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The paper deals with the story of the engines intended for the smaller Fiat cars, starting with the ‘500’ model produced in 1936: all engines with displacements in the neighbourhood of 500 cm3. With small cars, especially of the utility class, the adaptability of the piston engine to a variety of design and space requirements is used to best advantage. The size, weight and displacement must blend with the design of the car as a whole; in turn, the design must feature the highest degree of simplicity compatible with the qualities required. It is, therefore, important for the engine of utility cars to be designed as a function of the general architecture of the vehicle. At Fiat, after a period in which economical cars of conventional design were produced, work was started along this line with the ‘500’ (Topolino) model in 1933–1934. The paper illustrates the design of this model and describes the reasons behind some of its engineering details, as well as the subsequent developments which led to the final solution. Also outlined are the more important designs of experimental engines studied as substitutes for the ‘500’ model: a transversal four-cylinder engine, with overhead camshaft, built in 1945, for a front-wheel drive prototype; an air-cooled, two-cylinder in-line engine, mounted transversally, for a rear-wheel drive prototype; an opposed two-cylinder engine, with longitudinal axis, in replacement of the previous unit; a two-cylinder in-line engine with longitudinal axis, finally chosen for the ‘New 500’ model introduced in May 1957. Also described are the further developments of the latter engine for the version with horizontally arranged cylinders suitable for underfloor application. The paper highlights the more interesting aspects regarding both the design and the experiments made and explains the principal reasons leading to the choice of given solutions and to the modifications which followed.

S OF PAPERS PRESENTED AT THE TWENTY-FOURTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE SOCIETY OF ARCHITECTURAL HISTORIANS Chicago, Illinois, January 28-31, 1971

S OF PAPERS PRESENTED AT THE TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL MEETING OF THE SOCIETY OF ARCHITECTURAL HISTORIANS Boston, Massachusetts, January 30-February 2, 1969 LATROBE AND HIS FOLLOWERS Chairman: Paul F. Norton, University of Massachusetts LATROBE'S PROFESSIONALISM J. Meredith Neil, University of Hawaii It is generally agreed that Benjamin Henry Latrobe was one of the first professional architects to practice in the United States. Other than to note his persistent efforts to gain recognition for architects as professionals rather than "mechanics," however, scholars have failed to explore the meaning or the significance of Latrobe's notions about the profession. The result, as may be seen in Hamlin's renowned biography, has been a failure to understand Latrobe as truly a man of his time and place. Latrobe's letters and journals reveal three basic contexts within which he felt called upon either to discuss his concept of the professional architect, or to elaborate matters that clearly expose his feelings on the subject. First, and probably most important, would be his letters to clients, associates, and students which concern questions of professional fees and prerogatives connected with designing and building particular structures. A variety of letters may be cited here. Secondly, Latrobe's insistent distinction between the professional and the gentleman amateur points up certain crucial aspects of his theory of the profession. A comparison ofJefferson's, Thornton's, and Latrobe's ideas about the design of the University of Virginia may serve to exemplify this second context. Finally, Latrobe's opinions on city planning, especially as related to New Castle, Delaware, and Nescopeck, Pennsylvania, round out our understanding of what being a professional meant to Latrobe. We must conclude that Latrobe's professionalism, like Jefferson's theory of democracy, and Charles Willson Peale's ideal of a patriotic scientific museum, is distinctly early nineteenth-century American in flavor. Latrobe's not-quite-moder view of the architect surprisingly corresponds to the Jeffersonian democracy that still smacks of colonial deference, and with Peale's theory of public institutions insufficiently emancipated from a shallow rationalism and optimism. Latrobe wished the professional American architect to be paid at least as well as the commission merchant, in due recognition of his long training, rare talents, and high overhead costs. At the same time, Latrobe expected the architect to act like, and to have the status of an eighteenth-century gentleman rather than a "mere carpenter." The former emphasis on expertise and economic realism proved to be at least occasionally incompatible with the later notions of gentlemanly humanism and noblesse oblige. Thus, Latrobe proudly contributed his services to all churches, including the Baltimore Cathedral, which accorded well with a gentlemanly graciousness, but could scarcely be thought of as a way to maintain a modern practice. Similarly, Labrobe's frequent reliance on European precedent while conceding that American conditions were laudably different, just as surely as Jefferson's and Peale's ambivalent attitudes towards Europe, represented a stage in American thought distinctive of the first generation of national independ

The history of the wasps of temperate America has not been recorded. It appears that entomologists have no great desire to study those interesting insects; and although several species occur in Canada, we know little or nothing of their natural history. One species, the spotted wood wasp (Vespa maculata, Linn.), occurs commonly, as near as I can determine, about every third year, in our northern woods. Havinq partially studied its habits, and collected a series of the nests in all their stages, it is particularly in regard to the latter that I claim attention. But before I proceed to relate what I have ascertained regarding their architecture, it will suffice to state that each large nest which we notice suspended from trees towards the end of summer consisted of a colony of males, females and workers or imperfect females, as they are termed.

