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The paper analyses architects as a professional group in General Government (GG) during the Second World War. It showcases some of their design work, projects, employment, education, and other aspects of everyday life in an occupied country. The focus is on architects working in three cities: the former Polish capital of Warsaw, the GG���s new capital city of Cracow, and Zakopane, localized in the Tatra Mountains, which was intended to become a modern resort and sport center. The paper also mentions cases from Zamo���� and Radom. Most of the projects were realized by Polish architects employed by the German authorities. In Zakopane, Polish architects had a stronger position and more freedom in their work than in the other cities of GG. The article investigates the relationships between architecture and politics as well as the ideological impact of the architects��� work. Using unpublished archival sources, it evaluates the post-war requitals of the German architect Hubert Gro�� and a Polish colleague Stefan ��ycho��. Neither of the two had to face a court after the war due to his activity as an architect during the occupation. Gro�� was accused of having been a member in different Nazi organizations, and Stefan ��ycho�� was suspended from the Association of Polish Architects for one year. For political reasons, both German and Polish architects seldom included war-related activities in their official curricula after 1945. In Poland they remain a taboo until today., Zeitschrift f��r Ostmitteleuropa-Forschung, Bd. 70 Nr. 4 (2021): Designing the New East. Architecture, Spatial, and Urban Planning in Poland under German Occupation, 1939���1945

Log as building material is undergoing rapid technological changes due to the introduction of industrially developed lamella log. This new material expands the technological repertoire that is available to architects when designing with log. Furthermore, various societal trends relating to ecology, occupant health, and contemporary architectural expression are potentially altering the status and desirability of log as a building material. Thus, from the point of view of architectural research, the log as a building material should be re-investigated. In this paper, our aim is to scrutinise log and log construction through exploring how log is currently perceived as a material among Finnish building professionals. For this purpose, we analyse interviews conducted with 15 professionals in Finland. To gain these research materials, we utilised a method where a traditional semi-structured interview is combined with an in-situ interview in a pavilion construct built by our research team. We complement these materials with brief reviews into wood research and the history of log construction in Finland.

This paper was delivered as part of the 'ReciprociUdad' symposium in Seville 2020, which is part of the international seminars series 'Design Diplomacy'. The crisis of housing affordability in the UK is at its most severe in the capital, London, but its effects are the result of global forces whose financial roots reach deep into the world economy. These include the marketisation, privatisation and financialisation of housing provision; the neo-liberalisation of the processes of property development; and the writing of legislation and policy designed to accommodate and promote the financial interests of investors and developers above the housing needs of resident populations. We have all experienced something of the effects of this crisis, which has resulted in the systemic destruction of urban and largely working-class communities and cultures for short-term financial gain and at the cost of increasing social and economic inequality and environmental degradation. It is within this global context that the challenge of sustainable cities — or, more accurately, the question of how we can develop sustainably — has become one of the most urgent issues of our time, in which architects and built-environment professionals have the opportunity and duty to take a decisive role. The relatively recent rise in public awareness about the need for environmental sustainability is overdue and welcome; however, sustainable development that meets social need must go beyond the simplistic notions of the environment that characterise so-called ’green architecture’. If it is to be truly sustainable, architecture must not only contribute to countering the negative effects of development on the environment, but it must, in addition, be socially beneficial and economically viable for its users and inhabitants, and therefore, also, politically progressive. To be sustainable, in other words, architecture must be socialist. This paper outlines the opposing cycles of capitalist and socialist economy within housing development in the UK, illustrates the intersections of the social, economic, environmental and political contexts operating within the current housing situation, and demonstrates the ways in which the work of Architects for Social Housing has addressed these issues in a range of design alternatives to demolition of council housing in the UK, concluding that the only way to achieve genuinely sustainable development is through process of sustainable socialist architecture.

This article examines the reshaping of Belgrade���s memorial landscape after the Second World War and after the 1999 NATO bombings, with a focus on the role of architects. As such, the paper shifts the scale of memory debates in two ways: first, from the national to the urban; second, from ���classical��� memory entrepreneurs of the political realm to city makers, usually perceived as ���technical��� actors, but, as the paper argues, in fact relevant memory actors both through the way they influence sites of memory and through memory debates. The article places the engagement of architects with narratives of heroism and victimhood in Serbia in a historical perspective, examining the shift in memorialisation after the Second World War. It then discusses the hesitant approaches on engaging with ruins of the 1999 NATO bombing, highlighting frictions between various actors in the General��tab debate. Finally, it analyses the distinctive memorial engagement with the ruins of the Radio Television of Serbia (RTS) building by examining the bottom-up process of the competition for the RTS memorial. The article highlights that, even if not intentionally or by embracing memory-work, architecture and architects play a role in memory processes, while deeply enmeshed in constellations of political and economic power., Keywords: architects, memory, memorials, ruins, reconstruction, Belgrade., Contemporary Southeastern Europe, 2022, 8(2), 51-82

Theme I : Design Theories and Ideas in Europe, This article looks back at the unclear history of city planning education in Spain and examines its relationship with the educational history of architects. Spain is a country that has developed the most urban planning experts including hundreds of town construction cases of colonial towns in the history of city planning since the Age of Exploration. Today, city planning and/ or urban design education in Spain is part of the architectural education, which is generally incorporated in the superior technical school of architecture in technical university or general universities. City planning experts have historically been equal to military engineers or architects, but it is quite unclear how the education of city planning was started and developed. This paper organizes the basic history of city planning education in 18th-century Spain especially focusing on one of the important academies of related fields, the Royal Military Academy of Mathematics of Barcelona (La Real Academia Militar de Matemáticas en Barcelona) which produced many military engineers and was responsible for the education of city fortification also. The paper tells that the educational content of military academy such as above was also linked to urban space improvement what would be civil town planning. The case study of the Royal Military Academy of Mathematics of Barcelona, observing the composition of the academy, its curriculum, instructors’ backgrounds, students’ notes, and so on, tells us that mathematics and geometry were deeply linked with military engineering and architecture. The education of mathematics, especially of geometry, was a basic knowledge to create reasonable and well-ordered construction of fortifications for engineers. The engineers related to the Academy played an important role on the fortification design of not only the Spanish colonial towns but also some important fortification projects of the towns in Spain. Moreover, as those engineers were also involved in urban public space development, it is obvious that the education on mathematics and geometry for engineers in the military academy played an important role on the development of not only military urban and architectural projects but also civil planning projects.

Apart from the well-known Russian-born architects, dozens of lesser-known Russian émigrés lived and worked in construction in Belgrade. The paper provides additional biographical data based on the archival material contained in the fonds and collections of the Histor­ical Archives of Belgrade. The addenda concern both those who were registered architects and those whose names are signed on the surviving blueprints and who were not only architects but also engineers, construction workers, building contractors. The paper brings basic biographical data followed by the locations of the structures for which the blueprints survive.

New technological and societal developments have entailed changes within the building sector; including building trades becomingacademically based, and the introduction of new building materials, new concepts and ICT-based designsand communication, traditional methods and organizations are being put under pressure. Thus, the two central actors involved inarchitectural competitions, architects and building clients, are continually influenced by such developments, interpreting and adaptingto changes according to their interests and horizons. During a project reviewing Nordic research literature on architecturalcompetitions, a series of interviews was conducted with building clients as well as architects, focusing on the impact of the above-mentioned changes within the building sector on architectural competitions as an institution. In the interviews, ICT and notleast BIM was a recurring theme that both parties saw as having a positive impact on competitions. But when looking closely into the answers, these revealed diverse understandings of how and why the impact of BIM on competitions could be said to be positive. The paper sheds light on the interaction between the actors (building clients, architects and client consultants) and the applied technologies (competition forms, ICT tools, directives) in architectural competitions in a theoretical actor-network perspective. The diverging understandings of the role of BIM are demonstrating one of many negotiations in progress in the network of architectural competitions. BIM is transformed from an inscription device visually representing the competition proposals to form an actant that challenges the very concept of architectural competition. The objective of the paper is to contribute to theunderstanding of BIM used in the kind of network that an architectural competition constitutes, and thereby give professionalactors a possibility to act on the basis of a wider understanding of interrelations mediated by BIM.

The paper analyzes the motives and artistic expressions of the fine art works of selected architects and painters - teachers and associates at the Faculty of Architecture in Belgrade, published in the faculty journal Crteži (Drawings), in the period from 1956 to 1965. By the classification of fine art works of the entire journal edition were established the represented motives, on the basis of which their characterization was given, and a comparative analysis was carried out in relation to the creative poetics and sensibilities of architects and painters, who contributed the most to the conception of the journal through the ten issues. Although originating from various initiatives and creative sensibilities of faculty members in the fields of architecture and fine art in a wider generation range, the fine art works of their choice for one-year issues of journal, among which the dominant place is free-hand drawing, testify to the high qualitative expression and the variety of represented motifs.

The paper addresses the staff of architects who worked in the towns of Western Siberia in the 1860s to the 1880s. The purpose of the paper is to identify the most demanded architects and the proportion of graduates of Russian leading architectural schools. The paper also deals with the activities of architects whose work had an important influence on the formation of the architectural appearance of the west Siberian town.

