adoption of a ‘healthy lifestyle’, it is worth considering that availability of full healthcare coverage (through health insurance or the healthcare system) may in some cases facilitate the unwanted risk of reducing, at an individual level, the motivation to adopt all the preventive measures that are advisable, in line with the complex concept of ‘moral hazard effect’.19 Patient education and patient empowerment are the correct strategies for avoiding this undesirable effect.

Secondary hydroxyl groups of hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) are transformed into reactive carbonyl groups selectively via TEMPO-mediated oxidation in the presence of sodium hypochlorite. By using this oxidation protocol, we introduced carbonyl functions in HPC under mild conditions, with a controlled degree of oxidation (DOx) up to 2.5 and a low degradation of the polysaccharide. The effect of the concentration of sodium hypochlorite on the resulting oxidized alcohol groups has been investigated in detail. Oxidized HPC crosslinks spontaneous at room temperature and mild pH-values with a variety of amines to form water stable hydrogels. If applied on lab-made paper sheet, thermally cross-linking this polymer with amines significantly increased the wet tensile strength. The utilization of such wet strength agents could lead to new approaches in terms of recyclability and biodegradability of wet strength agents interesting for a large number of different paper grades.

We report on a new way to control solvent flows in paper microfluidic devices, based on the local patterning of paper with alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) to form barriers with selective permeability for different solvents. Production of the devices is a two-step process. In the first step, AKD-treated paper (hydrophobic) is exposed to oxygen plasma for re-hydrophilization. 3D-printed masks are employed to shield certain areas of this paper to preserve well-defined hydrophobic patterns. In the second step, concentrated AKD in hexane is selectively deposited onto already hydrophobic regions of the paper to locally increase the degree of hydrophobicity. Hydrophilic areas formed in the previous oxygen plasma step are protected from AKD by wetting them with water first to prevent the AKD hexane solution from entering them (hydrophilic exclusion). Characterization of the patterns after both steps shows that reproducible patterns are obtained with linear dependence on the dimensions of the 3D-printed masks. This two-step methodology leads to differential hydrophobicity on the paper: (i) hydrophilic regions, (ii) low-load AKD gates, and (iii) high-load AKD walls. The gates are impermeable to water, yet can be penetrated by most alcohol/water mixtures; the walls cannot. This concept for solvent-dependent on/off valving is demonstrated in two applications. In the first example, a device was developed for multi-step chemical reactions. Different compounds can be spotted separately (closed gates). Upon elution with an alcohol/water mixture, the gates become permeable and the contents are combined. In the second example, volume-defined sampling is introduced. Aqueous sample is allowed to wick into a device and fill a sample chamber. The contents of this sample chamber are eluted perpendicularly with an alcohol/water mixture through a selectively permeable gate. This system was tested with dye solution, and a linear dependence of magnitude of the signal on the sample chamber size was obtained.

Paper-structured fibrous composites with micrometer-sized pores were prepared using a papermaking technique, followed by in situ synthesis of Pd nanoparticles in the paper matrix using a facile impregnation method. The Pd-containing paper-structured catalysts showed high catalytic activities in solvent-free benzyl alcohol oxidation in a flow reaction system. Highly selective oxidation was achieved using the porous paper-structured catalysts set inside a gas–liquid–solid multiphase reactor. Kinetic and mechanistic studies of various reactions showed that the catalytic activity and selectivity were associated with microfluidic behavior in the fiber-network pores. A uniform distribution of the liquid-phase substrate, i.e., benzyl alcohol, provided high catalytic activity. High selectivity for the oxidation pathways can be attributed to efficient gas–liquid–solid mass transfer toward the thin liquid layer formed at the interface between the alcohol and Pd catalyst inside the porous fiber networks.

Selecting an appropriate paper deacidification agent is very important for the deacidification of paper. The use of three deacidification agents (i.e., iso-butylamine, calcium propionate, and borax) is studied for the deacidification of paper using the immersion treatment by investigating the paper surface pH, alkaline residue, paper whiteness, strength, and other performance indicators. Results show the deacidification by borax solution not only results in the promotion of a proper pH range, high level of alkali reserves, and ignorable influence to paper appearance, but also to the enhancement of the mechanical intensities of paper even after artificial aging. Supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2SCF), as a solvent system, is used in the deacidification of acidic papers using the borax solution of water and alcohol. CO2SCF improved the deacidification process by significantly improving the pH value and the base residual value. The borax in supercritical fluids can be better combined with cellulose hydroxyl to improve the mechanical properties of paper substantially. The treatment of borax in CO2SCF could be an alternative for acidic papers. Aside from improving the pH and depositing a sufficient alkaline residual, CO2SCF also strengthens the mechanical properties of treated papers.