The beautiful drawings by Mr. Smirke, junior, of different fragments of ancient ecclesiastical architecture in the south of Europe, are extremely interesting to every one who has studied that subject; and it is most earnestly to be wished, that such of our artists as travel into Germany and Italy, would give some portion of their time to the collection of specimens similar to those exhibited by Mr. Smirke; the accuracy of which is not less to be admired than the elegance of their execution. In reasoning, however, from such specimens, as to the style of architecture in use at different periods, much caution is requisite, lest repairs and additions of a later date should be confounded with the original structure. Of such additions and mixture of style our own cathedrals afford so many instances that it is needless to particularize any.

Caterina Sforza (1462/3-1509) was famous during her lifetime because of her twelve-year regency over her husbands' territories in the Romagna region of Italy after his assassination. Scholars have focused on her political maneuverings and bold sexuality, but Sforza’s patronage and collecting were integral parts of her statecraft and merit further attention. Careful analysis of the surviving artifacts, combined with information culled from archival sources, reveals that Sforza, like her elite peers, was an astute patron and collector despite financial limitations. She updated fortresses and made key improvements to her subject cities, projects that demonstrated her beneficence as ruler. She also refurbished her residence to make it reflect the proper character of a prince and express humanist notions of magnificence and splendor. Always in need of more money, Sforza on occasion sought out workshops that championed cost-effective serial production and called on community support for some of the religious projects she initiated.

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Environmental studies are nowadays coming more and more to the fore and emerging as a highly complex interdisciplinary science. In this paper, however, I shall confine myself to that part of the environment which is created by human activities, dealing particularly with the urban environment. The disciplines which are concerned with this field include architecture, town planning, the sociology of housing and of cities, communal hygiene, various aspects of engineering, and some more modern fields such as ekistics or the science of human settlements (Doxiadis, 1970).

The article describes the main problems facing the authors of the design, and the manner in which they have overcome them. The main feautures of the Station are — reception of mud from decantation plants, and preliminary concentration; — recuperation of alumina sulphate, by acid treatment, and decantation of acidified muds, and — treatment of muds with neutralizing agents and filtration in vacuum. Although It is too early to be certain, It appears the results so far obtained In this plant, perhaps unique in the world, are highly promising and indicate a positive development In the future., El artículo explica los problemas principales que se les han planteado a los autores del proyecto y cómo han tratado de resolverlos: - recepción de lodos procedentes de los decantadores y concentración preliminar; - recuperación del sulfato de alúmina por tratamiento al ácido con decantación de lodos acidificados; - tratamiento de lodos con neutralización y filtración en vacio. Aunque todavía es pronto, parece ser que los resultados obtenidos en esta instalación —tal vez la única del mundo— son muy alentadores y marcan un interesante camino a seguir.

This paper describes the architecture of Computer Modules, or CMs. They are large digital modules of about minicomputer complexity that are specifically designed to take advantage of the rapidly advancing semiconductor technology. These modules are intended to be interconnected into systems that implement a wide range of computational structures. The main features of a CM include a small processor as the primary control element and memory distributed among the CMs in the system rather than centralized into memory modules as in current multiprocessors. CMs are interconnected into a network via buses that each have their own virtual address space to facilitate efficient inter-module memory sharing. This paper includes an ISP description of the address translation mechanisms as well as a discussion of several important implementation issues such as the avoidance of deadlocks in CM networks and the width of the inter-CM buses.

