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Coyote (Canis latrans) management becomes increasingly necessary as the species' range expands, but some methods may be controversial in urban landscapes. Understanding why the public considers certain methods acceptable may help decrease conflict between residents and wildlife managers. We surveyed 4000 registered voters in New Hanover County, North Carolina, to evaluate attitudes toward three coyote management methods: no management, public education and trap/euthanasia. We used the expectancy-value model and multinomial logistic regression models to determine which public beliefs and desires regarding outcomes of each coyote management method predicted acceptance of each method. Attitudes of respondents who accepted a method differed from those who rejected the method. Positive attitudes toward no management were influenced by outcomes involving a natural death for coyotes and family, pet and personal safety. Positive attitudes toward public education were influenced by outcomes involving family safety, public participation, fewer coyotes and for coyotes to avoid an inhumane death. Positive attitudes toward trap/euthanasia were influenced by outcomes for coyotes avoiding an unnatural and inhumane death, pet safety and public participation. Understanding the public's beliefs and desires regarding coyote management methods will help wildlife managers tailor public education programs, resolve controversies regarding alternative management methods and improve future wildlife management decisions.

Heterospecific competitors can use chemical cues left by dominant species to avoid aggressive interactions. Similarly, prey avoid chemical cues from predators at feeding sites, presumably because risk of death outweighs the benefit of food. This study addressed the lack of information regarding mammals’ avoidance of direct cues from competitors and also examined how indirect cues, i.e., vegetative cover, affect foraging behavior. To test if chemical cues and vegetative cover alter the number of visits by prey species and time spent at feeding plots, we observed snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) in plots containing coyote (Canis latrans; predator) and moose (Alces alces; competitor) urine across a spectrum of vegetation densities. Snowshoe hares significantly reduced number of visits to plots that contained coyote or moose urine. In plots treated with coyote urine, number of visits decreased significantly as plots became more densely vegetated. Neither chemical cues nor vegetation density affected time spent in plots. These results suggest that competition between snowshoe hares and moose has selected for an avoidance response. This study also reinforces the idea that an increase in vegetation density could prove disadvantageous to prey, perhaps because some predators use dense vegetation to their advantage.

Coyotes are ubiquitous in habitats across North America, including in urban areas. Reviews of human–coyote encounters are limited in scope and analysis and predominantly document encounters that tend to be negative, such as human–wildlife conflict, rather than benign experiences. The objective of our study was to use citizen science reports of human–coyote interactions entered into iNaturalist to better understand the range of first person accounts of human–coyote encounters in Madison, WI. We report 398 citizen science accounts of human–coyote encounters in the Madison area between October 2015 and March 2018. Most human–coyote encounters occurred during coyote breeding season and half of all encounters occurred in moderate development land cover. Estimated level of coyote aggressiveness varied significantly, with 90% of citizen scientists scoring estimated coyote aggression as a 0 and 7% scoring estimated aggression as a 1 on a 0–5 scale (with 0 being calm and 5 being aggressive). Our best performing model explaining the estimated distance between the human observer and a coyote (our proxy for a human–coyote encounter) included the variables distance to nearest paved road, biological season of the year relative to coyote life history, and time of day/night. We demonstrate that human–coyote interactions are regularly more benign than negative, with almost all first-hand reported human–coyote encounters being benign. We encourage public outreach focusing on practices that can foster benign encounters when educating the public to facilitate human–coyote coexistence.

The reproductive biology of wild Canis species is often described as unique among mammals because an unusual combination of behavioral and physiological characteristics including a seasonally monestrous cycle, copulatory lock or tie, obligatory pseudopregnancy, social monogamy, and biparental care of the young. We investigated social behavior, endocrine profiles, and vaginal cytology of female coyotes (Canis latrans) during 4 breeding seasons, 2000–2003. Blood levels of estradiol, progesterone, prolactin, and relaxin were measured, and mating behavior and changes in vaginal epithelium were documented. After aligning the data from each individual to her estimated day of ovulation, we compared pregnant coyotes with nonpregnant females and evaluated temporal relationships among hormone levels, behavior, and vaginal cytology. We found that patterns of proceptive and receptive behaviors correlated with the secretion of steroid hormones, as did vaginal epithelial cytomorphosis. In addition, although progesterone levels of pregnant and pseudopregnant coyotes were indistinguishable, prolactin demonstrated a discernible intergroup difference and relaxin was only detectable in pregnant females. Although this study included characteristics not previously published for this species, it also showed how key aspects of reproduction were correlated temporally, and emphasized the importance of an integrated perspective when addressing the reproductive biology of coyotes, or other wild species of canids.