Vodka is the most popular alcoholic beverage in Poland, Russia and other Eastern European countries, made from ethyl alcohol of agricultural origin that has been produced via fermentation of potatoes, grains or other agricultural products. Despite distillation and multiple filtering, it is not possible to produce 100 % ethanol. The solution with a minimum ethanol content of 96 %, which is used to produce vodkas, also contains trace amounts of other compounds such as, esters, aldehydes, higher alcohols, methanol, acetates, acetic acid and fusel oil. Regarding that fact, it is very important to carry on research on the analysis of the composition and verifying the authenticity of the produced vodkas. This paper summarizes the studies of vodka composition and verifying the authenticity and detection of falsified products. It also includes the methods for analysing vodkas, such as: using gas, ion and liquid chromatography coupled with different types of detectors, electronic nose, electronic tongue, conductivity measurements, isotope analysis, atomic absorption spectroscopy, near infrared spectroscopy, spectrofluorometry and mass spectrometry. In some cases, the use of chemometric methods and preparation techniques were also described.

The chronic toxicity of an alcohol alkoxylate surfactant used in the pulp and paper industry was observed in methanogenic consortia under unfed conditions. Methanogenic inhibition was not observed until 250 h of famine conditions while in the presence of the surfactant. The delayed onset of inhibition is likely due to the amount of time necessary for the surfactant to partition into the cellular membrane which uncouples cellular energy conservation mechanisms and exhausts internal energy reserves necessary to maintain homeostasis.

The main objective was to develop a technique by high performance liquid chromatography to study migration of contamination from packaging material of three samples of paper cups with different properties. Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and benzophenone (BP), which are the most commonly used in paper packaging material, are regarded as stimulant of contamination, alcohol is selected as food stimulant.The obtained data indicated that migration has a relationship with the type of contamination,concentration of food stimulant.Analysed by1stOptsoftware with experimental result, the rule of migration of DBP and BP can be studied.

Introduction Harms from intimate partners' (IP) drinking range from frustration because the partner has not performed their role to assault. Aim To describe the prevalence and persistence of alcohol‐related harms to IPs and assess which respondents are more likely to report discontinuation of this harm. Design and methods Cross‐sectional (n = 2649) and follow‐up (n = 1106) alcohol's harm to others telephone surveys in 2008 and 2011 (response rates of 35% and 15% of the original sample respectively) were used to elicit harms to respondents from their IP's drinking (by gender and relationship). To examine discontinuation, a sub‐sample of 83 respondents was analysed in detail. Results A total of 6.7% of Australians were negatively affected by an IP's drinking in 2008. Women were more likely to report harm than men from an IP's drinking. Of the 1106 respondents who completed both surveys, the majority (90%) reported no harm from IPs although 3% reported harm in both surveys. No significant correlates of discontinuation of harm were identified. Discussion Many Australian relationships are affected in a range of ways because of the drinking of their IPs. A minority of respondents were affected by their IP's drinking, yet over half (57%) of those harmed in 2008 continued to experience harm in 2011. Additionally, half (46.9%) of those who were not harmed in 2008 but did live with a heavy drinking IP did go on to be harmed in 2011. More research on the role of alcohol‐related harm from IPs with larger samples is required to examine predictors of change. [Laslett A‐M, Jiang H, Room R. Alcohol's involvement in an array of harms to intimate partners. Drug Alcohol Rev 2017;36:72–79]

ObjectivesThis article presents an overview of the current literature on biological markers for alcoholism, including markers associated with the pharmacological effects of alcohol and markers related to the clinical course and treatment of alcohol-related problems. Many of these studies are well known, while other studies cited are new and still being evaluated.MethodsIn this paper we first describe known biomarkers of alcohol-related disorders, review their features and the problems involved in their use. We then consider future developments on biomarkers and their possible impact on the field.ResultsMore recent findings cited include the work on type 7 adenylcyclase (AC) polymorphism and its lower expression levels in female alcoholics. Neuroimaging studies involving biomarkers have also reported brain volume reductions of gray and white matter, including amygdala and subcortical regions in alcoholic patients, while a high association between the copy number variations (CNVs) in 6q14.1/5q13.2 and alcohol dependence has more recently been identified in genetic studies.ConclusionsIn addition to their possible importance for diagnosis, biomarkers may have utility for predicting prognosis, progression of the disorder, the development of new treatments, and monitoring treatment effects. Although such findings should be verified in independent studies, the search for new biomarkers is continuing. Several potential candidate biomarkers have been found recently in blood, imaging, and genetic studies with encouraging results.

Phosphatidylethanol (PEth) is a group of phospholipids formed in cell membranes following alcohol consumption by action of the enzyme phospholipase D (PLD). PEth measurement in whole blood samples is established as a specific alcohol biomarker with clinical and forensic applications. However, in blood specimens containing ethanol, formation of PEth may continue after sampling leading to falsely elevated concentrations. This study evaluated the use of dried blood spot (DBS) and microsampling specimens to avoid post-sampling formation of PEth. Filter paper cards and three commercial devices for volumetric microsampling of finger-pricked blood were assessed, using PEth-negative and PEth-positive whole blood fortified with 2 g/L ethanol. PEth (16:0/18:1) was measured by LC–MS/MS. Post-sampling formation of PEth occurred in wet blood and in the volumetric devices, but not filter paper cards, when stored at room temperature for 48 h. Addition of an inhibitor of PLD, sodium metavanadate (NaVO3), eliminated post-sampling formation during storage and drying. In conclusion, the present study confirmed previous observations that PEth can be formed in blood samples after collection, if the specimen contains ethanol. The results further demonstrated that post-sampling formation of PEth from ethanol also occurred with commercial devices for volumetric dried blood microsampling. In order for a PEth result not to be questioned, it is recommended to use a PLD inhibitor, whether venous blood is collected in a vacutainer tube or finger-pricked blood is obtained using devices for dried blood microsampling. Graphical abstract

