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This paper contends that sociotherapy, a sociologically informed approach to therapy, is a viable alternative to the diagnostic model recognized by the College of Registered Psychotherapists in Ontario (CRPO). The Psychotherapy Act (2007) along with the Regulated Health Professions Act (1991) gives the CRPO authorization to regulate the practice of psychotherapy and to control titles affiliated with the act of psychotherapy. I offer a discussion of sociotherapy and socioanalysis as clinical alternatives to the conservative and normalizing approaches endorsed by the College. I situate sociotherapy and socioanalysis in the discipline of sociology and in relation to Freudian psychoanalysis. I offer my own sociotherapeutic practice as an illustration of how the societal and the psychological, the social, and the psychic must be engaged in concert. I underscore the importance of dialogue, as opposed to diagnostics, interpretation as opposed to assessments and psychosocial contemplation as opposed to cognitive-behavioral treatment in clinical practice.

This article is an ethnographic exploration of a promiscuously present and instantly recognisable legal and cultural artefact in India, the stamp paper document under the Indian Stamp Act, 1899. The ‘stamp paper’ is a documentary form that is constantly escaping from its legal moorings in revenue and evidentiary law, and is being replicated, mimed and recommissioned, both in form and in substance, and in ways which blur the domains of the legal, the quasi-legal and the non-legal. Its bureaucratic authority is produced through protocols and rituals of writing, verification, identification, attestation and authorisation performed by paper workers such as court typists, stamp vendors, notaries and oath commissioners. Yet the stamp paper is simultaneously viewed as notoriously fraudulent and legally invalid—its use redundant and truth functionaries infamously corruptible. Focusing on the materiality of the stamp paper, as it circulates through the interstitial spaces of Patiala House Court Complex in New Delhi, this article seeks to address this curious paradox and provides an account of the social life of law through the travels of an emblematic yet dubious legal form.

The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the inequalities facing vulnerable populations: those living in economically precarious situations and lacking adequate health care. In addition, frontline workers deemed essential to meet our basic needs have faced enormous personal risk to keep earning their paychecks and the economy running. Immigrant communities face an intersection of all three vulnerabilities (e.g., economic precarity, health care barriers, essential workforce), making them one of the most vulnerable populations in the United States. We conducted 26 interviews via Zoom with immigrant service providers in Pennsylvania and New York, including lawyers, case workers, religious leaders, advocates, doctors, and educators in order to gain a better understanding of the impact of COVID-19 on immigrant communities. These interviews affirmed that immigrants are concentrated in essential industries, which increases their exposure to the virus. In addition, they lack access to social safety nets when trying to access health care or facing job/income loss. Last, COVID-19 did not adequately slow the detention and deportation machine in the United States, which led to increased transmission of the virus among not only detainees but also others in the detention system, surrounding communities, and the countries to which people were deported, countries that often lacked an adequate infrastructure for dealing with the pandemic. Based on our interviews, we have a series of specific policy recommendations to diminish the vulnerability of immigrants and create social safety nets that will include them and protect them when the market fails to do so. Immigrants of all types have made indispensable contributions to the US economy during the pandemic and before it. First, Congress and states should pass legislation to provide COVID-19 relief payments to all essential workers, regardless of their status, as compensation for putting their lives on the line to keep the economy running. Second, as a public health imperative, federal and state governments should expand coverage of Medicaid and Children’s Health Insurance Programs (CHIP) to include immigrant essential workers and their children, regardless of their status. Third, DHS should not refer essential workers to removal proceedings, and immigration courts should terminate all removal proceedings for essential workers without criminal records. When it comes to issues of health care affordability and access, Congress must continue to revise the Affordable Healthcare Act to expand coverage for those who do not qualify for Medicaid but earn too little to afford insurance on their own. Finally, there must be a review and rigorous enforcement of workplace health and safety standards, particularly when it comes to farming, meatpacking, food production, and food service industries. Our final recommendations are specific to DHS and two of the primary agencies they oversee: Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) and the Border Patrol. First, there needs to be a review of ICE policies and practices, leading to a shift in policy that keeps mixed-status families intact and minor children out of detention centers and that streamlines and expands the asylum process. Second, both Congress and the administration must create additional paths to legal status where none now exist, including for recipients of Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) and for children who have arrived since June 2007.

This paper investigates the role of admission forms in the regulation of asylum confinement in the second half of the nineteenth century. Taking the Toronto Lunatic Asylum as a case study it traces the evolution of the forms’ content and structure during the first decades of this institution. Admission forms provide important material for understanding the medico-legal assessment of lunacy in a certain jurisdiction. First, they show how the description of insanity depended on a plurality of actors. Second, doctors were not necessarily required to indicate symptoms of derangement. Third, patients’ relatives played a fundamental role in providing clinical information. From an historiographical perspective, this paper invites scholars to consider the function of standardized documents in shaping the written identity of patients.

