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Cereopsius erasmus sp. nov. Fig. 1���2. Type material. Holotype, male (Fig. 1): PHILIPPINES ��� Mindanao / Davao del Sur / Davao City / Catigan / VI.2019 / local collector (UMCRC), printed on red card. Paratypes. 1 male: PHILIPPINES ��� Mindanao / Davao del Sur / Davao City / IX.2019 / local collector (UMCRC), printed in red card. 1 male: PHILIPPINES ��� Mindanao / South Cotabato / T���Boli / Lake Holon / X.2019 / local collector (UMCRC), printed in red card. 1 female: PHILIPPINES ��� Mindanao / Davao del Sur / Davao City / Marilog District / VII.2019 / coll. local collector (UMCRC), printed in red card. 1 male: PHILIPPINES ��� Mindanao / Davao del Sur / Mt. Apo / I.2014 / local collector (BSC). 1 male: PHILIPPINES ��� Mindanao / South Cotabato / Magpet / I.2014 / local collector (BSC). 1 male: PHILIPPINES ��� Mindanao / Davao del Sur / Kapatagan / local collector (GCC) 1 female: PHILIPPINES ��� Mindanao / Davao del Sur / Kapatagan / X.2018 / local collector (FVC). Description. Measurements: Male (n=2), LB: 19.6���20.0 mm. WH: 3.1 mm. LG: 3.0 mm. LL: 1.5 mm. WL: 0.9 mm. LP: 3.4 mm. WP: 6.3 mm. LE: 14.0 mm. WEH: 7.8mm. Female (n=2), LB: 22.0���25.0 mm. WH: 3.2���3.7 mm. LG: 3.0 mm. LL: 1.5���2.0 mm. WL: 1.0 mm. LP: 3.4���4.0mm. WP: 6.9 mm. LE: 14.4���16.5 mm. WEH: 8.0��� 8.1 mm. Adult male. Teguments lustrous black, covered with minute recumbent whitish grey pubescence; elytra with two marginal large elliptical spots of white pubescence (one pre-median and another post-median), which do not reach the elytral disc, and a wide sutural band of white pubescence on the apical third; antennomeres 3���5 widely ringed with white pubescence at base. Head with some erect setae on the vertex. Antennae almost twice as long as body (antennomere 5 overpasses the elytral apex); scape thin, conical, abruptly enlarged at apex, covered with dense coarse punctures and semi-erect black setae; antennomeres 2���11 covered with minute greyish pubescence. Prothorax transverse; basal and apical margin lined with whitish pubescence; disc depressed, crossed by two deep furrows, the apical one bowed posteriorly; sides with a prominent lateral spine. Scutellum triangular, widely rounded at apex and covered with minute greyish pubescence. Elytra tapered, finely punctate, with a coarse granulation near the base and a basal ridge relaxing towards the centre; apex transversely truncate and sparsely covered with sub-erect black hairs. Coxae, trochanters and femora densely covered with minute greyish pubescence; tibiae covered with minute greyish pubescence, white and dense medially, and some semi-erect black setae; tarsi covered with dense whitish pubescence and some semi-erect black setae. Propleuron and prosternum covered with minute greyish pubescence; procoxal cavities close posteriorly; mesocoxal cavities close; mesosternum, mesepisternum and metepisternum covered with greyish pubescence at the sides; metasternum glabrous in the middle, with white pubescence weakly denser on the basal part; abdominal sternites with white pubescence denser at the sides; pygidium widely truncate at apex. Male genitalia (Fig. 3A���H): Tegmen about 3.8 mm long; lateral lobes slender, about 1.0 mm long and 0.5 mm wide; base with a slightly recurved ridge bearing fine setae; apex bearing numerous setae, about 0.2���0.5 mm long (Fig. 3G���H). Aedeagus about 3.3 mm long and 0.6 mm wide, strongly recurved (forming an approximately right angle in lateral view) and widely rounded at apex. Tergite VIII (Fig. 3D���F) testaceous, black at apex, about as broad as long (about 1.8 mm); apex truncate and covered with dense black setae, a little longer at the sides; sternite VIII entirely testaceous, widely rounded and setaceous at the lateral margin; spiculum gastrale longer than tergite VIII (about 2.8 mm long). Adult female. Morphologically similar to the male, except for the much larger and taller body size, the antennae one-half longer than body (antennomere 5 reaches the elytral apex) (Fig. 2). Differential diagnosis. Cereopsius erasmus sp. nov. belongs to the group of species with the elytral suture covered with dense pubescence. C. arbiter Pascoe 1885 differs from it in the stouter habitus, the whitish pronotal base and the white spots of pubescence located on the elytral apex and at the apical angles of the pronotum. C. sexmaculatus Aurivillius 1907 differs in the reddish brown teguments, the yellowish pattern and a yellowish spot of pubescence at the apical angles of the pronotum. C. niassensis Lansberge 1883 differs in the dull teguments, the shorter scape, the antennae without whitish pubescence and the thick band of pubescence traversing the elytral third. C. kulzeri Breuning 1936 differs in the dull teguments, the antennae without whitish pubescence and the elytral markings thinly connected along the suture. Etymology. Cereopsisus erasmus sp. nov. is named after ���Erasmus���, acronym of the EuRopean community Action Scheme for the Mobility of University Students. This programme, which supports education, training and international linkages, is instrumental in establishing the Coleoptera Research Center (CRC) of the Philippines. Distribution. Philippines: Mindanao (Davao del Sur; Davao City; Magpet South Cotabato; Lake Holon T���boli South Cotabato)., Published as part of Medina, Milton Norman, Mantilla, Leslae Kay, Cabras, Analyn & Vitali, Francesco, 2021, Catalogue of the genus Cereopsius Pascoe 1857 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae Lamiinae) in the Philippines with description of a new species from Mindanao, pp. 383-391 in Zootaxa 5061 (2) on pages 386-390, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5061.2.11, http://zenodo.org/record/5649449

Cereopsius erasmus sp. nov. Fig. 1–2. Type material. Holotype, male (Fig. 1): PHILIPPINES — Mindanao / Davao del Sur / Davao City / Catigan / VI.2019 / local collector (UMCRC), printed on red card. Paratypes. 1 male: PHILIPPINES — Mindanao / Davao del Sur / Davao City / IX.2019 / local collector (UMCRC), printed in red card. 1 male: PHILIPPINES — Mindanao / South Cotabato / T’Boli / Lake Holon / X.2019 / local collector (UMCRC), printed in red card. 1 female: PHILIPPINES — Mindanao / Davao del Sur / Davao City / Marilog District / VII.2019 / coll. local collector (UMCRC), printed in red card. 1 male: PHILIPPINES — Mindanao / Davao del Sur / Mt. Apo / I.2014 / local collector (BSC). 1 male: PHILIPPINES — Mindanao / South Cotabato / Magpet / I.2014 / local collector (BSC). 1 male: PHILIPPINES — Mindanao / Davao del Sur / Kapatagan / local collector (GCC) 1 female: PHILIPPINES — Mindanao / Davao del Sur / Kapatagan / X.2018 / local collector (FVC). Description. Measurements: Male (n=2), LB: 19.6–20.0 mm. WH: 3.1 mm. LG: 3.0 mm. LL: 1.5 mm. WL: 0.9 mm. LP: 3.4 mm. WP: 6.3 mm. LE: 14.0 mm. WEH: 7.8mm. Female (n=2), LB: 22.0–25.0 mm. WH: 3.2–3.7 mm. LG: 3.0 mm. LL: 1.5–2.0 mm. WL: 1.0 mm. LP: 3.4–4.0mm. WP: 6.9 mm. LE: 14.4–16.5 mm. WEH: 8.0– 8.1 mm. Adult male. Teguments lustrous black, covered with minute recumbent whitish grey pubescence; elytra with two marginal large elliptical spots of white pubescence (one pre-median and another post-median), which do not reach the elytral disc, and a wide sutural band of white pubescence on the apical third; antennomeres 3–5 widely ringed with white pubescence at base. Head with some erect setae on the vertex. Antennae almost twice as long as body (antennomere 5 overpasses the elytral apex); scape thin, conical, abruptly enlarged at apex, covered with dense coarse punctures and semi-erect black setae; antennomeres 2–11 covered with minute greyish pubescence. Prothorax transverse; basal and apical margin lined with whitish pubescence; disc depressed, crossed by two deep furrows, the apical one bowed posteriorly; sides with a prominent lateral spine. Scutellum triangular, widely rounded at apex and covered with minute greyish pubescence. Elytra tapered, finely punctate, with a coarse granulation near the base and a basal ridge relaxing towards the centre; apex transversely truncate and sparsely covered with sub-erect black hairs. Coxae, trochanters and femora densely covered with minute greyish pubescence; tibiae covered with minute greyish pubescence, white and dense medially, and some semi-erect black setae; tarsi covered with dense whitish pubescence and some semi-erect black setae. Propleuron and prosternum covered with minute greyish pubescence; procoxal cavities close posteriorly; mesocoxal cavities close; mesosternum, mesepisternum and metepisternum covered with greyish pubescence at the sides; metasternum glabrous in the middle, with white pubescence weakly denser on the basal part; abdominal sternites with white pubescence denser at the sides; pygidium widely truncate at apex. Male genitalia (Fig. 3A–H): Tegmen about 3.8 mm long; lateral lobes slender, about 1.0 mm long and 0.5 mm wide; base with a slightly recurved ridge bearing fine setae; apex bearing numerous setae, about 0.2–0.5 mm long (Fig. 3G–H). Aedeagus about 3.3 mm long and 0.6 mm wide, strongly recurved (forming an approximately right angle in lateral view) and widely rounded at apex. Tergite VIII (Fig. 3D–F) testaceous, black at apex, about as broad as long (about 1.8 mm); apex truncate and covered with dense black setae, a little longer at the sides; sternite VIII entirely testaceous, widely rounded and setaceous at the lateral margin; spiculum gastrale longer than tergite VIII (about 2.8 mm long). Adult female. Morphologically similar to the male, except for the much larger and taller body size, the antennae one-half longer than body (antennomere 5 reaches the elytral apex) (Fig. 2). Differential diagnosis. Cereopsius erasmus sp. nov. belongs to the group of species with the elytral suture covered with dense pubescence. C. arbiter Pascoe 1885 differs from it in the stouter habitus, the whitish pronotal base and the white spots of pubescence located on the elytral apex and at the apical angles of the pronotum. C. sexmaculatus Aurivillius 1907 differs in the reddish brown teguments, the yellowish pattern and a yellowish spot of pubescence at the apical angles of the pronotum. C. niassensis Lansberge 1883 differs in the dull teguments, the shorter scape, the antennae without whitish pubescence and the thick band of pubescence traversing the elytral third. C. kulzeri Breuning 1936 differs in the dull teguments, the antennae without whitish pubescence and the elytral markings thinly connected along the suture. Etymology. Cereopsisus erasmus sp. nov. is named after “Erasmus”, acronym of the EuRopean community Action Scheme for the Mobility of University Students. This programme, which supports education, training and international linkages, is instrumental in establishing the Coleoptera Research Center (CRC) of the Philippines. Distribution. Philippines: Mindanao (Davao del Sur; Davao City; Magpet South Cotabato; Lake Holon T’boli South Cotabato).

