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An apparatus is described which permits of efficient and simultaneous extraction of a large number of paper strips, as in use in paper electrophoresis. The fully automatic procedure reduces the amount of work required to a minimum.

Some stilbene derivatives have been identified by using paper chromatography in five different solvents systems, paper electrophoresis in two different electrolytes, and gas chromatography to detect cleavage products.

Cellulase and pentosanase were largely separated from polygalacturonase in the crude preparation, Enzyme 19-D by paper chromatography. A partial separation of pentosanase from other enzymes of the mixture was effected by paper electrophoresis. All of the enzymes studied except cellulase were inactivated by heating at 74–75 °C.; almost 50% of the cellulase activity was retained. Polygalacturonase and pectinesterase were inactive above pH 7.0. Most of the enzymes studied appeared to have two or more components.

The penetration of liquid into a piece of filter paper hung vertically above a liquid is studied theoretically and experimentally. The height of the ascent of the liquid is proportional to the square root of the time at the initial stage of the penetration, but the proportionality does not hold in a wide range of time. The equation which describes this relationship between the height and time has been derived. The values of the parameters in the equation have been determined for acetone, benzene, water, carbon tetrachloride and ethanol. It is concluded that the capillary gap in the filter paper is about 6 μ in the half distance and the length of the gap is about 3 times larger than the length of the filter paper, if the gap is assumed to be two dimensional.

This is to illustrate our experience of developing mangrove for the use of coated paper and woodfree printing paper. Mangrove species harvested in South-east Asia are generally lager in wood density and have very thick fibrous membranes which deteriorate papermaking suitability, although they cause no problem in cooking and bleaching with sulphate pulping process. When paper is made from hardwood pulp only, which is the case with KANZAKI, papermaking suitability of mangrove pulp has to be more improved. We achieved this purpose through beating by the use of refier of stone bar.

The paper chromatography of phenols (expecially phenolic acids), aglycones, glycosides and certain sugars is carried out with two new solvents. The authors have also examined these substances with the aid of paper electrophoresis and a borate buffer. A detection reagent for o -diphenols on paper is described.

Minimization of samples for infrared spectral measurement was attempted by the use of a Japanese folkcraft, hand-made paper, impregnated with liquid paraffin. By this method, it is possible to measure 0.1 mg. of a sample. This hand-made paper was also used for paper chromatography and the developed paper was submitted directly to infrared spectral measurement. Component of Penicillium islandicun and inorganic sulfate ion were determined by spectral measurement of their chromatogram.

Aliphatic monoamines, diamines, or polyamines have been separated by paper electrophoresis. The separation of a mixture of the bacterial growth factors putrescine, 1,3-propanediamine, spermidine, and spermine has been achieved by this same technique, while spermidine and spermine have also been separated and may be identified in tissue hydrolyzates by paper chromatographic and bioautographic procedures which are described.

An aqueous solution of sodium molybdate has been used as a specific reagent for the detection of phenolic compounds with o-dihydroxy groupings. The paper electrophoretic behaviour of phenolic compounds has been studied using a series of different buffers with pH values ranging from 5.2 to 10.0. o-Dihydroxy compounds can readily be detected by the use of ammonium molybdate buffer, and other structural features can be revealed by the choice of suitable electrolyte solutions. Paper partition chromatography of phenolic compounds using molybdate-treated paper in described.

The paper chromatography of vat and sulphur dyes, using reducing solvents at 80°, has been carried out, the dyes being separated as their leuco compounds. In both cases ascending paper chromatography was applied. The relation between dye constitution and chromatographic behaviour has been examined.

Under conditions in which insulin molecule has a maximal positive charge, comparison of paper chromatographic and paper electrophoretic behaviors was performed between fish and beef insulins. In 33 per cent acetic acid fish insulin migrates faster than beef insulin, whereas it shows lower Rf when is chromatographed using acetic acid-butanol-water (1:3:4) solvent.

A new solvent system was given for the chromatography of food preservatives; benzoic acid, salicylic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid and it's esters, p-chlorobenzoic acid, sorbic acid, resorcinol and β-naphtol with the ascending method on Toyo Roshi No. 50 paper at 20-25°. Cyclohexanol-ammonium carbonate buffer gave results in 30 hours. Spots were detected by absorption when the paper was examined in ultraviolet light and with color reagcnts of the methyl red or diazo spray reagent. Rf values for this solvent were listed for these substances. Each substance was separated except in the case of mixture of benzoic acid and sorbic acid. However in this case, these two substances were identified by measuring spectrophotometrically the alcohol solution extracted from the part containing the substances on paper chromatogram.Horizontal paper electrophoresis on Toyo Roshi No. 51 paper for 1.5-2 hours at 20V per cm with buffer consisted of dimethylformamide, pyridine, acetic acid and water (pH 5.6) or of butanol, ammonia, acetic acid and water (pH 5.0) was useful. MNC (the ratio of the migration of the substances of New Coccine) and colors given with the methyl red, FeCl3 and diazo spray reagents were tabulated adding dehydroacetic acid to above substances. Data was also given for citric acid and tartaric acid.Sake (Japanese wine), soy etc., was acidified with HCl, extracted with ether, purified as ammonium-salts and submitted to paper chromatography and paper electrophoresis with similar technique.

