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Edited by Christof Schöch, Julia Dudar and Evgeniia Fileva. With contributions by Joanna Byszuk, Julia Dudar, Evegniia Fileva, Andressa Gomide, Lisanne van Rossum, Christof Schöch, Artjoms Šeļa and Karina van Dalen-Oskam. The aim of this publication is to document and describe current, widespread research practices in CLS, based on a large collection of publications that have been published in this field over the last approximately ten years. The perspective of this survey is primarily descriptive: it aims to document current, widespread practices as the authors were able to observe them in the published literature. In this sense, the survey can also serve as an annotated bibliography of sorts and as a guide to further reading. Despite the fact that this survey is not intended as an introductory textbook, it can nevertheless also serve as an introduction to several research areas or issues that are prominent within CLS as well as to several key methodological concerns that are of importance when performing research in CLS.

Edited by Christof Schöch, Julia Dudar and Evgeniia Fileva. With contributions by Joanna Byszuk, Julia Dudar, Evegniia Fileva, Andressa Gomide, Lisanne van Rossum, Christof Schöch, Artjoms Šeļa and Karina van Dalen-Oskam. The aim of this publication is to document and describe current, widespread research practices in CLS, based on a large collection of publications that have been published in this field over the last approximately ten years. The perspective of this survey is primarily descriptive: it aims to document current, widespread practices as the authors were able to observe them in the published literature. In this sense, the survey can also serve as an annotated bibliography of sorts and as a guide to further reading. Despite the fact that this survey is not intended as an introductory textbook, it can nevertheless also serve as an introduction to several research areas or issues that are prominent within CLS as well as to several key methodological concerns that are of importance when performing research in CLS.

This study aimed to describe and test environmental problem solving ability, analyze differences in environmental problem solving ability when viewed from gender and school differences. To test the ability of students environmental problem solving, a test instrument that refers to the Sanjaya indicator in 2008 was developed. The items on the test were developed by researchers and validated by material and language experts. After revising the results of expert validation, then the environmental problem solving instrument was tested. The trial results obtained a test instrument was valid and reliable. The test was conducted on 136 students in Banjarmasin Indonesia. Quantitative data obtained from students' answers were then analyzed using non-parametric statistical tests with the assistance of SPSS 23 for Windows. The results show that: 1) the ability of students environmental problem solving was still low, 2) there is no relationship between gender differences and the ability of environmental problem solving. 3) There is no relationship between school differences and problem solving abilities. The result of study suggests further researchers need to facilitate students through teaching materials in the implementation of learning and improve student activity in learning to increase environmental problem solving ability

Taking as its point of departure the place of the vegetal realm within Jane Campion’s filmmaking, this article attends to both living and artificial plants, homing in on the exquisitely crafted paper flowers of The Power of the Dog to explore their entanglement with human power relations. Manmade flowers are clearly distinct from the flowers of the garden or the prairie, but in this Western, they form part of a broader floral aesthetic with their living kin. Drawing upon thought that stems from actual plants (Deleuze and Guattari’s arboreal-rhizomatic thinking) and vegetal philosophy (Marder, Coccia), as well as parallel botany’s attention to the artificial (Lionni), I follow the fate of one paper flower as it intersects with the gendered history of artificial flower making and floral sexual symbolism. Thinking with this paper flower, I engage with theories that variously question binary power relations (Cixous, Barthes, Steinbock), reading these alongside scholarship on sex, gender, and masculinity in the Western (Neale, Mulvey, Bruzzi), and broaching the hierarchies of settler colonialism. The film’s floral aesthetic, I argue, challenges the either/or logic of male or female, masculine or feminine, and even though it cannot fully break away from the binaries it critiques, it is indebted to registering the importance of the nuance (Barthes) in the unthreading of power.

Este artigo busca desvelar as muitas camadas narrativas, gráficas e formais que dão existência aos laudos de corpo de delito em casos de estupro e atentado violento ao pudor, produzidos pelo Instituto Médico Legal (IML) de Campinas, entre 2004 e 2005. Nesse sentido, parto do modelo gráfico que conforma esses papéis – suaforma-formulário– para gradativamente evidenciar a fórmula narrativa neles contida:pedaços de carne.Ao seguir tais caminhos, por fim, intento mostrar comomaterialidade do crimede estupro e atentado violento ao pudor se confunde com amaterialidade do sexode meninas, meninos e mulheres ali atendidos. This article seeks to unveil the many narrative, graphic and formal layers that give rise to the forensics reports on rape and sexual assault crimes, produced by the Legal Medical Institute of Campinas (Instituto Médico Legal- IML), between 2004 and 2005. Therefore, I start from the graphic model that shapes these papers – itslayout-form– to gradually show the narrative formula contained in them:pieces of flesh. Finally, by following these paths, I intend to show how thecriminal materialityof rape and sexual assault is confused with themateriality of the sexof girls, boys and women who are taken care of at this institution. Este artigo busca desvelar as muitas camadas narrativas, gráficas e formais que dão existência aos laudos de corpo de delito em casos de estupro e atentado violento ao pudor, produzidos pelo Instituto Médico Legal (IML) de Campinas, entre 2004 e 2005. Nesse sentido, parto do modelo gráfico que conforma esses papéis – suaforma-formulário– para gradativamente evidenciar a fórmula narrativa neles contida:pedaços de carne.Ao seguir tais caminhos, por fim, intento mostrar comomaterialidade do crimede estupro e atentado violento ao pudor se confunde com amaterialidade do sexode meninas, meninos e mulheres ali atendidos.

It is commonly hypothesized that scientists are more likely to engage in data falsification and fabrication when they are subject to pressures to publish, when they are not restrained by forms of social control, when they work in countries lacking policies to tackle scientific misconduct, and when they are male. Evidence to test these hypotheses, however, is inconclusive due to the difficulties of obtaining unbiased data. Here we report a pre-registered test of these four hypotheses, conducted on papers that were identified in a previous study as containing problematic image duplications through a systematic screening of the journal PLoS ONE. Image duplications were classified into three categories based on their complexity, with category 1 being most likely to reflect unintentional error and category 3 being most likely to reflect intentional fabrication. We tested multiple parameters connected to the hypotheses above with a matched-control paradigm, by collecting two controls for each paper containing duplications. Category 1 duplications were mostly not associated with any of the parameters tested, as was predicted based on the assumption that these duplications were mostly not due to misconduct. Categories 2 and 3, however, exhibited numerous statistically significant associations. Results of univariable and multivariable analyses support the hypotheses that academic culture, peer control, cash-based publication incentives and national misconduct policies might affect scientific integrity. No clear support was found for the “pressures to publish” hypothesis. Female authors were found to be equally likely to publish duplicated images compared to males. Country-level parameters generally exhibited stronger effects than individual-level parameters, because developing countries were significantly more likely to produce problematic image duplications. This suggests that promoting good research practices in all countries should be a priority for the international research integrity agenda. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s11948-018-0023-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

L'article presenta el plantejament i les conclusions generals d'una recerca empírica sobre tres mobilitzacions ciutadanes enfront de riscos ambientals lligats a la presència d'abocadors de residus industrials en diferents municipis de les comunitats autbnomes d'Andalusia, País Basc i Catalunya. Es tracta d'un estudi de caràcter comparatiu a partir del qual es pretén perfilar unes hipòtesis bàsiques referents a la relació entre gènere i medi ambient. El articulo presenta el planteamiento y las conclusiones generales de una investigación empírica sobre tres movilizaciones ciudadanas frente a riesgos ambientales relacionados con la presencia de vertederos de residuos industriales en municipios de las comunidades autónomas de Andalucía, País Vasco y Cataluña. Se trata de un estudio de carácter comparativo a partir del cual se pretende perfilar unas hipótesis básicas referentes a la relación entre género y medio ambiente. L'article présente les objectifs et les conclusions générales d'une recherche empirique sur trois mobilisations sociales face aux risques environnementaux que représente la présence de décharges de déchets industriels dans certaines municipalités des communautés autonomes d'Andalousie, du Pays Basque et de Catalogne. I1 s'agit d'une étude de caractère comparatif à partir de laquelle on prétend élaborer des hypothèses de base se réferant aux relations entre genre et environnement. This paper presents an outline and the general conclusions of an empirical research project on three citizen demonstrations against environmental hazards related to industrial waste sites in municipalities of the autonomous communities of Andalusia, the Basque Country and Catalonia. This is a comparative study which attempts to identify some basic hypotheses on the relationship between gender and environment.