The purpose of the following article is the study both historical and technical features of the classic Spanish Mantilla. We will see the evolution techniques, from those made by hand, both on looms or bobbin lace, coming to the embroidery in mechanical tulle, up to those totally made mechanicaly. It is also reflected in this article, the most important areas os Spain, in the realization of Mantillas, where nowadays, they are still being carried out. We will be able to observe, how and for what the Mantilla is used, in which events, and we will observe artistic pieces, where the Mantilla has a predominant role and the importance of the Mantilla in Spanish society., Целью данной статьи является изучение истории бытования и техник исполнения классической испанской мантильи. В статье прослежена эволюция техник создания мантилий, начиная с тех, которые делались вручную, на ткацких станках и c помощью коклюшек, а также мантилий, выполненных вышивкой по тюлю, и тех, которые полностью создаваются машинным способом. В статье раскрыто, как и для каких целей использоввалась и используется мантилья, для каких событий она предназначена. Проанализированы произведения искусства, в которых представленна мантилья, раскрыто значение мантильи в испанском обществе.

Parascepsis ingenium Grados & Mantilla, sp. nov. (Figs. 33–49) Diagnosis: Similar to P. ignobilis, it is possible to differentiate it by the presence of a whitish postdiscal spot on the forewings and, on the hindwings, the whitish area near the posterior margin is less pronounced. The valvae in P. ingenium are elongated and narrow, dorsal process membranous, the same width as the base of the valvae in almost all its extension, while the valvae in P. ignobilis are wide, somewhat more in the middle part, the beginning of the dorsal process narrower than the base of the valvae, decreasing in thickness towards the distal end. Both species have two patches of cornuti, the difference being that P. ingenium presents a developed patch of cornuti, located at the dorsal and right part of the vesica, while in P. ignobilis the patch of cornuti has the same location but is small. Description. Male (Figs. 33–34). Head. Proboscis dark brown. Labial palpi turned upwards, exceeding the vertex. Palpi grayish brown; the second palpomer twice as long as the first; the third one third of the second; second and third ones with somewhat lighter scales on the frontal part. Frontoclypeus brown; upper part with whitish gray piliform scales. Vertex brown. Occiput whitish gray, with three brown lines: a straight central one and two lateral ones directing towards the antennae. Postgena grayish brown. Eye margin gray. Ocelli light brown. Antennal socket whitish. Antennae brown, with a slight metallic hue. Scape and pedicel grayish brown. Proximal rami small, increasing in length towards the middle part. Middle rami twice the width of the flagellum. Distal rami decreasing in length towards their end. Thorax. Patagia and tegulae grayish with brown edges; tegulae with a brown line from the anterior part towards the base of the wing; tegulae in ventral view, brown in the anterior part. Mesoscutum and mesoscutellum grayish brown, with a brown line along the central part. Metascutellum grayish. Pleura gray. Tymbal organ in the katepisternum with gray scales. First pair of legs. Grayish brown with bluish hue; coxae with an area at the anterior and ectal parts whitish. Femura with the anterior and proximal-ectal part brown. Epiphysis brown. Second and third pairs of legs. Grayish brown with bluish hue; femora with the anterior and proximal-ectal part brown. Forewing. Forewing span (16–18 mm) (n = 50). Dorsal: Brown with a purple hue. A slightly whitish postdiscal spot below the costal margin, including the base of R 5 -R 4, the subproximal part of R 5 -M 1 and the middle part of M 1 -M 2, M 2 -M 3 and M 3 -Cu 1. Ventral: Brown with the veins slightly darker. Frenulum brown and retinaculum grayish brown. Iridescent on the proximal half of the discal cell. CuP-1A + 2A with white scales from its base to just over half its length. Anal cell with an androconial patch creamy white covering the subproximal area to its middle part (Fig. 45). Under the patch, yellow piliform scales. Hindwing. Dorsal: Brown. Costal margin to R S -M 1, includes the discal cell and near the subproximal area of M 1 -M 2 bears whitish scales, slightly iridescent. Costal cell with an area elongated and somewhat ovoid with small light brown spicules (Figs. 46–48). Area comprising the proximal half of Cu 2 -1A+2A a slightly whitish gray. Anal cell a diffuse whitish in the proximal two thirds. Ventral: Except for the area with spicules, the same as the dorsal side. Abdomen. Brown with bluish hue, more intense in the first four segments. First two tergites with modified scales forming a structure that could be an androconial organ of hexagonal shape; margins of the first tergite with whitish scales; internal part of the androconial organ with modified dark brown scales (Fig. 49). Sternites brown. Male Genitalia (Figs. 37–40) (Genitalia # JGA 769 MUSM). Tegumen “H” shaped; anterior part wider than the posterior one, with branches wide; anterior part concave and oblong; posterior part somewhat semicircular; translucent oblong area with the posterior part somewhat sharp; lateral parts of the area translucent, from the base to near the sharp area, with a projection weakly sclerotized. Joining of the tegumen and uncus weakly sclerotized. Saccus elongated, spatulate with rounded apex. Uncus with the two anterior processes elongated, sclerotized, with setae; the branches converge towards the center, forming an elongated structure, wide at its base, with elongated setae, constrained in its central part and expanding towards the distal part: in lateral view, with the distal part somewhat rounded, ending in a sclerotized hook in ventral direction. Valvae elongated, straight, somewhat sclerotized, the base twice as wide as the remaining part; presence of setae on the ventral side, few on the dorsal side; ventral process not developed; dorsal process elongated, membranous with short setae; a somewhat circular evagination in the dorso-distal position, directed towards the internal part, sclerotized, with setae; ventral view, elongated, narrow and curved inward. Juxta slightly subtriangular and sclerotized, posterior part slightly concave, with tiny ornamentations resembling spicules at the postero-lateral areas. Aedeagus elongated. Coecum penis slightly developed. Vesica longer than aedeagus, arising ventrally, with a narrow and elongated tip; presence of two patches of cornuti; one at the ventral left part and the other, in dorsal and right position. Female (Figs. 35–36). Forewing span (16 mm– 18 mm) (n = 37). Similar to the male except for the following: proximal rami almost a third the width of the flagellum axis; middle rami almost half the width of the shaft. Frenulum light brown with two bristles. Forewing (ventral) without androconial patch. Hindwing (dorsal) without the spicule area. Abdomen without androconial organ. Female Genitalia (Figs. 41–42). Genitalia # JGA 772 MUSM). Eighth tergite slightly sclerotized. Anal papillae well developed, with setae all over the surface; in lateral view, longer at the ventral margin. Posterior and anterior apophyses of same size. Ostium and antrum of central position, the latter slightly sclerotized. Antevaginal and postvaginal lamella membranous. Ductus bursae sclerotized and curved. Cervix bursae sclerotized ventrally and membranous dorsally. Corpus bursae slightly sclerotized, striate, somewhat globose and sinusoid; in dorsal view, a sinusoid turn to the left side. No signum is observed. Ductus seminalis emerges at the distal end. Etymology: ingenium is a noun in nominative singular in apposition, which means talent, intelligence. Distribution (Fig. 60): Pasco, Ucayali, Junín, Cusco, Madre de Dios and Puno. Comments: Together with E. ignobilis they are the only two species with the first two tergites modified into an androconial organ. Regarding the females, they are the only ones that present the sclerotized bursa copulatrix. The species can be differentiated by the presence of a whitish postdiscal band on the dorsal side of the first pair of wings. All the records of the species come from the foothills of the mountain forests of the Eastern Slope of the Andes, reaching 1850m. Like E. lantingi, it is most likely that there are unidentified samples of P. ingenium in some collections. Holotype male (Figs. 33–34): PERU, Puno, Lanlacuni, 13°28’18.7’’S, 70°25’07.4’’W, 676 m, 27-28.xii.2009, E. Huamaní. 