The clinical, educational, and research facets of lung transplantation have advanced significantly since the first lung transplant in 1963. The formation of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT) and subsequent Registry has forged a precedent of collaborative teamwork that has significantly affected current lung transplantation outcomes. The Society for the Advancement of Anesthesia (SATA) is dedicated to developing educational platforms for all facets of transplant anesthesia. Additionally, we believe that the anesthetic training for lung transplantation has not kept pace with other advances in the field. As such, SATA presents for consideration these educational milestones and competencies for anesthetic fellowship training in the field of lung transplantation. The proposed milestones were designed on the framework of 6 core competencies created by the Accreditation Council on Graduate Medical Education. The milestones were identified by combining the expert opinion of our Thoracic Transplant Committee, our experience as educators, and literature review. We offer this White Paper to the anesthesiology and transplant communities as a starting point for the discussion and evolution of perioperative anesthetic care in the field of lung transplantation.

Background: GlucoTab, an electronic diabetes management system (eDMS), supports healthcare professionals (HCPs) in inpatient blood glucose (BG) management at point-of-care and was implemented for the first time under routine conditions in a regional hospital to replace the paper insulin chart. Method: To investigate quality of the eDMS for inpatients with type 2 diabetes mellitus a monocentric retrospective before-after evaluation was conducted. We compared documentation possibilities by assessing a blank paper chart vs the eDMS user interface. Further quality aspects were compared by assessing filled-in paper charts ( n = 106) vs filled-in eDMS documentation ( n = 241). HCPs ( n = 59) were interviewed regarding eDMS satisfaction. Results: The eDMS represented an improvement of documentation possibilities by offering a more structured and comprehensive user interface compared to the blank paper chart. The number of good diabetes days averaged to a median value of four days in both groups (paper chart: 4.38 [0-7] vs eDMS: 4.38 [0-7] days). Median daily BG was 170 (117-297) mg/dL vs 168 (86-286) mg/dL and median fasting BG was 152 (95-285) mg/dL vs 145 (69-333) mg/dL, and 0.1% vs 0.4% BG values Conclusions: The eDMS completely replaced the paper chart, showed comparable glycemic control, was positively accepted by HCPs, and is suitable for inpatient diabetes management.

Students frequently utilize digital devices and applications to assist studying. Past research has yielded mixed results on their effectiveness, and scant research has compared portable technologies with each other or focused on smartphones specifically. We compared college students’ learning of vocabulary on paper, laptop, and smartphone. Students were randomly assigned to one platform for reviewing vocabulary flashcards, and then they completed a memory quiz and answered questions regarding perceptions of these technologies. Results showed equivalency in students’ learning across platforms, with the only exception being that students spent longer reviewing paper flashcards. Self-reported cognitive load and satisfaction were equal across platforms. Quantitative and qualitative data also suggested that, though students quickly label both laptops and smartphones as helpful for education, they see more educational value in laptops. This research suggests that smartphones present new ways of learning, but care must be taken with how smartphones are utilized in educational settings.

This initial study used an equivalent-groups design to evaluate differences in story comprehension scores between children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and their neurotypical (NT) peers using paper and iPad® storybooks. Fifteen children with ASD of ages 4–6 and 15 NT peers matched for receptive vocabulary age and gender met inclusion criteria. Across two individualized testing sessions, participants answered language abstraction questions about three formats of Pete the Cat stories (paper, iPad adult read, and iPad with the read-to-me feature activated) during shared storybook reading. When examining the entire group of participants, all children performed better with either type of iPad storybook compared to the paper book. The current study indicates storybooks on the iPad function in similar ways for NT children and children with ASD. Further, this research shows promise for using the iPad with young children during shared storybook reading. Directions for future research and implications for special education personnel are provided.

This article sets out to explore the potential of the right to an effective remedy in Article 47 of the European Union’s Charter of Fundamental Rights (‘CFR’) in equipping the Union’s social acquis with credible remedies. Article 47 CFR is one of the most-litigated and important articles in the Charter. At the same time, however, it has received surprisingly little attention in the context of EU employment law. Discussion is structured as follows: section one explores the rise of the principle of effectiveness, from the early case law of the Court of Justice to the Charter’s entry into force in 2009. Section two sketches the powerful potential of Article 47 CFR, highlighting its utility both in tackling domestic obstacles to effective enforcement, and expanding the horizontal applicability of EU employment law. Section three briefly highlights some of the limitations litigants might encounter, including a general emphasis on broad regulatory discretion for Member States, and the difficult of crafting (positive) duties out of (negative) restraints. A concluding section turns to EU law more broadly, as well as the European Convention of Human Rights, for inspirations guiding the potential future development of Article 47 CFR. A Thematic Working Paper for the Annual Conference of the European Centre of Expertise (ECE) in the field of labour law, employment and labour market policies: The Charter of Fundamental Rights from an EU Labour Law Perspective