Ecological invasions of generalist species often are facilitated by anthropogenic disturbance. Coyotes (Canis latrans) have benefitted from anthropogenic changes to North American ecosystems and have experienced a dramatic range expansion since the early 19th century. The region east of the Mississippi River has been colonized via 2 routes that have converged in the mid-Atlantic region during the past few decades. Coyotes using the northern route of expansion show molecular evidence of admixture with the Great Lakes wolf (GLW). We used noninvasive molecular techniques to detect the geographic origins of the recent coyote colonization of northern Virginia as a representative of the mid-Atlantic region and to detect signatures of admixture with GLWs. Of 455 individual canid scats screened, we sequenced a variable 282-base pair fragment of the mitochondrial control region from 126 coyote scats, assigned individual identities to samples using 6 microsatellite loci, and conducted phylogeographic analyses by comparing our sequences to previously published haplotypes. In 39 individuals identified in our scat surveys we detected 7 mitochondrial DNA haplotypes, all of which have been previously reported in diverse surrounding geographic localities. Phylogeographic analyses indicate multiple sources of colonization of northern Virginia. One common haplotype detected in northern Virginia is of wolf origin, indicating the presence of admixed coyotes and GLWs from the north.

Analyzing future weak lensing data sets from KIDS, DES, LSST, Euclid, WFIRST requires precise predictions for the weak lensing measures. In this paper we present a weak lensing prediction code based on the Coyote Universe emulator. The Coyote Universe emulator predicts the (non-linear) power spectrum of density fluctuations (P_delta) to high accuracy for k \in [0.002;3.4] h/Mpc within the redshift interval z \in [0;1], outside this regime we extend P_delta using a modified Halofit code. This pipeline is used to calculate various second-order cosmic shear statistics, e.g., shear power spectrum, shear-shear correlation function, ring statistics and COSEBIs (Complete Orthogonal Set of EB-mode Integrals), and we examine how the upper limit in k (and z) to which P_delta is known, impacts on these statistics. For example, we find that k_max~8 h/Mpc causes a bias in the shear power spectrum at l~4000 that is comparable to the statistical errors (intrinsic shape-noise and cosmic variance) of a DES-like survey, whereas for LSST-like errors k_max~15 h/Mpc is needed to limit the bias at l~4000. For the most recently developed second-order shear statistics, the COSEBIs, we find that 9 modes can be calculated accurately knowing P_delta to k_max=10 h/Mpc. The COSEBIs allow for an EB-mode decomposition using a shear-shear correlation function measured over a finite range, thereby avoiding any EB-mode mixing due to finite survey size. We perform a detailed study in a 5-dimensional parameter space in order to examine whether all cosmological information is captured by these 9 modes with the result that already 7-8 modes are sufficient.

An implicit assumption of the mesopredator release hypothesis (MRH) is that competition is occurring between the larger and smaller predator. When significant competition exists, the MRH predicts that larger species should affect population size, through direct predation or the elicitation of avoidance behavior, of smaller predators. However, there have been few manipulations designed to test these predictions, particularly regarding avoidance. To test whether striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) avoid coyotes (Canis latrans), we intensively monitored 21 radiocollared skunks in a natural area in northeastern Illinois. We identified 2 spatially distinct groups and recorded 1,943 locations from September to November 2003. For each group, testing periods consisted of 4 weeks (2 weeks pretreatment, 1 week treatment, and 1 week posttreatment). We simulated coyote activity during the treatment week by playing taped recordings of coyote howls at 1-h intervals at 5 locations. Additionally, we liberally applied coyote urine to several areas within 20 randomly selected 100 � 100-m grid cells, and used the grid to classify cells as urine-treated, howling-treated, or control. We determined changes in home-range size and location, and intensity of cell use in response to treatment. We found no differences in home-range size related to treatment (P � 0.248). Although weekly differences in home-range drift approached significance when individuals from both tests were pooled (P ¼ 0.071), drift was highly correlated with mean weekly low temperatures (P ¼ 0.004). Use of howling- and urine-treated cells did not vary among weeks (P � 0.307), nor did proportions of locations within howling circles with assumed effective broadcast radii of 50‐200 m (P � 0.851). Examination of our data did not support the prediction that skunks avoid areas of coyote activity on our study site.