86 paratypes (49 males and 37 females). PERU, Pasco, 1 male, Comunidad 24 de junio, 10 km NO de Cajonari, 10°03’57’’S, 75°07’02’’W, 359 m, 03-06.xi.2015, L. Figueroa, (Genitalia # JGA 996 MUSM); 1 male, B.P. San Matías, San Carlos, Kametza, 12 km N de Izcosacín, 10°04’28’’S, 75°08’33’’W, 525 m, 27-28.iv.2015, L. Figueroa, (Voucher DNA-Artc # 00830- JGA MUSM); 1 male and 1 female, B.P. San Matías-San Carlos, Osheki, 7.3 km NNO de Izcoacín, 10°07’41’’S, 75°07’15’’W, 540 m, 19-20.iv.2015, L. Figueroa; 1 male, idem except, (Voucher DNA-Artc # 00831- JGA MUSM); 1 female, idem except (Voucher DNA-Artc # 00832- JGA MUSM); 1 female, P.N. Yanachaga Chemillén, Pampa Pescado, Laguna Luna Llena, 10°22’57.4’’S, 75°15’19.8’’W, 458 m, 18.ix.2007, J. Grados & S. Carbonel; 1 female, idem except, 19.ix.2007; 1 male, Qda. Atarraz, 4.5 km O de Bajo Bocaz, 10°38’17’’S, 75°12’34’’W, 1640 m, 06-10.viii.2012, E. Rázuri & P. Sánchez; 1 male, idem except, (Genitalia # JGA 995 MUSM). Ucayali, 1 male, 29.5 km NO de Nuevo Mundo, Campamento Kinteroni CX, Alto Río Sepa, 11°22’38’’S, 73°24’47’’W, 643 m, 20-24.i.2010, J. Grados. Junin, 1 male, 1 Km O de San Miguel de Autiki 10°48’17’’S, 74°49’33’’W, 1393 m, 04.vi.2014, E. Rázuri. Cusco, 1 male, San Martín C, 11°47’S, 72°41’W, 480 m, 03.iv.1997, J. Grados; 1 male and 1 female, Cashiriari, 11°52’S, 72°39’W, 690 m, 02.xii.1997, J. Grados, (LT / MV); 1 male, Cashiriari, 11°52’S, 72°39’W, 690 m, 04-05.xii.1997, J. Grados; 1 female, Las Malvinas, Río Urubamba, 11°52’S, 72°55’W, 480 m, 23.ix.1997, J. Grados, (LT-MV); 2 males and 1 female, Campamento Paratori, 12°03’S, 72°58’ 690 m, 22.x.2002, J. Grados; 1 female, idem except, 24.x.2002; 1 male, idem except, 25.x.2002; 1 male, idem except, 26.x.2002; 1 female, 6 km OSO del Pongo de Mainique, 12°15’02’’S, 72°52’28’’W, 890 m, 30.ix.2010, C. Carranza & C. Cavero; 1 male, idem except, 01.x.2010; 1 female, 2 km SO del Pongo de Mainique, 12°15’24.42’’S, 72°50’27.18’’W, 598 m, 11.xi.09, C. Carranza & C. Rossi; 1 male, La Convención Echarate, CC. Pomareni, 12°15’28.38’’S, 72°50’8.89’’W, 477 m, 07.xi.2009, C. Carranza & C. Rossi, (LT); 1 female, La Convención, Echarate, CC. Pomareni, 12°15’24.42’’S, 72°50’27.18’’W, 598 m, 12.xi.2009, C. Carranza & C. Rossi; 1 female, Campamento Mangoriari, 12°21’S, 73°02’W, 1500 m, 07.xii.2002, J. Grados; 1 male, idem except, 08.xii.2002; 1 female, idem except, 09.xii.2002; 1 female, 3.5 km ONO de Monte Carmelo, Echarate, 12°26’21.0’’S, 72°59’21.1’’W, 1349 m, 23.ii.2011, M. Alvarado & E. Rázuri; 1 female, 4 km NO de Monte Carmelo (Río Urubamba), 12°26’06’’S, 72°59’14’’W, 1327 m, 29.ix.2010, M. Alvarado & J. Peralta; 1 male, Río Alto Madre de Dios, Albergue Pantiacolla, ca. Itahuanía, 12°39’21’’S, 71°13’55’’W, 450 m, 30.ix-03.x.1998, J. Grados; 1 male, La Convención, Echarate, CC. Ochigoteni, 12°39’31.36’’S, 73°08’57.71’’W, 1449 m, 17.x.2009, C. Carranza & C. Rossi (LT); 3 males, idem except, 18.x.2009; 1 male, Campamento Segakiato, 12°43’S, 73°18’W, 1850 m, 02.xi.2002, J. Grados; 1 male, idem except, 08.xi.2002; 1 male, idem except, 02.xi.2002, (Genitalia # JGA 771 MUSM); 2 males and 1 female, Campamento Comerciato, 12°47’S, 73°22’W, 1350 m, 20.xi.2002, J. Grados; 1 female, San Pedro, 13°03’S, 71°33’W, 1400 m, 05.xi.2001, J. Grados. Madre de Dios, 1 female, Río Alto Madre de Dios, ca. Atalaya, 12°53’S, 71°22’W, 587 m, 22.iv.2006, P. Centeno, (Genitalia # JGA 772 MUSM) (MV, LT, 9:00 pm-10:00 pm); 1 male, idem except, 2.v.2006, (MV, LT, 7:00 pm-8:00 pm); 1male, idem except, (MV, LT, 8:00 pm-9:00 pm); 1 female, idem except, 20.vi.2006, (MV, LT, 8:00 pm-9:00 pm); 1 male, idem except, (Genitalia # JGA 884 MUSM) (MV, LT, 11:00 pm-0:00 am); 1 male, idem except, 20.viii.2006, (MV, Light Trap 7:00-8:00 pm); 1 female, idem except, 21.viii.2006, (MV, LT, 2:00 pm-3:00 am); 1 male, idem except, (MV LT -6:00 pm-7:00 pm); 1 male, idem except, 22.viii.2006, (MV, LT, 8:00 pm-9:00 pm); 1 male, idem except, (MV, LT, 9:00 pm-10:00 pm); 1 female, idem except, (MV, LT, 00:00 pm-1:00 am); 1 female, idem except, (MV, LT, 9:00 pm-10:00 pm); 1 female, idem except, 24.viii.2006, (MV, LT, 10:00 pm-11:00 pm); 1 male, idem except, 27.viii.2006, (MV, LT, 7:00 pm-8:00 pm); 1 female, idem except, 20.x.2006, (MV, LT, 7:00 pm-8:00 pm); 1 male, idem except, (MV, LT, 10:00 pm-11:00 pm); 1 female, idem except, 14.ii.2007, (Genitalia # JGA 993 MUSM)(MV, LT, 9:00 pm-10:00 pm); 1 female, idem except, 15.ii.2007, (MV, LT, 9:00 pm-10:00 pm); 1 male, idem except, 18.ii.2007, (MV,LT, 8:00 pm-9:00 pm); 1 male, idem except, (MV, LT, 2:00 pm-3:00 am); 1 female, idem except, (MV, LT, 10:00 pm-11:00 pm); 1 male, idem except, (Genitalia # JGA 883 MUSM) (MV, LT, 11:00 pm-0:00 am); 1 male, idem except, 20.ii.2007, (MV, LT, 10:00 pm-11:00 pm); 1 male, idem except, (MV, LT, 11:00 pm-00:00 am); 1 female, idem except, (MV, LT, 9:00 pm-10:00 pm); 1 female, idem except, (MV, LT, 00:00 pm-1:00 am); 1 female, idem except, (MV, LT, 8:00 pm-9:00 pm); 1 female, idem except, (MV, LT, 11:00 pm-00:00 am); 1 female, idem except, (MV, LT, 7:00 pm-8:00 pm); 1 male, idem except, 21.ii.2007, (MV, LT, 10:00 pm-11:00 pm); 1 male, idem except, (MV, LT, 7:00 pm-8:00 pm); 1 male, idem except, (MV, LT, 8:00 pm-9:00 pm); 1 male, idem except, (MV, LT, 9:00 pm-10:00 pm). Puno, 1 male and 3 females, Lanlacuni, Lanlacuni, 13°28’18.7’’S, 70°25’07.4’’W, 676 m, 27-28.xii.2009, E. Huamaní; 1 male, idem except, (Genitalia # JGA 769 MUSM); 1 male, San Gabán, Lanlacuni, 13°29’23.4’’S, 70°25’20.1’’W, 730 m, 26.x.2010, E. Huamaní; 1 female, Chacaneque, 13°40’00.6”S, 70°28’40.9’’W, 1655 m, 22-23.xii.2009, E. Huamaní., Published as part of Grados, Juan, Mantilla, Karla & Ramírez, Juan José, 2020, The genusParascepsis Dognin, 1923 (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Arctiinae, Ctenuchina) in Peru, with the description of three new species, a new combination and their geographical distributions, pp. 221-242 in Zootaxa 4868 (2) on pages 232-235, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4868.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/4417582