Although scholars in bioethics usually consider the exclusion of migrants from basic healthcare as unjust, it remains unclear how health professionals should ethically deal with policies restricting access to healthcare for undocumented migrants. Debates on offering less than the most beneficial healthcare have been limited to contributions on ethical bedside rationing. This article draws on semi-structured in-depth interviews that explore health professional’s acceptance, as well as their willingness to resort to the use of deception to secure third-party payer approval for undocumented migrants. The results show that health professionals (1) are sceptical about both the possibility and desirability of verifying whether a patient’s declarations are deceitful in the setting of a consultation, but (2) are reluctant to use deception themselves to circumvent government policies restricting access to healthcare for undocumented migrants. We discuss how this approach of ‘relative impartiality’ threatens professional autonomy and conclude that professional associations should play a much more important role in supporting health professionals in relation to healthcare institutions and governments when their members are confronted with specific rationing practices forcing them to provide suboptimal healthcare.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly moving from an experimental phase to an implementation phase in many fields, including medicine. The combination of improved availability of large datasets, increasing computing power, and advances in learning algorithms has created major performance breakthroughs in the development of AI applications. In the last 5 years, AI techniques known as deep learning have delivered rapidly improving performance in image recognition, caption generation, and speech recognition. Radiology, in particular, is a prime candidate for early adoption of these techniques. It is anticipated that the implementation of AI in radiology over the next decade will significantly improve the quality, value, and depth of radiology's contribution to patient care and population health, and will revolutionize radiologists' workflows. The Canadian Association of Radiologists (CAR) is the national voice of radiology committed to promoting the highest standards in patient-centered imaging, lifelong learning, and research. The CAR has created an AI working group with the mandate to discuss and deliberate on practice, policy, and patient care issues related to the introduction and implementation of AI in imaging. This white paper provides recommendations for the CAR derived from deliberations between members of the AI working group. This white paper on AI in radiology will inform CAR members and policymakers on key terminology, educational needs of members, research and development, partnerships, potential clinical applications, implementation, structure and governance, role of radiologists, and potential impact of AI on radiology in Canada.

The National Association of Medical Examiners commissioned an ad hoc committee to provide recommendations for the investigation, examination, and reporting of deaths in custody. Deaths in custody, whether occuring in jail/prison or during an altercation with law enforcement, is a complex issue and requires the forensic pathologist to be knowledgable and deliberative about his/her diagnosis. This paper provides recommendations for the forensic pathologist as it relates to 1) categorization of deaths in custody, 2) critical information required during investigation, 3) enhanced autopsy procedures, 4) guidance on death certification, 5) parameters for statistical reporting, and 6) release of information to the public. A uniform approach by medical examiners and coroners to the investigation and evaluation of deaths in custody is critical. The establishment of recommendations has the potential to ensure consistency and reliability to the definition, investigation, and certification of these cases. Such uniformity and consistency will instill confidence in the independence of the medical examiner/forensic pathologist/coroner by the criminal justice system, public health system, and community at large.

This article closely investigates the unique visual representations of the buildings plans of late-nineteenth-century and early-twentieth-century Berlin and emphasizes the agency of the paper plan in the profession and discipline ofStadtebau. Following positions in German media theory, the paper plan is understood and theorized as medium of bureaucracy and the plan drawing as its cultural techniques. In doing so the article traces the refinement of the instruments for the regulation of the building of the city in Germany; from the building plan, to the building zones plan, to the town development plan. The understanding of the building plans and the approach to their interpretation in this article is based on two main principles. First, the article is primarily concerned with the general methods of the building plans as instruments and products of regulation and only secondarily with their individual content as specific layouts of urban form. Second, the article sees the building plans as material objects, as paper plans that had to be produced by drawing, engraving, and printing, handled by different actors, carried and distributed by various systems, as well as stored and archived in plan chambers. The article argues that the paper plans have an agency in seeing the city and hence thinking about the city, through their methods of visual representation, and an agency in the formation of graphic terms and concepts, derived from the making of the building plans. They mediated visual and verbal knowledge of the city that would have been inconceivable without them.

Globally there is a shortage of organs available for transplant resulting in thousands of lives lost as a result. Recently in the United Kingdom 457 people died as a result of organ shortage in just 1 year. 1 NHS Blood and Transplant suggest national debates to test public attitudes to radical actions to increase organ donation should be considered in addressing organ shortage. The selling of organs for transplant in the United Kingdom is prohibited under the Human Tissue Act 2004. This discussion paper considers five ethical objections raised in the United Kingdom to paid donation and discusses how these objections are addressed within the only legal and regulated paid living unrelated renal donation programme in the world in Iran, where its kidney transplant list was eliminated within 2 years of its commencement. This article discusses whether paid living unrelated donation in Iran increases riskier donations and reduced altruistic donation as opponents of paid donation claim. The paper debates whether objections to paid donation based upon commodification arguments only oppose enabling financial ends, even if these ends enable beneficent acts. Discussions in relation to whether valid consent can be given by the donor will take place and will also debate the objection that donors will be coerced and exploited by a paid model. This article suggests that exploitation of the paid donor within the Iranian model exists within the legally permitted framework. However, paid living kidney donation should be discussed further and other models of paid donation considered in the United Kingdom as a radical means of increasing donation.

This is an introduction to a special issue devoted to the black box metaphor in science and technology studies (STS). The author briefly addresses the history of the metaphor and its use in the STS community and provides commentary on four papers contributed by Elizabeth Petrick, Rodolfo Alaniz, Caitlin Wylie, and Valentina Marcheselli.