If, with the Revolution, the nobility loses its predominant position from a political and social point of view, symbolically the situation is different. The nobility continues to exercise, at least for a long nineteenth century, a real fascination that allows it to maintain its influence and prestige. This thesis intends to examine the modalities of this paradoxical situation by looking at the social imaginary of the nobility at the end of the Ancien Régime. This is a question of studying the object from a literary point of view, starting from the development of three characters of nobility at the end of the eighteenth century: the Baron de Besenval, the Duchess de Polignac and the Marshal de Richelieu. The literary depictions follow largely different trajectories for the three cases. While one chooses to take up the pen to write one’s own Memoirs (Besenval), another is only seen in texts written by others, those texts being more or less ill-intentioned (Polignac). For the third, the situation is even more complex since a number of competing editorial projects are launched at the time of his death, some protected by his family and others not, resulting in a particularly polarized corpus. Between Memoirs, pseudo-Memories and pamphlets nourished by pornographic or romantic intertextuality, the spectrum of literary genres represented is thus very broad – as are the generic and formal constraints that play a role in the process of figuration.Drawing on this vast corpus, the thesis examines certain modalities of representation of these characters, focusing on three themes that seem particularly important: homosexuality, the collective anguish of women's seizure of power (gynecocracy), and dehumanization. These different points of entry, which also imply the use of a conceptual apparatus derived from gender studies, make it possible to account for the constitution of an imaginary enemy figure, the aristocrat, which takes on its full importance at the time of the Revolution by embodying the archetypal enemy. They also provide an opportunity to deploy a discourse of exceptionality in favor of the nobility. Finally, this work constitutes a contribution concerning the study of a formal element characteristic of the social imaginary of the nobility: the anecdote. Whether serving to nourish a historiographical renewal of critical history or as a bargaining chip in the court system, the anecdote is an essential unit of the narrative culture of the time. Rewritten particularly in forms that borrow from the biographer, it can also be used to produce a true memorial to the nobility of the Ancien Régime, which, after the Revolution, helps to maintain its power of fascination., Si la noblesse perd, avec la Révolution, sa position prédominante d’un point de vue politique et social, la situation est différente sur le plan symbolique. Elle continue en effet d’exercer, au moins durant un long XIXe siècle, une véritable fascination qui lui permet de conserver son influence et son prestige. Cette thèse entend examiner les modalités de cette situation paradoxale, en s’intéressant à l’imaginaire social de la noblesse à la fin de l’Ancien Régime. Il s’agit d’étudier cet objet d’un point de vue littéraire, à partir de la figuration de trois personnages de nobles de la fin du XVIIIe siècle : le baron de Besenval, la duchesse de Polignac et le maréchal de Richelieu. La figuration littéraire s’effectue suivant des trajectoires largement différentes pour ces trois cas. Lorsque l’un choisit de prendre la plume pour rédiger ses propres Mémoires (Besenval), l’autre n’est ressaisie que par des textes rédigés par autrui et plus ou moins mal intentionnés (Polignac). Pour le troisième, la situation est encore plus complexe puisqu’un certain nombre de projets éditoriaux concurrents sont lancés au moment de sa mort, certains protégés par sa famille, d’autres non, ce qui aboutit à un corpus de texte particulièrement polarisé. Entre les Mémoires, pseudo-Mémoires et les pamphlets nourris par une intertextualité pornographique ou romanesque, le spectre des genres littéraires représentés est ainsi très large – de même que les contraintes génériques et formelles qui jouent un rôle dans le processus de figuration.En s’appuyant sur ce vaste corpus, la thèse s’attache à examiner certaines modalités de représentation de ces personnages, en s’intéressant à trois thématiques qui paraissent particulièrement importantes : l’homosexualité, l’angoisse collective d’une prise du pouvoir par les femmes (la gynécocracie) et la déshumanisation. Ces différents points d’entrée, qui impliquent par ailleurs l’utilisation de tout un appareil conceptuel issu des études sur le genre, permettent de rendre compte de la constitution d’une figure d’ennemi imaginaire, l’aristocrate, qui prend toute son importance au moment de la Révolution lorsqu’il incarne l’ennemi archétypal. Elles donnent aussi, malgré tout, l’occasion de deployer un discours de l’exceptionnalité en faveur de la noblesse. Enfin, ce travail constitue un apport concernant l’étude d’un élément formel caractéristique de l’imaginaire social de la noblesse : l’anecdote. Qu’elle serve à nourrir un renouvellement historiographique de l’histoire critique ou bien de monnaie d’échange dans le système de cour, elle est une unité essentielle de la culture narrative de l’époque. Ressaisie notamment sous des formes qui empruntent au biographème, elle peut aussi permettre de produire un véritable mémorial de la noblesse d’Ancien Régime, qui permet d’entretenir, après la Révolution, son pouvoir de fascination.