[EN] The Civil Guard barracks, promoted by the Directorate-General of Devastated Regions [Dirección General de Regiones Devastadas, DGRD] (1939-1957), are an exception within the general marginality of this hybrid architecture in architectural historiography. However, such a prominence has led to a distorted and partial approach to the architecture of these barracks, ignoring the contemporary production of the Civil Guard’s technical services. This is the first study that deals with the post-war promotion of barracks, offering an analysis that sheds light on the interdependencies and contributions made by each organisation. The methodology is based on a bibliographical review, which includes the Reconstrucción journal, the consultation of the projects in the archives that hold the documentation of both organisations and the comparative analysis of their productions. This paper aims to show how the DGRD based the promotion of its barracks on the models created by the architects attached to the Civil Guard, taking them directly and adapting them to its propagandistic interests according to Franco’s ideology using strategic implantation, a commitment to specific typologies, excessive ornamentation and the emphasis on a collective way of life., [ES] Las casas cuartel de la Guardia Civil promovidas por la Dirección General de Regiones Devastadas, DGRD (1939-1957) son una excepción dentro de la marginalidad general en la que se encuentra este tipo de arquitectura híbrida en la historiografía arquitectónica. En cambio, ese protagonismo ha provocado un acercamiento distorsionado y parcial a la arquitectura de estos acuartelamientos, obviando la producción coetánea de los servicios técnicos de la Guardia Civil. Por esta razón, se aporta el primer estudio que aborda la promoción de casas cuartel en posguerra, ofreciendo un análisis que establece las interdependencias y aportaciones que efectuó cada organismo. La metodología se basa en la revisión bibliográfica, en la que destaca la revista Reconstrucción; la consulta de los proyectos en los archivos que custodian la documentación de ambos organismos y el análisis comparativo de sus producciones. Con este artículo se pretende mostrar cómo la DGRD fundamentó la promoción de sus casas cuartel en los modelos que llevaron a cabo los arquitectos adscritos a la Guardia Civil, tomándolos directamente para adaptarlos a sus intereses propagandísticos según el ideario franquista, mediante la implantación estratégica, la apuesta por unas determinadas tipologías, el excesivo ornamento y el énfasis de un modo de vida en colectividad.

This paper is Part II of a study that examines perceptions, attitudes and behaviors regarding termites and treated wood. In Part I, we surveyed homeowners and in this paper we surveyed home builders and architects. The geographic region for both Parts I and II is U.S. states where Formosan subterranean termites (FST) exist. This is a particularly voracious species of termite. Overall, in this paper, respondents are in agreement that treated wood is safe in new home construction framing and is safe if handled and disposed of properly. Forty-one percent of respondents agreed that treated wood is safe for residents in indoor structural applications. Overall, when taking into account the neutral responses, respondents have a favorable view of treated wood safety for all applications posed to them. Fifty-five percent of respondents were not familiar at all with FST. Although they had a general lack of knowledge, 29 percent of respondents said FST were a problem in the regions their companies serve.

Can regionalism do what multilateralism has so far failed to do—promote greater openness of services markets? Although previous research has pointed to the wider and deeper legal commitments under regional agreements as proof that it can, no previous study has assessed the impact of such agreements on applied policies. This paper focuses on the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), where regional integration of services markets has been linked to thriving regional supply chains. Drawing on surveys conducted in 2008 and 2012 of applied policies in the key services sectors of ASEAN countries, the paper assesses the impact of the ASEAN Framework Agreement on Services (AFAS) and the ambitious ASEAN Economic Community Blueprint, which envisaged integrated services markets by 2015. The analysis finds that over this period, ASEAN did not integrate faster internally than vis-à-vis the rest of the world: policies applied to trade with other ASEAN countries were virtually the same as those applied to trade with rest of the world. Moreover, the recent commitments scheduled under AFAS did not produce significant liberalization and, in a few instances, services trade policy actually became more restrictive. The two exceptions are in areas that are not on the multilateral negotiating agenda: steps have been taken toward creating regional open skies in air transport, and a few mutual recognition agreements have been negotiated in professional services. These findings suggest that regional negotiations add the most value when they are focused on areas that are not being addressed multilaterally.

Engineers and Architects require effective communication and interdisciplinary team working to be successful throughout their career which, is often overlooked during formal undergraduate education. The purpose of this paper is to disseminate the novel design and evaluation of a module on communication and interdisciplinary team working in the combined teaching of undergraduate Engineering and Architecture students. An Interdisciplinary Problem Based Learning (IPBL) approach is used and the theoretical construct for this work is the application of dialogical theory to the shared habitus between engineers and architects. The constructivist theory of learning was employed in the design and delivery of this module. It is an action research pedagogical intervention to support the improvement in the teaching and learning of communications and teamwork between architects and engineers. Feedback shows students identified improvement in their communication and teamwork skills at the end of the module.

Circular building design could significantly reduce the environmental impact of buildings and the pressure on natural resources. However, most buildings today are not designed according to the principles of the circular economy. Most literature has focused on either methods for quantifying the lifecycle analysis of buildings and materials, or on innovative circular building materials, but not much is known about the design process of circular buildings and how architects are dealing with translating the principles of the circular economy to the building sector. A series of semi-structured interviews with architects and consultants that have engaged in circular building design has been conducted to identify the barriers and drivers of the transformation towards a circular building sector. Interviews were analysed using qualitative coding analysis. The conservativeness of the building industry, the lack of political priority and the dependency throughout the building industry were found to be the main barriers, while a supportive client with a well-defined assignment and idea was considered to be the main driver. The contribution of this paper to key actors in the building sector is to identify the main barriers and drivers for a circular building sector.

[Esp]En este trabajo, se realiza un análisis de los espacios intermedios y su relación con el espacio interior y exterior con el que conviven en un entorno especialmente condicionado para su aparición: el clima mediterráneo y un terreno singular situado entre dos mares. Para su desarrollo, se toman como ejemplo diez de las primeras edificaciones realizadas en La Manga del Mar Menor, entre principios de los años 60 y finales de los 70, de los arquitectos Antonio Bonet Castellana, José Antonio Corrales y Ramón Vázquez Molezún. Las obras estudiadas responden a diferentes escalas de tipos edificatorios, entre los que se encuentran viviendas unifamiliares, agrupaciones de viviendas o edificios en altura y equipamientos. Se realiza una investigación general de cada uno de los conjuntos edificatorios, entendiendo la relación entre ellos y con su entorno próximo, cómo eran y cómo son. De cada uno de estos proyectos se extraen los espacios intermedios más representativos, clasifi cándolos en seis tipos y analizando cada uno de ellos en cuanto a sus características espaciales, la función que realizan en este contexto y la materialidad con la que se construyen. Se realizan visitas al lugar en distintas épocas del año con la intención de ampliar la información teórica y comprender el funcionamiento de estos espacios a través de la forma de habitarlo y la relación que establecen los usuarios con él. A partir de planos y fotografías originales y recientes, se crea documentación gráfica nueva para la mejor comprensión de este texto. Como conclusión, se realiza un cuadro comparativo con los espacios analizados, divididos en función de su escala, y se establecen relaciones entre ellos mediante la búsqueda de similitudes y diferencias entre las características estudiadas. De esta forma, se muestra cómo proyectar espacios intermedios a partir de la construcción turística mediterránea. [Eng]In this paper, an analysis is made about the intermediate spaces and their connection with the indoor and outdoor areas with which they interact in an environment that is especially conditioned for their emergence: the Mediterranean climate and a singu-lar terrain located between two seas. For its development, ten of the fi rst buildings built in La Manga del Mar Menor, between the early sixties and the late seventies, by the architects Antonio Bonet Castellana, José Antonio Corrales and Ramón Vázquez Molezún, are taken as examples.The studied projects respond to different scales of building types, such us single-family houses, groups of houses or high-rise buil-dings and equipment. A general investigation of each of the building complexes is carried out, understanding the connections between them and their immediate environment, how they were and how they are. From each one of these projects, the most representative intermediate spaces are extracted, classifying them into six types and analysing each one of them according to their spatial characteristics, the role they carry out in this context and the materiality with which they are built.We visit the area at different seasons with the intention of increasing the theoretical information and understanding the role of these spaces through the way they are inhabited and the connection that the users establish with them. Based on original and recent plans and photographs, new graphic documentation is created for a better understanding of this text.As a conclusion, a comparison chart of the analysed spaces is made, divided according to their scale, and connections are established between them by searching for similarities and differences between the studied characteristics. In this way, it is shown how to design intermediate spaces based on the Mediterranean tourism construction. Escuela de Arquitectura e Ingeniería de Edificación Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena

National audience; Building Information Modeling (BIM) is a set of technologies and methods which are increasingly being used in France and worldwide. BIM concerns the construction industry stakeholders, especially architects. However, our knowledge of architects’ BIM adoption is sketchy. In this paper, it is proposed to identify the progress of architecture firms in BIM adoption, and the characteristics of firms that have implemented BIM.; Le Building Information Modeling (BIM) est un ensemble de technologies et méthodes de travail de plus en plus utilisées et plebiscites en France et à travers le monde. Il préoccupe les professionnels du secteur de la construction et, en premier lieu, les architectes. Notre connaissance du niveau d’adoption du BIM par les architectes aujourd’hui est pourtant très limitée. Cet article propose d’étudier l’avancement des agencies d’architecture dans leur adoption du BIM, et les caractéristiques de celles qui mettent en oeuvre ces pratiques.