Under the rapid advances of digital technology, traditional paper-based forms of reading and writing are steadily giving way to digital-based literacies, in theory as well as in application. Drawing on a study of literacy in a medical workplace context, this article examines critically the shift toward computer-mediated textual practices. While a considerable body of research has investigated benefits and issues associated with digital literacy tools in medicine, we consider the affordances of paper-based practices. Our analysis of verbal interaction and textual artifacts drawn from a qualitative study of oncology visits indicates that the uses of pen and paper are advantageous for both doctor and patient. Specifically, they allow doctors to process and package information in ways that are favorable to their personal modus operandi, and they enable patients to participate in the medical visit and take an active role in managing their medical treatment. Understanding the affordances of paper-based literacy provides insights for refining digital tools as well as for motivating the design of possible hybrid forms and digital-analog intersections that can best support medical practices.

Work–family experiences, such as work–family conflict and work–family enrichment, not only spill over from one role domain to another but also cross over from one role occupant (e.g., a partner in a dual-career couple or a supervisor in a work setting) to the other member in a dyad (e.g., the other partner in a dual-career couple or a subordinate in a work setting). Review of the literature suggests that studies using crossover models in work–family experiences, especially in work–family enrichment, are limited. Rarely studies have explored the processes through which the crossover takes place. Moreover, not many studies have considered supervisor–subordinate dyads as units of analysis in work–family literature. With this backdrop, the present article aims to put forth a few propositions to examine the crossover of work–family experiences from a supervisor to his/her subordinates. It posits that a supervisor’s work– family experiences may influence the perception of family supportive work-environment and the perceived control over work schedule, which in turn may influence his/her subordinate’s work–family experiences and the latter’s subsequent performance. This article also explores the moderating roles of empathy and leader–member exchange (LMX) quality in the crossover of work–family experiences from supervisors to subordinates. A conceptual framework is proposed for further empirical validation. Research and applied implications of the conceptual model are also discussed.

Introduction The purpose of this study was to evaluate the differences in silent and oral reading speed, reading comprehension, and reading errors in two formats, large print paper and the iPad2, for students with visual impairments (that is, those who are blind or have low vision). Methods A single-subject alternating randomized treatment design was used with three participants. The intervention consisted of instruction on the use of an iPad. Data regarding reading speed, reading miscues, and comprehension were collected. Data were analyzed visually and descriptively. Results All participants demonstrated a slightly higher reading speed, equal comprehension rates, and decreased error rates using the iPad2 compared to paper. Discussion Results indicated that using an iPad for reading may have an effect on reading fluency and comprehension for students with low vision. Implications for practitioners Students with low vision, particularly those with more severe vision loss, may benefit from the use of electronic tablets that allow one to adjust font size, style, color, and contrast. Users should be taught how to manipulate the visual display of text and be allowed time to adjust to an electronic medium.

Over the past several decades, historians of science have come increasingly to focus on the role of so-called “paper technologies,” reorganizing and transforming information through the use of paper and pen, in the emergence of modern science. Taking as a case study an effort by administrators in the seventeenth-century German princely state of Saxe-Gotha to enlist foresters and herb-women to catalog the medicinal plants of the territory, this article analyzes the varied forms of paperwork produced in the process, including an extremely unusual table, and argues that the table represented an effort to produce a synoptic visualization, akin to but not identical to a map, of the location of the territory’s herbs. While this table may not have ultimately succeeded as a viable paper technology, due to problems of incommensurability, it demonstrates the role of administrative practices and state actors in experimenting with information about the natural world during the early modern period.

This paper explores the case of 1.5-generation Brazilians who migrated to Massachusetts in the 1980s and 1990s and grew up as unauthorized. Compared to unauthorized youth from other Latin American groups, Brazilians who migrated during this time are relatively privileged: they often come from Brazilian middle-class families, are relatively lighter-skinned, and as visa over-stayers who migrated pre-2001, they have been better positioned to access the very limited pathways to citizenship. Drawing primarily on in-depth interviews, I argue that “privilege without papers”—that is, the intersection of racial and/or social class privilege with (il)legality—shapes their lives in important and nuanced ways. Indeed, some 1.5-generation Brazilians are quite aware of their privilege relative to other unauthorized groups from Latin America. Many Brazilians have experienced movement toward legal inclusion in young adulthood either through Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals, which grants partial inclusion, or through marriage or other legal dispensations that grant pathways to citizenship. Shifts in status have brought new opportunities, some peace of mind, and a degree of legitimacy. Yet, for many, including several who could pass as White, the legacy of legal exclusion has undermined their sense of belonging.

One significant merit about handmade paper industry is that it uses materials that come out as refuse in cotton apparel industries to manufacture papers and boards of high quality. That handmade papers are eco-friendly is an attraction, besides the lovable texture, and the pliability it renders for making a variety of paper-based products. Several merits apart, the handmade paper industry (HMP) in India is stuck into a mire of problems. Understanding the underlying issues and assessing the merits – at every link of the chain - should be helpful in getting the industry back on a healthy track. Hence, a national level workshop on value chain approach to handmade paper industry was conducted by the National Institute of Rural Development & Panchayati Raj (NIRDPR), India in association with Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC) of India. It was a two-day workshop attended by entrepreneurs involved in handmade paper making from several parts of India. The workshop came out with several interesting ideas to revive and restore the industry.

iPad® and paper versions of a receptive vocabulary assessment were administered to 4- to 6-year olds with a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). No differences were found between scores on the two assessments. Standardized testing for children with ASD can be challenging; however, testing using the iPad® may offer a different avenue as it provides visual input that appears to be motivating. Findings suggest iPad® assessments offer an efficient format for itinerant speech-language pathologists (SLPs) and SLPs providing telepractice when creating individualized evaluation plans.

