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When Russia in 2012 joined the World Trade Organization (WTO), it also moved its bilateral power-oriented trade relationship with the European Union (EU) into a more rule of law-based framework. This paper addresses the WTO dispute settlement system's role in settling disputes relevant to the Russia-EU trade relationship. The rule of law-based framework can prove essential for businesses engaged in EU-Russia trade as it strengthens legal certainty. The paper addresses two dimensions where the WTO dispute settlement system has strengthened legal certainty: (1) by clarifying the legal value of the dispute settlement reports; and (2) by handling and clarifying the interface between trade law and environmental law, where the latter may have an impact on climate change law.

Many companies and their leadership teams are intimidated by the digital world and the dark, mysterious risks from cyber threats. Many Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) do not understand the implications of increasing digital transformation and their increasing exposure to cybercrime-but they must. So, from both an academic and practical perspective, the authors of this paper have interviewed several Chief Security Officers (CSOs) and analyzed their remarks from a leadership perspective-it is only human to not understand the digital world, and to see the security function as a technical niche, but business leaders have an enormous and scary gap to bridge, and mounting pressures to do so. Arguably, the skills/abilities required for engaging in responsible leadership include the appreciation of risk-even risks such as digital issues and cyber security challenges which the typical business leader barely understands. Some companies are more responsive to global problems such as cybercrime than others-and much of this response depends on how seriously they take their digital transformation and if they listen to their cyber security experts.

The purpose of this paper is to assess the seasonal inflation uncertainties for a big open economy, the US, for the period from January 1947 to April 2008. The paper uses EGARCH model which includes volatility in the conditional mean equation capturing the short-term and long-term volatility forecasts and leverage effects. The results indicate that seasonal inflation uncertainty increases in January, April and September and decreases in May, June, July and August.

This paper focuses on the importance of intangible assets in the entire value creation process. Based on the Portuguese airlines companies, the paper presents a theoretical framework approach about intangible assets identification and valuation for the air transportation sector as a whole. It is now irrefutable that a new perspective has replaced traditional value chains, based on the linear activities alignment: the innovation cycle (recognizing specific intangibles as value key drivers on wealth creation process) dynamically interlinked with the operational cycle. The authors also underline the first step approach for a deep research concerning intangibles, and their identification and valuation. Davenport and Prusak (1998, p. 5) wrote that "knowledge is a fluid mix of framed experience, values, contextual information, and expert insight that provides a framework for evaluating and incorporating new experience and information". Since then, several approaches have been followed in order to identify the knowledge scheme inside the organizations. Some have argued that this dynamic scheme is based on intangibles that increase the company's value, and therefore, the stakeholders expect returns. Broadly, intangible assets appear as an important issue in the accounting rules frontier - a tension between those responsible for accounting standards establishment and those who use the information, are indeed evident. Intangibles have a value but due to their volatile nature and difficulties in their measurement, they are normally excluded from the financial statements. However, according to their linkage and contribution to certain businesses, the importance for stakeholders is irrefutable. Traditional financial reports, based on traditional accounting rules that exclude the potential return, seem to be irrelevant for decision-making. Thus, intangibles identification and measurement approaches can contribute to a better decision-making.