War is gendered. The scholarship of gender and war is comprehensive and multi-layered, yet there seems to be some difficulty to keep up with the new developments in technology and its involvement in warfare. It was only until a few years ago that a new method of warfare - cyber warfare, a form of hybrid warfare, emerged and got the spotlight in the discussions on new methods of warfare. However, as the literature is growing, and international organisations are producing policy and strategy documents on cyber warfare, there seems to be a research gap on the relation between gender and cyber warfare, more specifically the gendered aspects of cyber warfare. This thesis attempts to fill that research gap and intends to answer how cyber warfare may be gendered. This is be done by generally looking at the literature of “Gender and War” and “Gender and Cyber”, and Gunneriusson and Ottis (2013) categorisation of how cyberspace is used in military operations from a hybrid warfare perspective. Gunneriusson and Otitis’s categorisation focus on inter alia cyber-attacks on non-military targets, and the use of propaganda. The overview of the research on gender and cyber focus on the workforce within cyber related sectors and gender-based violence, and the overview of research on gender and war brings up numerous examples of the nexus between gender and war. Based on the overview of the two fields of research along with Gunneriusson and Ottis categorisation this thesis comes to the conclusion that cyber warfare can be gendered. The purpose of the examples of cyber-attacks are the same when same attacks are conducted offline and these types of attack offline have the same effect online. The difference is that an attack through the cyberspace intensifies the consequences in comparison to when these same methods were used in other domains.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of success in the state exam (equivalent to the baccalaureate) of students by gender in the math-physics option in the provincial city of Kinshasa. To do this, we used a documentary method supported by the consultation of the results of the state exams (2019) via the website of the Ministry of Primary and Secondary Education. Specifically, the aim was to compare the success rate and the quality of success in the state exams for this option according to the gender variable. The results obtained can be summarized as follows: (1) the participation rate of girls (23.4%) is low compared to that of boys (75.6%); (2) the success rate in the state exam for the math-physics option is 93.2%; (3) the success rate of girls is 94.07% and that of boys is 92.9%; and (4) no statistical difference was established between the success rates of girls and boys as well as their quality of success. Based on these results, it can be concluded that there is homogeneity in the performance of students in the math-physics option in the state exam (2019 edition) according to gender., La présente étude a eu pour objectif d’évaluer la qualité de la réussite à l‘examen d’état (équivalent du baccalauréat) des élèves selon le genre à l’option math-physique dans la ville province de Kinshasa. Pour ce faire, nous avons recouru à une méthode documentaire appuyée par la consultation des palmarès des points aux examens d’état édition (2019) via le site du ministère de l’enseignement primaire et secondaire. Concrètement, il était question de comparer le taux de réussite et la qualité de réussite aux examens d’état pour cette option selon la variable genre. Les résultats obtenus peuvent se résumer par les constats suivants : (1) le taux de participation des filles (23,4%) est faible comparativement à celui des garçons (75,6%) ; (2) le taux de réussite à l’examen d’Etat pour l’option math-physique est de 93,2 % ; (3) le taux de réussite des filles est de 94,07 % et celui des garçons de 92,9 % et (4) aucune différence statistique n’a été établie entre les taux de réussite des filles et des garçons ainsi que leur qualité de réussite. On peut conclure à une homogénéité des résultats des élèves de l’option math-physique à l’examen d’état (édition 2019) selon le genre.

Den här studien analyserar hur maktstrukturer framträder i den amerikanska dagspressens bevakning av sexuella trakasserier. Studien analyserar 18 artiklar som har bevakat två snarlika fall där två män som varit nominerade till en position i Högsta domstolen i USA blivit anklagade för sexuella trakasserier. Det första fallet från 1991 är mellan Clarence Thomas och Anita Hill och det senare fallet är från 2018 mellan Brett Kavanaugh och Christine Blasey Ford. Artiklar från Wall Street Journal, New York Times och Chicago Tribune, som är de tre ledande dagstidningarna i USA har studerats med syfte att avslöja om det finns några underliggande ideologier och maktintressen i texten. För att avslöja dessa konstruktioner utgår studien från en kritisk diskursanalys som metod med målet att kunna se hur de språkliga resurserna uttrycker ideologier och maktintressen. Studiens teoretiska ramverk har främst utgått från genusteori, och därefter utifrån hegemoni, rape culture, nyhetsjournalistik och tabloidisering. Med hjälp av olika analysverktyg har sammanlagt 18 artiklar analyserats där materialet har delats in i fyra teman, och utifrån dem har texterna analyserats mer utförligt. Resultatet visar att patriarkala maktstrukturer uttrycker sig i olika grad i artiklarna och att det har skett en förändring i den journalistiska diskursen över tid. This study analyzes how power structures express themselves in the daily press's coverage of sexual harassment. The study analyzes 18 articles that have covered two similar cases where two men who have been nominated for a position in the Supreme Court in the United States have been accused of sexual harassment. The first case from 1991 is between Clarence Thomas and Anita Hill and the latter case is from 2018 between Brett Kavanaugh and Christine Blasey Ford. Articles from the Wall Street Journal, New York Times and the Chicago Tribune, which are the three leading newspapers in the United States, have been analyzed with the aim of revealing whether there are any underlying ideologies and power interests in the text. In order to uncover these constructs, the study uses CDA as a method for being able to see how the linguistic resources express ideologies and power interests. The study’s theoretical framework has mainly been based on gender theory, and then based on hegemony, rape culture, news journalism and tabloidization. With the help of various analysis tools, a total of 18 articles have been analyzed where the material has been divided into four themes, and based on them the texts have been analyzed in more detail. The result shows that patriarchal power structures express themselves to varying degrees in the articles and that there has been a change in journalistic discourse over time.

In this presentation we analyze mommy blogs from India as symptomatic of the limitations, potential, and revolutionary possibilities of Digital Maternal Cultures, which demonstrate "the material transformations that the electronic age has brought about" (Raley 2004), as evoked in the CFP for DH2023.

This presentation reports on a case study investigating how NaturalLanguage Processing, a field that applies computational methodssuch as Machine Learning to human-written texts, can supportthe measurement and evaluation of gender biased languagein archival catalogs. Working with English descriptions from thecatalog metadata of the University of Edinburgh’s Archives, wecreated an annotated dataset and classification models that identifygender biases in the descriptions. Conducted with archival data,the case study holds relevance across Galleries, Libraries, Archives,and Museums (GLAM), particularly for institutions withcatalog descriptions in English. In addition to bringing NaturalLanguage Processing (NLP) methods to Archives, we identifiedopportunities to bring Archival Science methods, such as CulturalHumility (Tai, 2021) and Feminist Standpoint Appraisal (Caswell,2022), to NLP. Through this two-way disciplinary exchange,we demonstrate how Humanistic approaches to bias and uncertaintycan upend legacies of gender-based oppression that mostcomputational approaches to date uphold when working with dataat scale.

I denna uppsats granskas Socialstyrelsens dokument för att undersöka hur ADHD presenteras. Ett speciellt fokus har varit att undersöka hur köns- och genusskillnader i relation till ADHD beskrivs och vidare om och på vilket sätt Socialstyrelsens uppdrag om jämställdhetsintegrering framträder i dokumenten. För att uppnå syftet med uppsatsen har en kritisk textanalys med en maktanalytisk ansats bedrivits för att granska delar av Socialstyrelsens kunskapsmaterial och även en lägesrapport kring ADHD. Resultatet av analysen visar att Socialstyrelsens dokument i vissa delar beskriver ADHD på ett stigmatiserande och diskriminerande sätt vilket kan bidra till exkludering och socialt förtryck. Socialstyrelsen bidrar delvis även till att upprätthålla bilden av ADHD som en pojk-diagnos vilket kan leda till att flickor missas, då flickornas symtom och upplevelser inte beskrivs på ett utförligt sätt i dokumenten. Resultaten i uppsatsen pekar även på att uppdragen Socialstyrelsen har haft gällande jämställdhet inte har implementerats i alla delar av materialet, vilket medför att målen om jämställdhet inte har uppnåtts i alla avseenden. In this paper, documents from the National Board of Health and Welfare in Sweden is examined to investigate how ADHD is presented. A particular focus has been to investigate how sex and gender differences in relation to ADHD are described and further if and in what way the National Board of Health and Welfare's mission on gender integration appears in the documents. To achieve the purpose of this paper, a critical text analysis with a power analytical approach has been conducted to review parts of the National Board of Health and Welfare's material and reports on ADHD. The result of the analysis shows that the National Board of Health and Welfare's document in some parts describes ADHD in a stigmatizing and discriminatory manner, which can contribute to exclusion and social oppression. The National Board of Health and Welfare also partly contributes to maintaining the image of ADHD as a boy's diagnosis, which may cause girls to be overlooked in diagnosis, as the girls' symptoms and experiences are not described in an adequate way in the documents. The results in the paper also show that the gender equality-mission has not been implemented in all parts of the material, which means that the political goals of gender equality have not been achieved in all respects.