The study is aimed at presenting new diagnostic and therapeutic proposals for patients with alcohol use disorders. The revised ICD-11 which is currently being updated is coming closer to American standards in disease classification. The latest update of the American DSM-5 has been a notable step forward as it integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single disorder called alcohol use disorder. Recent developments in research into diagnostic tools have brought changes in the approach to therapy. According to most international guidelines, the form of treatment should be customised to the individual patient, with consideration given to his/her mental and physical condition, personality and natural setting. A significant change is the recommendation of a harm reduction strategy as a useful alternative to total abstinence in alcohol dependence treatment for some patients.

A paper-based microfluidic detection device for the detection of ethanol is demonstrated in this work. The method is based on a fluorophore consisting of short-chain conjugated molecular unit susceptible to the protonation of its terminal pyridine groups, along with a carboxyl-functionalized sidechain that acts as a binder and renders it water-soluble. The resulting fluorescent paper device yields large fluorescence changes when exposed to reactions that yield H2O2 in aqueous solutions. Using an enzyme-catalyzed rection that produces H2O2 from ethanol, we developed a two-zone, cut-out paper device containing a reaction zone in which the ethanol-containing analyte is placed, and an adjacent sensor zone where we observe a fluorescence color shift proportional to the ethanol concentration. The limit of detection of the fluidic ethanol biosensor was 0.05 v/v% and the dynamic range was 0.05–2 v/v%. This method was employed to detect the alcohol concentration of consumer vodkas using only a paper sensor and a smartphone camera.

The euphoria from drinking alcoholic beverages makes them popular worldwide. Abuse in alcohol (ethanol) consumption leads to dependence, behavioral problems, and fatal accidents1. In 2013, 10,076 people lost their lives in alcohol-related-driving accidents in the United States alone, accounting for nearly 31% of all traffic related deaths1. Driving under the influence is illegal and the maximum allowed blood alcohol concentration (BAC) is 0.05–0.08%, in most countries2. A breathalyzer measures the concentration of ethanol in the breath to estimate the BAC of an individual. The first generation of breathalyzers uses a liquid dye sensitive to ethanol exposure, potassium dichromate, and a photodetector3. Reliability of these detectors is a challenge and potassium dichromate is environmentally toxic3. A new generation of breathalyzers uses the ethanol in the breath to power a fuel cell whose output is proportional to the ethanol concentration4. These breathalyzers are connected directly to smart phones to test one’s alcohol level before attempting to drive. However, these breathalyzers are still impractical because they require constant recalibration4. To-date the most reliable BAC tests and the only one that is admissible in court is the blood test, which is difficult to administer on site or for preventative purposes. A breathalyzer as easy to use as an inexpensive and disposable glucose paper-strip sensor would greatly simplify BAC testing5. Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are excellent candidates for disposable biosensors because they are inexpensive, they can be made on flexible substrates, and they can be printed on paper6,7. OECTs are typically made with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with poly(styrenesulfonate) PEDOT:PSS. PEDOT:PSS is a p-type organic semiconductor with several applications in bioelectronics8,9. Coupled with enzymes in the electrolyte, PEDOT:PSS OECTs are able to detect micro molar glucose concentration in human blood and sweat10. OECTs sensors are amenable to screen-printing11 and inkjet printing12 for rapid and inexpensive manufacturing. Here, we demonstrate an early stage proof-of-concept OECT-breathalyzer on paper by integrating a PEDOT:PSS OECT with the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase. This proof-of-concept OECT-breathalyzer may aid the development of a breathalyzer that is easy-to-use, inexpensive, easily calibrated, and can be coupled with a cell-phone or a smart watch for BAC self-testing to reduce alcohol related traffic accidents.

In paper conservation ethanol is used as an antifungal agent. However, information on the antifungal efficacy of this alcohol is scarce and often inconsistent. In this study, we clarify if ethanol is effective and safe to use in paper conservation in the short as well as in the long term. None of the tested ethanol concentrations (5–100%) promoted conidia germination, but rather delayed or entirely inhibited it, depending on alcohol concentration and contact time. In a simulation of an interventive treatment of samples colonized by fungi, all the tested ethanolic solutions (30, 70, and 100%) revealed antifungal activity. The best results were obtained with 70% ethanol, showing fungicidal properties on four of the five-tested fungal species (Aspergillus niger, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Penicillium chrysogenum, and Penicillium corylophilum). No deleterious effects of 70% ethanol on the tested paper were observed either in the short or in the long term.