Parascepsis ignobilis Grados & Mantilla, sp. nov. (Figs. 51–58) Diagnosis: Together with P. ingenium these are the two species with the first two tergites forming an androconial organ. It is possible to differentiate them because P. ignobilis does not have the postdiscal spot on the forewings, and the white area near the posterior margin is wider in P. ingenium. In the genital capsule, P. ignobilis presents the following: wide valvae, somewhat more in its medial part; dorsal process membranous, narrowing towards the distal end; the beginning of the dorsal process narrower than the valvae; in P. ingenium valvae elongated and narrow; beginning of the dorsal process the same width as the valvae and the same width throughout its length. In P. ingenium the patch of cornuti on the dorsal and right part of the vesica is developed, while in P. ignobilis it is small. Description. Male (Figs. 51–52). Head. Proboscis dark brown. Labial palpi curved upwards, exceeding the vertex. Palpi grayish brown; the second segment 1.5 times the length of the first; the third one, a third of the second; second and third both with scales somewhat lighter on the frontal part. Frontoclypeus brown; upper part with piliform scales whitish gray. Vertex brown. Occiput whitish gray, with three brown lines: a straight central one and two lateral ones directing towards the antennae. Postgena grayish brown. Eye margin gray. Ocelli light brown. Antennal alveolus whitish. Antennae brown, with a soft metallic hue. Scape and pedicel grayish brown. Proximal rami small increasing in length towards the middle part. Middle rami twice the width of the flagellum. Distal rami decrease in length towards their end. Thorax. Patagia and tegulae grayish. Mesoscutum and mesoscutellum grayish brown, with a brown line along the central part. Mesoscutellum grayish. Pleura gray. Tymbal organ at the katepisternum with gray scales. First pair of legs. Grayish brown with a slight iridescent purple hue; coxae with a whitish area at the anterior and the ectal part. Epiphysis brown. Second and third pairs of legs. Grayish brown. Forewing. Forewing span (15–17 mm) (n = 16). Dorsal: Brown with purple hue, the veins barely noticeable. Ventral: Brown with veins dark. Frenulum brown and retinaculum grayish brown. In CuP-1A+2A white scales from the base to a little more than half the length.At the anal cell, a creamy white androconial patch on the subproximal area. Below the patch, piliform yellow scales. Hindwing. Dorsal: Brown. Costal margin to R S -M 1, includes the discal cell and near the subproximal area of M 1 -M 2 with scales whitish, slightly iridescent. Costal cell with an area elongated and somewhat ovoid with small light brown spicules. An area slightly whitish gray comprising the proximal half of Cu 2 -1A+2A. Anal cell whitish in the two proximal thirds. Ventral: Same as the dorsal side except for the area with spicules. Abdomen. Brown with bluish hue. The dorsal part of the first two tergites modified into an androconial organ of hexagonal shape; part of the first tergite margin with whitish scales; internal part of the androconial organ with modified dark brown scales (Fig. 50). Sternites brown. Male Genitalia (Figs. 53–56) (Genitalia # JGA 719 MUSM). Tegumen “H”-shaped; anterior part wider than the posterior one, with wide branches; anterior part rounded; a translucent subtriangular area present; at the lateral part of the translucent area, from the base to a little more than half its length with a projection weakly sclerotized. Joining of the tegumen and uncus membranous. Saccus elongated, digitiform with rounded apex. Uncus with the anterior margin somewhat rounded in dorsal view, with the two anterior processes elongated, sclerotized, with few setae; the branches converge towards the center, forming an elongated structure, wide at its base with elongated setae, slightly constricted in its central part and expanding towards the distal part: lateral view, wide at its base with numerous setae, somewhat rounded at its distal part, ending in a sclerotized hook in ventral direction. Valvae short, straight, sclerotized, almost as wide as long; presence of few setae at the dorsal and ventral side; ventral process not developed; dorsal process elongated, membranous, with short setae and sharp towards the dorsal part; an evagination in dorso-distal position, directed towards the internal part, somewhat triangular, sclerotized, with setae; ventral view, elongated and narrow, slightly wider at its base, and curved inward. Juxta slightly sclerotized, subquadrangular, three times wider than the base of the valvae, with tiny ornaments resembling spicules. Aedeagus elongated. Coecum penis slightly developed. Vesica slightly longer than aedeagus, in ventral direction the end is narrow and elongated; patch of cornuti present at the ventral left part; patch of small cornuti at the proximal and dorsal part, and large ones at the proximal ventral part. Female: Unknown. Etymology: ignobilis is a neutral adjective in nominative that means “unknown.” Distribution (Fig. 60): In the Amazonian area of the departments of Loreto, Ucayali, Pasco, Cusco and Puno, reaching the lower part of the mountain forests of the Eastern Slope of the Andes (890 m). Holotype male (Figs. 51–52): PERU, Loreto, Coconilla, 02°42’S, 75°06’W, 160 m, 19.vii.2003, J.J.Ramírez, (LT / MV/ 8:30-9:00 pm). Paratypes (15 males). Loreto, 3 males, Trompeteros, 03°12’56.1’’S, 75°38’26.9’’W, 140 m, 21-22.xi.2008, C. Carranza; 1 male, idem except, (Genitalia # JGA 770 MUSM); 1 male, 2.1 km S de Mishana, Río Nanay, 03°53’50’’S, 73°29’32’’W, 103 m, 09.iii.2018, C. Espinoza & C. Ampudia, (Voucher DNA-Artc # 00844- JGA MUSM); 1 male, C.I. Allpahuayo-Mishana, 03°58’01’’S, 73°25’08’’W, 118 m, 04.ii.2011, J. Grados, (Genitalia # JGA 980 MUSM). Ucayali, 1 male, 37 km NE Monte Alegre (Río Tapiche) 06°23’01’’S, 74°04’35’’W, 175 m, 18-19.x.2008, A. Garcia, (Genitalia # JGA 719 MUSM). Pasco, 1 male, P.N. Yanachagua Chemillén, Est. Biol. Paujil, 10°19’25.0’’S, 75°15’48.8’’W, 375 m, 22.v.2008, J. Grados, S. Carbonel & C. Calderón. Cusco, 1 male, Segakiato, Río Camisea, 11°48’S, 72°52’W, 330 m, 29.ix.1997, J. Grados, (LT/ MV); 1 male, 10 km SE de Puerto Huallaga (Río Picha), 11°49’25’’S, 73°03’19’’W, 504 m, 12-16.ix.2015, P. Sánchez; 1 male, 1.3 km SSO de Las Malvinas, 11°51’30’’S, 72°57’00’’W, 418 m, 14.ix.2017, C. Espinoza, (Voucher DNA-Artc # 00712- JGA MUSM); 1 male, 4 km NO de Timpia, 12°03’30’’S, 72°51’ 13’’W, 535 m, 20.ix.2010, C. Espinoza & E. Rázuri; 1 male, 6 km OSO del Pongo de Mainique, 12°15’02’’S, 72°52’28’’W, 890 m, 01.x.2010, C. Carranza & C. Cavero; 1 male, 2 km SO del Pongo de Mainique, 12°15’24.42’’S, 72°50’27.18’’W, 598 m, 11.xi.09, C. Carranza & C. Rossi. Puno, 1 male, P.N. Bahuaja-Sonene, 4.5 km NO Qba. Aguajal, Río Tambopata, 13°23’31.8’’S, 69°29’58.7’’W, 335 m, 16.ix.2011, J. Grados, E. Rázuri & E. Guillermo; 1 male, idem except, (Genitalia # JGA 902 MUSM). Comments: Similar to P. solox in the habitus. However, they are easy to differentiate, because P. ignobilis has the first two tergites modified forming an androconial organ., Published as part of Grados, Juan, Mantilla, Karla & Ramírez, Juan José, 2020, The genusParascepsis Dognin, 1923 (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Arctiinae, Ctenuchina) in Peru, with the description of three new species, a new combination and their geographical distributions, pp. 221-242 in Zootaxa 4868 (2) on pages 237-241, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4868.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/4417582