This is a joint study between the European Commission (EC), the World Bank, and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), which aims to inform employment support, activation, and social inclusion policy making, through an improved understanding of labor-market barriers.

This is a joint study between the European Commission (EC), the World Bank, and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), which aims to inform employment support, activation, and social inclusion policy making, through an improved understanding of labor-market barriers.

Examining high frequency national-level panel data from Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE) on paid work (employment) and unpaid work (time spent on domestic work), this paper examines the effects of the first wave of the Covid-19 pandemic on the gender gaps in paid and unpaid work until December 2020, using difference-in-differences (D-I-D) for estimating the before (the pandemic) and after (the pandemic set in) effects, and event study estimates around the strict national lockdown in April 2020. The DID estimates reveal a lowering of the gender gap in employment probabilities which occurs due to the lower probability of male employment, rather than an increase in female employment. The first month of the national lockdown, April 2020, saw a large contraction in employment for both men and women, where more men lost jobs in absolute terms. Between April and August 2020 male employment recovered steadily as the economy unlocked. The event study estimates show that in August 2020, for women, the likelihood of being employed was 9% points lower than that for men, compared to April 2019, conditional on previous employment. However, by December 2020, gender gaps in employment were at the December 2019 levels. The burden of domestic chores worsened for women under the pandemic. Men spent more time on housework in April 2020 relative to December 2019, but by December 2020, the average male hours had declined to below the pre-pandemic levels, whereas women’s average hours increased sharply. Time spent with friends fell sharply between December 2019 and April 2020, with a larger decline in the case of women. The hours spent with friends recovered in August 2020, to again decline by December 2020 to roughly one-third of the pre-pandemic levels. The paper adopts an intersectional lens to examine how these trends vary by social group identity.

Survey responses from a sample of nearly 15,000 Australian sports fans were used to study the determinants of: (i) gambling behaviour, including if a person does gamble and the type of gambling engaged with; (ii) the number of sports and non-sports bets made over a 12-month period; and (iii) attitudes towards betting on sports. The probability of betting on sports decreased with increasing age and was lower for women and people with a university education. This gender difference varied with age, with the greatest difference found among the young. Similar effects were observed for the number of sports bets made, which declined with age. The gender difference in the number of sports bets also varied with age with the greatest difference found among the young arising from the high propensity of young men to bet on sports. Attitudes to sports betting were also analysed, with a key finding that, within friendship circles, the views that sports betting is perceived as harmless, common and very much a part of enjoying sports were stronger among young men. These permissive attitudes were stronger among people who bet on sports and those who bet on sports more frequently. The analysis of sports fans provides insights into the characteristics of the target market most likely to bet on sports, which can be used to inform public health initiatives and harm reduction campaigns. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10899-021-10101-7.

Teacher training takes place in distance education to a large extent. Within these contexts, trainers should make use of all the information available to adapt and refine their instructional methods during the training process. Sentiment analysis (SA) can give immediate feedback of the emotions expressed and help in the training process, although it has been used infrequently in educational settings, slow to assess, and bound to interpretative issues, such as gender bias. This research aimed to design and evaluate a SA gender-sensitive method as a proxy to characterize the emotional climate of teacher trainees in an online course. An explanatory case study with mixed methods was implemented among students of the Interuniversity Master of Educational Technologies (N = 48). Participants’ messages were analyzed and correlated with learning achievement and, along with a qualitative study of participants’ satisfaction with the Master’s degree, to validate the effectiveness of the method. Results show that sentiment expression cannot be used to exactly predict participants’ achievement, but it can guide trainers to foresee how participants will broadly act in a learning task and, in consequence, use SA results for tuning and improving the quality of the guidance during the course. Gender differences found in our study support gendered patterns related to the emotional climate, with female participants posting more negative messages than their counterparts. Last but not least, the design of well-adjusted teaching–learning sequences with appropriate scaffolding can contribute to building a positive climate in the online learning environment.

HIV exposure is one of the greatest sexual risks in young people, and condom use is the best protective measure. Despite the preventive efforts, trend in condom use is still unclear. This study examines the trend of condom use by gender in Spanish young people, in different sexual practices (vaginal, oral and anal), relationships (regular and casual) and having sex after drugs consumption during the two past decades (from 1999 to 2020). For this, 14,472 people who ranged from 17 to 40 years old (63.5% women) filled the AIDS Prevention Questionnaire in each year. In general, low condom use remains stable and even gets worse regardless of the type of sexual practice, relationship and the substance consumption. Regarding gender, this trend is worse in women who have been less likely to report condom use than men have. Moreover, older people have reported a minor frequency of condom use than the youngest people have done, except for anal sex. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze why, despite preventive efforts, condom use seems to decrease over time. El VIH es uno de los mayores riesgos en la sexualidad de la juventud, y el uso del preservativo la mejor medida de protección. A pesar de los esfuerzos preventivos, la tendencia en su uso es indeterminada. Este estudio examina la evolución del uso del preservativo según género en jóvenes españoles, en diferentes prácticas sexuales (vaginal, oral y anal), relaciones (estable y esporádica) y al practicar sexo tras consumir drogas, durante las dos últimas décadas (de 1999 a 2020). Para ello, 14.472 personas entre 17 y 40 años (63,5% mujeres) cumplimentaron el Cuestionario de Prevención del Sida cada año. En general, el bajo uso del preservativo se mantiene estable e incluso empeora con independencia del tipo de práctica sexual, relación y consumo de sustancias. Según el género, las mujeres muestran peor tendencia, al informar menor uso que los hombres. Además, las personas más mayores informan menor frecuencia de uso que los más jóvenes, excepto para el sexo anal. Por tanto, es necesario analizar por qué, a pesar de los esfuerzos preventivos, el uso del preservativo parece disminuir con el tiempo Funding for open access charge: CRUE-Universitat Jaume I

The aim of this presentation is to show how Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Kate Chopin manipulate temporality to foreground their themes in The Yellow Wall-Paper and The Story of an Hour in the light of GeIrard Genette’s theory of time. Both stories present female characters oppressed by the patriarchal authority in the marriage and their attempts to liberate themselves from this oppression. The aim is to find out how the gender of the author or protagonist in the narration can affect the time of narration. GeIrard Genette’s theory of time (order) is applied to these short stories in order to confirm that the theme of the story affects the time of narration regarding women’s status in the narration. The results are in agreement with feminist narratologists who believe that the female authors use techniques of time in the narration purposefully to resist or negotiate with patriarchy in the process of women’s liberation.

This paper reviews and discusses papers related to women's studies, gender or feminist perspectives, published in the scientific journal Futures. The aim is to provide new understandings and remapping of futures studies by capturing how gender is created and understood in this field. The gender/feminist criticism of futures studies mainly relates to the field being male-dominated and male biased, which means that the future is seen as already colonised by men. When synthesising the insights from all 78 papers focusing on futures studies and feminism, gender or women, four conclusions are especially striking: (1) Women and non-Westerners are generally excluded from professional futures studies activities and so are feminist issues or issues of particular relevance for women. (2) Futures studies usually make no attempts to reveal underlying assumptions, i.e. often lack a critical and reflexive perspective, which is needed in order to add a critical feminist perspective and envision feminist futures. (3) Feminist futures are needed as a contrast to hegemonic male and Western technology-orientated futures. Feminist futures are diverse, but focus the well-being of all humans. (4) Futures studies often view women as victims, rather than as drivers for change, which means that their alternative futures are often ignored. NOTICE: this is the author’s version of a work that was accepted for publication in Futures: The journal of policy, planning and futures studies. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published in PUBLICATION, VOL 43, ISSUE 9, 19 July 2011, DOI:10.1016/j.futures.2011.07.002QC 20120117 FramKoM

Ian Haney-Lopez addresses the connection between dog whistle politics and the increasingly successful right-wing attacks on the government and unions, and offers a frame for the labor movement to mobilize and defeat dog whistling.