PRAISES for the works of Robert Maillart are in serious danger today of becoming mere hollow incantations to some art cult for which the words have become disassociated from the works. When Siegfried Giedion says in connection with the Salginatobel span (Fig. 1) that Maillart's "shapely bridges spring out of shapeless crags with the serene inevitability of Greek temples,"l the words are striking but the meaning is murky. For example, most of Maillart's bridges are not in such spectacular settings. Then when Giedion speaks of the Schwandbach bridge as "the most daring of his constructions, the least verifiable by calculation and the most opposed to the ruling taste,"2 he implies that somehow daring constructions and verifiable calculations are opposed in Maillart's works, a viewpoint that Maillart's critics apparently spread widely during his lifetime. But Maillart's calculations were verifiable, as the numerous careful researches and tests conducted by Professor Rov clearly show,3 and furthermore, it is just the elegant simplicity of his technical ideas, particularly for the bridges like Schwandbach, that allowed him to see his structures as art forms.4 Therefore, Maillart's most elegant structures are simply engineering structures par excellence and not mysterious art forms immune to calculational analysis. Criticism of the quotations from Giedion is not meant to denigrate that art historian's immense importance in first presenting Maillart to the public. Giedion convincingly establishes Maillart as a central figure in twentieth-century culture. What he did not do (nor did he try) was to establish the technical meaning of Maillart's works. Of the two central types of art historical study, archaeological research on individual monuments or documents and aesthetic recreative synthesis based on a general historical concept, Giedion has worked toward the re-creative synthesis of Maillart's designs, imagining how he worked, and towards what ends; but Giedion's ideas were not based upon research either into the mathematical documents of design or into the physical behavior of the monuments. This present paper seeks to contribute to the archaeological research by examining closely the official design documents for the Salginatobel bridge. We shall try to add to the judgments of Giedion and others by clarifying the technical meaning in one of Maillart's major works in order to permit a more complete Support for the research leading to this article has been provided by grants from the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Ford Foundation. The design documents for the bridge studies were kindly made available by the design office of Bernet and Weyeneth (Bern), formerly the office of Ernst Stettler. Stettler, who was for years Maillart's principal engineer in Bern, most graciously provided a firsthand view of Maillart's practice during the last dozen years of his life. Finally, this research on Maillart would have been impossible without the complete cooperation and generous help of Madame E. Blumer-Maillart and Ing. E. Blumer. Madame Blumer-Maillart has made all of her father's papers available and has further provided valuable insight into the life of Robert Maillart. 1. Siegfried Giedion, Space, Time and Architecture (Cambridge, Mass., 1967), p. 461. 2. Giedion, p. 467. 3. Mirko Ros, Versuche und Erfahrungen an ausgefiihrten EisenbetonBauwerken in der Schweiz, 1924-1937 (Bericht Nr. 99, Beilage zumrn xxvi. Jahresbericht des Vereins schweizerischer Zement-, Kalk-, und Gips-Fabrikanten [Ziirich, 1937]). In this book, published by the Swiss Federal Materials Testing Laboratory, Ro' describes tests on completed reinforced concrete structures in Switzerland: twentytwo arch bridges, ten girder bridges, and seven buildings. Of these, leven arch bridges (including the Salginatobel), one girder bridge, and several mushroom-slab buildings are by Maillart. 4. David P. Billington, "The Deck-Stiffened Arch Bridges of Robert Maillart," Journal of the Structural Division of the American Society of Civil Engineers, 99, ST7 (July 1973), 1527-1539.

There is a trend towards more elaborate architecture of redundancy for ultrareliable systems. When used with discretion, mathematical analyses do provide some useful yardsticks for the system engineer at the conceptual stage of a design. This paper provides a statement of conventional mathematical assumptions and the consequent limitations of the formulae which result from them. More importantly, the paper provides simple formulae for reliability prediction which assist rapid manual appraisals of a large number of possible configurations of majority voters and voter-switches (voter-switches combine voting with standby redundancy). In short order, the decision maker can appraise the potential benefit on system reliability of sophisticated redundancy.

An N-omino is a planar edge-connected set of N square cells. The terms polyomino (N-omino) and animal are equivalent, the first attributable to Golomb (1954) and the latter to Read (1962). This paper presents some results derived from a census of three different populations of N-ominoes for N = 6, 7, and 8. In all, 512 different polyominoes have been analysed in terms of properties of form which are of architectural interest. In this respect the paper extends our knowledge of the so-called ‘animals of architecture’ (Frew et al., 1972). The paper concludes with some reflections on the nature of architectural solution spaces and design processes based on the experience of conducting this census, and the potential role of polyomino studies in architectural education.