This essay explores the development of parish record-keeping in early modern London, examining the implications of changing practices for communal memory. Building on the study of more than 50 parish registers, it investigates who wrote the parish records, how they were kept and how they were used. Many of the extant records are the product of a ‘memorial moment’ at the turn of the seventeenth century, involving a concerted attempt to re-order and re-present parish papers as memorial objects: the material representations of parish memory. These registers highlight the emergence of an ongoing communal investment in and oversight of record-keeping practices, while the evidence of annotations and corrections in parish registers demonstrates the persistence of oral forms of communal memory, contesting the textual record. The development of the parish register in the period thus emerges as a key site for renegotiating the forms and habits of parish memory.

Purpose. There is no gold-standard health literacy measure. The Single Item Literacy Screener (SILS) and Subjective Literacy Screener (SLS) ask people to self-report ability to understand health information. They were developed in older adults, before common use of electronic health information. This study explored whether the SILS and SLS related to objective literacy, numeracy, and comprehension among young adults, and whether specifying “online” or “paper-based” wording affected these relationships. Methods. Eligible individuals (18–35 years of age, English-speaking, US residents) from an online survey company were randomized to 1) original measures; 2) measures adding “paper-based” to describe health information/forms; or 3) measures adding “online” to describe health information/forms. We examined how each measure related to e-Health Literacy (eHEALS), subjective numeracy (SNS), objective numeracy (ONS), and comprehension of a short passage. Results. A total of 848/1342 respondents correctly answered attention-checks and were analyzed. The validated SILS related to comprehension ( P = 0.003), eHEALS ( P = 0.04), and ONS ( P < 0.001) but not SNS ( P = 0.44). When adding “paper-based,” SILS related to eHEALS ( P < 0.001) and ONS ( P = 0.003) but did not relate to comprehension ( P = 0.25) or SNS ( P = 0.35). When adding “online,” SILS related to comprehension ( P < 0.001), eHEALS ( P < 0.001), ONS ( P = 0.005), and SNS ( P = 0.03). The validated SLS related to comprehension ( P < 0.001), eHEALS ( P < 0.001), ONS ( P < 0.001), and SNS ( P < 0.001). When adding “paper-based,” the SLS only related to eHEALS ( P =

Introduction: Fresno, California, is home to more than 30,000 Hmong. The purpose of this research was to explore the utilization of Hmong shamans 40 years after the first Hmong immigrants arrived in the United States. Hmong shamanism is examined to identify and analyze changes to shamans’ practices or patients. Methods: Using grounded theory, semistructured interviews were conducted with a convenience sample of 20 shamans in their homes. Transcribed data were qualitatively analyzed. Results: Shamans continue to train and practice in this community; utilization by older patients persists while young adult patients have become the fastest-growing group of users. Healing rituals have changed in response to the legalities of animal sacrifice in urban areas and the time demands of work schedules. Discussion: Nurses’ awareness that the availability of biomedicine does not preclude the continuing or recurring utilization of traditional healers can facilitate understanding of culturally defined health care needs.

Background: Outcome measurement plays an increasing role in improving the quality, effectiveness, efficiency and availability of palliative care. Aim: To provide expert recommendations on outcome measurement in palliative care in clinical practice and research. Methods: Developed by a European Association for Palliative Care Task Force, based on literature searches, international expert workshop, development of outcome measurement guidance and international online survey. A subgroup drafted a first version and circulated it twice to the task force. The preliminary final version was circulated to wider expert panel and 28 international experts across 20 European Association for Palliative Care member associations and the European Association for Palliative Care Board of Directors and revised according to their feedback. The final version was approved by the European Association for Palliative Care Board for adoption as an official European Association for Palliative Care position paper. Results: In all, 12 recommendations are proposed covering key parameters of measures, adequate measures for the task, introduction of outcome measurement into practice, and national and international outcome comparisons and benchmarking. Compared to other recommendations, the White Paper covers similar aspects but focuses more on outcome measurement in clinical care and the wider policy impact of implementing outcome measurement in clinical palliative care. Patient-reported outcome measure feedback improves awareness of unmet need and allows professionals to act to address patients’ needs. However, barriers and facilitators have been identified when implementing outcome measurement in clinical care that should be addressed. Conclusion: The White Paper recommends the introduction of outcome measurement into practice and outcomes that allow for national and international comparisons. Outcome measurement is key to understanding different models of care across countries and, ultimately, patient outcome having controlled for differing patients characteristics.