[Esp]En este trabajo, se realiza un análisis de los espacios intermedios y su relación con el espacio interior y exterior con el que conviven en un entorno especialmente condicionado para su aparición: el clima mediterráneo y un terreno singular situado entre dos mares. Para su desarrollo, se toman como ejemplo diez de las primeras edificaciones realizadas en La Manga del Mar Menor, entre principios de los años 60 y finales de los 70, de los arquitectos Antonio Bonet Castellana, José Antonio Corrales y Ramón Vázquez Molezún. Las obras estudiadas responden a diferentes escalas de tipos edificatorios, entre los que se encuentran viviendas unifamiliares, agrupaciones de viviendas o edificios en altura y equipamientos. Se realiza una investigación general de cada uno de los conjuntos edificatorios, entendiendo la relación entre ellos y con su entorno próximo, cómo eran y cómo son. De cada uno de estos proyectos se extraen los espacios intermedios más representativos, clasifi cándolos en seis tipos y analizando cada uno de ellos en cuanto a sus características espaciales, la función que realizan en este contexto y la materialidad con la que se construyen. Se realizan visitas al lugar en distintas épocas del año con la intención de ampliar la información teórica y comprender el funcionamiento de estos espacios a través de la forma de habitarlo y la relación que establecen los usuarios con él. A partir de planos y fotografías originales y recientes, se crea documentación gráfica nueva para la mejor comprensión de este texto. Como conclusión, se realiza un cuadro comparativo con los espacios analizados, divididos en función de su escala, y se establecen relaciones entre ellos mediante la búsqueda de similitudes y diferencias entre las características estudiadas. De esta forma, se muestra cómo proyectar espacios intermedios a partir de la construcción turística mediterránea. [Eng]In this paper, an analysis is made about the intermediate spaces and their connection with the indoor and outdoor areas with which they interact in an environment that is especially conditioned for their emergence: the Mediterranean climate and a singu-lar terrain located between two seas. For its development, ten of the fi rst buildings built in La Manga del Mar Menor, between the early sixties and the late seventies, by the architects Antonio Bonet Castellana, José Antonio Corrales and Ramón Vázquez Molezún, are taken as examples.The studied projects respond to different scales of building types, such us single-family houses, groups of houses or high-rise buil-dings and equipment. A general investigation of each of the building complexes is carried out, understanding the connections between them and their immediate environment, how they were and how they are. From each one of these projects, the most representative intermediate spaces are extracted, classifying them into six types and analysing each one of them according to their spatial characteristics, the role they carry out in this context and the materiality with which they are built.We visit the area at different seasons with the intention of increasing the theoretical information and understanding the role of these spaces through the way they are inhabited and the connection that the users establish with them. Based on original and recent plans and photographs, new graphic documentation is created for a better understanding of this text.As a conclusion, a comparison chart of the analysed spaces is made, divided according to their scale, and connections are established between them by searching for similarities and differences between the studied characteristics. In this way, it is shown how to design intermediate spaces based on the Mediterranean tourism construction. Escuela de Arquitectura e Ingeniería de Edificación Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena

The rise of wooden multistory construction (WMC) in the Nordic countries has turned out to be the most evident construction-related new business opportunity in the emerging bioeconomy. Based on earlier literature, the future growth prospects for the rise of WMC are rooted in the concerns regarding environmental issues, as witnessed in a plethora of studies focusing on carbon footprinting. But do new (performance-based) regulations ‘favor’ WMC or do they give a more ‘just’ comparison of alternative building concepts? Therefore, more information is needed on the role of growing environmental awareness and preferences for wood as a renewable and recyclable material in the markets. Our paper presents results from a two-round Delphi study focusing on the relative strength and perceived interplay between likelihood and the desirability of environmental concerns in driving WMC in Finland and Sweden. Using qualitative analysis of expert interviews in the first Delphi round, the issues related to sustainable development appear to have growing importance in the marketplace. However, the panelists perceive that the emphasis on sustainability is mainly driven by the changing regulation reflecting societal needs, and only few experts saw it as echoing directly from changing individual consumer needs. In the second Delphi round, implemented with an online survey, the likelihood and desirability of sustainability as a megatrend in housing was perceived to gain further impetus toward 2030, both in the form of consumer demand for sustainable living and wood construction as a modern way of living. However, future research is needed to get a better understanding on the strength and scope of these drivers.

[spa]En este artículo planteamos que significaron los trabajos de los arquitectos Ramon y Antoni Puig Gairalt, que abarcan desde la primera década del siglo XX hasta el año 1937 y que aún perviven en muchas de las localidades del territorio catalán donde intervinieron. Hablamos en plural de los Puig Gairalt porque fueron dos hermanos, Ramon y Antoni, aunque en L'Hospitalet de Llobregat las intervencions corresponden mayoritariamente a Ramon Puig Gairalt. En la actualidad muchas de las obras perduran y, como valores patrimoniales, han llegado hasta nosotros. Como es bien sabido, el patrimonio de muchas poblaciones y ciudades forma parte de la memoria con la que una colectividad se identifica. A lo largo del tiempo, han ido conformando su paisaje urbano y cualquier colectividad que transita por su territorio, establece un vínculo muy directo sea éste o no de carácter monumental porque de hecho se ha convertido en signo de su identidad., [eng]In this paper we study the significance of the work of the architects Antonio and Ramon Puig Gairalt, ranging from the first decade of the twentieth century until 1937 and that still survives in many localities of the Catalan territory where they worked. We speak in plural because the Puig Gairalt"s were two brothers, Ramon and Antonio, although in the Hospitalet de Llobregat the interventionsare mainly relate to Ramon Puig Gairalt. Today many of the works remain as heritage and have come down to us. As is well known, the heritage of many towns and cities is part of a collective memory which identifies a community. Throughout the time, they have been shaping the urban landscape and any community transiting throughout the territory, sets a very direct In this paper we study the significance of the work of the architects Antonio and Ramon Puig Gairalt, ranging from the first decade of the twentieth century until 1937 and that still survives in many localities of the Catalan territory where they worked. of the Catalan territory where they worked.

The paper considers the issue of authorship of Catholic church in Kishinev, which was built in 1838–1840. The author proves that brothers Josef and Louis Charlemagne contributed intimately to its building. She thinks that Catholic church in Kishinev was built by model project developed with the direct involvement of brothers Charlemagne. The hypothesis could be validated by a comparison between the model project developed by The Commission of projects and budget of Architectural Committee of The Department of State Economy and Public Buildings in Sankt-Petersburg, and the project of Catholic Church in Kishinev, which was approved by The Commission of The Department of Roads and Public Buildings in the same city on 18 of July, 1838. The careful consideration of the model project led us to conclude that that it is a close analogy to Kishinev’s temple. The identity of these two projects confirms our suggestion about the origin of Kishinev Catholic Church’s image. However, this conclusion does not belittle the architectural value of the temple. The Catholic Church presents a bright example of pure classic architectural tradition which kept on to be a very important part of Kishinev’s architectural style. That’s why the Catholic Church of Kishinev is an architectural monument of the national interest of the Republic of Moldova.

En su ancestral disposición de servicio a la habitación humana, la arquitectura actual compite con una suerte de habitaciones virtuales, ajenas a lo inmediato y tangible que ha sido su propio territorio a lo largo de milenios y a lo ancho de este planeta. Persuadir al internauta para que vuelva a encontrarse consigo mismo y con su entorno, reconocerse en su yo y en su circunstancia, inseparables uno de la otra, es el reto al que se enfrenta el arquitecto, con todas las de perder, pero empeñado en ganar. Este escrito se propone, mediante el diagnóstico provisional acerca de la situación “descolocada” de la arquitectura del tercer milenio, compartir la esperanza de un nuevo “encuentro en la primera fase” de la habitación humana. Para ello, recorre los libros de referencia en los que se definió la posmodernidad y los relaciona con los rasgos que, todavía hoy, la caracterizan. In its ancestral service provision to human habitation, current architecture competes with other types of virtual habitation, alien to the immediacy and tangibility of its own territory over thousands of years around the world. Against overwhelming odds, but committed to win, architects confront with the challenge of persuading internet users to find themselves and their environment again by recognizing themselves in their self and circumstance, which are inseparable from each other. Through a provisional diagnosis of the “misplaced” situation of the third-millennium architecture, this paper aims to share the hope of a new “encounter of the first kind” of human habitation. To this effect, it explores reference books defining postmodernity and connects them to the features that, still nowadays, characterize it.