Alcohol intake has occurred in India for many centuries. In India, many people are dying due to the consumption of illicit liquor made under unlicensed manufacturing units. In chemistry, the term alcohol is used as a common or generic name to entitle numerous sequences of materials. These are made in India under government license and the range of the concentration of alcohol should be within 42.8%. Here go on various incidents of illicit alcohol that take place in India. Further approved distilleries, amount of small manufacture components function surreptitiously. 25 seized country-made illicit liquor samples and 20 standard illicit liquor samples were analysed to find the element in the samples by the X-ray Fluorescence Energy Dispersion Spectroscopy (EDX-7000) instrument. The resultant shows the elements that are found such as copper, calcium, silicon, sulphur, zinc, iron etc. that are present the in some percent which adulterate the alcohol. The samples were collected from the different-different sources. In this research. We are about to explain various types of impurities present in alcohol due to adulteration which may affect the health of the human body.

Many de-inking surfactants have been claimed in patents. Alcohol ethoxylates and alkylphenol ethoxylates are commonly used in wash de-inking whereas alcohol alkoxylates and fatty acid alkoxylates are commonly used in flotation de-inking and combined flotation/wash de-inking processes. Dispersed ink particle redeposition onto cellulose fibers is a significant problem. Recent developments have occurred in the improvement of de-inking chemicals and in the.understanding of surface chemistry.

This experimental research deals with the characteristic work on the performance, combustion, and exhaust pollutants for unleaded gasoline mixed with n-pentanol in the proportion of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% (by vol.) of the total quantity. The trials were performed on a 1-cylinder, 4-stroke, water-cooled, port-fuel injection (PFI) spark-ignition (SI) engine loading an AC active dynamometer so as to scrutinize the aforementioned behaviors of n-pentanol. The test fuels (unleaded gasoline, Pt5, Pt10, Pt15, and Pt20) were experimented with at various loads ranging from 1 kW to 5 kW with intervals of 1 kW under 1600 rpm fixed speed. The findings coming from the tests exhibited that the infusion of n-pentanol to gasoline has caused to reducing the HC, CO, CO2, and NO emissions in contrast to the baseline gasoline however, O2 levels were observed to be higher. At all of the engine loads, n-pentanol blends exhibited an improvement in BTE when compared with gasoline by reason of the inherent oxygen concentration of used alcohol. As hoped, the peak in-cylinder pressure and apparent heat release rate (HRR) values for the tested fuel blends were found to be higher than that of UG test fuel. It is to be noticed that the higher-order alcohol namely n-pentanol may be used as a partial replacement for gasoline fuel in the SI engine applications according to the experimental outcomes.

Alcohol-using Black MSM (Men who have sex with men) are disproportionately impacted by HIV in the U.S.—particularly in the southern U.S.—despite the availability of antiretroviral therapy (ART). The purpose of this study was to summarize the current evidence on alcohol use and ART adherence among Black MSM in the U.S. and in the South and to identify future research needs. A systematic review was conducted using eight databases to identify relevant peer-reviewed articles published between January 2010 and April 2021. The authors also snowballed remaining studies and hand-searched for additional studies. Including both quantitative and qualitative studies, five published studies examined alcohol and ART adherence among Black MSM in the U.S. The search identified 240 articles, the study team reviewed 114 in full-text and determined that only five met the inclusion criteria. Three of the five included studies identified alcohol use as a barrier to ART adherence. In conclusions, the general lack of literature on HIV disparities among alcohol-using Black MSM in the U.S. (specifically in the South) indicates a critical need for research on this population’s unique risks and needs to inform the development of tailored interventions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10461-021-03479-3.

The pequi is a native fruit of the Brazilian Savanna and the consumption of its carotenoid-rich pulp has been associated with several health benefits. However, there are considerable differences in carotenoid content reported for this fruit, mainly due to the diversity of extraction methods used in the recovery of these compounds from pequi pulp. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of different organic solvents and mixtures in the extraction of total carotenoids from pequi pulp. For the carotenoids extraction, pure solvents and the mixtures of acetone, ethyl alcohol and petroleum ether were used. The mixture planning was used to determine the proportions of the solvents in each treatment. To our knowledge, this is the first study to identify that the most efficient treatment for total carotenoid extraction from pequi pulp is pure petroleum ether solvent (234.40 μg/g). In contrast, ethyl alcohol was the solvent that extracted the lowest concentration of total carotenoids (124.03 μg/g). Pure acetone, one of the most used solvents in the extraction of carotenoids from pequi, showed intermediate efficiency (166.07 μg/g). Thus, pure petroleum ether is the solvent recommended for total carotenoid extraction, mainly in the samples rich in carotenoid and lipids, such as pequi pulp.