There is evidence that gender as well as sexual orientation can affect body image. In particular, heterosexual women and homosexual men seem to be more vulnerable to a negative body image compared to homosexual women and heterosexual men. One reason for this may be derived from the fact that heterosexual women and homosexual men try to attract male romantic partners: As men place more importance on physical attractiveness than do women, the pressure to fulfill the sociocultural beauty ideal is thus increased. The present online study investigated differences in appearance-related partner preferences and their associations with measures of body image and eating pathology in homosexual and heterosexual women and men. The non-representative sample consisted of 893 participants (n = 201 lesbian women,n = 192 gay men,n = 349 heterosexual women, andn = 151 heterosexual men), who completed silhouette measures assessing their perception and expectations regarding body fat and muscularity of their own body and the body of a potential romantic partner, as well as questionnaires on drive for thinness, drive for muscularity, and eating pathology. Overall, few differences in appearance-related partner preferences emerged between the four groups. However, compared to heterosexual women, homosexual men appeared to prefer higher muscularity in potential romantic partners, which was also associated with increased drive for thinness and muscularity and increased eating pathology. The present findings indicate that, irrespective of sexual orientation, women and men tend to share similar standards regarding their own and a potential partner’s physical appearance, potentially suggesting an increased hegemony of heteronormative beauty ideals in women and men in general.

Transformational leadership, a type of leadership commonly promoted within higher education, has been shown to positively affect performance, collaborative behavior, and goal accomplishment. Such skills may correlate with the level of job responsibility one has been given and the technical, human, and conceptual skills needed for one to be successful. This study sought to bridge a research gap by exploring correlations between transformational leadership and skills-approach leadership with an exploration of the role of gender within perceptions. An unexpected result based on gender was found: As females achieve higher roles within the Land-Grant University System, the perception of their transformational leadership decreases while that of males increases. Transformational leadership and skills-approach leadership is discussed within the context of gender.

Introduction Secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure affects tobacco related health behaviors during adolescence and persists into adulthood. This study aimed to investigate the influence of SHS exposure on tobacco use among adolescents stratified by school and gender, and provide recommendations for controlling tobacco use in youth. Methods Through stratified random cluster sampling, 12278 selected students (aged 13-18 years) from schools in China were administered questionnaires. Multiple logistic regression was used to analyze whether SHS exposure would increase the smoking risk and susceptibility of adolescents. Results The prevalence of SHS exposure among the participating students was 74.8%. Adolescents exposed to SHS were at higher odds of being susceptible and currently smoking. Students with SHS exposure at both home and public places accounted for 36.6%, greatly increasing the current smoking risk and smoking susceptibility. Home SHS exposure had greater impact on the current tobacco use of boys (OR=2.13; 95% CI: 1.50-3.03) and junior school students (OR=4.67; 95% CI: 2.41-9.06). Exposure from public places increased the risk of current smoking in boys (OR=4.20; 95% CI: 2.31-7.65) and smoking susceptibility of vocational school students (OR=1.51; 95% CI: 1.07-2.15). Students with highlevel exposure to SHS had 2.25 times higher odds of e-cigarette use. Conclusions The prevalence of SHS exposure is still high among adolescents in China and is associated with increased risk for tobacco use regardless of gender and school level. Effective smoke-free strategies should be developed and strictly implemented. Boys and junior school students constitute vulnerable populations exposed to SHS at home.

OBJETIVO: Elaborar un diagnóstico sobre la aplicación de la perspectiva de género en el campo de la investigación en salud en cuatro revistas mexicanas de los institutos nacionales de salud. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se revisaron 999 artículos publicados en cuatro revistas científicas (2000-2003), con dos niveles de análisis: a) desagregación de datos por sexo, que permite describir las diferencias entre mujeres y hombres; y b) análisis de estas diferencias desde la perspectiva de género. RESULTADOS: De los artículos revisados, 25.4% desagregó sus resultados por sexo, de los cuales el mayor porcentaje se publicó en Salud Pública de México (48.8%) y el menor en la Revista de Investigación Clínica (16.1%). Solamente 4.2% de los artículos aplicó la perspectiva de género, y los temas mayormente abordados fueron las adicciones, el comportamiento sexual y la violencia. CONCLUSIONES: Este es el primer estudio en México que evalúa la aplicación de la perspectiva de género en la investigación en salud. Al igual que en otros países, es baja la proporción de artículos que analizan las diferencias por sexo y aplican la perspectiva de género. Esto destaca la importancia de promover la investigación interdisciplinaria que ayude a comprender los orígenes biológicos y sociales, o la combinación de ambos, que determinan la salud desigual entre mujeres y hombres.OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine the application of gender perspective in public health papers in four journals published by the Mexican National Health Institutes. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 999 papers published in the four journals between 2000 and 2003 was reviewed. Two levels of analysis were considered: a) data presented by sex, providing description of differences between women and men, and b) the analysis of these differences from gender perspective. RESULTS: One quarter (25.4%) of the articles described results by sex. The largest percentage was published in Salud Pública de México (48.8%) and the smallest in Revista de Investigación Clínica (16.1%). Gender perspective was used in only 4.2% of papers; of these, drug addictions, health behaviour and violence were the topics that occurred most frequently. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to assess the application of gender perspective in Mexican health articles. Similarly to other countries, a very small percentage of authors analyzed sex differences, and a smaller proportion applied gender perspective. Results demonstrate the importance of promoting interdisciplinary research that may promote the elucidation of health inequalities between men and women.

The Covid-19 pandemic has created unprecedented disruptions in labour markets across the world including loss of employment and decline in incomes. Using panel data from India, we investigate the differential impact of the shock on labour market outcomes for male and female workers. We find that, conditional on being in the workforce prior to the pandemic, women were seven times more likely to lose work during the nationwide lockdown, and conditional on losing work, eleven times more likely to not return to work subsequently, compared to men. Using logit regressions on a sample stratified by gender, we find that daily wage and young workers, whether men or women, were more likely to face job loss. Education shielded male workers from job loss, whereas highly educated female workers were more vulnerable to job loss. Marriage had contrasting effects for men and women, with married women less likely to return to work and married men more likely to return to work. Religion and gender intersect to exacerbate the disproportionate impact, with Muslim women more likely to not return to work, unlike Muslim men for whom we find religion having no significant impact. Finally, for those workers who did return to work, we find that a large share of men in the workforce moved to self-employment or daily wage work, in agriculture, trade or construction. For women, on the other hand, there is limited movement into alternate employment arrangements or industries. This suggests that typical ‘fallback’ options for employment do not exist for women. During such a shock, women are forced to exit the workforce whereas men negotiate across industries and employment arrangements.