Species: Microcebus jonahi species nova 5.2 | Holotype B34, adult male, captured on September 06, 2017 by D. S. Tissue samples, hair samples, as well as e‐ voucher photos of the animal are stored at the Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Germany. The animal itself was released after field handling, sampling, and photographing, since its taxonomic distinctiveness was not recognized at the time of capture. Field measurements (all lengths measured in mm): ear length: 17.6, ear width: 13.7, head length: 37.7, head width: 23.0, snout length: 10.0, intraorbital distance: 8.2, interorbital distance: 26.0, lower leg length: 41.7, hindfoot length: 24.5, third toe length: 10.6, body length: 95.6, tail length: 130.0, body mass: 66 g. The population around Ambavala is designated as the source population for physical specimens in support of the holotype. 5.3 | Type locality Forest near the rural village of Ambavala (S 16° 12.307′, E 49° 35.371′), in a community protected forest at about 342 m a.s.l. approx. 20 km west of Mananara Avaratra (Mananara‐ Nord), Province of Analanjirofo, Madagascar. 5.4 | Paratypes (a) BD1, adult female, captured in the community protected forest of Antsiradrano (near Ambavala) on September 04, 2017. Tissue and hair samples as well as photographs and morphometric measurements are stored at the Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Germany. (b) B13, adult male, captured in the community protected forest near Ambavala on September 11, 2017. Tissue and hair samples as well as photographs and morphometric measurements are stored at the Institute of Zoology of the University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover in Germany. It is planned that one physical specimen will be obtained as a further paratype soon and that this specimen will then be deposited in the Museum of the Zoology Department of the University of Antananarivo, Madagascar. Although not being a standard procedure, this method is most appropriate for endangered primates that should not be prematurely sacrificed if the taxonomic assignment is not yet clear. The same procedure was used for the scientific description of M. gerpi (Radespiel et al., 2012) for which a paratype individual had been collected during a subsequent field mission and was then deposited at the University of Antananarivo. 5.5 | Description Microcebus jonahi is a large‐ bodied, reddish‐ brown, and small‐ eared mouse lemur (Figure 7). This species has short and dense fur. The head is rufous colored with a darker brownish area around the eyes, which can slightly vary among individuals. A distinct white stripe lies between the eyes ending at the forehead (Figure 7c). The ears are of the same rufous color as the head. The cheeks are lighter brownish and less rufous than the head becoming even lighter and almost white toward the throat. The ventrum is white with slightly yellowish nuances (Figure 7d), which can vary in appearance among individuals. The dorsum is rather uniformly brown than reddish (Figure 7e). A darker dorsal stripe can be either present or absent. The ventrum and dorsum are separated by a significant change in coloration with only marginal transition. The coloration of the limbs shows the same pattern with a brownish dorsal and a white to slightly yellowish ventral side. The tail is densely furred and of the same coloration as the dorsum. Hands and feet show only sparse but whitish‐ gray hair. The skin on the palmar and plantar surfaces of hands and feet is brownish pink. Males and females do not show any sexual dimorphism. 5.6 | Habitat information M. jonahi individuals were captured at altitudes between 42 and 356 m a.s.l. Out of the 25 captured individuals, six were caught in neaprimary forest (= low degradation) with a rather continuous canopy and five were captured in highly degraded forests with discontinuous canopy cover and strong regrowth of early successional trees. The majority of individuals (N = 14) were captured in 2 – 4 m high stands of the perennial Madagascar cardamom (Aframomum angustifolium), sometimes intermixed with trees along the forest edges. At Antanambe (Figure 1), a total of 39 individuals were sighted of which 35 were found in forest habitats of different degradation stages. No M. jonahi were sighted in treeless secondary vegetation except for dense Aframomum angustifolium habitats. It currently inhabits one protected area (Mananara‐ Nord NP) and a community managed forest area around the village of Ambavala (Schüssler et al., 2018). 5.7 | Diagnosis M. jonahi can be distinguished from other taxa in northeastern Madagascar by morphometric features and genomic distinctiveness. Compared with its closest relative, M. macarthurii, M. jonahi is longer, has a shorter tail, wider ears, a larger head width and a shorter head length. In addition, M. jonahi can be differentiated from M. macarthurii by its ventral coloration which is rather whitish (Figure 6), but distinctly yellowish orange in M. macarthurii (Radespiel et al., 2008; Radespiel & Raveloson, unpublished data). Moreover, it can be easily distinguished from the sympatric, small‐ bodied M. lehilahytsara (at Ambavala) by its higher body mass, larger body size, and longer tail length. Finally, M. jonahi can be differentiated from its southern geographical neighbor, M. simmonsi, by its shorter ear length and its larger inter‐ and intraorbital distances. M. jonahi could be unambiguously distinguished from the other four taxa in this study across all analyses of nuclear RADseq data (Poelstra et al., 2020). However, it may not be reliably distinguished from M. macarthurii based solely on mitochondrial sequences, likely due to some introgression from M. jonahi into M. macarthurii in the past (Poelstra et al., 2020). 5.8 | Etymology M. jonahi is named in honor of Malagasy primatologist Professor Jonah Ratsimbazafy. He has dedicated his life's work to the conservation of Malagasy lemurs. With both national and international outreach to the scientific community (e.g., GERP, IPS, LemursPortal), to the public of Madagascar (e.g., by initiating the World Lemur Festival), and to the political leaders of Madagascar, he serves as an inspirational role model for young Malagasy students and scientists. He provides hope for the future of Madagascar and for its iconic lemurs during very challenging times. 5.9 | Vernacular name English name: Jonah's mouse lemur, French name: Microcèbe de Jonah, German name: Jonah's Mausmaki., Published as part of Schüßler, Dominik, Blanco, Marina B., Salmona, Jordi, Poelstra, Jelmer, Andriambeloson, Jean B., Miller, Alex, Randrianambinina, Blanchard, Rasolofoson, David W., Mantilla‐Contreras, Jasmin, Chikhi, Lounès, Louis, Edward E., Yoder, Anne D. & Radespiel, Ute, 2020, Ecology and morphology of mouse lemurs (Microcebus spp.) in a hotspot of microendemism in northeastern Madagascar, with the description of a new species, pp. e 23180 in American Journal of Primatology 82 (9) on pages 14-15, DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23180, http://zenodo.org/record/4395997, {"references":["Radespiel, U., Ratsimbazafy, J. H., Rasoloharijaona, S., Raveloson, H., Andriaholinirina, N., Rakotondravony, R., … Randrianambinina, B. (2012). First indications of a highland specialist among mouse lemurs (Microcebus spp.) and evidence for a new mouse lemur species from eastern Madagascar. Primates, 53 (2), 157 - 170. https: // doi. org / 10. 1007 / s 10329 - 011 - 0290 - 2","Schussler, D., Radespiel, U., Ratsimbazafy, J. H., & Mantilla- Contreras, J. (2018). Lemurs in a dying forest: Factors influencing lemur diversity and distribution in forest remnants of north- eastern Madagascar. Biological Conservation, 228, 17 - 26. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. biocon. 2018.10. 008","Radespiel, U., Olivieri, G., Rasolofoson, D. W., Rakotondratsimba, G., Rakotonirainy, O., Rasoloharijaona, S., … Randrianarison, R. M. (2008). Exceptional diversity of mouse lemurs (Microcebus spp.) in the Makira region with the description of one new species. American Journal of Primatology, 70 (11), 1033 - 1046. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / ajp. 20592","Poelstra, J., Salmona, J., Tiley, G. P., Schussler, D., Blanco, M. B., Andriambeloson, J. B., … Yoder, A. D. (2020). Cryptic patterns of speciation in cryptic primates: Microendemic mouse lemurs and the multispecies coalescent. Systematic Biology, syaa 053. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / sysbio / syaa 053"]}