Paper membranes made from vulcanized cellulose were used for the pervaporation (PV) of aqueous solutions containing methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol. It was noted that the vulcanized cellulose paper membranes (VCPM) could effectively separate alcohol and water from the mixture solutions. To observe the effect of the separation of alcohol aqueous mixtures, the permeation behavior of water and alcohol was examined by means of the separation factor and the permeation flux. The values of the permeation flux in the ethanol/water mixtures were found to vary from 6.2 kg/m2h to 2.1 kg/m2h, as the concentration of ethanol increased from 8 to 87 wt %, and the separation factor (α) changed from α = 2.6 to 6.6, respectively. This showed that the VCPM enhanced the separation of water and alcohol. The highest value observed for the permeation flux was 11 kg/m2h at 87 wt % of methanol concentration and the separation factor at this condition was 4.1. It was shown also that an efficient separation was obtained in the isopropanol/water mixture with a separation factor of 16.6. The contact angles of alcohol/water droplets on the VCPM were measured as well as the wettability of the membrane. There was a tendency of decrease for the contact angle, as the alcohol concentration decreased. This suggested that the solvent wettability decreased in high alcohol concentrations. It was concluded that a high permeabilitty of water through the VCPM resulted in the separation of alcohols and water in the PV process. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011

Recently, a meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on utilization of substance abuse services following brief alcohol interventions in general health‐care settings by Glass et al. 1 has been published in Addiction.The authors aimed to estimate the main and subgroup effects of brief alcohol interventions, regardless of their inclusion of a referral‐specific component, in increasing the utilization of alcohol‐related care. To identify RCTs, the authors performed a systematic review of English‐language papers published in three electronic databases to 2013. Inclusion of studies was not limited to any specific country. Thirteen RCTs met the inclusion criteria and nine RCTs were included in the analysis (n = 993 and n = 937 intervention and control group participants, respectively). The meta‐analysis retrieved no statistically significant results, even in subgroup analyses of the studies based on study characteristics (i.e. age, setting, intervention intensity and population severity), or when studies on referral‐specific interventions were solely considered. Given their findings, the authors have concluded that there is a lack of evidence that brief alcohol interventions have any efficacy for increasing the receipt of alcohol‐related services.In light of the existing literature, the reading of this manuscript raises two main comments.First the authors reported that they performed a systematic review in MEDLINE, PsycINFO and CNIAHL Plus to July 2013. The authors also stated that although there was no evidence for publication bias, their hand search to identify grey literature could have missed unpublished reports. Because RCTs with positive results tend to be published, the authors concluded it was unlikely that their findings would be altered substantively by unidentified unpublished research. However, the search and screening processes of their systematic review did not apparently identify three RCTs on referral‐specific interventions. Two of these three RCTs are indexed in MEDLINE and/or in PsycINFO (Apodaca et al., 2007 2; Liu et al., 2011 3), and one is an unpublished report (Runge et al., 2002 4). All three RCTs exhibited favourable findings for the effectiveness of brief interventions in increasing subsequent alcohol treatment utilization.For instance, the RCT by Runge et al. [4] (n = 388) showed that brief advice could increase significantly receipt of specialist evaluation for further treatment at 6 months by injured patients from two emergency departments compared with an inactive control condition [19.2% compared with 4.5%; odds ratio (OR) = 5.1, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.1–12.2]. The RCT by Apodaca et al. [2] reported an increase in further treatment‐seeking at 5 months among a sample of in‐patients from a trauma centre with a mean Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) score of 20 for brief advice, compared with the control group [6 of 15 (40%) versus two of 15 (13%)], but this increase was not found statistically significant given the small sample size (n = 40). The study by Liu et al. [3] (n = 616) also reported that brief intervention with post‐discharge sessions was associated significantly with treatment utilization at 12 months in in‐patients from medical/surgical wards [8.3 versus 2.1%, P = 0.01 (OR) = 4.2, 95%, CI = 1.4–12.4)].Given the positive findings for alcohol treatment utilization after alcohol interventions reported by these three RCTs, and considering their sample size, including them in the analysis may have yielded different results.In addition, as discussed by the authors, most included RCTs discarded dependent drinkers and/or mainly recruited hazardous and harmful drinkers for whom referral to treatment is not necessarily required. Given that brief interventions target individuals with a broad range of alcohol use severity, focusing on the most severe stages of alcohol misuse may be the most valid approach to evaluating the efficacy of brief alcohol intervention in increasing the receipt of alcohol‐related services 5, 6.

Abundant alcohols, including ethanol, propanol, butanol, and pentanol, are expected to be used in compression ignition engines to ease the shortages of fossil fuel. The various alcohols have quite a different combustion and emission characteristics in the engine due to the changes in molecular structures. In this paper, a series of experiments were conducted on a modified common-rail diesel engine fueled with diesel/alcohols blended fuels in a wide operating range. The effects of alcohol chain length, oxygen content, and molecular structure on engine combustion and emission characteristics are studied systematically. The experimental results show that the blending of alcohols increases the peak values of in-cylinder pressure and maximum pressure rising rate. Besides, the combustion duration and ignition delay are mainly affected by oxygen content and isomer structure. The addition of short-chain alcohols will significantly reduce the total mass of particulate matter (PM) emissions, while the CO and HC emissions increase appropriately. The CO, HC, aldehydes, and ethylene emissions are mainly affected by carbon chain length and isomer structure. For PM emissions, the carbon chain length, molecular structure, and oxygen content of alcohol fuels have different influences on PM number, PM mass, and particle size distributions. The shorter carbon chain of alcohol leads to smaller particle size, and higher oxygen content leads to lower total particle mass.