Background Shift work may impact women more negatively than men due to the increased burden of coping with demanding work schedules while also undertaking more of the domestic chores, including childcare. Aims To examine whether the combination of shift working and caring for children affects the sleep, fatigue and work–family conflict experienced by women more than it affects men. Methods Using data from a survey of the Swedish working population, mixed linear regression models examined work schedule (daywork, shift work with nights, shift work without nights), gender and presence of children Results In fully adjusted models (N = 8938), shift work was associated with insufficient sleep (P < 0.01), disturbed sleep (P < 0.01), fatigue (P < 0.05) and work–family conflict (P < 0.001). Interactions in the analyses of sleep disturbance (P < 0.001) and work–family interference (P < 0.05) indicated that among participants with no children, females reported more disturbed sleep and more work–family conflict than their male counterparts, irrespective of schedule; while among participants with children, female dayworkers reported more disturbed sleep than their male counterparts, and females working shifts without nights reported more work–family interference. Conclusions Having young children did not exacerbate negative effects of shift work, in either men or women. This may reflect high levels of gender equality and childcare provision in Sweden.

Purpose Adolescents’ perceptions of parental norms may influence their substance use. The relationship between parental norms toward cigarette and alcohol use, and the use of illicit substances among their adolescent children is not sufficiently investigated. The purpose of this study was to analyze this relationship, including gender differences, using longitudinal data from a large population-based study. Methods The present study analyzed longitudinal data from 3171 12- to 14-year-old students in 7 European countries allocated to the control arm of the European Drug Addiction Prevention trial. The impact of parental permissiveness toward cigarettes and alcohol use reported by the students at baseline on illicit drug use at 6-month follow-up was analyzed through multilevel logistic regression models, stratified by gender. Whether adolescents’ own use of cigarette and alcohol mediated the association between parental norms and illicit drug use was tested through mediation models. Results Parental permissive norms toward cigarette smoking and alcohol use at baseline predicted adolescents’ illicit drug use at follow-up. The association was stronger among boys than among girls and was mediated by adolescents’ own cigarette and alcohol use. Conclusion Perceived parental permissiveness toward the use of legal drugs predicted adolescents’ use of illicit drugs, especially among boys. Parents should be made aware of the importance of norm setting, and supported in conveying clear messages of disapproval of all substances.

In this paper, we discuss the impact of the macroeconomic shock of demonetisation on employment in the five Western states of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh. We analyse the impact of the macroeconomic shocks on workforce participation rates (WPR) in the states. We do this separately for overall and separately for men and women. We use the Center for Monitoring the Indian Economy’s (CMIE) Consumer Pyramids Household Survey (CPHS), which allows us to look at monthly workforce participation rates of men and women in the age group of 15–64 years for the period from January 2014 to December 2019. Overall, the trendline structural break figures of the shock of demonetisation were corroborated by the regression results. Demonetisation had a significant negative impact on WPR of all workers in Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh and on male WPR in Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan. A significant negative impact of demonetisation on women’s WPR was corroborated by the regression equations for Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh. Employment for all, males and females in Gujarat was not significantly affected by the shock of demonetisation. It appeared that workers in Gujarat were better able to negotiate the shock.

Jämlikhet är något som ligger i tiden. Hur jämlikhetsmedvetna är egentligen dagens medier? Vi har på uppdrag av Värmlandslandsting gjort en jämlikhetanalys av deras personaltidning, Intryck. En tidning som når samtliga anställda inom organisationen. Vi har gjort en text- och bildanalys med utgångspunkt från ett analysverktyg vi kallar för jämlikhetstrappan. Vårt syfte har varit att urskilja stereotyper och om tidningen använder sig av sitt befintliga underlag för att göra tidningen så jämlik som möjligt. Vi använder oss av dagordningsteorin för att belysa på vilket sätt media och stereotyper kan påverka samhällets tankar och normer. Det olika stereotyper vi innefattar i jämlikhetsanalysen är genus, klass och mångfald. I mångfald innefattar vi ålder, etniciteter och personer med funktionshinder. Resultatet vi har urskilt är att tidningen vid en första anblick ger en bild av att vara jämlik. De lyfter upp jämlikhet vilket utifrån dagordningsteorin bidrar till att de skapas en opinion om ämnet. Vid en djupare analys kan vi se att tidningen använder sig av stereotyper, då särskilt när det handlar om genus och klass. Vi har genom analysen kunnat konstatera att det sättet tidningen använder sig av stereotyper både bidrar till att upprätthålla dem och förstärka dem men också i vissa fall till att försvaga dem. Dock är det svårt att bryta stereotyper då försöket att bryta en stereotyp snarare kan leda till att det blir undantaget som bekräftar stereotypen. With equality constantly present on the agenda today, how equality conscious is today’s media? At the request of Värmland County Council we have made an equality-analysis of their staff paper, Intryck, which reaches all employees within the organization. On the basis of our analysis method we call the equality-stairs, we have analyzed text and images with the purpose to identify stereotypes and to see if existing data is used to make the paper as equal as possible. We use the theory of agenda setting to illustrate how the media and stereotypes can affect society's thoughts and norms. The various stereotypes we include in the analysis are gender, class and diversity. In diversity, we include age, ethnicities and people with disabilities. The result we have discerned is that the paper at first glance gives an image of being equal. They highlight the topic of equality and based on the theory of agenda setting we could see that they contribute to the creation of a public opinion on the subject. But with further analysis we could see that the magazine uses stereotypes when doing so, especially when it comes to gender and class. Through our analysis we came to the conclusion that the way stereotypes are used, the paper contributes to maintain and strengthen them but in some cases also challenge them. But it seems like the attempt to break stereotypes can sometimes become the exception that confirms the rule.

Using a socioecological approach, this review describes the peer-reviewed literature on oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among both cisgender (cis women) and transgender women (trans women) in the U.S. A search of the PubMed database and HIV-related conference abstracts generated over 2,200 articles and abstracts. Of these, 103 fulfilled review inclusion criteria. Most of the existing research presents findings on individual-level factors associated with PrEP use such as willingness and perceived barriers. There was far less investigation of factors related to PrEP at more distal ecological levels. Though trans women are at greater risk of HIV infection than cisgender women, less is known about this population group with respect to PrEP despite their inclusion in many major clinical trials. Further, the literature is characterized by a persistent conflation of sex and gender which makes it difficult to accurately assess the reviewed research on HIV prevention and PrEP apart from risk group. Informed by these findings, we highlight specific opportunities to improve access to PrEP and reduce socioecological barriers to PrEP care engagement for cisgender and transgender women.

We contrast a typical “social determinants of health” framing with a more dynamic and complex “social determination of health” framing to analyze HIV-related sexual risk among women in low-income, segregated neighborhoods in New Haven, CT. Using an abductive approach, we analyze repeated, longitudinal qualitative interviews conducted over a 2-year period with a sample of 14 HIV-negative women who engaged in sex with men during the study period. Three case studies are presented to demonstrate how behaviors and sexual practices typically described as HIV “risks” can be understood as part of the work of establishing and maintaining monogamous committed relationships, which we call “relationship work,” shaped in a context characterized by housing vulnerabilities and the many manifestations of mass incarceration and the surveillance state. We conclude by suggesting that for these women, their relationship work is the work of HIV prevention and life in low-income segregated neighborhoods is their HIV-related risk.