Curiosity and impatience for progress has always been the main stimulus to the advancement of science and art. An investigator can proceed by analytical, synthetical or eclectical reasoning. In the present case, the author has chosen the last alternative. Specifications of a general nature for the study of a structure, in its various aspects, has always been a source of interest to research workers. But there is always a possibility of adopting better procedures, and progress in this field is never ceasing. In this paper the author brings together the distributive method of Cross and the classical concepts on creep and plastic phenomena of materials. He adopts preferably a mathematical treatment, but does not delve into the theoretical physical aspects of viscosity and flow. As the object is to obtain an immediate application to practical problems, the paper has been illustrated with various numerical examples, which aid the understanding of the general formulae., La inquietud ha sido siempre el mejor de los estímulos en la ciencia, artes y técnicas, ya que, espontáneamente, afronta las aparentes dificultades que generalmente envuelven y ocultan la verdad. Tanto en el análisis como en la síntesis, el proceso puede ser directo o indirecto, continuo o discreto y hasta ecléctico. El autor se ha inclinado hacia este último en este trabajo. Dar normas definidas con carácter general para el estudio de una estructura en sus distintos aspectos, es tema que ha inquietado a un gran número de especialistas; pero las aportaciones, cada día más numerosas, justifican claramente que la inquietud persiste y que las soluciones, aun aceptándolas, no satisfacen. El camino sigue abierto y la superación de soluciones, ayer reducidas en número, se presenta más inquietante en el futuro, ya que el técnico ha de decidirse por una y son muchas las que se le ofrecen para elegir. En este trabajo el autor amalgama el método distributivo de Cross con los conceptos hasta hoy clásicos en los fenómenos de fluencia y estados plásticos que de ella se derivan, pero dando preferentemente carácter matemático al desarrollo sin entrar en el aspecto físicoteórico de los fenómenos de viscosidad y fluencia. Como la finalidad perseguida es la de una aplicación inmediata del procedimiento de cálculo, el trabajo se ha ilustrado con varios ejemplos numéricos que facultan la comprensión y aplicación de las fórmulas obtenidas.

THE topographical myology of birds is well known, but the homology of their muscles with those of other vertebrates has not been determined in all particulars. For avian myology one still turns to the classical works of Gadow and Fuirbringer. The latter's 'Untersuchungen zur Morphologie und Systematik der V6gel' (1888) is particularly valuable. Shufeldt's 'Myology of the Raven' (1890) is helpful in a topographic sense, but this author ignores innervations and thereby gets into inextricable difficulties. The present contribution is the seventh of a series of papers. After having worked on the architecture of the shoulder in other vertebrate classes, it seems desirable to present that of birds, with interpretations in terms of tetrapods. The Domestic Fowl (Gallm gallus) forms a suitable subject for this purpose. The descriptions are as brief as is consistent, since the exact topographical conditions are of slight moment. Three of the papers of this series are particularly pertinent in the present connection: those on Amphibia (Quart. Rev. Biol., vol. 10, pp. 397-431, 1935), Reptilia (ibid., vol. 11, pp. 183-208, 1936), and therian Mammalia (ibid., 1937, in press).

No. 78 of Informes de la Construcción published a paper by Mr. Reimbert, in which a study was made of the turbulences in the suction currents which are used in wheat storing silos. The present paper, which is a continuation of the previous one, gives practical methods for calculating the strength of silo structures. These methods are based on the idea of introducing a perforated tube into the mass of material stored in the silo. The tube makes it possible to reduce the emptying overpressures. It is possible to find a coefficient to determine the true emptying pressure. This also enables the calculation of the thickness and amount of reinforcement of the silo structure, which is usually cellular and cylindrical in shape. Another aspect discussed in this paper is that dealing with accidents and repairs of the cracks which arise due to overpressures during the process of emptying. The conclusions and recommendations developed in this study are applicable both to reinforced concrete and metal silos.En el número 78 de Informes de la Construcción se publicó un artículo, del autor que figura en primer lugar en este trabajo, en el cual se estudiaba el régimen turbulento que aparece en las corrientes de vaciado de los silos destinados al almacenamiento de cereales. En el presente artículo, continuación del anterior, se proponen los procedimientos prácticos para el cálculo estable y resistente de las estructuras de los silos. La base de estos cálculos, parte del principio de introducir un tubo perforado en el seno de la masa ensilada. Este tubo tiene por objeto reducir las sobrepresiones de vaciado y, por tanto, se puede hallar un coeficiente para determinar la verdadera presión de vaciado y, con ello, el espesor y armaduras del silo corrientemente celular y cilíndrico. Otro de los aspectos tratados son los accidentes y reparaciones de los agrietamientos que se producen en los silos por causa de las sobrepresiones que aparecen en el período de vaciado. Las recomendaciones y conclusiones a que se llega racionalmente pueden hacerse extensibles, tanto a los silos de hormigón armado como a los metálicos.