Parascepsis ignobilis Grados & Mantilla, sp. nov. (Figs. 51–58) Diagnosis: Together with P. ingenium these are the two species with the first two tergites forming an androconial organ. It is possible to differentiate them because P. ignobilis does not have the postdiscal spot on the forewings, and the white area near the posterior margin is wider in P. ingenium. In the genital capsule, P. ignobilis presents the following: wide valvae, somewhat more in its medial part; dorsal process membranous, narrowing towards the distal end; the beginning of the dorsal process narrower than the valvae; in P. ingenium valvae elongated and narrow; beginning of the dorsal process the same width as the valvae and the same width throughout its length. In P. ingenium the patch of cornuti on the dorsal and right part of the vesica is developed, while in P. ignobilis it is small. Description. Male (Figs. 51–52). Head. Proboscis dark brown. Labial palpi curved upwards, exceeding the vertex. Palpi grayish brown; the second segment 1.5 times the length of the first; the third one, a third of the second; second and third both with scales somewhat lighter on the frontal part. Frontoclypeus brown; upper part with piliform scales whitish gray. Vertex brown. Occiput whitish gray, with three brown lines: a straight central one and two lateral ones directing towards the antennae. Postgena grayish brown. Eye margin gray. Ocelli light brown. Antennal alveolus whitish. Antennae brown, with a soft metallic hue. Scape and pedicel grayish brown. Proximal rami small increasing in length towards the middle part. Middle rami twice the width of the flagellum. Distal rami decrease in length towards their end. Thorax. Patagia and tegulae grayish. Mesoscutum and mesoscutellum grayish brown, with a brown line along the central part. Mesoscutellum grayish. Pleura gray. Tymbal organ at the katepisternum with gray scales. First pair of legs. Grayish brown with a slight iridescent purple hue; coxae with a whitish area at the anterior and the ectal part. Epiphysis brown. Second and third pairs of legs. Grayish brown. Forewing. Forewing span (15–17 mm) (n = 16). Dorsal: Brown with purple hue, the veins barely noticeable. Ventral: Brown with veins dark. Frenulum brown and retinaculum grayish brown. In CuP-1A+2A white scales from the base to a little more than half the length.At the anal cell, a creamy white androconial patch on the subproximal area. Below the patch, piliform yellow scales. Hindwing. Dorsal: Brown. Costal margin to R S -M 1, includes the discal cell and near the subproximal area of M 1 -M 2 with scales whitish, slightly iridescent. Costal cell with an area elongated and somewhat ovoid with small light brown spicules. An area slightly whitish gray comprising the proximal half of Cu 2 -1A+2A. Anal cell whitish in the two proximal thirds. Ventral: Same as the dorsal side except for the area with spicules. Abdomen. Brown with bluish hue. The dorsal part of the first two tergites modified into an androconial organ of hexagonal shape; part of the first tergite margin with whitish scales; internal part of the androconial organ with modified dark brown scales (Fig. 50). Sternites brown. Male Genitalia (Figs. 53–56) (Genitalia # JGA 719 MUSM). Tegumen “H”-shaped; anterior part wider than the posterior one, with wide branches; anterior part rounded; a translucent subtriangular area present; at the lateral part of the translucent area, from the base to a little more than half its length with a projection weakly sclerotized. Joining of the tegumen and uncus membranous. Saccus elongated, digitiform with rounded apex. Uncus with the anterior margin somewhat rounded in dorsal view, with the two anterior processes elongated, sclerotized, with few setae; the branches converge towards the center, forming an elongated structure, wide at its base with elongated setae, slightly constricted in its central part and expanding towards the distal part: lateral view, wide at its base with numerous setae, somewhat rounded at its distal part, ending in a sclerotized hook in ventral direction. Valvae short, straight, sclerotized, almost as wide as long; presence of few setae at the dorsal and ventral side; ventral process not developed; dorsal process elongated, membranous, with short setae and sharp towards the dorsal part; an evagination in dorso-distal position, directed towards the internal part, somewhat triangular, sclerotized, with setae; ventral view, elongated and narrow, slightly wider at its base, and curved inward. Juxta slightly sclerotized, subquadrangular, three times wider than the base of the valvae, with tiny ornaments resembling spicules. Aedeagus elongated. Coecum penis slightly developed. Vesica slightly longer than aedeagus, in ventral direction the end is narrow and elongated; patch of cornuti present at the ventral left part; patch of small cornuti at the proximal and dorsal part, and large ones at the proximal ventral part. Female: Unknown. Etymology: ignobilis is a neutral adjective in nominative that means “unknown.” Distribution (Fig. 60): In the Amazonian area of the departments of Loreto, Ucayali, Pasco, Cusco and Puno, reaching the lower part of the mountain forests of the Eastern Slope of the Andes (890 m). Holotype male (Figs. 51–52): PERU, Loreto, Coconilla, 02°42’S, 75°06’W, 160 m, 19.vii.2003, J.J.Ramírez, (LT / MV/ 8:30-9:00 pm). Paratypes (15 males). Loreto, 3 males, Trompeteros, 03°12’56.1’’S, 75°38’26.9’’W, 140 m, 21-22.xi.2008, C. Carranza; 1 male, idem except, (Genitalia # JGA 770 MUSM); 1 male, 2.1 km S de Mishana, Río Nanay, 03°53’50’’S, 73°29’32’’W, 103 m, 09.iii.2018, C. Espinoza & C. Ampudia, (Voucher DNA-Artc # 00844- JGA MUSM); 1 male, C.I. Allpahuayo-Mishana, 03°58’01’’S, 73°25’08’’W, 118 m, 04.ii.2011, J. Grados, (Genitalia # JGA 980 MUSM). Ucayali, 1 male, 37 km NE Monte Alegre (Río Tapiche) 06°23’01’’S, 74°04’35’’W, 175 m, 18-19.x.2008, A. Garcia, (Genitalia # JGA 719 MUSM). Pasco, 1 male, P.N. Yanachagua Chemillén, Est. Biol. Paujil, 10°19’25.0’’S, 75°15’48.8’’W, 375 m, 22.v.2008, J. Grados, S. Carbonel & C. Calderón. Cusco, 1 male, Segakiato, Río Camisea, 11°48’S, 72°52’W, 330 m, 29.ix.1997, J. Grados, (LT/ MV); 1 male, 10 km SE de Puerto Huallaga (Río Picha), 11°49’25’’S, 73°03’19’’W, 504 m, 12-16.ix.2015, P. Sánchez; 1 male, 1.3 km SSO de Las Malvinas, 11°51’30’’S, 72°57’00’’W, 418 m, 14.ix.2017, C. Espinoza, (Voucher DNA-Artc # 00712- JGA MUSM); 1 male, 4 km NO de Timpia, 12°03’30’’S, 72°51’ 13’’W, 535 m, 20.ix.2010, C. Espinoza & E. Rázuri; 1 male, 6 km OSO del Pongo de Mainique, 12°15’02’’S, 72°52’28’’W, 890 m, 01.x.2010, C. Carranza & C. Cavero; 1 male, 2 km SO del Pongo de Mainique, 12°15’24.42’’S, 72°50’27.18’’W, 598 m, 11.xi.09, C. Carranza & C. Rossi. Puno, 1 male, P.N. Bahuaja-Sonene, 4.5 km NO Qba. Aguajal, Río Tambopata, 13°23’31.8’’S, 69°29’58.7’’W, 335 m, 16.ix.2011, J. Grados, E. Rázuri & E. Guillermo; 1 male, idem except, (Genitalia # JGA 902 MUSM). Comments: Similar to P. solox in the habitus. However, they are easy to differentiate, because P. ignobilis has the first two tergites modified forming an androconial organ.