Coyote Valley: Deep History in the High Rockies . By Thomas G. Andrews. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2015. xi + 331 pp. Illustrations, maps, notes, index. $29.95.) In Coyote Valley, Thomas G. Andrews seeks to explain broader patterns of human interaction with nature by delving deeply into the long history of Rocky Mountain National Park’s Kawuneeche, or Coyote, Valley. In doing so, he asserts that exploring the history of a single place over as long a time span as both scientific and historical evidence allow can provide useful and important lessons about the course of American environmental history that broader, more global approaches often overlook. Rather than “passe” or even “parochial,” small-scale investigations … westrec{at}gmail.com

AbstractCoyotes (Canis latrans) are lethally controlled throughout the range of Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) and it has been suggested that such control may benefit sage-grouse. However, the perceived benefits of control are based on the direct effects of coyotes on sage-grouse and largely ignore potential indirect interactions. Here, we summarize some of the evidence for direct effects in a simplified food web including coyotes and sage-grouse. There is very little evidence to suggest that coyotes have much of a direct negative effect on sage-grouse, but there is considerable evidence supporting direct interactions that would lead to positive indirect effects between coyotes and sage-grouse. The three likely forms of positive indirect effects arise because coyotes reduce the potential negative effects resulting from mesopredator release and apparent and exploitative competition. Mesopredator release would adversely affect sage-grouse if a decrease in coyotes allowed an increase in foxes (especially Vulpes vulpes), badgers (Taxidea taxus), and Common Ravens (Corvus corax), mesopredators that prey on sage-grouse eggs and young. A decrease in coyotes is likely to allow jackrabbits (Lepus spp.) to increase, which would cause sage-grouse to suffer from apparent competition if Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos), which are perhaps the most important predator of adult sage-grouse, then increase in response to the increase in jackrabbits. This increase in jackrabbits may also depress the availability of sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) and forbs, leading to an increase in exploitative competition with sage-grouse. For these reasons, we argue that intense and extended lethal coyote control is likely detrimental to sage-grouse conservation.

The buffalo herds have gone; they have succumbed to the rifles of the hunters. The antelope droves are nearly gone; hound and lead were too much for them. The blacktail bands have dwindled before axe and fence. The ancient dwellers of the badlands have faded like snow under the new conditions, but the coyotes are no more in fear of extinction. Their morning and evening song still surrounds from the level buttes, as it did long years ago when every plain was a teeming land of game. They have learned the deadly secrets of traps and poisons, they know how to bajfle the gunner and the hound, they have matched their wits with the hunter's wits. They have learned how to prosper in a land of man-made plenty, in spite of the worst that man can do. Ho, ho, ho! You can never kill us coyotes' we live forever

COYOTE (an acronym for “Call Off Your Old Tired Ethics”) is the central organization in the social movement to challenge traditional definitions of prostitution as a social problem. Using historical documents, this work focuses on COYOTE's campaign to sever prostitution from its historical association with sin, crime, and illicit sex, and place the social problem of prostitution firmly in the discourse of work, choice and civil rights. COYOTE has done this through extended debate with law enforcement officials over discrimination and selective enforcement of the law, with the feminist movement over the freedom of women to control and use their bodies as they see fit, and with public health agencies over the role of prostitutes in the AIDS epidemic. Combined, these concerns form the foundation of COYOTE'S crusade to redefine prostitution as a social problem.

Northward and eastward expansion of the range of coyote ( Canis latrans ) in North America has been associated with an increase in body size, although documentation is limited. In this study, published weights of coyotes from various geographic areas and new data from the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, were found to differ by sex ( P < 0.001) and longitude (females, P = 0.036; males, P = 0.017), but not latitude (females, P = 0.861; males, P = 0.302). Significant longitudinal variation was attributable to the large size of coyotes in New Hampshire. We suggest that phenotypic response to food supply may account for most variation in body size of coyotes.

We documented the progression of movements from den and rendezvous sites, and the monthly changes in predispersal movement rates and home-range areas for coyote ( Canis latrans ) pups in eastern Maine during 1981–1984. Pups began to move short distances from dens at 6–8 weeks of age. The radius and rate of pup movements increased linearly with age. Large increases from September to October in sizes of home ranges and movement rates of pups were associated with the disbanding of the family group and onset of dispersal. Home-range areas and movement rates of late-dispersing juveniles were similar to those of their parents, and likely resulted from interfamily territoriality. Exploratory movements outside of the natal home range were uncommon before dispersal. Further, no sex-specific differences in predispersal-movement patterns were observed. Recent data refuting the hypothesis of sex-specific dispersal in coyotes are consistent with the predispersal-movement patterns presented herein.