Part 1 of the paper emphasizes the relationship between modern lighting design and contemporary practice in architecture and decoration, due to the use of new constructionalmethods and materials. Various forms oflighting are described briefly, and instances are given, leading up to the more recent influence that lighting by electricity is bringing to bear on modern architectural form. Part 2 deals with the characteristics of modern electric light sources and of the materials used in modern lighting, particularly diffusing glass of various kinds. The visual factors entering into lighting problems are then discussed, with particular reference toglare and its avoidance. The necessity for adequate contrasts, the proper utilization of shadows, and the importance of colour in lighting, are dealt with in the concludingparagraphs of the paper.

In this paper, an analysis of a review article in an Australian design magazine is undertaken using a selected model of architectural criticism. While the model is found to be restrictive in facilitating exploration of fundamental philosophical issues in interior design, it does reveal the potential of interior design criticism as a ground for further developing and defining interior design’s distinctive qualities and possibilities. The paper shows that a special aspect of the critical ground is its ability to accommodate oppositional concepts and through the tension in their proximity to provide for more constructive debate and exploration.

The subject discussed in this paper is one that will not be found in the text books, either architectural or theological, though it touches on both. Architecture is a human idea, a product of the human mind; it is not a creation of the fancy, not the deliberate design of the draughtsman, not the outcome of a moment's inspiration. Originating in the need of man for shelter it has been the most human of the arts, closely associated with human life and thought, advancing with human civilization, retrograding with man's backward steps. To a very great extent, though perhaps not wholly so, architecture is a correct index of man's mental, social, political and religious state. Certain political conditions will be followed by certain intellectual advancement, or vice versa as the case may be, and architecture will be developed in a proportionate degree. The present discussion is limited entirely to the manifestation of religious ideas in architecture, and especially in Christian architecture.

There is an intersection of landscape and interior within pre-contact Maori building practice. Throughout New Zealand the land bears imprints from such interventions as the terracing of pa1 to form defensible, habitable zones; the recessing of rua-kai2 to form storage vessels within the ground; the indenting of umu3; and the imprinting of the interiors of whare puni4. This paper explores the manner in which this excavational practice destabilises the clear distinctions between the Western spatial disciplines of interior design, landscape architecture, and architecture. The paper speculates that this carving practice may offer opportunities for intercultural, interdisciplinary space making. This exploration moves between cultures, between perceptions of landscape and whenua, between landscape, interior and architectural disciplines. These betweens are theorised as a practice, as a mode of making contemporary space which draws from the history and specificity of this land and indigenous culture. This theorised practice has been embodied in a series of buildings developed over the last seven years. Step House, and Continuum House are discussed in relation to notions of landscape interiors and nature-culture continuums. The built works are sited in-between; between bodies in space, and the body of the land; between architecture, landscape and the interior; between indigenous and Western cultures.

This article describes the development of the paper presented by the author at the 1st National Congress of Quality, held in Madrid last February. He distinguishes between the study of quality in commissioning, in designing, in basic materials and those mixed on the site, in building procedures and in the finished work, and he includes some pictures which illustrate his main ideas. The author seems optimistic about the future, now that the building facilities of the country and above all the ruling bodies, have made themselves fully aware of the problem and the directives to be followed. In future issues of «INFORMES DE LA CONSTRUCCIÓN», there will appear papers by Dr. of Architecture D. Javier Lahuerta Vargas, «The Architect and Quality Control», and Dr. of Industrial Engineering D. Pedro Mendizábal, «The Control of Quality in Concrete »., Se describe el desarrollo de la ponencia presentada por el autor en el I Congreso Nacional de la Calidad, celebrado en Madrid el pasado mes de febrero, desglosando el estudio de la calidad en el encargo, en el proyecto, en los materiales simples, en los elaborados a pie de obra, en los procesos de ejecución y en la obra terminada, incluyendo unos cuadros que recogen las ideas principales expuestas. El autor se muestra optimista con respecto al futuro, ya que los medios constructivos del país y, sobre todo, los Organismos rectores, han tomado conciencia plena del problema y de las directrices a seguir. En números sucesivos de INFORMES DE LA CONSTRUCCIÓN aparecerán la ponencia del Dr. Arquitecto D. Javier Lahuerta Vargas: «El Arquitecto ante el Control de Calidad»; y la del Dr. Ingeniero Industrial D. Pedro Mendizábal: «El Control de la Calidad en el Hormigón».