Parascepsis lantingi Grados, sp. nov (Figs. 21–32) Diagnosis: Similar to P. ockendeni, with patagia and tegulae metallic green, forewings with a yellowish androconial patch below 1A+2A, hindwings with an area somewhat ovoid with small light brown spicules, while in P ockendeni patagia and tegulae are grayish brown and have no specialized structures on the wings. The translucent area of the tegumen in P. lantingi is ovoid, while in P. ockendeni it is subquadrate. Transtilla bears spicules and the cornuti at the vesica are located on the dorsal surface in P. ockendeni, while in P. lantingi transtilla has no spicules and the cornuti are located at the proximal region of the ventral surface. Description. Male (Figs. 21–22). Head. Proboscis dark brown. Labial palpi curved upwards, exceeding the vertex. Palpi brown; first palpomer with whitish scales on the distal part; second one with whitish scales scattered on the frontal part and twice the length of the first one; third one, one third of the first one, with whitish scales on the anterior part. Frontoclypeus grayish brown; superior part with scales whitish gray. Vertex with scales opaque metallic green. Occiput with piliform scales whitish gray, with three opaque metallic green lines: a straight central one and two lateral ones curved towards the antennae. Postgena brown. Eye margin and antennal alveolus grayish. Ocelli light brown. Antenna brown with a faint metallic purple hue. Scape and pedicel opaque metallic green. Proximal rami small, increasing in length towards the middle part. Middle rami twice the width of the flagellum axis. Distal rami decreasing in length towards their end. Thorax. Patagia and tegulae metallic green with whitish scales in the central part. In ventral view, tegulae whitish at the anterior part. Mesoscutum grayish brown; metascutellum gray; a weak brown line along the central part of both; with scales opaque metallic green. Pleura grayish brown. Tymbal organ at the katepisternum covered with grayish brown scales. First pair of legs. Grayish brown; coxae with a whitish area at the anterior part; ectal part grayish. Epiphysis brown. Second and third pairs of legs. Grayish brown; femora and tibiae somewhat whitish at the mesal part. Forewing. Forewing span (16–17.5 mm) (n = 23). Dorsal: Brown with some purple hue. Ventral: Brown. Frenulum brown and retinaculum grayish brown. At the base of Cu 2 -CuP, an area of slightly iridescent grayish brown scales. CuP-1A+2A and anal cell, slightly iridescent. At CuP-1A+2A an area of white scales up to the medial part involving part of the anal cell. At the anal cell, below the vein 1A+2A, a yellowish subproximal androconial patch. Below this, yellow piliform scales. Hindwing. Dorsal: Brown; central part slightly diaphanous. The costal margin down to R S -M 1 and part of the discal cell, whitish somewhat iridescent. Costal cell with an elongated area with small light brown spicules. Ventral: The costal margin up to R S -M 1 and the discal cell, brown, with a faint purple hue, the remaining part grayish brown, somewhat diaphanous. Abdomen. Grayish brown, with a faint bluish hue. First four tergites, with piliform scales grayish brown. Sternum grayish brown. Genitalia (Figs. 25–28). (Genitalia # JGA 720 MUSM). Tegumen H-shaped; anterior part wider than the posterior one, with branches arched and in somewhat oblong shape; posterior part an inverted U-shaped; an almost semicircular translucent area present at the central-lateral part of each side, a projection somewhat sclerotized, extending towards the anterior part. Joining of the tegumen and uncus membranous. Saccus acute with rounded apex. Anterior part of the uncus with two short and sclerotized extensions converging towards the center, forming a digitiform structure; in lateral view of the structure digitiform, the base twice the width of the distal end; distal end formed by a sclerotized hook. Valvae elongated, straight, sclerotized, wider at the base; with long setae at the dorsal and ventral part; ventral process small, sclerotized, slightly pointed; dorsal process elongated, membranous and with setae, slightly exceeding the uncus; in ventral view, valvae slightly concave at the base; an internal projection at the two anterior distal thirds, before reaching the terminal processes; numerous setae at the internal margin. Juxta subtriangular, somewhat sclerotized, postero-medial part as inverted V-shaped. Aedeagus elongated. Coecum penis slightly developed. Vesica longer than the aedeagus; patch of cornuti increases in size and thickness in all its extension, from the ventral part of the proximal region, towards the right side of the posterior part; dorsal part with a membranous projection. Female (Figs. 23–24). Forewing span (16–18 mm) (n = 11). Similar to the male, except for the following: rami smaller; middle rami almost half the width of the shaft. Frenulum light brown with two bristles. Forewing. Ventral: Without androconial patch. Hindwing. Dorsal: Without spicules. Female Genitalia (Figs. 29–30) (Genitalia # JGA 722 MUSM). Eighth tergite slightly sclerotized to the sides. Anal papillae developed, with setae almost as long as the papillae on the posterior and latero-ventral surface; in lateral view, the length is 0.5 times its height. Posterior apophyses somewhat larger than the anterior ones. Ostium and antrum of central position. Antevaginal lamella membranous. Postvaginal lamella sclerotized. Ductus bursae and cervix bursae almost undifferentiated, wide and flattened, membranous at the ventral surface and sclerotized at the dorsal one. Corpus bursae globose, with a turn towards the dorsal part. No signum is observed. Ductus seminalis emerges at the distal end. Etymology: lantingi is a latinized noun in genitive singular. The first author and Rainforest Expeditions SAC, which support the project “Discovery new species ” in Tambopata would like to dedicate the discovery of this new species to Frans Lanting, whom with wife Christine Eckstrom were key players in raising awareness and establishing the international standing of Tambopata so that it became known in every corner of the world. Distribution (Fig. 59): Cusco and Madre de Dios. Comments: This species has surely been confused in several collections. It can be distinguished from the other similar species by the metallic green color of the head and the thorax. By now only known in the Amazonian area of southeastern Peru, reaching the lower parts of the mountain forests of the Eastern Slope of the Andes (890 m, 6 km WSW of the Pongo de Mainique). Holotype male (Figs. 21–22): PERU, Cusco, San Martín C, 11°47’S, 72°41’W, 480 m, 28.iii.1997, J. Grados. 33 paratypes (22 males and 11 females). PERU, Cusco, 1 male, R. C. Machiguenga, Campamento Mapi OX, 35.5 Km O de Nuevo Mundo, 11°31’24’’S, 73°28’32’’W, 712 m, 13-18.i.2010, J. Grados, (Voucher DNA-Artc # 00833 -JGA MUSM); 1 male, San Martín C, 11°47’S, 72°41’W, 480 m, 30.iii.1997, J. Grados; 1 female, idem except, (Genitalia # JGA 723 MUSM); 1 male, idem except, 31.iii.1997, (LT trap / MV); 1 male, idem except, 02.iv.1997; 1 male, Las Malvinas, Río Urubamba, 11°52’S, 72°55’W, 480 m, 23.ix.1997, J. Grados, (Genitalia # JGA 778 MUSM) (LT/ MV); 1 female, Cashiriari, 11°52’S, 72°39’W, 690 m, 04.xii.1997, J. Grados, (7:00-8:00); 1 male, 6 km OSO del Pongo de Mainique, 12°15’02’’S, 72°52’28’’W, 890 m, 01.x.2010, C. Carranza & C. Cavero; 1 male, La Convención, Echarate, CC. Pomareni, 12°15’24.42’’S, 72°50’27.18’’W, 598 m, 12.xi.2009, C. Carranza & C. Rossi, (LT); 1 male, La Convención, Echarate, CC. Pomareni, 12°15’28.38’’S, 72°50’8.89’’W, 477 m, 09.xi.2009, C. Carranza & C. Rossi, (LT); 1 male, idem except, (Voucher DNA-Artc # 00834- JGA MUSM). Madre de Dios, 1 female, Río Los Amigos, CICRA, 12°35’S, 70°05’W, 09.iii.2005, P. Centeno, (Genitalia # JGA 722 MUSM); 1 male, Albergue Refugio Amazonas, 12°52’30’’S, 69°24’35’’W, 241 m, 19.ix.2017, D. Couceiro, (Voucher DNA-Artc # 00606- JGA MUSM); 1 male, Albergue Refugio Amazonas. 12°52’30’’S, 69°24’35’’W, 241 m, 7.xi.2018, J.D. Shoobridge (Voucher DNA-Artc # 00864 JGA MUSM); 1 male, idem except, 18.xi.2018 (Voucher DNA-Artc # 867- JGA MUSM); 1 female, idem except, 29.xi.2018 (Voucher DNA-Artc # 00863- JGA MUSM); 1 female, idem except, 03.i.2019 (Voucher DNA-Artc # 00865- JGA MUSM); 1 male, Río Los Amigos, CICRA, 12°33’S, 70°06’W, 280 m, 25.vii.2006, A. Asenjo, (Genitalia # JGA 721 MUSM); 1 male, Río Alto Madre de Dios, ca. Atalaya, 12°53’S, 71°22’W, 587 m, 23.vi.2006, P. Centeno, (MV Light Trap; 11:00-00:00 am); 1 male, idem except, 20.viii.2006, P. Centeno, (MV Light Trap; 9:00-10:00 pm); 1 male, idem except, (MV Light Trap; 8:00-9:00 pm); 1 male, idem except, 24.viii.2016; 1 female, idem except, 27.viii.2006, (MV Light Trap; 11:00-0:00 am); 1 male, idem except, 18.x.2006, (MV Light Trap; 6:00-7:00 pm); 1 male, idem except, 20.x.2006, (MV Light Trap; 11:00-00:00 am); 1 female, 15.ii.2007, (MV Light Trap; 11:00-0:00 am); 1 male, idem except, 18.ii.2007, (MV Light Trap; 11:00-0:00 am); 1 female, idem except, (MV Light Trap; 9:00-10:00 pm); 2 males, idem except, 20.ii.2007, (MV Light Trap; 8:00-9:00 pm); 1 female, idem except, 20.viii.2006, (Genitalia # JGA 724 MUSM) (MV Light Trap; 6:00-7:00 pm); 1 female, idem except, 20.viii.2006 (MV Light Trap; 8:00-9:00 pm); 1 female, Tambopata Research Center, 13°08’S, 69°36’W, 300 m, 15.v.2001, J. Grados, (Light Trap MV)., Published as part of Grados, Juan, Mantilla, Karla & Ramírez, Juan José, 2020, The genusParascepsis Dognin, 1923 (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Arctiinae, Ctenuchina) in Peru, with the description of three new species, a new combination and their geographical distributions, pp. 221-242 in Zootaxa 4868 (2) on pages 228-231, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4868.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/4417582