British mandated Palestine has attracted scholarly attention for its role in the development of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. Some aspects of the time period, however, remain somewhat overlooked, and one prominent example is the reversal of the Passfield White Paper in 1931. Following extremely violent anti-Jewish riots in Palestine in 1929, the British Government in Westminster utilized two commissions of enquiry – the Shaw Commission and the Hope-Simpson Commission – to justify a change in policy. Rather than adhere to Britain’s original Zionist commitments, articulated in the Balfour Declaration and official mandate, the government decided to limit Jewish immigration and land purchase in Palestine, articulated in the Passfield White Paper, before reversing the policy months later. Subsequent explanations of this decision have been sparse and focused almost solely on the efficacy of Zionist lobbying. Why the British Government was susceptible to pressure and how this process took place has remained largely unexplored. In order to provide a more thorough analysis of why the Passfield White Paper was reversed, this article reassesses several assumptions within the literature and places the decision within the context of a Labour Government’s need to maintain internal unity, as well as cross-party support, on foreign and particularly India policy.

Like other documentary editing projects, the Joseph Smith Papers—an effort to produce a comprehensive edition of the papers of Joseph Smith, the founder of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, more commonly known as Mormons—seeks to provide reliable access to “the authentic voice” of its eponymous historical figure in innovative ways. As a digital voice from the dust, the project makes Smith's words, character, and context accessible in the online representation of his papers in ways that forcefully illustrate the convergence of public and digital history. This article uses the Joseph Smith Papers Project (JSPP) as a case study to look at documentary collections at the intersection of digital and public history while exploring issues of scholarship, access, and transparency. The trends described here promise to have implications for the larger fields of digitally presented public history and documentary collections.

Objectives: In all health system sectors, electronic health information (EHI) is created, used, released, and reused. We examined states’ efforts to address EHI uses in law to provide an understanding of the EHI legal environment. Methods: Attorney researchers used WestlawNext to search for EHI-related statutes and regulations of the US states, US territories, and the District of Columbia in effect as of January 2014. The researchers independently catalogued provisions by the EHI use described in the law. Researchers resolved discrepancies through peer review meetings and recorded the consensus codes for each law. Results: This study identified 2364 EHI-related laws representing 49 EHI uses in 54 jurisdictions. A total of 18 EHI uses were regulated by ≥10 jurisdictions. More than 750 laws addressed 2 or more EHI uses. Jurisdictions varied by the number of EHI laws in effect, with a mean of 44 laws. Texas had the most EHI laws (n = 145). Hawaii and South Carolina had the fewest (n = 14 each). Conclusions: The EHI legal landscape is complex. The large quantity and diversity of laws complicate legal analysis, likely delay implementation of public health solutions, and might be detrimental to the development of emerging health information technology. Research is needed to understand the effect of EHI-related laws.

Background: Over 10% of antibiotics in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are substandard or falsified. Detection of poor-quality antibiotics via the gold standard method, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), is slow and costly. Paper analytical devices (PADs) and antibiotic paper analytical devices (aPADs) have been developed as an inexpensive way to estimate antibiotic quality in LMICs. Aim: To model the impact of using a rapid screening tools, PADs/aPADs, to improve the quality of amoxicillin used for treatment of childhood pneumonia in Kenya. Methods: We developed an agent-based model, ESTEEM (Examining Screening Technologies with Economic Evaluations for Medicines), to estimate the effectiveness and cost savings of incorporating PADs and aPADs in amoxicillin quality surveillance in Kenya. We compared the current testing scenario (batches of entire samples tested by HPLC) with an expedited HPLC scenario (testing smaller batches at a time), as well as a screening scenario using PADs/aPADs to identify poor-quality amoxicillin followed by confirmatory analysis with HPLC. Results: Scenarios using PADs/aPADs or expedited HPLC yielded greater incremental benefits than the current testing scenario by annually averting 586 (90% uncertainty range (UR) 364–874) and 221 (90% UR 126–332) child pneumonia deaths, respectively. The PADs/aPADs screening scenario identified and removed poor-quality antibiotics faster than the expedited or regular HPLC scenarios, and reduced costs significantly. The PADs/aPADs scenario resulted in an incremental return of $14.9 million annually compared with the reference scenario of only using HPLC. Conclusion: This analysis shows the significant value of PADs/aPADs as a medicine quality screening and testing tool in LMICs with limited resources.

Operating procedures are an integral part of the high-risk industries such as the Oil & Gas industry. Workers need them as a tool to help complete tasks effectively, efficiently, and safely and in the intended manner (Amyotte et al, 2007). Often, the assumption in the process safety domain is that procedures are very high quality, if not perfect, and therefore workers must follow them rigidly. What is all too often the case is that workers encounter a number of issues with procedure quality (e.g., inaccurate information, outdated steps; Hendricks & Peres, under review; Sasangohar et al., 2018). These quality issues have been shown to be associated with more deviations (Hendricks & Peres, under review). Now that many in the industry are starting to move toward digital procedures (hand-held, interactive, not .pdfs), there needs to be an examination of not only these issues, but also attitudes regarding procedure compliance and utility since these are related to deviations and also procedure use (Hendricks & Peres, under review). Accordingly, this study sought to answer the question—are workers’ perceptions of quality, attitudes, and deviation behavior different based on procedure format (digital vs. paper)? Our study consisted of 32 chemical processing and logistics workers at a large, multi-national corporation. Half of the participants ( n = 16) were already using digital procedures and the other half had not experienced a digital procedure roll-out. We were able to make both within and between- subject comparisons with the data since those digital users also still used paper for other tasks. For the within-subjects level of analysis (LOA), workers had significantly poorer quality perceptions of paper format procedures than digital procedures. Although not significantly different, workers reported more deviations for paper procedures. For the between- subjects LOA, procedure quality perceptions were significantly worse for paper procedures (paper only group) when compared to digital procedures in the digital rollout group. Deviations, utility attitude, and compliance attitude were not significantly different for the two formats (better attitudes regarding utility, poorer attitudes regarding compliance, fewer deviations for digital) and the effect sizes were at or above medium. We think it is important to start this line of research in the process safety industries because if the transition to digital procedures is already occurring, we need evidence that it is justifiable by demonstrating—especially at different LOAs—that we can expect improvements in these critical procedure-related variables. We need to expand this line of research to other companies, and to multiple sites with larger samples. Indeed, one of the challenges is gaining access to such important workers, but we see a large benefit to organizations who ultimately will be investing many resources into these types of changes.