This paper arose in response to observing the frustration expressed by researchers that there were so few accessible documents from which to write biographies of early women architects, planners and designers. As an archivist, it is a disheartening experience to explain to users that, because of limited donations, few such records exist in archival collections. Exemplifying the current predicament is the absence of the architectural work of the first woman officially qualified in South Australia, Beverly Bolin, from any archival collection in her own name. Moreover, extant items that were uncovered about Beverley Bolin, following months of searching, spoke more of her personal, than of her professional life. This led to the question: where are the professional records of women architects and why have they not donated their records to archival repositories? Through a survey of literature and the author’s own direct observation as manager of an archival collection specialising in architecture, this paper discusses possible reasons and offers potential strategies to attract future donations. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

This paper concerning the regional architectural term known as the Tjust Empire style analyses manor houses built in the Tjust area by the east coast of Småland in the period 1810-1860. The term Tjust Empire style was invented in 1937 by PhD. Manne Hofrén in his dissertation on architecture in Kalmar län in the period 1650-1850. The aim of the paper is firstly to determine whether there is a distinct difference between the regional Tjust Empire style in architecture and the common Swedish empire style or as its Swedish equivalent is known; the Karl Johan style. Secondly, the paper strives to analyse why and how the Empire style became so popular in the area during this period, focusing on architecture as a means to express social identity and status. My disposition is grounded in an ethnological viewpoint on architecture where culture is seen as created by and part of human existence. In order to give my analysis substance two case studies have been done of two manor houses in the area; Casimirsborg and Blekhem, in order to compare these with architecture representative of the Swedish Empire/Karl Johan style. The manor houses have been chosen partly because they represent the architectural style of the period well and partly due to them being accessible. As material concerning the construction of the two buildings, such as plans and sketches is sparse the opportunity to examine and analyse them at the spot has been invaluable. When I have been able to, I have used plans and fire insurance documents available. For a general view of the architecture during the period I have had to rely on material already written concerning the architecture of the time, the patrons, their architects and master builders. This has shown that the Tjust Empire style is in fact very closely tied to the common Swedish Empire or Karl Johan style and that it directly strives to commit to it. I have also been able to show that the the reason for the Tjust Empire style being so popular in the area in the period lies in a unique economic and social situation at the time; as well as, a relationship between the patrons and their favoured architects.

This paper is Part II of a study that examines perceptions, attitudes and behaviors regarding termites and treated wood. In Part I, we surveyed homeowners and in this paper we surveyed home builders and architects. The geographic region for both Parts I and II is U.S. states where Formosan subterranean termites (FST) exist. This is a particularly voracious species of termite. Overall, in this paper, respondents are in agreement that treated wood is safe in new home construction framing and is safe if handled and disposed of properly. Forty-one percent of respondents agreed that treated wood is safe for residents in indoor structural applications. Overall, when taking into account the neutral responses, respondents have a favorable view of treated wood safety for all applications posed to them. Fifty-five percent of respondents were not familiar at all with FST. Although they had a general lack of knowledge, 29 percent of respondents said FST were a problem in the regions their companies serve., Ovaj rad drugi je dio studije koja proučava stajališta, mišljenja i ponašanja vezana za termite i zaštićeno drvo. U prvom radu anketirani su vlasnici kuća, dok su u ovom radu anketirani graditelji i arhitekti. U radu su, kao i u prvom dijelu istraživanja, proučavane američke regije u kojima je utvrđeno postojanje podzemnih termita iz porodice Coptotermes (FST). Spomenuti su termiti posebno agresivna vrsta termita. U cjelini, ispitanici smatraju da je zaštićeno drvo, uz pravilnu uporabu i rukovanje, sigurno za izgradnju kuća i novih konstrukcijskih elemenata. Pritom 51% ispitanika smatra kako je zaštićeno drvo pri uporabi u unutarnjim uvjetima sigurno za ljude. Općenito, kada se uzmu u obzir i neutralni odgovori, ispitanici imaju pozitivno mišljenje o uporabi zaštićenog drva u svim ispitivanim uvjetima i situacijama. No 51 % ispitanika uopće nije informirano o podzemnom termitu (FTS). Iako većina ispitanika malo zna o podzemnim termitima, 29 % njih izjasnilo se kako su u regijama u kojima djeluju njihove tvrtke imali problema sa spomenutim termitima.

Changes in demographics and patterns of investment in human capital are creating increased scope for international trade in professional services. The scope for mutually beneficial trade is, however, inhibited not only by quotas and discriminatory taxation, but also by domestic regulation -- including a range of qualification and licensing requirements and procedures. To illustrate the nature and implications of these regulatory impediments, this paper presents a detailed description of the regulatory requirements faced in the United States market by four types of Indian professionals: doctors, engineers, architects, and accountants. India is one of the largest exporters of skilled services, and the United States is one of the largest importers of skilled services, so these two countries reflect broader global trends. The paper argues that regulatory discrimination, for example through preferential recognition agreements, has implications both for the pattern of trade and for welfare. It presents some illustrative estimates that suggest the economic cost of regulations may be substantial. The paper concludes by examining how the trade-inhibiting impact of regulatory requirements could be addressed through bilateral and multilateral negotiations.

Now a days, with obscene workload and a busy life, many experts face problems which more or less result in loss of their customers or to certain overheads that immobilize the customer's satisfaction process. The software being proposed will facilitates professional from various field like in mechanical designing, interior designing and that of architects. This research proposal most likely acts as an effective tool that can reduce the gap between industrial enterprises and customers in addition to other relevant business groups. It helps to visualize architectural designs and interior designs. Before the physical implementation, a virtual model of a real environment can be designed, enabling designers to virtually implement their idea in the given workspace and then view it in a real environment, enabling designers to view their 3D visualizations on their 2D drawings this help them to initially visualize and reconstruct the design without wasting a large amount of money making it a cost-effective solution. Application is based on my observations of the user's aspirations of an augmented reality in design service, a service that combines different social media functionality, augmented reality (AR) and 3-D modeling that embraces the concept of home design, architecture and mechanical designing process. This study connects all users of relevant concerns to an augmented reality's user-intensive design. The paper provides you with the existential complexity of how the AR can be implemented to enhance the work of architects and designers. The proposed application shows two types of reality, marker-less and more marker-based. The new feature of the project is that no expensive devices are required. It can be used easily through smartphones and tablets. This is a cost-effective solution that mainly reduces the overhead accosted daily by, mechanical designers, interior designers and architects. The software displays all the features that mechanical designers, interior designers and architects may need.

The book consists of six chapters, which present achievements by European women – pioneers in the fields of architecture, civil engineering, interior and industrial design and arts and crafts, who were active in the period between 1918 and 1945. The chapter Crossing Geographies deals with the importance of migrants and migrations for the global expansion of modernism and for development of avant-garde artistic currents; Pioneers and Organisations presents cases of selected women pioneers and their involvement with peer organisations; The Home contributes studies of women creators’ position in the inter-war period and the different ways in which they attempted to overcome societal barriers through interior design; Representation deals with representation of women creators' achievements in publications; Cases from Ireland to Finland brings case studies of women designers active in typically male professions; Examining Drawings as Practices of Architectural Design contributes insight into women architects' projects through new methodological approaches. The book is based on papers, presented at the first international MoMoWO conference in September 2015 at Leiden University. It aims to present an important part of the 'anonymous' and overlooked European cultural heritage.

A partir de finals dels anys 1960, els arquitectes apareixen com la punta de llança de la crítica urbana a Espanya. Ofereixen un exemple emblemàtic del paper en la transició espanyola dels «Nous professionals» (arquitectes, metges, advocats, etc.) que compartien la joventut, la politització i el compromís per l’interès general. Aquest compromís s’explica en part per causes generacionals i polítiques, però aquestes explicacions no es poden examinar independentment de la seva pròpia problemàtica professional. En aquest context, les transformacions econòmiques i socials del “Desarrollismo”, i el boom immobiliari que l’acompanya, portaran la prosperitat al grup professional, donat l’auge d’encàrrecs que significa. No obstant això, també aguditzarà problemes professionals que contribueixen al desprestigi de la professió. Davant d’això, diversos sectors professionals, especialment en els més joves que pateixen més aquests problemes i el rebutgen amb més força, s’imposarà la necessitat de renovar la missió social de la professió posant-la al servei de la societat. Aquest article vol demostrar, a través de l’exemple dels arquitectes, l’interès d’un estudi a llarg termini -des de la postguerra- de certs grups per entendre millor les causes de l’oposició política i social a la dictadura., From the end of the 1960s, architects appear as the spearhead of urban criticism in Spain. They offer an emblematic example of the role in the Spanish transition of «New professionals» (architects, doctors, lawyers, etc.) who shared youth, politicization and commitment for the general interest. This commitment was partly explained by generational and political causes, but these explanations cannot be examined independently of their own professional problems. In this context, the economic and social transformations of “Desarrollismo”, and the real estate boom that accompanies it, will bring prosperity to the professional group, given the peak of commissions that it means. However, it will also exacerbate professional problems that contribute to the loss of prestige of the profession. Given this, several professional sectors, especially the younger ones who suffer more from these problems and reject it with greater force, will impose the need to renew the social mission of the profession putting it at the service of society. This article aims to demonstrate, through the example of the architects, the interest of a long-term study -from the postwar period- of certain groups better understand the causes of the political and social opposition to the dictatorship., A partir de finales de los años 1960, los arquitectos aparecen como la punta de lanza de la crítica urbana en España. Ofrecen un ejemplo emblemático del papel en la transición española de los «Nuevos profesionales» (arquitectos, médicos, abogados, etc.) que compartían la juventud, la politización y el compromiso por el interés general. Este compromiso se explica en parte por causas generacionales y políticas, pero estas explicaciones no se pueden examinar independientemente de su propia problemática profesional. En este contexto, las transformaciones económicas y sociales del “Desarrollismo”, y el boom inmobiliario que le acompaña, traerán la prosperidad al grupo profesional, dado el auge de encargos que significa. Sin embargo, también agudizará problemas profesionales que contribuyen al desprestigio de la profesión. Ante ello, varios sectores profesionales, especialmente en los más jóvenes que padecen más esos problemas y lo rechazan con mayor fuerza, se impondrá la necesidad de renovar la misión social de la profesión poniéndola al servicio de la sociedad. Este artículo quiere demostrar, a través del ejemplo de los arquitectos, el interés de un estudio a largo plazo –desde la posguerra– de ciertos grupos para entender mejor las causas de la oposición política y social a la dictadura.