A restriction-site survey of 327 coyotes (Canis latrans) from most parts of their North American range reveals 32 mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genotypes. The genotypes are not strongly partitioned in space, suggesting that there is high gene flow among coyote subpopulations. Consequently, each new geographic location added to the study has a decreasing probability of containing a mtDNA genotype that had not been previously discovered. This being the case, by using Monte Carlo sampling experiments, we can estimate the total number of genotypes that would be found if all possible localities were surveyed. This estimate of total genotypic variability agrees qualitatively with estimates based on theoretical considerations of the expected number of alleles in a stable population. We also predict effective population sizes from genotype data. The accuracy of these estimates is thought to be dependent on the fact that coyotes are not highly genetically structured, a situation which may apply to highly mobile species.

At Hopi he could get a fresh start; he could tell people about himself while they looked at the photos in the plastic pages of his wallet. --Leslie Marmon Silko (Storyteller 260) It wasn't until I began this book that I realized that the photographs in the Hopi basket have a special relationship to the stories as I remember them. The photographs are here because they are part of many of the stories and because many of the stories can be traced to the photographs. --Leslie Marmon Silko (Storyteller 1) Leslie Marmon Silko's "Coyote Holds a Full House in His Hand" begins in medias res with a metaphorical twist on a common opening line of Coyote stories: "He wasn't getting any place with Mrs. Sekakaku, he could sec that" (257). (1) Having perceived that he is being relegated to the static fringe of things by Mrs. Sekakaku's "warming up leftover chili beans for lunch" and by her talk of Aunt Mamie's dizzy spells, the protagonist in this story begins by musing about his situation in an extended passage that could be likened to a stream-of-consciousness interior monologue, but which I would like to refer to as a Coyote loop. (2) Digressing at some length through scenes from the protagonist's youth, as well as through events from the recent past, and returning to him sitting on the red plastic sofa in Mrs. Sekakaku's house, the Coyote loop introduces the protagonist as quite a character. He is old enough to be graying, has avoided marriage with the same nonchalance that he avoids work, and still lives in his mother's house. He spends most of his time shuttling back and forth between Laguna and Albuquerque, where he frequents "Indian bars downtown," but has himself photographed in front of "fancy bars in the Heights." Even though he has dropped out of school after the seventh grade, he listens to lawyers in the Federal Building and knows he could be a lawyer "because he was so good at making up stories to justify why things happened the way they did" (259). He has depended on his mother to cash her pension check to pay for enrollment in law school by correspondence or c.o.d, mail-ordered items like the imitation leather jacket he still wears. He likes to look at and imagine fondling plump women such as the Mexican "postmaster" (257) and Mrs. Sekakaku. There appears to be a gap between the point of view shared by the protagonist's fellow Pueblos and the point of view of the character who begins the story seated, recalling and linking by free association events from his past experience. He perceives that others, including his siblings and cousins, tell stories that cast him in a less than favorable light. He, however, perceives their perceptions to be misperceptions and is waiting for someone, like Mrs. Sekakaku, to understand: Mrs. Sekakaku finally realized the kind of man he was. All along that had been the trouble at Laguna, nobody understood just what kind of man he was. They thought he was sort of good for nothing, he knew that, but for a long time he kept telling himself to keep on trying and trying. But it seemed like people would never forget the time the whole village was called out to clean up for feast day and he sent his mother to tell them he was sick with liver trouble. He was still hurt because they didn't understand that with liver trouble you can walk around and sometimes even ride the bus to Albuquerque. (258) It is not difficult to read a suggestion of irony arising from the gap between the protagonist's perception of things and the perception of the other characters and the narrator. Such an irony is usually associated with the classic "style indirect libre" as exemplified in novels such as Madame Bovary. In this' narrative style the author "alternates the supposed objective account of the third person narrator's voice with the subjective experience of a character moving through the world. …

Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios are used widely to describe wildlife animal diet composition and trophic interactions. To reconstruct consumer diet, the isotopic differences between consumers and their diet items—called the trophic discrimination factor (TDF)—must be known. Proxies of diet composition are sensitive to the accuracy of TDFs. However, specific TDFs are still missing for many species and tissues because only a few controlled studies have been carried out on captive animals. The aim of this study was to estimate TDFs for hair and blood for carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes for caribou, moose, white-tailed deer, eastern coyote, and black bear. We obtained stable isotope ratios for diet items, hair, and blood samples, of 21 captive adult mammals. Diet–tissue discrimination factors for carbon in hair (∆ 13CLE) ranged from 0.96‰ to 3.72‰ for cervids, 3.01‰ to 3.76‰ for coyote, and 5.15‰ to 6.35‰ for black bear, while nitrogen discrimination factors (∆ 15N) ranged from 2.58‰ to 5.95‰ for cervids, 2.90‰ to 3.13‰ for coyote, and 4.48‰ to 5.44‰ for black bear. The ∆ 13CLE values in coyote blood components ranged from 2.20‰ to 2.69‰ while ∆ 15N ranged from 3.30‰ to 4.41‰. In caribou serum, ∆ 13CLE reached 3.34 ± 1.28‰ while ∆ 15N reached 5.02 ± 0.07‰. The TDFs calculated in this study will allow the evaluation of diet composition and trophic relationships between these five mammal species and will have important implications for the study of endangered caribou populations for which the use of noninvasive tissue sampling is highly relevant.

Tissues of coyotes and magpies administered known dosages of 1080 were analyzed for residues by an analytical method specifying gas chromatography and electron capture detection. The repeatability of the method was determined for the replicate analyses of coyote muscle tissue samples aged under different storage conditions. The average coefficient of variation (CV) was 6% for quadruplicate determinations of 1080 in fresh tissues, 12–14% for samples stored at – 10°C for 30–60 days, and 24 % for samples aged for 7 days at ambient temperatures. The larger CV value obtained for stored samples is attributed more to greater sample variability than to less precision of the analytical method. Residues of 1080 appear to be relatively stable in tissues; there was essentially no change in the concentration of 1080 in samples stored up to 28 days at ambient temperature. Residue levels in the muscle, heart, kidney, and intestine were comparable, slightly lower in the liver, and much higher in the stomach. The concentration of 1080 in the muscle tissue was related to the administered dosages. Correlation analyses of dosages and residue levels in coyote muscle tissue showed a correlation coefficient of 0.99 for 1080 administered by gavage, and 0.88 for 1080 administered by bait. A correlation coefficient of 0.99 was observed between dosages and mean residues in the breast muscle tissues of magpies. The average CV value was 3.5% for duplicate analyses of 1 g samples of magpie tissues.

Water loss rates (W1) were determined by tritium dilution for free-ranging kit foxes ( Vulpes macrotis ), for unrestrained desert coyotes ( Canis latrans ), and for kit foxes in a naturally landscaped outdoor enclosure. Coyote W1 was much greater in summer than in winter ( P < 0.001). Seasonal variation of W1 was not statistically apparent in kit foxes. The weight-specific water loss of kit foxes was intermediate between summer and winter rates in coyotes. Kit fox W1 was 65% of that predicted on the basis of body weight, whereas W1 for summer coyotes was 155% of predicted. Metabolic water was estimated to contribute 18% of total daily water requirements for kit foxes and approximately 10% for coyotes in summer. For both coyotes and kit foxes, the acquisition of preformed water was calculated to require substantially more prey than was required to meet energy demands.

The geographic distribution and areas of high sylvatic plague activity in California were verified by using coyotes (Canis latrans) as sentinel animals. Antibody levels against Yersinia pestis were tested using the enzyme-labelled antibody (ELA) test and the microtiter passive hemagglutination and hemagglutination inhibition. A survey using the ELA test indicated that the overall antibody prevalence among 143 coyotes was 21%. By geographic regions, the highest antibody prevalence was 27% among coyotes from mountain areas on the northern and eastern borders of the state. This was followed by 19% in the central coastal area and 12% in the central valley. Areas with a high prevalence of seropositive coyotes or high antibody levels in individual coyotes matched the four areas of human plague exposures reported in 1977 and 1978. These areas included the central Sierra mountains adjacent to Lake Tahoe, southeastern Kern County, the central coastal area and Scott Valley near the Oregon border. The ELA test appears to be a promising tool for future epidemiologic studies of plague.