Public rhetoric suggests that unauthorized immigrants may engage in marriage fraud for legal security and economic gain. Academic scholarship that emphasizes economically strategic actors corroborates this claim. Drawing on in-depth interviews with 1.5-generation unauthorized Brazilian young adults, I find that most of my respondents are opposed to marrying strictly for papers, even though becoming “legally American” could bring opportunities for socioeconomic mobility. Like their American peers in young adulthood, many 1.5-generation Brazilians emphasized that they are not interested in marrying in their 20s. Women, in particular, articulated their internalization of lifecourse norms as a function of their socialization in the United States. Yet, 1.5-generation Brazilians also disclosed that they did not want to establish new relationships or transform old relationships for instrumental reasons. Ultimately, strategic-economic approaches provide less insight into why my respondents do not marry for papers than the normative and relational dynamics of their transitions to adulthood.

Facial masks are beauty products which composed of a facial mask paper and beauty solution. Silk contains the amino acid structure closest to the human skin, and has the skin-friendly, cosmetic and antibacterial functions, but the common method for making nonwoven facial mask paper is not suitable for silk. In this paper, the silkworm’s spinning path is intervened manually to obtain a smart silk facial mask paper (SMC) of controllable thickness, so that the sericin on the silk fiber is well preserved. In the experiment where the SMC is compared with the nonwoven 384-cuprammonium rayon facial mask paper (CRMC) which is the most widely used in the market, it is found that the ways of forming the two facial mask paper are completely different, and therefore the morphologies under SEM are obviously different. The thickness of the SMC is 0.183 mm and the areal weight of it is 38.0 g/m2. It is very close to the CRMC (0.187 mm, 38.4 g/m2). The porosity of the SMC is 84.0%, which is slightly lower than that of the CRMC (86.3%), but its pores are well distributed. Compared with the CRMC, the smart SMC has higher dry and wet strength, lower elongation, slightly lower air permeability and liquid entrainment rate, and better antibacterial performance.

Objective Forensic pathologists play a vital role in the justice system in matters concerning questions of death. Science as applied in the justice system should be objective and neutral. Since the goals of medical examiners and coroners are to determine the cause and manner of death for certification and public health functions (goals different and distinct from the missions of law enforcement agencies), it is important that medicolegal death investigation be independent. Accurate investigation, examination, reporting, and testimony by forensic pathologists are important to determine the cause and manner of death of individuals who die under sudden, unexpected, or violent circumstances. These cases can become the focus of political or legal pressure by individuals or offices seeking to influence the pathologist's findings. This pressure, even if seemingly unsuccessful in an individual case, can introduce error, bias, and corruption into the medicolegal investigation process. This paper reinforces the principle that medical examiners, coroners and forensic pathologists should be allowed to perform medicolegal investigations free of these influences. Participants The ad hoc Committee on Medical Examiner Independence of the National Association of Medical Examiners (NAME), a self-selected volunteer committee, developed this position paper. The findings are based on surveys of the NAME membership regarding members’ experience with, and reaction to, outside influence. Evidence Surveys of NAME members revealed that medical examiner independence was important to most members. Over 70% of survey respondents had been subjected to pressures to influence their findings, and many had suffered negative consequences for resisting those influences. In a separate study, over 30% of respondents indicated that fear of litigation affected their diagnostic decision-making. In 2009, the National Research Council of the National Academies published recommendations to strengthen the forensic sciences; they specifically recommended that medical examiner and coroner offices should be independent from law enforcement agencies and prosecutors’ offices. Consensus Process This position paper represents the consensus of the ad hoc Committee on Medical Examiner Independence, submitted to the Executive Committee and Board of Directors of NAME, and subject to comment and review by the membership. Conclusions It is the position of NAME that forensic pathologists working in or for medical examiner or coroner offices or as private consultants should be permitted to objectively pursue and report the facts and their opinions of those cases which they are investigating independent of political influences from other agencies within their respective jurisdictions and independent of the threat of litigation.

CPE is an experience-based approach to learning spiritual care which combines clinical care with qualified supervision, in-class education and group reflection (CASC - http://www.spiritualcare.ca/ ). Through didactic seminars, group presentations and personal reading there is opportunity for the student to acquire, apply and integrate relevant theoretical information into their practice. Written for my CPE Specialist application, this paper describes how, through the course of advanced CPE education, I learn to utilize and integrate theory into my clinical work. Beginning with three strands – authenticity, listening and storytelling – I then discuss how the behavioural sciences and theology inform my practice. Focusing on empathy, I speak of the application of disclosure, the use of counter-transference as a diagnostic tool, and the place of therapeutic termination. Group theory, family systems theory, theological reflection, liturgical ministry, and multi-faith practices are considered.