ResumenEl objetivo del artículo es proporcionar una aproximación descriptiva, analítica y reflexiva al trabajo del arquitecto brasileño Eduardo de Almeida. El método de aproximación es una promenade por sus 54 años de obras, siguiendo un paseo interpretativo que Almeida propuso en la conferencia que el arquitecto dio en 2014 realizada en São Paulo. Se combinan aquí la visión del creador y la del crítico, a partir de la interpretación de obra e ideas. Los puntos centrales del trabajo ponen en evidencia algunos rasgos fundamentales de la producción del arquitecto: rigor, racionalidad, pensamiento tectónico y modular, sensibilidad y discreción. Estos elementos condicionan, al mismo tiempo que determinan, los resultados de los proyectos discutidos. Aunque por razones metodológicas no llegamos a ninguna conclusión, la promenade evidenció que el trabajo de creación desarrollado por Almeida fue producto de una constante superposición esclarecedora de imágenes de racionalidad y de análisis sobre su propia práctica arquitectónica que, determinada por el oficio, fue construyendo la postura del arquitecto.Palabras clave: arquitectura, enseñanza de la arquitectura, diseño arquitectónico, diseño de proyecto, arquitect.Pictures at an Exhibition: A promenade architectural through the work of Eduardo de AlmeidaAbstractThis paper aims to provide a descriptive, analytical, and reflective approach to the work of Brazilian architect Eduardo de Almeida. The method of this approach is a promenade through 54 years of work, following an interpretive walk Almeida proposed in his last lecture in São Paulo, in 2014. Visions of the creator and the critic are intertwined here, based on interpreting works and ideas. The focal points of the text highlight some key features of the oeuvre of the architect: rigor, rationality, tectonic and modular thinking, sensitivity, and discretion. These elements define, as well as determinate, the results of the discussed projects. Although for methodological reasons we do not intend to reach any conclusion, this promenade demonstrates that the creative work developed by Almeida was the result of a constant overlapping of clarifying layers of rationality and analysis of his own architectural practice, which, determined by the profession, helped to build the architect’s position.Keywords: Architecture, architecture education, architectural design, project design, architects.Quadros de uma exposição: promenade architecturale pela obra de Eduardo de AlmeidaResumoO objetivo deste artigo é proporcionar uma aproximação descritiva, analítica e reflexiva ao trabalho do arquiteto brasileiro Eduardo de Almeida. O método de aproximação é uma promenade por seus 54 anos de obras, seguindo um passeio interpretativo que Almeida propôs em sua última conferência, realizada em São Paulo em 2014. Combinam-se aqui a visão do criador e a do crítico, a partir da interpretação de obra e ideias. Os pontos centrais do trabalho evidenciam alguns traços fundamentais da produção do arquiteto: rigor, racionalidade, pensamento tectônico e modular, sensibilidade e discrição. Esses elementos condicionam, ao mesmo tempo que determinam, os resultados dos projetos discutidos. Embora por razões metodológicas não cheguemos a nenhuma conclusão, a promenade demonstrou que o trabalho de criação desenvolvido por Almeida foi produto de uma constante superposição esclarecedora de capas de racionalidade e de análises sobre sua própria prática arquitetônica que, determinada pelo ofício, foi construindo o posicionamento do arquiteto.Palavras-chave: arquiteto, arquitetura, desenho arquitetônico, desenho de projeto, ensino da arquitetura. Recibido: julio 14 / 2016 Evaluado: mayo 18 / 2017 Aceptado: septiembre 6 / 2017

In 2006, the Delhi Urban Arts Commission (DUAC) along with the Lt. Governor of Delhi and the Government of Delhi instituted a “task-force” comprising “experts” (architects, urban designers, and municipal bodies) and “lay-folk” (local resident welfare associations and residents) to present a proposal for redeveloping Khirki “Urban Village.” For all actors involved, the stakes in this project were rather high - the State, the Residents of Khirki and the experts. Using ethnographic vignettes this paper unpacks this politics of the designs, to elaborate a “praxical present” within which expertise, experts, the State and the citizens all get (dis)entangled with each other through idioms that far exceed those of the Modern State, citizenship, individual and communitarian rights.

This paper aims to provide a descriptive, analytical, and reflective approach to the work of Brazilian architect Eduardo de Almeida. The method of this approach is a promenade through 54 years of work, following an interpretive walk Almeida proposed in his last lecture in São Paulo, in 2014. Visions of the creator and the critic are intertwined here, based on interpreting works and ideas. The focal points of the text highlight some key features of the oeuvre of the architect: rigor, rationality, tectonic and modular thinking, sensitivity, and discretion. These elements define, as well as determinate, the results of the discussed projects. Although for methodological reasons we do not intend to reach any conclusion, this promenade demonstrates that the creative work developed by Almeida was the result of a constant overlapping of clarifying layers of rationality and analysis of his own architectural practice, which, determined by the profession, helped to build the architect’s position O objetivo deste artigo é proporcionar uma aproximação descritiva, analítica e reflexiva ao trabalho do arquiteto brasileiro Eduardo de Almeida. O método de aproximação é uma promenade por seus 54 anos de obras, seguindo um passeio interpretativo que Almeida propôs em sua última conferência, realizada em São Paulo em 2014. Combinam-se aqui a visão do criador e a do crítico, a partir da interpretação de obra e ideias. Os pontos centrais do trabalho evidenciam alguns traços fundamentais da produção do arquiteto: rigor, racionalidade, pensamento tectônico e modular, sensibilidade e discrição. Esses elementos condicionam, ao mesmo tempo que determinam, os resultados dos projetos discutidos. Embora por razões metodológicas não cheguemos a nenhuma conclusão, a promenade demonstrou que o trabalho de criação desenvolvido por Almeida foi produto de uma constante superposição esclarecedora de capas de racionalidade e de análises sobre sua própria prática arquitetônica que, determinada pelo ofício, foi construindo o posicionamento do arquiteto. El objetivo del artículo es proporcionar una aproximación descriptiva, analítica y reflexiva al trabajo del arquitecto brasileño Eduardo de Almeida. El método de aproximación es una promenade por sus 54 años de obras, siguiendo un paseo interpretativo que Almeida propuso en la conferencia que el arquitecto dio en 2014 realizada en São Paulo. Se combinan aquí la visión del creador y la del crítico, a partir de la interpretación de obra e ideas. Los puntos centrales del trabajo ponen en evidencia algunos rasgos fundamentales de la producción del arquitecto: rigor, racionalidad, pensamiento tectónico y modular, sensibilidad y discreción. Estos elementos condicionan, al mismo tiempo que determinan, los resultados de los proyectos discutidos. Aunque por razones metodológicas no llegamos a ninguna conclusión, la promenade evidenció que el trabajo de creación desarrollado por Almeida fue producto de una constante superposición esclarecedora de imágenes de racionalidad y de análisis sobre su propia práctica arquitectónica que, determinada por el oficio, fue construyendo la postura del arquitecto.