The ACCLAIM Study aimed to assess the effect of a package of community interventions on the demand for, uptake of, and retention of HIV-positive pregnant/postpartum women in maternal and child health (MCH) and prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission (PMTCT) services. The study occurred from 2013 to 2015 in Eswatini, Uganda, and Zimbabwe. The three interventions were: (1) a social learning and action component for community leaders, (2) community days, and (3) peer discussion groups. Household cross-sectional surveys on community members’ MCH and PMTCT knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs were analyzed pre- and post-intervention, using MCH, HIV stigma, and gender-equitable men (GEM) indicators. We used t-tests to measure the significance of mean pre- vs. post-intervention score changes stratified by gender within each intervention arm and generalized linear models to compare mean score changes of the cumulative intervention arms with the community leaders-only intervention. Response rates were over 85% for both surveys for men and women, with a total of 3337 pre-intervention and 3162 post-intervention responses. The combined package of three interventions demonstrated a significantly greater increase in MCH scores for both women (diff = 1.34, p ≤ 0.001) and men (diff = 2.03, p

Tanto os aspectos de gênero da discriminação racial quanto os aspectos raciais da discriminação de gênero não são totalmente apreendidos pelos discursos dos direitos humanos. O presente documento, baseado no crescente reconhecimento de que as discriminações de raça e de gênero não são fenômenos mutuamente excludentes, propõe um modelo provisório para a identificação das várias formas de subordinação que refletem os efeitos interativos das discriminações de raça e de gênero. Este documento também sugere um protocolo provisório a ser seguido, a fim de melhor identificar as situações em que tal discriminação interativa possa ter ocorrido e, além disso, defende que a responsabilidade de lidar com as causas e as conseqüências dessa discriminação deva ser amplamente compartilhada entre todas as instituições de direitos humanos.Neither the gender aspects of racial discrimination nor the racial aspects of gender discrimination are fully comprehended within human rights discourses. Building on the growing recognition that race and gender discrimination are not mutually exclusive phenomena, this background paper forwards a provisional framework to identify various forms of subordination that can be said to reflect the interactive effects of race and gender discrimination. It suggests a provisional protocol to be followed to better identify the occasions in which such interactive discrimination may have occurred, and posits further that the responsibility to address the causes and consequences of such discrimination be shared widely among all human rights institutions.

Tanto os aspectos de gênero da discriminação racial quanto os aspectos raciais da discriminação de gênero não são totalmente apreendidos pelos discursos dos direitos humanos. O presente documento, baseado no crescente reconhecimento de que as discriminações de raça e de gênero não são fenômenos mutuamente excludentes, propõe um modelo provisório para a identificação das várias formas de subordinação que refletem os efeitos interativos das discriminações de raça e de gênero. Este documento também sugere um protocolo provisório a ser seguido, a fim de melhor identificar as situações em que tal discriminação interativa possa ter ocorrido e, além disso, defende que a responsabilidade de lidar com as causas e as conseqüências dessa discriminação deva ser amplamente compartilhada entre todas as instituições de direitos humanos. Neither the gender aspects of racial discrimination nor the racial aspects of gender discrimination are fully comprehended within human rights discourses. Building on the growing recognition that race and gender discrimination are not mutually exclusive phenomena, this background paper forwards a provisional framework to identify various forms of subordination that can be said to reflect the interactive effects of race and gender discrimination. It suggests a provisional protocol to be followed to better identify the occasions in which such interactive discrimination may have occurred, and posits further that the responsibility to address the causes and consequences of such discrimination be shared widely among all human rights institutions.

Alcohol sponsorship of sport in New Zealand, especially rugby, has a long history, but in recent times government-resourced reviews together with public health agencies, activists, and academics have proposed a ban of alcohol sponsorship of sport to help reduce alcohol-related harm. Responses to a proposed ban from a number of diverse sectors, including the alcohol industry and sport organizations, have ranged from ambiguous to resistant. Yet, the conditions for implementing a ban are poorly understood and there has been no change to state-regulated sponsorship policy to date. These widely publicized debates serve as a hotbed for discussions with provincial rugby union managers to consider the economic risks as well as the social connections between rugby clubs and cultural and civic life. In this paper, we address important new questions that query how the alcohol sponsorship debate plays out at a micro-level and the extent to which regional rugby unions may constitute a special case in terms of resistance to and the potential effects of regulation. The discussion expands the debate by drawing attention to the perceived positive effects of alcohol sponsorship as an enabler for addressing other social issues at a micro-level.

We know relatively little about how undocumented immigrant youth, who entered the U.S. as children, are being incorporated into U.S. society as young adults. To fill this gap, I draw on 123 in-depth interviews with 92 undocumented and 31 recently legalized Latino young adults, ages 20-35. Unlike existing scholarship, I examine the experiences of individuals from a range of education levels and address experiences outside of educational institutions (e.g. work, family formation). I find that undocumented young adults experience incomplete incorporation because structural barriers prevent them from fully participating in society in the ways that they desire and expect, giving rise to feelings of exclusion. Specifically, I explore how their undocumented status limits their participation and feelings of belonging in educational, economic, and social institutions. I also address how educational status and gender intersect with the limitations of their undocumented status to differentiate their experiences. While assimilation theorists conceptualize immigrant incorporation as participation in various social institutions, I contend that we must also examine feelings of belonging as a distinct aspect of incorporation. Thus, I re-conceptualize immigrant incorporation as the process through which an immigrant becomes a full member of society, not only by participating in social institutions but also by asserting feelings of belonging. This highlights the understudied dimension of emotional exclusion, and demonstrates how it intersects with structural exclusion to limit incorporation.

El presente trabajo analiza la producción científica sobre televisión en el área de comunicación, con el objetivo de detectar el estado actual de la cuestión, tendencias en los temas y subtemas más investigados sobre televisión y diferencias de género en las autorías. Para ello, se realiza una búsqueda bibliográfica sistemática de los artículos publicados en las revistas científicas del área de Comunicación de la colección principal de Web of Science desde 2016 hasta 2020 en español. El análisis de la muestra, compuesta por un total de 192 artículos, permite concluir una tendencia a la baja en lo que a la investigación sobre televisión se refiere y pone de manifiesto que conceptos como la audiencia social, el audiovisual o los géneros informativos y de ficción son los más habituales en las publicaciones sobre televisión en español. This paper analyses the scientific production on television in the area of communication, with the aim of detecting the current state of the art, trends in the most researched topics and subtopics on television and gender differences in authorship. To this end, a systematic bibliographic search of articles published in scientific journals in the area of Communication in the main collection of Web of Science from 2016 to 2020 in Spanish was carried out. The analysis of the sample, composed of a total of 192 articles, allows us to conclude a downward trend in terms of research on television and shows that concepts such as social audience, audiovisual or news and fiction genres are the most common in publications on television in Spanish. Artículo realizado en el marco del proyecto de investigación emergente del Vicerrectorado de Investigación y Transferencia de Conocimiento de la Universidad de Alicante, “Ficción online a la carta: Producción, contenido e interacción en las series españolas de las plataformas de TV in streaming (2016-2019)” (GRE 19-10) y en el proyecto de investigación “Nuevos valores, gobernanza, financiación y servicios audiovisuales públicos para la sociedad de Internet: contrastes europeos y españoles (VALPSM2020)” (RTI2018-096065-B-I00).