Introduction: Postpartum depression affects mothers at 4 to 6 weeks after delivery. Adolescent pregnancy can lead the expectant girl to drop out of school, receive poor obstetric care, and family support. Adolescent mothers are prone to severe postpartum depression as compared to older women. Early sexual initiation increases the risk of unintended pregnancies and potentially increases HIV exposure. WHO recommends Group interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT-G) as an evidence-based intervention for use in both primary care and community settings. We will assess the acceptability and feasibility of community health workers (CHWs), delivering IPT-G among postpartum adolescents (PPA) living with HIV. Method: This is a pilot feasibility study testing CHWs’ delivery of IPT-G to postpartum adolescents and young women living with HIV who will be attending the prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission (PMTCT) clinics in 2 primary care health centers. Young women aged 15 to 24 years and 6 to 12 weeks postpartum will be eligible for participation. Our study is a two-arm intervention implementation study with one receiving group IPT and another one treatment-as-usual (TAU). We intend to treat the TAU group so that we will offer IPT-G post-intervention. There will be 2 groups running in the 2 facilities. Depression will be assessed using the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale (EPDS); those with EPDS >10 become eligible for the intervention. Besides, HIV-related stigma would be screened using HIV/AIDS Stigma Instrument (HASI–P), and social functioning rated using the World Health Organization’s Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 (WHODAS 2.0). CHWs will deliver IPT-G for 8 sessions (1 session per week). The intervention group will receive immediate IPT-G, and the wait-list control group will receive deferred IPT-G as part of our intent to treat the group. Primary outcome measure and analysis: Descriptive statistics will be used to compare changes in depressive symptoms, HIV-related stigma, and social functioning between baseline and 8 weeks, and between 16 weeks and 24 weeks. The changes will be explored along with the differences between intervention and treatment as usual groups reporting effect sizes (Cohen’s d). Longitudinal continuous outcome variables across the time points will be analyzed using the Generalized Linear Model. For qualitative data, any emerging themes from KIIs and FGDs will be identified: framework matrixes, queries, and cross-tabulations will be used to analyze and interpret the data in view of assessing acceptability and feasibility of IPT-G. Ethics and dissemination The Kenyatta National Hospital-University of Nairobi approved this study of Nairobi Ethics and Research Committee (Approval No. P97/02/2018). The findings will be published in peer-reviewed journals and also shared with Kenya’s National AIDS Control Council.

This article examines what an ethic of care could offer to discussions about Europe's increasing cultural diversity by analyzing the important White Paper on Intercultural Dialogue published by the Council of Europe in 2008. The authors consider the White Paper from the perspective of the political ethic of care and thus examine its adequacy in dealing with issues of care. Their point of departure is that policy texts display normative ways of speaking about certain issues – in this case, issues of diversity, multiculturalism and citizenship in Europe. They first contextualize the discussions for promoting intercultural dialogue in the Council of Europe and analyze the normative framework of the White Paper. Then, they use the care perspective as a lens to comment on notions of diversity, multiculturalism and citizenship. Finally, they discuss how the notion of care as a citizenship issue could contribute towards further development of discussions on citizenship education and intercultural dialogue in Europe.

Object personification is the attribution of human characteristics to non-human agents. In online forums, autistic individuals commonly report experiencing this phenomenon. Given that approximately half of all autistic individuals experience difficulties identifying their own emotions, the suggestion that object personification may be a feature of autism seems almost paradoxical. Why would a person experience sympathy for objects, when they struggle to understand and verbalise the emotions of other people as well as their own? An online survey was used to assess tendency for personification in 87 autistic and 263 non-autistic adults. Together, our results indicate that object personification occurs commonly among autistic individuals, and perhaps more often (and later in life) than in the general population. Given that in many cases, autistic people report their personification experiences as distressing, it is important to consider the reasons for the increased personification and identify structures for support.

The launch of The Australian in 1964 now appears prescient: it coincided with and contributed to the rise in national political consciousness inaugurated in the 1960s that has continued ever since. Integral to this process has been a far more powerful sense of the nation and a weakening in state consciousness. History suggests that the culture and the technology were ready for a national newspaper. This article examines several critical political events or themes, how The Australian saw them and the extent to which it shaped or failed to shape the nation's mood. This involves an assessment of how both the nation and the paper changed over half a century.

In an attempt to facilitate greater voting participation in the Republic of Ireland, photographs of candidates have been placed on the ballot paper for local, national and European elections. Limited research undertaken in advance of the implementation of the photograph policy advised that the measure would assist people with literacy problems. However, social psychology research has long demonstrated that people are willing to make considerable judgements about a person when shown a photograph. The advent of ballot paper photographs allows candidates to be evaluated on the basis of their appearance. This article will explore how photographs could have become a factor in voter decision-making. Providing additional knowledge to encourage greater participation and engagement has introduced a possible new level of superficiality into the voter decision-making process.