International audience; As a part of a larger research project that examined bio-based building materials that are underutilized in the construction of non-residential buildings, the presented mail survey was conducted in France and Gabon to determine how architects specify selected bio-based building materials. This study provides a preliminary assessment of the potential segments of architects in practice based on their attitudes to the use of wood in non-residential construction. France Among the most wooded countries, Russia ranks first (809 million hectares), then, Brazil (478 million hectares), Canada (310 million hectares), the United States (303 million hectares) ... In Europe, France occupies the fourth place-behind Sweden, Finland and Spain-with its 18 million hectares. It is a little less than 30% of the French territory. The French forest is very diverse, with 136 different species of trees. The area of French hardwood forests is 11.2 million hectares, or 71.2% of the forest. Private forest is dominated mainly by oaks, which occupy about 5 million hectares. Chestnut and poplar are specific species of the private forest. A little more than 4.4 million hectares are made up of coniferous forests with a great diversity of species: maritime pine, Scots pine, fir, spruce, Douglas-fir... The French forest employs 440,000 people, more than the automobile industry. It has a turnover of 60 billion euros per year, or nearly 3% of PIB (Produit Interieur Brut or GDP I think). The sector includes operators, sawmills, pulp mills, panel and furniture manufacturers, and firewood. A large part of the French forest is private: 3.3 million owners share it. Gabon In Central Africa and particularly in equatorial region, the forest plays a key role in this regulation. In the year 2000, Gabon produced more than 4 million m3 timber, of which 72% was Aucoumea Klaineana Pierre (AKP). However, in 2004, only 1.6 million m3 was produced, of which 61% was AKP. This decrease in lumber production was due to a new regulations of exploitation of trees. In 2009, after the prohibition by the Gabonese government of the exportation of logs, more structures focalised on the study and the exploitation of wood were born. Since then, a particular attention is done on the mechanical characterization of some species which are usually used in timber structures. One of more those species is AKP which is an endemic specie in central Africa's forest which is a long time, associated at the life of locals. In the recent past, AKP represents 80% of annual wood's production in this country and 90% of this specie is exported all over the world and particularly in Europa and Asia. It is used largely for plywood in building, in veneer, finished or semi-finished products and in the design of the paper. Using the information obtained in this study will contribute to an understanding of the probability that bio-based building materials are chosen in residential and non-residential buildings and to an understanding of the drivers and barriers for increased use. Change is difficult – the barriers to wood are complex and the building industry is both averse to risk and slowed by inertia – but with the right focus, the wood industry can make a difference. The study is extended to selected European countries and the US, as well as to Central Africa. The study is extended to selected European countries and the US, as well as to Central Africa. The first results show that several architects in Gabon have not given response the survey due to the difficulty to have computer and excellent web connection. However, the obtained results are very interesting and promised. These results will help the architects to choose efficiently the wood product for civil engineering constructions.

This paper provides new direction for geographic scholarship on architecture by focusing upon architectural projects that go well beyond designing and producing material objects. Recent work on practising architectures by social and cultural geographers has examined the multiple processes of human and non-human actors that cohere and congeal to produce buildings. Responding to concerns that geographers are failing to work closely with architects, I introduce ideas of spatial agency to examine the practices of architects working beyond buildings. Arguing that the profession has always been under threat, I outline why socially progressive architects are rejecting claims as expert technical problem-solvers or artistic form-givers by instead initiating and contributing towards explicitly spatial projects prioritizing social and economic objectives. By calling for creative engagement with such projects, I set forth an agenda for a politically progressive geography of architecture.

Straipsnyje analizuojamas architektūros lauko kuriamas diskursas apie architekto profesijos statusą ir vaidmenį posocialistinėje visuomenėje. Tiriama architekto profesijai iškelta dilemų serija pakitus materialiosioms ir simbolinėms profesinės veiklos sąlygoms. Architektūra tampa enterpreneriška profesija neoliberalioje visuomenėje. Išryškėja įtampa tarp diskursyviai puoselėjamo architektūros kaip meno srities įvaizdžio (šiuo atveju autonomiškos politinių, ekonominių ir socialinių interesų atžvilgiu) ir architektūros kaip komercinės veiklos, priklausomos nuo užsakovų, padėties. Ši skirtis tampa pagrindine lauką apibrėžiančia tema. Ji susieta su architekto, kaip miesto raidos sprendimus lemiančio profesionalo, statuso įtvirtinimo taktikomis. Siekiama kultūrinį kapitalą įtvirtinti kaip išskirtinį, atsiribojama nuo statymo proceso konkurentų, siaurinama architektūros apibrėžtis. Tokiai architektūrai siekiama valstybinės legitimacijos. Viešai formuojamame posocialistinės Lietuvos architektūros lauko diskurse architektūros, kaip meno ar komercijos dilemos, kontekste architektų, kaip turinčiųjų teisę diktuoti sprendimus viešosios erdvės atžvilgiu, statusas susiejamas su estetinių sprendimų diktavimu, o komercionalizacija – su estetinių sprendimų apribojimu. Pastatų naudotojai beveik nefigūruoja šiame diskurse, o apibendrinta visuomenės vizija tampa vienu iš statymo proceso konkurentų. Analizuojamame diskurse architektai vertinami kaip opozicija, tačiau jų kritika nukreipiama į architektų galios sumenkimą, o ne į socialinio architektūros vaidmens persvarstymą. This paper sets out to describe and conceptualize the social status and role of the architectural profession in post-socialist society. The turn towards market democracy from state socialism changes the material and symbolic conditions of the architectural profession. Privatization of the building and housing sectors transforms the architectural profession from previously a profession that had a say (even if it was limited) in city development processes into an entrepreneurial profession, depending on commissions from the private sector. In the article, I argue that architects claim a certain status as public intellectuals, but fluctuate towards an autonomisation of aesthetics in architecture, claiming architecture as art and trying to establish cultural capital as a legitimating strategy of certain decisions. The central theme in public discourse on architecture – generated by architects – is a dichotomy between architecture as art versus commercialized architecture. In this discourse, the role of "architects’ people" remains preempted. I argue that while claiming a status of "opposition", architects ultimately add to the establishment and solidification of the current neoliberal order.

This paper sets out to describe and conceptualize the social status and role of the architectural profession in post-socialist society. The turn towards market democracy from state socialism changes the material and symbolic conditions of the architectural profession. Privatization of the building and housing sectors transforms the architectural profession from previously a profession that had a say (even if it was limited) in city development processes into an entrepreneurial profession, depending on commissions from the private sector. In the article, I argue that architects claim a certain status as public intellectuals, but fluctuate towards an autonomisation of aesthetics in architecture, claiming architecture as art and trying to establish cultural capital as a legitimating strategy of certain decisions. The central theme in public discourse on architectu -re – generated by architects – is a dichotomy between architecture as art versus commercialized architecture. In this discourse, the role of “architects’ people” remains preempted. I argue that while claiming a status of “opposition”, architects ultimately add to the establishment and solidification of the current neoliberal order.

Undoubtedly Job satisfaction among architects is necessary to create a healthy work environment and in turn supports the creation of meaningful built environments. This paper examines the phenomenon of job satisfaction amongst architects and the factors that significantly influence it in the context of Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK. A descriptive survey in the form of a questionnaire and structured interviews was utilized to form a comprehensive methodology for investigation, which was conducted in 2009. In total, three hundred questionnaires were administered, addressing architects working in both private and public sectors, while twelve interviews were conducted, with six for each sector. Preliminary findings indicate that job satisfaction has been rated to be relatively high amongst Belfast architects. Factors identified as particularly significant include control over thermal conditions, acoustics, views, lighting, and ergonomics.

dDespite being one of the most important means to obtain commissions, to explore in design terms and to develop design quality, architectural competitions are an extremely controversial procedure, in both research and in practice. Competitions present contradictory features and competing demands. Nevertheless, they are increasingly used within the European procurement law, to the point that exploring and understanding these debated elements is essential to improve their effectiveness. In this paper we use a paradox lens to reveal managerial insights from competitions. A paradox is a set of contradictory elements that are logical when considered separately but become illogical when considered together. We identify four paradoxes and propose accompanying managerial implications for architects, clients and their juries with regard to each competition phase: programming, shortlisting and selecting, designing a proposal, making a decision. We suggest that embracing and managing paradoxes means dealing with the open yet prescriptive character of the brief in the programming phase, ensuring an open competition while shortlisting and selecting the relevant competitors, confirming the brief but also instructing the client on the better options in the design phase, and balancing emotions and rational thinking in the jury decision-making process. With regard to each paradox we provide examples from international competitions held in The Netherlands, Italy, Sweden and UK.

Many economists suspect that downward nominal wage rigidities in ongoing labor contracts are an important source of employment fluctuations over the business cycle but there is little direct empirical evidence on this conjecture. This paper compares three occupations in the housing sector with very different wage setting institutions, real estate agents, architects, and construction workers. I study the wage and employment responses of these occupations to the housing cycle, a proxy for labor demand shocks to the industry. The employment of real estate agents, whose pay is far more flexible than the other occupations, indeed reacts less to the cycle than employment in the other occupations. However, unless labor demand elasticities are large, the estimates do not suggest that the level of wage flexibility enjoyed by real estate agents would buffer employment fluctuations in response to demand shocks by more than 10 to 20 percent compared to completely rigid wages.

dDespite being one of the most important means to obtain commissions, to explore in design terms and to develop design quality, architectural competitions are an extremely controversial procedure, in both research and in practice. Competitions present contradictory features and competing demands. Nevertheless, they are increasingly used within the European procurement law, to the point that exploring and understanding these debated elements is essential to improve their effectiveness. In this paper we use a paradox lens to reveal managerial insights from competitions. A paradox is a set of contradictory elements that are logical when considered separately but become illogical when considered together. We identify four paradoxes and propose accompanying managerial implications for architects, clients and their juries with regard to each competition phase: programming, shortlisting and selecting, designing a proposal, making a decision. We suggest that embracing and managing paradoxes means dealing with the open yet prescriptive character of the brief in the programming phase, ensuring an open competition while shortlisting and selecting the relevant competitors, confirming the brief but also instructing the client on the better options in the design phase, and balancing emotions and rational thinking in the jury decision-making process. With regard to each paradox we provide examples from international competitions held in The Netherlands, Italy, Sweden and UK.