Introduction The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between trauma volume and alcohol prohibition during the COVID‐19 lockdown in South Africa. Methods This was a retrospective analysis of trauma volume from Worcester Regional Hospital in South Africa from 1 January to 28 December 2020. We compared total volume and incidence rates during five calendar periods; one when alcohol sales were allowed as per normal and four when alcohol sales were completely or partially banned. Poisson regression was used to model differences between alcohol ban and non‐ban periods. Results During the first period (pre‐COVID‐19, no ban), the trauma admission rate was 95 per 100 days, compared to 39 during the second period (complete ban 1), 74 during the third period (partial ban 1), 40 during the fourth period (complete ban 2) and 105 during the fifth period (partial ban 2). There was a 59–69% decrease in trauma volume between the no ban and complete ban 1 periods. When alcohol sales were partially reinstated, trauma volume significantly increased by 83–90% then dropped again by 39–46% with complete ban 2. By the second half of 2020, when alcohol sales were partially allowed again (partial ban 2), trauma volume increased by 163–250%, thus returning to pre‐COVID‐19 levels. Discussion and Conclusions Our study demonstrates a clear trend of decreased trauma volume during periods of complete alcohol prohibition compared to non‐ and partial alcohol bans. This finding suggests that temporary alcohol bans can be used to decrease health facility traffic during national emergencies.

Three‐coordinate PhBOXMe2 ZnR (PhBOXMe2 =phenyl‐(4,4‐dimethyl‐oxazolinato; R=Me: 2 a, Et: 2 b) catalyzes the dehydrocoupling of primary or secondary silanes and alcohols to give silyl ethers and hydrogen, with high turnover numbers (TON; up to 107) under solvent‐free conditions. Primary and secondary silanes react with small, medium, and large alcohols to give various degrees of substitution, from mono‐ to tri‐alkoxylation, whereas tri‐substituted silanes do not react with MeOH under these conditions. The effect of coordinative unsaturation on the behavior of the Zn catalyst is revealed through a dramatic variation of both rate law and experimental rate constants, which depend on the concentrations of both the alcohol and hydrosilane reactants. That is, the catalyst adapts its mechanism to access the most facile and efficient conversion. In particular, either alcohol or hydrosilane binds to the open coordination site on the PhBOXMe2 ZnOR catalyst to form a PhBOXMe2 ZnOR(HOR) complex under one set of conditions or an unprecedented σ‐adduct PhBOXMe2 ZnOR(H−SiR′3) under other conditions. Saturation kinetics provide evidence for the latter species, in support of the hypothesis that σ‐bond metathesis reactions involving four‐centered electrocyclic 2σ–2σ transition states are preceded by σ‐adducts., σ‐Silane adducts and alcohol adducts are kinetically detected intermediates in zinc‐catalyzed σ‐bond metathesis‐type dehydrocoupling reactions. These intermediates feature prominently in the reactivity of coordinatively unsaturated zinc centers, which efficiently mediate Si−O bond formation. The catalyst is responsive to reaction conditions, adapting as a function of concentration to follow the kinetically preferred mechanism.

An experimental mixture design was used to study the effect of methanol, propanol and amyl alcohol on the paper chromatographic separation of several amino acids and amino acid hydroxamates. The results from this design are compared with results from previous experimental designs on the same system. In mixture design, the sum of the component fractions equal one. This property is responsible for the differences observed.

Introduction To examine changes in drinking patterns and to assess factors associated with reported increases in frequency of drinking, units consumed and frequency of heavy episodic drinking (HED) during the UK lockdown. Methods Online cross‐sectional survey of 2777 self‐selected UK adults. Results Thirty percent of participants reported drinking more frequently in lockdown, 16% reported drinking more units per drinking occasion and 14% reported more frequent HED. For men and women, increased frequency of drinking was associated with being less likely to believe alcohol drinking would lead to greater chance of catching COVID‐19 (men: OR = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.98, 1.00; women: OR = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.99, 1.00) and deterioration in psychological wellbeing (OR = 1.27, 95% CI = 1.04, 1.54; OR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.11, 1.51); increased unit consumption was associated with deterioration in financial situation (OR = 1.50, 95% CI = 1.21, 1.86; OR = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.05, 1.64) and physical health (OR = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.03, 1.67; OR = 1.66, 95% CI = 1.31, 2.10). Finally, increases in the frequency of HED were associated with deterioration in psychological wellbeing (OR = 1.65, 95% CI = 1.25, 2.18; OR = 1.46, 95% CI = 1.17, 1.82) and being furloughed (OR = 3.25, 95% CI = 1.80, 5.86; OR = 2.06, 95% CI = 1.19, 3.56). Other gender differences were detected, for example, living with children was associated with an increase in units consumed (OR = 1.72, 95% CI = 1.09, 2.73) and the frequency of HED (OR = 2.40, 95% CI = 1.44, 3.99) for men, but not women. Discussion and Conclusions In this self‐selected UK sample, a significant proportion of individuals reported drinking more frequently in lockdown, drinking more units per drinking occasion and more frequent HED. There were consistent predictors of increased consumption across men and women, but other gender differences were detected. This study identifies groups that may require targeted support in future lockdowns.