Of 150 fecal samples from coyotes from northern Utah and southern Idaho, 21 contained coccidian sporocysts. These were found singly, contained four sporozoites and a granular residuum, and averaged 16.9 x 10.9 mum in size. None of four lambs inoculated with these sporocysts showed clinical signs of disease, and no parasites were found in their tissues. One calf inoculated with 135,000 sporocysts and another inoculated with 720,000 sporocysts eventually became unable to rise from recumbency. One was killed after 43 days; the other died at 50 days. Both calves had a mild mononuclear cell infiltration into the connective tissue adjacent to vessels in the heart, other striated muscles, kidney, and liver, and a moderate lymphoid hyperplasia in the spleen and lymph nodes. Schizonts were observed in a lymph node, and young sarcocysts were observed in skeletal and cardiac muscles. Four coyotes fed bovine heart infected with Sarcocystis passed sporulated sporocysts in their feces that were indistinguishable from those in the fecal samples from Utah and Idaho.

Five clones of the willow, Salix exigua Nuttall, along the Weber River, Utah, produced shorter shoots with increasing ramet age. The number of ovipositions by the shootgalling sawfly, Euura exiguae Smith, correlated positively with shoot length, so that sawfly density was high on younger ramets of a clone and low on older ramets. The sawfly attacked the most vigorous parts of the clones. Survival of progeny in galls decreased with ramet age from 60% survival on 1-yr-old ramets to 26% survival on 6-yr-old ramets when plant-induced mortality was considered alone. The effects of parasitoids on the pattern of sawfly attack was not significant. Survival of progeny in young ramets (2 and 3 yr old) was higher in the egg to very early first-instar stage (50%) than in older ramets (37%) (5 and 6 yr old), but differences were slight after that stage. The major determinants of Euura population distribution on willow clones were the female selective oviposition behavior on longer shoots on younger ramets, which probably evolved in response to higher survival of progeny in the younger ramets. When the relative effects of attack and survival were evaluated in response to ramet age, age accounted for 89% of the variance in attack and 95% of the variance in survival. The contrast between this species and others that attack vigorous plants and plant parts and those that attack stressed plants is emphasized, and an explanation is proposed for the difference between epidemic pest insect herbivores and those that remain as endemic species.

The morphological and behavioral development of three litters (1 male; two females; two males and two females) of coyotes reared in confinement is presented. The data include: patterns of behavior and associated morphological changes in ingestive, eliminative, contactual, and care-seeking processes; interactions among sibs and between adults and neonates; and the development of agonistic behavior in coyote pups.

In this study, we carried out an inventory of butterfly diversity and an analysis of alpha and beta diversity considering the effects of phenology and degree of disturbance in tropical dry forest. The study included three localities: Cañadas de Ajuchitlán and El Limón, situated within the Sierra de Huautla Biosphere Reserve (REBIOSH) natural protected area, and San Miguel de los Elotes, which is outside of the REBIOSH. We systematically sampled each of the localities using two collection methods once per month for a full year (April 2013 to March 2014). A total of 4,017 specimens belonging to 119 species and 83 genera were collected. We recorded for the first time the presence of Perichares aurina Evans (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae), in Mexico, 14 additional Hesperiidae species were new records for Morelos, Mexico, and 16% of the species recorded in this study are endemic to Mexico. Species richness was highest in August for the two localities (Cañadas de Ajuchitlán and El Limón), located within the REBIOSH. Species richness was highest in November for San Miguel de los Elotes, which is outside of the REBIOSH. In terms of the alpha diversity values (0D, observed diversity), Cañadas de Ajuchitlán had the highest species richness. In the analysis of similarity (Beta diversity), the two localities within the REBIOSH had the highest species similarity, despite being the most geographically distant.

Fluoroacetate residues in various tissues of 1080-poisoned ground squirrels and coyotes are listed. The tissues (excluding the stomach) of squirrels poisoned with an average of 0.8 mg 1080/kg (low dose) contained from 182 to 1309 ppb fluoroacetate. In squirrels poisoned with an average of 4.8 mg 1080/kg (high dose), the tissue residues ranged from 535 to 9754 ppb fluoroacetate. Tissues from coyotes which died after consuming 1080-poisoned ground squirrels were also analyzed for fluoroacetate residues. Residues in these coyote kidneys and livers ranged from less than 10 ppb to 95 ppb fluoroacetate. The residue findings in this research indicate that a diagnostic assay for 1080 in tissues must be reliable at 10 ppb (or less) fluoroacetate