Este artículo analiza las transformaciones tipológicas producidas en las viviendas en altura a partir de la década de los veinte en la ciudad de Rosario. Siguiendo la pregunta por el rol que desempeñaron los arquitectos en dicho cambio, se alterna el análisis estadístico de una muestra representativa de viviendas con la indagación en obras puntuales (realizadas por arquitectos destacados) que se constituyeron como hitos de esa transformación. Este estudio también ofrece información inédita para la ciudad de Rosario que permite comparar con otros momentos, tipos inmobiliarios e incluso con otras realidades urbanas, para contribuir a indagar por la relación arquitectos-mercado inmobiliario. This article analyses the typological transformations that took place in high-rise accommodation from the 1920’s onwards in Rosario (Argentina). The question that is posed in this paper concerns the role that the architects undertook in the previously mentioned transformations. It continues with the statistical analysis of a representative building sample which has an emphasis on specific buildings (designed by important architects) that are considered as benchmarks of this transformation. This study also includes unpublished information about Rosario that allows the comparison with other times, types of buildings, and also other types of urban realities: all of which contribute to the investigation on the relationship between the architects and the housing market. Fil: Cutruneo, Jimena Paula. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. CONICET - Facultad de Arquitectura; CURDIUR; Argentina.

With the recent focus on austerity and efficiency, dealing with competing tensions has become increasingly critical within the creative industry. Also project-based industries and construction are suffering from a severe downfall in commissions. Architecture is at the intersection of these industries. As such it is a fertile ground for contradictions and management oxymora, such as artistic recognition and market constraints, individual passion and collective collaboration, creative spark and professional discipline. These are examples of paradoxes that architects confront regularly, particularly when acquiring commissions through design competitions. Based on a set of interview data with architects in the UK, the Netherlands and Italy we explore paradoxical tensions that are embedded within design competitions and the way competing architecture firms manage them. We focus on the participation decision and the submission strategy, revealing strategic intent and design strategy paradoxes and related management approaches. Because of the underlying tensions in creativity and managerial rigour, design competitions offer insights for other domains as well.

Les programmes de construction scolaire en Angleterre ont connu entre 1997 et 2010 un développement important lié à la volonté des gouvernements travaillistes successifs de rénover les services publics et de faire de l’éducation une priorité. L’architecture scolaire a été ainsi mise au service d’une politique qui se donnait pour objectif d’agir sur tous les leviers de la réussite scolaire. Cet article se propose d’examiner les motivations politiques et les fondements idéologiques qui sont à l’origine d’un programme phare, Building Schools for the Future, puis, sous une administration différente, de son abandon. Comment les politiques de construction scolaire s’inscrivent-elles dans le projet de Troisième Voie d’une part, de Big Society d’autre part ? Se pose aussi la question des relations complexes, parfois tendues, entre architectes et politiques et des conséquences que les décisions politiques et leur application peuvent avoir sur la création de l’espace scolaire. Travaillistes et Conservateurs/Libéraux-démocrates ont suivi des orientations totalement opposées, les uns privilégiant les objectifs éducatifs et sociaux, les autres remettant en cause le rôle de l’architecte et l’influence de l’environnement scolaire. Malgré des divergences politiques et idéologiques, on observe cependant de part et d’autre des modes de pensée et d’action similaires. From 1997 to 2010 sustained investment in school building was observed in England, under successive Labour governments committed to the renewal of public services and to the promotion of education as a national priority. School architecture was thus made to support policies which aimed at raising all levels of educational achievement. This paper attempts to examine the different ideological and political motivations which account for the launch of a flagship programme, Building Schools for the Future and, under a new administration, for its withdrawal. How do school building policies tie in with Third Way values on the one hand, and the Big Society project on the other? Among the issues raised are the complex and sometimes tense relationships between architects and policy-makers and the consequences political decisions and their implementation may have on the design of school space. Labour and the Coalition have adopted opposite approaches, the former favouring educational and social objectives, the latter questioning the role of the architect and the impact of school environments. In spite of political and ideological differences, similar lines of thought and action can however be detected.

[cat] Amb el present treball d'investigació hem analitzat l'evolució del corporacionisme dels arquitectes catalans, essencialment el radicat a la ciutat de Barcelona, durant el transcurs d'un segle, entre 1874 i 1975. Hem conegut, així, la trajectòria de les diferents corporacions (l'Associació d'Arquitectes de Catalunya, el Sindicat d'Arquitectes i el Col•legi Oficial), les natures que adoptà cada una d'elles i les causes últimes que les determinaren, gairebé sempre una combinació entre el context polític en què nasqueren i la concepció de la professió que predominava entre la classe o la que s'imposà. Així, n'hem historiat l'evolució i les vicissituds organitzatives experimentades i, alhora, la forma d'entendre l'ofici que les condicionà. D'una manera especial, emperò, hem volgut aprofundir en el vessant polític, social i cultural d'aquestes entitats. És a dir, en la manera en què es relacionaren amb el seu marc històric, en com aquest les influí i, sobretot, en l'aportació que en aquests tres àmbits hi va fer la classe d'arquitectes catalans organitzada. Amb això, observem que, més enllà de l'exercici professional de l'Arquitectura - que evidentment no és en absolut asèptic -, els homes que es situaren al capdavant de les diferents corporacions presentaven inquietuds respecte la vida pública que els envoltava i, mitjançant els canals que oferia l'entitat, sentiren la necessitat de prendre-hi part. En termes generals, quan entre les motivacions per posicionar-se hi detectem raons alienes a l'estricta defensa o reglamentació professional, això és una voluntat de bastir una societat més estructurada o de generar coneixements, espais de debat i processos de reflexió, de l'índole que siguin, afirmarem que els agents protagonistes esdevenen intel•lectuals. Aquesta condició l'adoptaren d'una manera marcada en dos períodes molt concrets i alhora diferenciats entre ells. El primer va ser el de la Catalunya republicana, quan tant el COACB com l'AAC s'oferiren sense reserves al servei de la Generalitat autònoma; el segon, a partir de finals de la dècada dels anys cinquanta i sobretot inicis dels seixanta, en què s'aconseguí connectar novament la realitat arquitectònica catalana amb la de la resta del món occidental i es començaren a qüestionar cada cop amb més vehemència els paràmetres del franquisme. Entre totes dues etapes, en la conjuntura de màxima excepcionalitat dels anys bèl•lics, l'organització que ostentà oficialment la representació dels arquitectes catalans ha de ser qualificada de revolucionària i combatent. Per tot plegat, pel valor de les fites culturals assolides i pel nivell de compromís politicosocial adquirit, l'anàlisi de l'evolució del corporacionisme arquitectònic català ens ha fet veure en aquest col•lectiu professional una peça de força rellevància per a la configuració de la Catalunya contemporània, en tant que creadora de coneixements i generadora i difusora d'opinió i debat. A més, els facultatius que més s'hi involucraren trobaren en aquestes entitats una plataforma des d'on sumar al seu rol de tècnics, en ocasions també d'artistes, un activisme en altres vessants, però que a la postre era indestriable de la seva professió, atès que des d'allà interactuaren amb els col•legues i amb el conjunt de la societat, l'inevitable receptor de les seves obres. En aquest sentit, doncs, considerarem el paper que hi exerciren com un element més que els investigadors hauríem de tenir en compte quan avaluéssim les seves trajectòries individuals, puix fou una forma més que tingueren d'entendre i de desenvolupar l'Arquitectura al nostre país, malgrat que menys vistosa i fins ara desconeguda que l'efectuada des de les taules de disseny, a peu d'obra o a les palestres docents., [cat] This research work analyzes the association movement of the Catalan architects, mainly located in Barcelona, during a century, from 1874 to 1975. We have studied the trajectory of the different corporations (the Associació d'Arquitectes de Catalunya, the Sindicat d'Arquitectes de Catalunya and the Col•legi Oficial), their main traits and how they were determined by the historical and political events. In that sense, we have assessed both the corporations' evolution and vicissitudes and the understanding of the profession. We especially have studied the political, social and cultural side of theses entities. Thus, we have observed how the Catalan architects were influenced by their historical context and what kind of contributions they made from their professional fields. In this way, we deduce that during the Second Spanish Republic (1931 – 1936) and in the last decade of Francisco Franco's dictatorship (1964 – 1975), the architects became intellectuals, prioritizing their social vocation to their professional or economic interests. They carried out committed political actions and developed one of the best cultural programmes of Barcelona at the time. We also infer that the collective of the Catalan architects played a major role in shaping contemporary Catalonia, because it was an outstanding creator of knowledge and generator of opinion and debate.