Context There are few UK data on the prevalence and clustering of risky behaviours in ethnically diverse adolescents. Objectives To investigate the prevalence of reported alcohol use, smoking and vaping, and explore whether these behaviours are associated with increased numbers of sexual partners. Design Questionnaire survey of ‘Test n Treat’ chlamydia screening trial participants. Setting and participants Sexually active students attending six London technical colleges completed confidential questionnaires and provided genitourinary samples. Results The median age of the 509 participants was 17 years (IQR: 16‐18), 47% were male, 50% were of black ethnicity, 55% reported ≥2 sexual partners in the past year (67% of males and 45% of females) and 6.2% had chlamydia infection and 0.6% gonorrhoea. Almost half (48%) reported getting drunk in the past month, 33% smoked cigarettes and 7% had ever vaped. A larger percentage of students with ≥2 sexual partners than 0‐1 partners reported getting drunk in the past month (53.7%, 144/268% versus 42.2% 94/223, adjusted prevalence ratio: 1.33, 95% confidence interval: 1.11‐1.61) and smoking cigarettes (36.6%, 100/273% versus 30.2%, 67/222, 1.34 (1.05‐1.70)). By contrast, multiple sexual partners were not associated with vaping or chlamydia infection, but numbers were small. Conclusions We found high prevalences of risky behaviour and an association between multiple sexual partners and smoking and/or getting drunk. Findings support the introduction of compulsory sex and relationship education in UK secondary schools, including information about the adverse effects of alcohol and smoking. Public contribution Participants helped with study design, conduct and interpretation.

Introduction Despite the association of alcohol use with recurrent suicidal acts, individuals attempting suicide after drinking alcohol face barriers accessing crisis care following emergency assessment, demonstrated by higher odds of inpatient admission for those whose suicide attempt did not feature alcohol. This disparity may be due to suicidality dissipating more rapidly after a suicide attempt involving alcohol. We investigated the effect of acute alcohol use and ongoing suicidality on onward care decisions after emergency assessment. Methods We analysed electronic health records of 650 suicidal adults detained under Section 136 of the Mental Health Act (1983, amended 2007) for up to 36 h at a London psychiatric emergency care centre. We used logistic regression to estimate the association of acute alcohol use and ongoing suicidality (including their interaction) with admission to psychiatric hospital. Results Fifteen percent of previously intoxicated detainees expressed suicidal intent at detention end, compared to 24% of detainees who had not used alcohol prior to detention. Compared to those who were not previously intoxicated and not suicidal at detention end, acute alcohol use was associated with reduced odds of admission amongst those no longer suicidal (AOR 0.4, 95% CI 0.2, 0.6). Where suicidality persisted, odds of admission rose; however, the magnitude of increase when in combination with prior alcohol use (AOR 3.6, 95% CI 1.9, 7.1) was under half that of when alcohol was not involved (AOR 8.2, 95% CI 3.5, 19.1). Discussion and Conclusions Acute alcohol use is associated with transient suicidality, but this only partially accounts for disparities in care following suicide attempts.

A three factor central composite design was used to study the effect of methanol, propanol and amyl alcohol on the paper chromatographic separation of arginine, histidine, leucine, threonine and tryptophan. Statistical analysis of the Rf data yields second order equations which describe the response surface of Rf as a function of the composition of the 3 alcohols. This data is useful in understanding the relative influence of each alcohol and in predicting Rf values for different solvent combinations.

Introduction:\ud The closure of licensed venues during the COVID-19 pandemic meant that most alcohol has been consumed at home during lockdown periods in the UK, a phenomenon which remains under-researched despite the public health implications. \ud \ud Methods:\ud This paper draws on a study consisting of online semi-structured interviews and focus groups with 20 UK drinkers, conducted between the first and second 2020 UK lockdowns. The study aimed to explore changing and enduring UK drinking practices within home spaces during the pandemic. \ud \ud Results:\ud Our findings illuminate specific ways in which assemblages and contextual factors may come together to encourage or mitigate against the consumption of any (or excessive) volumes of alcohol at home during lockdown. For example, the physical presence of alcohol bottles may both encourage consumption (e.g., compulsion to finish an open bottle of wine) and cue reflection on one’s drinking (through the potentially confronting presence of empty bottles after domestic drinking). We also highlight the significance of the home as a space separate from – and different to – public drinking spaces. \ud \ud Discussion and conclusions:\ud With the increasing normalisation of domestic drinking during a global pandemic, this paper illuminates several factors that may encourage or curtail domestic alcohol consumption and invites us to consider the importance of assemblages, space and context. Such findings have wider applicability; for example consideration of specific (and perhaps unique) push and pull factors of home spaces could inform future alcohol policy, health promotion messages and how guidance around ‘moderation’ or risky drinking is communicated.