This paper investigates how Western notions of space, time and terrestrial reality may affect the perception of building form in other cultures, and have constrained our understanding of the indigenous architecture of the South Pacific. Maori concepts of space and time are explored to add a further dimension to understanding the Meeting House, which is widely considered to be the primary building of Maori architecture. This paper argues that Maori architecture may not conform to the Western model of the three dimensional object in space, and could also be understood as existing in time rather than space.

The first article of this series was published in issue N.° 162 of «Informes de la Construcción», under the title «Salto de Miranda». The present article deals with the work of excavating the gallery. Modern practice requires that to do this type of work successfully the auxiliary material should be most carefully studied beforehand. N.° 164 of the this magazine has included a paper entitled «Recent progress in the auxiliary material for underground gallery excavation», summarising the most recent type of machinery now available in the market. Since the Grand Coulee Dam was built by the Bureau of Reclamation, where essentially new techniques were introduced, including minimum times for maximum progress, these new procedures and equipment have been generally adopted throughout the world. To this must be added the urgent and increasing demands for electric power, and the vast amounts of money involved in these hydroelectric projects, which explain the rapid adoption of automatic procedures in this kind of work. In this paper the author explains how, using the means available to him, he sought to coordinate the various constructional tasks, to get as near as possible to the most economic working cycle. Underground ventilation is an acute problem, and involves the safety of those working inside the tunnel. The author explains, in simple terms, how the theory of fluids and air circulation can affect the rational and practical solution of providing adequate air supply for the health and comfort of the underground worker. To attain this end, however, a considerable mechanical and economic investment is necessary.En el número 163 de Informes de la Construcción se publicó el primer trabajo de esta serie, con el título de «Salto de Miranda». En éste se trata de la ejecución de la excavación en galería, para cuyo éxito las técnicas modernas exigen un depurado estudio del mater ial auxiliar. En el número 164 apareció también un artículo titulado «Progresos recientes del material auxiliar en la perforación de galerías», en el cual se resumen las máquinas más modernas que se hallan en el mercado. Desde la perforación del Grand Culé por el Bureau of Reclamation de Colorado (Estados Unidos), en la que se introdujo el jumbo por primera vez y los tiempos mínimos para avances máximos, los procedimientos y maquinaria se han generalizado en todo el mundo. Si a esto añadimos los intereses apremiantes de necesidades de energía, la importancia de las sumas invertidas y la influencia del tiempo, apreciaremos en mayor grado el automatismo de estos trabajos. El autor se esfuerza en detallar y resumir cómo, partiendo de los elementos a su disposición, trató de coordinar las distintas labores para aproximarse a un ciclo ideal rentable. La ventilación en subterráneos constituye un agudo problema de seguridad para cuantos trabajan en el subsuelo. Consciente el autor de esta responsabilidad, trata de exponer, vulgarizándola, la forma en que la teoría de fluidos y corrientes puede afectar a una aplicación racional y práctica de aquélla en la aportación del elemento clave: el aire para la respiración y confort del minero. Para asegurarlo se precisa un esfuerzo mecánico y económico importante.

This paper reflects an interest in how interior and landscape sites are connectedin their capacity to exceed or ‘overcome’ architecture and practice conventions of designing, making and use. In professional architectural practice, these conventions are generally treated as distinct and hierarchical steps. This reflects a view of life that is ordered, controlled and deterministic. Referring to ideas that affirm the unpredictable and evolutionary nature of life, I argue for more experimental, improvised spatial practices. I have drawn from Elizabeth Grosz’s writings about space and time to show how we can use change and spontaneous making in everyday life as designing. This has helped me to question how spaces are produced, and the singular design ‘authority’ of the architect or building designer. I have found that working in interior and landscape sites provides more opportunities for unplanned construction connected to the lives of those who inhabit space: opening up architecture and architectural practice to unpredictable forces repressed in professional practice. This paper, part of my doctoral research, explores the conceptual and practical dimensions of experimental interior projects.

SUMMARY This paper describes the development of an interactive. computer-aided simulation model for the design and analysis of the service systems creating and maintaining the internal environment of a high-rise office building. The model is part of an overall programme of computer-aided architectural design being developed by the Department of Architectural Science at the University of Sydney, Australia. The model is seen as a practical design-analysis tool as well as a powerful research tool enabling a more thorough investigation of building services and. in particular, their interactions with other components of the building situation. The work described is concerned with the high-rise office building situation although the arguments and principles proposed could be extended to other building types. The first part of the paper presents relevant background matcrial to establish a context for the study. Current design methods for building services are reviewed and the application of computers to services...