Das Review Essay befasst sich mit der Untersuchung von Oliver SCHMIDTKE über "Architektur als professionalisierte Praxis". Diese ist dem Nachweis gewidmet, dass die Architekten/Architektinnen eine Profession bilden und die Architektur eine professionalisierungsbedürftige Tätigkeit darstellt. Grundlage seiner Argumentation ist der einflussreiche professionstheoretische Ansatz von Ulrich OEVERMANN, nach dem solche Berufsgruppen Professionen bilden, die sich in einer stellvertretenden Weise mit spezifischen lebenspraktischen Krisen von Individuen und Vergemeinschaftungen auseinandersetzen. Architekten/Architektinnen stellen demzufolge deshalb eine Profession dar, weil sie sich mit dem professionalisierungsbedürftigen, lebenspraktischen Problem der Markierung von Innen-Außen-Grenzen in einem gemeinsamen Sozialraum befassen. Entsprechend untersucht SCHMIDTKE architektonische Werke daraufhin, wie lebenspraktische Krisen durch Architekt/innen ästhetisch übersetzt und in einer entsprechenden Formsprache materialisiert werden. Das besondere Augenmerk seiner Studie liegt auf den Konsequenzen, die sich aus der Professionalisierungsbedürftigkeit der architektonischen Praxis in Hinsicht auf die Position der Architekt/innen in ihrem Wettbewerb mit anderen Berufsgruppen ableiten lassen. Bei der Analyse solcher Entwicklungen werden jedoch auch die Grenzen dieses professionstheoretischen Ansatzes deutlich. Dennoch: SCHMIDTKEs Analyse des professionalen Handelns von Architekt/innen stellt einen bedeutsamen und sehr empfehlenswerten Beitrag für die Professions- wie für die Architektursoziologie dar. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs090159, This paper deals with Oliver SCHMIDTKE's study of architecture as a professional practice. SCHMIDTKE undertakes to prove that architects form a profession and that architecture represents an activity in need of professionalization. His approach is based on Ulrich OEVERMANN's influential theory of professions, which states that occupational groups become professionalized if they deal, by proxy, with specific crises faced by individuals and communities. In this understanding, architects form a profession because they deal with the practical problem of marking internal and external borders in shared social space. SCHMIDTKE thus examines architectural works with regard to how such crises are aesthetically translated by architects and materialized in an appropriate design vocabulary. His study focuses on the need to professionalize architectural practice in the face of competition from other occupational groups but the analysis of such developments also makes clear the limitations of this theoretical approach to professionalization. Despite this, SCHMIDTKE's account of the professional activity of architects represents an important and highly recommended contribution to the sociology of professions as well as the sociology of architecture. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs090159, Este artículo trata sobre un estudio de Oliver SCHMIDTKE sobre la arquitectura como una práctica profesional. SCHMIDTKE se compromete a probar que los arquitectos forman una profesión y que la arquitectura representa una actividad que necesita ser profesionalizada. Su enfoque se basa en la importante teoría de las profesiones de Ulrich OEVERMANN, la cual plantea que los grupos ocupacionales se profesionalizan si ellos tratan, alternativamente, con crisis específicas enfrentadas por individuos y comunidades. Desde este modo de entender el tema, los arquitectos forman una profesión porque ellos tratan con el problema práctico de marcar límites internos y externos en un espacio social compartido. De este modo, SCHMIDTKE examina trabajos arquitectónicos observando como tales crisis son traducidas estéticamente por los arquitectos y materializadas en un vocabulario de diseño apropiado. Su estudio se enfoca en la necesidad de profesionalizar las prácticas de arquitectura en medio de una competencia con otros grupos ocupacionales, pero el análisis de tales desarrollos deja claro también los límites de ese enfoque teórico sobre la profesionalización. Aún así, el relato de SCHMIDTKE sobre la actividad profesional del arquitecto representa tanto una altamente recomendable contribución a la sociología de las profesiones como a la sociología de la arquitectura. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs090159

This paper deals with Oliver SCHMIDTKE's study of architecture as a professional practice. SCHMIDTKE undertakes to prove that architects form a profession and that architecture represents an activity in need of professionalization. His approach is based on Ulrich OEVERMANN's influential theory of professions, which states that occupational groups become professionalized if they deal, by proxy, with specific crises faced by individuals and communities. In this understanding, architects form a profession because they deal with the practical problem of marking internal and external borders in shared social space. SCHMIDTKE thus examines architectural works with regard to how such crises are aesthetically translated by architects and materialized in an appropriate design vocabulary. His study focuses on the need to professionalize architectural practice in the face of competition from other occupational groups but the analysis of such developments also makes clear the limitations of this theoretical approach to professionalization. Despite this, SCHMIDTKE's account of the professional activity of architects represents an important and highly recommended contribution to the sociology of professions as well as the sociology of architecture. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs090159, Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, Vol 10, No 1 (2009): Qualitative Research on Intercultural Communication

Media advertising, sponsorship deals and office visits are some of the main mechanisms through which manufacturers and suppliers attempt to place their materials and products before architects and find a way into professional consciousness. As scholarly interest in the promotional practices of manufacturers and their agents builds, there is a need to formulate and discuss analytical terms and tools for this research. The paper puts forward two terms through which the promotion of new materials and products to architects can be studied: desire and credibility. As a case study, it examines the introduction of aluminium as a building material in Australia in the mid-1930s and its subsequent promotion to become a major part of building construction in the 1950s.

It is becoming increasingly important to European democratic governments to increase public participation. We argue that more effective tools are required to clearly display local planning proposals and their consequences in web based interactive 3D, free at the point of access. Initial workshops have shown that such tools are only likely to be used if those so doing can influence the outcome. Tools are needed to share concerns, examine alternatives, and propose solutions through collaborative citizen based examination and discussion. The paper describes a prototype for interactive 3D modelling on the web, which is currently being tested. One of the issues raised in the early workshops was that greater trust needs to be engendered between planners, developers, architects and the public, and that agreement that the data and the resulting representations is sufficiently accurate is likely to provide a stronger base for consensus. Cada vez es más importante para los gobiernos democráticos europeos aumentar la participación del público. Se argumenta que las herramientas más eficaces son necesarias para mostrar claramente las propuestas de planificación locales y sus consecuencias, se trata de una web basada en 3D interactivo, gratuita de acceso. Talleres iniciales han demostrado que este tipo de herramientas son sólo susceptibles de ser utilizadas si al hacerlo pueden influir en el resultado. Se necesitan herramientas para compartir inquietudes, analizar alternativas y proponer soluciones a través de la colaboración ciudadana y el debate. En el documento se describe un prototipo para el modelado 3D interactivo en Internet, que está siendo testado. Una de las cuestiones planteadas en los primeros talleres fue que más confianza tiene que ser engendrada entre los planificadores, desarrolladores, arquitectos y el público, y que el acuerdo de que los datos y las representaciones resultantes son suficientemente precisos es probable que proporcione una base más sólida para el consenso. Cada vegada és més important per als governs democràtics europeus augmentar la participació del públic. S'argumenta que les eines més eficaces són necessàries per mostrar clarament les propostes de planificació locals i les seves conseqüències, es tracta d'una web basada en 3D interactiu, gratuïta d'accés. Tallers inicials han demostrat que aquest tipus d'eines són només susceptibles de ser utilitzades si en fer-ho poden influir en el resultat. Es necessiten eines per compartir inquietuds, analitzar alternatives i proposar solucions a través de la col·laboració ciutadana i el debat. En el document es descriu un prototip per a la modelització 3D interactiu a Internet, que està sent testat. Una de les qüestions plantejades en els primers tallers va ser que més confiança ha de ser engendrada entre els planificadors, desenvolupadors, arquitectes i el públic, i que l'acord de que les dades i les representacions resultants són prou precisos és probable que proporcioni una base més sòlida per al consens.

El siglo XIX fue propicio para la consolidación de la nueva arquitectura en la provincia Granada. Este artículo pretende ser una aproximación a uno de los arquitectos más relevantes de este período, el masón Juan Monserrat, a través de su importancia en los problemas institucionales mantenidos con la Universidad, el Arzobispado y la Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando. La intrusión profesional de los maestros de obra en los trabajos arquitectónicos y los dictámenes y directrices estéticos de la Academia serán otros de los aspectos abordados.In the Nineteenth century, Granada was an appropriate place for the consolidation of the new architecture. The aim of this paper is to present one of the most relevant mason architects of this period: Juan Monserrat through his importance in the institutional problems which happened in Granada between the Archbishopric, the University and the Fine Arts’ Academy of San Fernando. The professional intrusion of mason masters in architectural works and the aesthetical resolutions of the Academy are some aspects analysed in the following text.

Although bridges were among the first civil engineering structures to use structural health monitoring (SHM) technologies, research is now expanding to explore other types of applications, including Manitoba's famous Golden Boy statue. Global research is identifying the value of using SHM technologies for civil engineering applications. Structural health monitoring uses a variety of sensors to gather information about the behaviour of a structure. The information creates a valuable knowledge base that can be analyzed to help identify potential structural risks, develop safer and more efficient new structures, and determine more effective ways to rehabilitate existing structures. This paper briefly describes the history of the Manitoba Legislative Building and the Golden Boy and also the use of SHM technologies to help preserve the Golden Boy statue, an icon of provincial heritage.Key words: history, Golden Boy, statue, sculptors, architects, engineers, shaft, corrosion, sensors, monitoring.