Photocatalytic decolourization of textile dye X3B in aqueous solutions was investigated, using iron-rich montmorillonite (MMt, 2.24%Fe2O3) under a 15 W low-pressure UV lamp (λ = 254 nm, I = 48.4 μW/cm2). Hydroxyl radicals (•OH) were detected by tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) in aqueous MMt suspensions under UV irradiation and were found to be responsible for the degradation of X3B. Free iron ions dissolved in MMt suspensions, structural iron in the MMt solid, and the charged surface of nano clay are responsible for hydroxyl radical (•OH) production. Low pH values are favorable for the decolourization of X3B. The •OH concentration increased with increasing aqueous MMt concentrations in the range of 0 – 2.0 g/L; higher concentrations, for example, 5.0 g/L MMt, inhibited the •OH production. The addition of oxalate was favorable for X3B photodegradation in acid-washed MMt suspensions. This study shows that iron-rich MMt is a potential photocatalyst for the treatment of dye wastewater.

Laboratory experiments are conducted to determine the liquid–liquid phase separation behavior of six three-component systems with each system comprised of a common alcohol (namely ethanol, isopropanol, or methanol), water, and one of two engineered dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) manufactured by the 3M™ Corporation (namely methoxy-nonafluorobutane (HFE-7100) or ethoxy-nonafluorobutane (HFE-7200)). The experimental results are presented on ternary phase diagrams and compared against available published experimental data where tetrachloroethylene (PCE) and (or) trichloroethylene (TCE) is the dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL). Results show that the two engineered fluids exhibit similar phase separation behavior in the presence of the same alcohol. Furthermore, these engineered fluids exhibit similar phase separation behavior to that of PCE, but relatively dissimilar phase separation behavior to that of TCE.

Problems of stability were found for biomarkers of alcohol consumption: ethyl glucuronide (EtG), ethyl sulfate (EtS), phosphatidylethanols (PEths), and fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs) in whole blood. The purpose of this study was to establish a method for the determination of these four kinds of ethanol's non-oxidative metabolites in dried blood spots (DBS) by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and to evaluate their stability. In this method, 50 μL of human blood was spotted onto a filter paper for DBS analysis. Samples were extracted by methanol, reconstituted by 2-propanol, and injected into the LC-MS/MS system. Limits of detection were among 0.5–50 ng/mL, and deviations in accuracy and precision were all lower than 15% at three quality control levels. The stability of the four kinds of ethanol non-oxidative metabolites in DBS was investigated during a 90-day range under three temperatures, −20 °C, 4 °C, and 25 °C. EtG and EtS showed a high level of stability in DBS in the 90-day range, regardless of the temperature. FAEEs were unstable after three days. PEths showed stability within 15 days in postmortem DBS and 60 days in antemortem DBS, respectively, at all temperatures.

Clearly, the purpose of this paper is to find an answer to the following question Is the ethanol additive more environmentally friendly for an SI engine or for a CI engine?. The tests, therefore, were conducted on both an SI and a CI engine for the same parameters under both same conditions and laboratory. Ethanol was blended into neat diesel (D100) and neat gasoline (G100) at the same proportion (10 vol. %) and two blends were prepared in the study, namely D90E10 and G90E10, respectively. Then the tests were conducted on different engine speeds varying from 2250 to 3250 rpm with an interval of 250 rpm. In the experimental results achieved in the study, the most reductions among exhaust emissions, as compared to reference-D100 and reference-G100 fuel type, were achieved in HC and CO emissions with the presence of ethanol. With the addition of ethanol, HC and CO emissions in the SI engine reduced by 47.9% and 47.0%, respectively; on the other hand, these emissions also reduced by 28.5% and 25.1%, respectively in CI engine. An interesting result from this paper is that NOx emission was slightly reduced by 2.3% for SI engine with the addition of ethanol, whilst it is observed an increase of approximately 40% for the CI engine. This study showed that the addition of ethanol can be used in both SI and CI engines without any modification and can result in a significant reduction in exhaust emissions. In conclusion, this paper is distinctly reporting that the presence of ethanol into diesel fuel has presented better results than those of gasoline fuel in terms of exhaust emissions. WOS:000547480500009 2-s2.0-85090990841

Objectives The present study examined the feasibility and possible mode effects of using a Web-form versus a paper-form survey to collect alcohol and tobacco data from 3rd and 4th grade students. Methods A survey regarding alcohol and tobacco use and attitudes was administered to 280 3rd and 4th grade students attending a racially and economically diverse Midwestern urban school district in the spring of 2003. The sample was randomly assigned to complete a Web-form survey (n=137) or a hardcopy paper-form survey (n=143). Results The overall response rate was 87% and did not differ by survey mode. There were minimal differences between survey modes in data quality including substantive responses to alcohol and tobacco use. Conclusions The findings of the present study offer preliminary evidence that Web-form surveys can be considered for collecting alcohol and tobacco use data among young children. Although there were few survey mode differences, our findings suggest more research is needed to examine possible measurement errors induced by computer-based approaches of data collection.