There are rarely systematic studies to analyze the prognostic factors among non-surgical liver cancer patients. Whether there is a gender difference in the survival of non-surgical liver cancer patients and what may cause this difference is still unclear. A total of 12,312 non-surgical liver cancer patients were enrolled in this study. Age, race, sex, grade, tumor TNM stage, marital status, tumor size, and histological type were independent risk factors in liver cancer and were confirmed in the validation cohort. Before menopause, females demonstrated a better mean survival probability than males (39.4±1.4 vs. 32.7±0.8 months, respectively; p

We examined the changes in mechanical strain response of male and female mouse tibia and ulna, using axial compression tests, to assess age-related changes in tibiae and ulnae by a non-contact strain measurement technique called the digital image correlation (DIC) and the standard strain gage. A unique aspect of the study was to compare bones from the same animal to study variations in behavior with aging. This study was conducted using male and female C57Bl/6 mice at 6, 12 and 22 months of age (N=6-7 per age and sex) using three load levels. The DIC technique was able to detect a greater number of statistically significant differences in comparison to the strain gaging method. Male ulna showed significantly higher DIC strains compared to strains captured from strain gage at all three levels of load at 6 months and in the lowest load at 12 months. DIC measurements revealed that the ulna becomes stiffer with aging for both males and females, which resulted in 0.4 to 0.8 times reduced strains in the 22-month group compared to the 6 month group. Male tibia showed three-fold increased strains in the 22 months group at 11.5 N load compared to 6 months group (p

Agriculture in Africa south of the Sahara (SSA) is still largely rainfed. SSA also exhibits the lowest crop yields for major staples in the world, largely due to low use of irrigation and fertilizer. Rainfed agriculture poses growing production risks with increased climate variability and change. At the same time, smallholder irrigation in the region developed rapidly over the past decade, albeit starting from very low levels. In addition to largely demand-driven irrigation development by smallholders, there is a significant push by donors for large-scale irrigation development, as well as some push for smallholder irrigation. There has also been a long-standing debate about whether irrigation in SSA should be large scale or small scale to achieve its potential. However, given the potentially high rewards, but also high possibility of failure, the assessment of irrigation potential must go beyond large scale versus small scale to integrate concerns regarding environmental sustainability, resource use efficiency, nutrition and health impacts, and women’s empowerment. The hypothesis underlying this review paper is that how irrigation gets deployed in SSA will be decisive not only for environmental sustainability (such as deciding remaining forest cover in the region) and poverty reduction, but also for health, nutrition, and gender outcomes in the region. The focus of this paper is on the health, nutrition, and gender linkage. We find that to date, few studies have analyzed the impact of irrigation interventions on nutrition, health, and women’s empowerment, despite the large potential of irrigation to affect these important variables. Irrigation interventions may have differential effects on different members in the household and in the community, such as irrigators, non-irrigators, children, and women. Measuring and understanding such differences, followed by improving design and implementation to maximize gender, health, and nutrition outcomes, could transform irrigation programs from focusing solely on increased food production toward becoming an integral component of poverty-reduction strategies.

The aim of this report is to provide a broad overview of the current state of gender equality in Tajikistan. While the Europe and Central Asia (ECA) region traditionally surpassed many other regions in terms of gender equality, this advantage has been eroding in recent decades. Particularly in Tajikistan, concerns have been raised that men and women have unequally born the consequences of economic, political, and social transitions after independence in 1991. The report examines several dimensions of gender equality both quantitatively and qualitatively. Tajikistan has set up a legal framework that enshrines principles of equality and non-discrimination, but better implementation results require continued efforts. Prevailing social norms and patriarchal systems of decision-making limit women s ability to make effective choices be it at home or at work. The paper is structured along the following lines. The first section introduces the idea of agency that will remain an important issue throughout the report. This is followed by an analysis of disparities in human capital endowment, including health and education. Gender gaps in the Tajik labor market and entrepreneurial activities of men and women are discussed in the fourth and fifth section. The final section concludes with some policy recommendations that might be beneficial for discussions among policy-makers, civil society actors, and development partners.

This paper examines the relationship between disordered eating and class identity in Paper Daughter: the memoir of Elaine Mar, a Chinese-American woman who emigrated with her family from the Toishan region of mainland China in 1972 to a working-class neighborhood in Denver, Colorado. Mar explores the relationship between bodily “excess,” as sociologist Beverly Skeggs describes, and class identity in Paper Daughter. A close examination of Mar’s disordered eating shows readers how her ED stems from a class inferiority complex.[i] Gendered as female, and classed as inferior due to her immigrant status and working-class background, classifies Mar as the “other.” Mar utilizes her ED because she believes it will shed off her “excess” of Skeggs’s “disgust”; that is, her low-class upbringing. In other words, disordered eating is a way for Mar to achieve the American dream: the upper-class American woman. This upper-class woman wears idolized brand-name lines that symbolize the American ideal (e.g. Izod shirts) but more importantly, this woman is afforded the opportunity to ponder and explore the world of American dieting.

The prognostic stratification of heart failure remains an urgent need for correct clinical management of the affected patients. In fact, due to the high mortality and morbidity rates, heart failure constantly requires an updated and careful management of all aspects that characterise the disease. In addition to the well-known clinical, laboratory and instrumental characteristics that affect the prognosis of heart failure, gender, age and body mass index have a different impact and deserve specific insights and clarifications. At this scope, the metabolic exercise cardiac kidney index score research group has produced several works in the past, trying to identify the role of these specific factors on the prognosis of heart failure. In particular, the different performances in the cardiopulmonary exercise test of specific categories of heart failure patients, such as women, elderly and obese or overweight individuals, have requested dedicated evaluations of metabolic exercise cardiac kidney index score power.

There is an increasing interest in microRNAs (miRNAs) as they are of utmost importance in gene regulation at the posttranscriptional level. Sex-related susceptibility for non-communicable diseases later in life could originate in early life. Until now, no data on sex-specific miRNA expression are available for the placenta. Therefore, we investigated the difference by sex of newborn's miRNA expression in human placental tissue. Within the ENVIRONAGE birth cohort, miRNA and mRNA expression profiling was performed in 60 placentae (50% boys) using Agilent (8 x 60 K) microarrays. The distribution of chromosome locations was studied and pathway analysis of the identified sex-specific miRNAs in the placenta was carried out. Of the total 2558 miRNAs on the array, 597 miRNAs were expressed in over 70% of the samples and were included for further analyses. A total of 142 miRNAs were significantly (FDR

The prevalence of orofacial pain is on the rise and especially in women, thus indicating an increasing gender difference in orofacial pain., Although a fluctuating pattern of orofacial pain across the life span has been proposed, data on its natural course are lacking. The longitudinal course of orofacial pain in the general population was evaluated using data from routine dental check-ups at all Public Dental Health services in Västerbotten, Sweden. In a large population sample, 2 screening questions were used to identify individuals with pain once a week or more in the orofacial area. Incidence and longitudinal course of orofacial pain were evaluated using annual data for 2010 to 2017. To evaluate predictors for orofacial pain remaining over time, individuals who reported pain on at least 2 consecutive dental check-ups were considered persistent. A generalized estimating equation model was used to analyze the prevalence, accounting for repeated observations on the same individuals. In total, 180,308 individuals (equal gender distribution) were examined in 525,707 dental check-ups. More women than men reported orofacial pain (odds ratio 2.58, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.48-2.68), and there was a significant increase in the prevalence of reported pain from 2010 to 2017 in both women and men. Longitudinal data for 135,800 individuals were available for incidence analysis. Women were at higher risk of both developing orofacial pain (incidence rate ratio 2.37; 95% CI 2.25-2.50) and reporting pain in consecutive check-ups (incidence rate ratio 2.56; 95% CI 2.29-2.87). In the northern Swedish population studied, the prevalence of orofacial pain increases over time and more so in women, thus indicating increasing differences in gender for orofacial pain.