PAPER as used in the spiral laminated impregnated insulation of high-voltage power cables is available over wide ranges of density and thickness. There result important variations in the ordinary physical properties of the paper such as flexibility, tearing, tensile, and bending strength. Variations in the electrical properties of conductivity, dielectric constant, and breakdown strength also result. The peculiarly severe conditions imposed by the manufacture, transportation, installation, and operation of high-voltage cables have emphasized the importance that full attention be paid to all physical properties of the insulation, especially those relating to permanence of mechanical structure and of high insulating properties. Manufacturers of cables often utilize the several types of variation referred to in designing cable insulation to meet the particular requirements of cables for different types of service.

A number of simple chromatographic applications are described in which sheet paraffin or other plastic film is used as an adhesive vapor barrier: 1. A funnel attached to a paraffin-enclosed narrow paper wick for spotting large volumes of sample solution as small spots of controlled size. 2. A funnel for the elution of a spot and its reapplication to another paper in a single operation. 3. A method for elution or chromatography which requires no jars or other rigid saturation chambers.

After having given the causes and aspects of pitch trouble in various spots at Takasago mill of the Mitsubishi Seishi Co. the writer remarks that the extent of trouble may depend upon the kinds of pulp and paper made from, and suggests such curable methods as seen below : 1.Adding 24% of bleaching powder in beater and after treating for 2 hours, to make paper without washing.2.To blend both clay and size in beater after light beating.On judging from the results of his testing, he says that the chief cause of pitch troubles will lie rather in quality, but not in quantity, and it is judged by the degree of stickiness of pitches in pulp, for which test its tackiness ought to be measured.He suggests the following temporary methods as being effective for mill practices : 1.For the separation or isolated pitches washing out; dispersing and washing ;saponification ; salting out in beater ; Having on dandy roll sticked, etc.2.Hardening of soft pitches.3.Setting pitches on fiber.4.Co-operation with pulp makers.

Paper chromatography of phenols on polyamide impregnated paper was devised. Fourteen phenols in seven different solvents were studied. The Rf values were tabulated. The relation between the structure of phenols and Rf values was discussed. This method was applied for the identification of phenolic constituents of Chamaecyparis formosensis Matum, in wich p-cresol, o-cresol and carvacrol were identified.

Nippon Synthetic Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. has developed a new form of binder, identified as a Gohsenol p-200, specifically designed for vinylon fibers.The effects of PVA powder as a bonding agent of vinylon paper have been mentioned in practice. The manufacture of vinylon paper on a pilot fourdrinier paper machine by using PVA powder as a bonding agent by the beater addition were studied.Physico-chemical properties of vinylon paper by using PVA powder is better than that of PVA fiber.PVA powder is convenient to handle and paper-making readily in the mill. For the most efficient results, care should be taken to select the preferred PVA powder for the specific need.

For the quantitative analysis of fatty acid composition of fatty oils, the application of paper-chromatography using hydrogenation on papers was examined, in addition to the usual reversed phase paperchromatography consisted of hydrocarbon as the stationary phase and acetonitril acetic acid as the mobil solvent. Complete hydrogenation on papers was achieved after 2 hr at 30, using palladium black as catalyst. By applying this analytical method, the composition of fatty acids of wheat germ oil and of skipper oil was determined as follows. Wheat germ oil : C16F0 : 12.3%, C18F0 : 3.7%, C18F1 : 20.6%, C18F2 : 45.6%, C18F3 : 12.3%, C20F0 : 5.4%. Skipper oil : C14F0 : 8.6%, C16F0 : 14.6%, C16F1 : 3.8%, C18F0 : 1.6%, C18F1 : 8.7%, C18F2, : 6.8%. C18F3 : 1.2%, C20F1 : 15.7%, C20F4, 5 : 7.1%, C22F1 : 17.2% C22F5, 6 : 14.7%

The process of preparation of urea melamine formaldehyde copolycondensates according to Wohnsiedler and others is improper when 70 mol% or more of urea are to be used, the resin colloidal solution coagulates in the case of such high ureacontent to soft white jellies or white insolubles precipitates in a short time. However, we have found that the maximum of urea can be raised to obout 8554, when the resin is produced under more suitable conditions. The resin solution is aged at 50, 4 by weight concentration, and at 70deg;C for 3 hours, using 1 mol of melamine, 5 mols of urea, 13 mols of formaldehyde and 0.7 mol of HC1. In order to preserve the solution for a long time, it must be diluted two times. This resin, when applied in the beater, is capable of imparting the wet strength to paper almost equal to melamine resin. The pH of paper stock is controlled by HC1 or Al2 (SO4) 3. As they do not show an appreciable difference in producing wet strength, the latter is more suitable than the former in mill application. The effect of the resin is more remarkable in the case of unbleached pulp than in the bleached one.The industrial production of the wet strength paper by this resin has been put in practice, and the satisfactory results have generally been obtained.

An important factor in the design of power cables is the type of screen used over conductor and insulation. Some designers have used aluminum metallized paper tape for many years, but others have preferred carbon black (CB) paper tapes. It was discovered a few years ago, however, that CB paper screens increased the power loss in the cable dielectric at high voltages and temperatures. From hundreds of tests on model and experimental cables this increase in dielectric loss in the cable is shown to result from an internal or mass effect and a surface effect. A small part of the loss increment occurs within the body or mass of the CB paper itself, but a much larger part represents a surface effect believed to be caused by emission of electrons from the paper. These effects are larger at the outer electrode of the model cables than at the conductor. The loss increment is influenced to only a small extent by changes in the amount and treatment of gas channel CB used in the CB paper. However, a reduction in power loss can be obtained by the use of a special CB paper in which a single sheet of paper is formed with CB on one side and insulating paper on the other.