Parascepsis ockendeni (Rothschild, 1911) comb. nov. (Figs. 9–20) Episcepsis ockendeni Rothschild, 1911: 44. Male holotype by original designation: Peru, Santo Domingo, Carabaya, 6000-6500ft (BMNH) [Specimen examined]; Rothschild, 1912: 375, pl. 3, f. 9; Episcepsis occendeni [sic] Hampson, 1914: 244. Diagnosis: Similar to P. lantingi. It differs in the tegulae and patagia being grayish brown, while in P. lantingi they are metallic green. On the forewings, P. lantingi presents, under 1A + 2A, a subproximal yellowish androconial patch and, at the hindwings, the costal cell with an elongated and somewhat ovoid area with small light brown spicules, absent in P. ockendeni. In the genital capsule, P. ockendeni bears a translucent subquadrate area, sclerotized spicules at the fultura superior, the vesica of the aedeagus with cornuti at the dorsal surface and projecting to the right side, while in P. lantingi, the translucent area is ovoid, there are no spicules at the fultura superior and the cornuti at the proximal area direct towards the right side of the posterior part. Redescription. Male (Figs. 9–10). Head. Proboscis dark brown with distal end yellowish. Labial palpi recurved upwards, reaching the superior part of the frontoclypeus. Palpi grayish brown: first palpomer with its dorsal part brown; second one twice as long as the first one with lighter scales on its frontal part and; third one with scales lighter on its anterior part and almost a third of the first one. Frontoclypeus brown; superior part with whitish gray piliform scales. Vertex brown. Occiput, with whitish gray piliform scales and three dark brown lines: a straight central one and two lateral ones. Postgena brown. Eye margin light brown. Ocelli caramel brown. Antennal alveolus gray brown. Antennae brown, with slight metallic purple hue. Scape brown. Proximal rami small, increasing in length towards the middle part. Length of the middle rami almost twice the width of the shaft. Distal rami decrease in length towards their distal end. Thorax. Patagia grayish brown at the edges. Tegulae grayish, with brown mesal edge and an oblique brown line projecting towards the base of the wing; brown in the anterior part. Mesoscutum, mesoscutellum, and pleura grayish brown. A faint brown line along the central part of the mesoscutum and mesoscutellum. Metascutellum with grayish brown piliform scales on the side. Tymbal organ at the katepisternum covered by grayish brown scales. Legs: Grayish brown; except the first pair, with lighter scales on the anterior part. Epiphysis brown. Forewing. Forewing span (17.5–19.5 mm) (n = 19). Dorsal: Brown with a very faint purple hue, revealing the light brown veins. Ventral: Brown. Frenulum brown and retinaculum grayish brown. Cu 2 - CuP base with scales grayish brown. Whitish scales on the subproximal part of the anal cell. Hindwing. Dorsal: Brown. Costal cell, R S -M 1 and part of the discal cell, with iridescent scales grayish brown. Ventral: Brown. Abdomen. Grayish brown, with slightly bluish hue. The first 4 tergites with piliform scales grayish-brown. Sternum grayish brown. Male genitalia (Figs. 13–16) (Genitalia # JGA 775 MUSM). Tegumen somewhat elongated, anterior part concave and shaped as an inverted “V”; with a translucent subquadrate area, anterior part obtuse and posterior one sharp; on the lateral part with a somewhat sclerotized projection, almost the width of the translucent area. Saccus elongated, sharp with rounded apex. Joining of the tegumen and uncus, sclerotized. Uncus elongated, wider towards the central part; curved downward ventrally on the tip. Juxta wide and sclerotized, posterior part “W” shaped. Transtilla with an area of sclerotized spicules. Valvae elongated exceeding the length of the uncus; sacculus with numerous setae and costa with some; ventral process short, with apex sharp and sclerotized, almost a third of the length of the dorsal process; dorsal process membranous with numerous setae; in ventral view, valvae elongated, with somewhat irregular edge, arched towards the middle axis and with numerous setae at the mesal margin; dorsal view, in dorsal and distal part with a sclerotized projection towards the middle axis with setae present. Aedeagus elongated, slightly longer than the vesica; coecum penis slightly developed; vesica everted dorso-longitudinally; cornuti elongated, located on the dorsal surface and projecting to the right side; posterior part membranous with tiny spicules somewhat sclerotized on the postero-ventral part. Female (Figs. 11–12). Forewing span (18–20 mm) (n = 7). Similar to the male, except for the following: rami smaller; middle rami almost half of the shaft width. Frenulum light brown with two bristles. Female genitalia (Figs. 17–18) (Genitalia # JGA 992 MUSM). Eighth tergite uniformly sclerotized. Anal papillae elongated, with setae scattered on the posterior and latero-ventral surface; in lateral view, the length 1.5 times its height. Posterior apophyses 1.2 times the length of the anterior ones. Ostium and antrum of central position. Antevaginal lamella membranous. Postvaginal lamella slightly sclerotized. Ductus bursae sclerotized, striate, wide and flattened dorsoventrally. Cervix bursae membranous. Corpus bursae membranous, elongated; in dorsal view, subrectangular. A semicircular signum on the dorsal surface, in posterior and left lateral position, with some spines; another elongated signum at the right lateral surface. Ductus seminalis emerges near the first signum. Distribution (Fig. 59): In the montane forests of the departments of San Martín, Junín, Pasco, Cusco and Madre de Dios. Comments: P. ockendeni was described by Rothschild (1911) within the genus Episcepsis Butler, with type location at Santo Domingo, Carabaya (department of Puno, Peru), with material collected by G. R. Ockenden, who spent several years collecting insect specimens in southeastern Peru (Grados et al. 2015). According to preliminary studies of phylogeny based on morphological characters of the genus Episcepsis Butler, this would be polyphyletic. When including both E. ockendeni and P. solox to the phylogenetic analysis they form a different clade together, indicating E. ockendeni to belong to the genus Paracepsis. Parascepsis is characterized for its occiput bearing whitish gray piliform scales, with three dark brown lines: a straight central one and two lateral ones in the direction of the antennae, while Episcepsis presents two red spots on the lateral parts of the occiput; R 1 -R 2 at the anterior wing of Parascepsis is bifurcated while in Episcepsis R 1 and R 2 are separated; in Parascepsis the dorsal part of the abdomen is grayish brown with a slight bluish hue, while in Episcepsis it is brown with an iridescent blue hue Parascepsis can present androconial patches in the anal cell of the forewings and an elongated area with brown spicules in the costal cell of the hindwings, whereas in Episcepsis both are absent and they bear an androconial organ (tufts of hair) in the 1A+2A-3A of the dorsal side of the hindwings; Parascepsis have the tegumen slightly Hshaped with posterior elongated branches that join the anterior part of the uncus and form a wide area covered with a translucent membrane that projects towards the lateral parts, while in Episcepsis the tegumen is wide, somewhat subrectangular and some species bear projections at the postero-lateral parts; the males of Parascepsis have a wide, almost straight aedeagus, while in Episcepsis the aedeagus is narrower, slightly sinusoid. On the other hand, there is Hyaleucerea lugubris Schaus, 1901, a species described from Colombia, unfortunately without an exact type locality, whose holotype is in the USNM. Based on the external morphological characters that have been possible to analyze for both species, P. ockendeni is very similar to Hyaleucerea lugubris. For now, it has not been possible to review the morphological characters of the latter’s genital capsule, so it is not possible to state that P. ockendeni is a junior synonym of H. lugubris. Examined material: PERU. San Martin, 1 male, San Martín, Carretera Tarapoto-Yurimaguas, 06°28’S, 76°18’W, 1000 m, 14.xi.1998, J. Grados; 1 female, idem except (Genitalia # JGA 636 MUSM). Junin. 1 male, 1.2 km O de San Miguel de Autiki, 10°48’19’’S, 74°49’31’’W, 1418 m, 06.vi.2014, E. Rázuri (Voucher DNA-Artc # 00836- JGA MUSM). Pasco. 1 male, 1 female, Qda. Atarraz, 4.5 km O de Bajo Bocaz, 10°38’17’’S, 75°12’34’’W, 1640 m, 06-10.viii.2012, E. Rázuri & P. Sánchez; 1 female, idem except, (Genitalia # JGA 992 MUSM); 1 female, idem except, (Voucher DNA-Artc # 00890- JGA MUSM). Cusco. 1 male, Cashiriari, 11°52’S, 72°39’W, 690 m, 02.xii.1997, J. Grados (Light trap); 1 male, Campamento Mangoriari, 12° 21’S, 73°02’W, 1500 m, 04.xii.2002, J. Grados; 1 male, idem except, 07.xii.2002; 1 male, 3.5 km ONO de Monte Carmelo, Echarate, 12°26’21.0’’S, 72°59’21.1’’W, 1349 m, 23.ii.2011, M. Alvarado & E. Rázuri; 1 male, 6 km N de Managua (Río Urubamba y Río Cumpirisiato), 12°33’51.49’’S, 73°5’38.33’’W, 1700 m, 19.ix.2010, M. Alvarado & J. Peralta; 1 male, La Convención, Echarate, CC. Ochigoteni, 12°39’31.36’’S, 73°08’57.71’’W, 1449 m, 17.x.2009, C. Carranza & C. Rossi (Light trap) (Genitalia # JGA 776 MUSM); 1 male, idem except, (Genitalia # JGA 775 MUSM); 1 female, La Convención, Echarate, CC. Ochigoteni, 12°39’31.36’’S, 73°08’57.71’’W, 1449 m, 18.x.2009, C. Carranza & C. Rossi (Light trap); 1 male, idem except, 19.x.2009, (Voucher DNA-Artc # 00837- JGA MUSM); 1 male, idem except, (Genitalia # JGA 880 MUSM); 1 male, Campamento Segakiato, 12°43’S, 73°18’W, 1850 m, 02.xi.2002, J. Grados; 1 male, idem except, 08.xi.2002; 1 male, idem except, (Genitalia # JGA 555 MUSM); 1 female, Campamento Comerciato, 12°47’S, 73°22’W, 1350 m, 15.xi.2002, J. Grados; 1 male, idem except, (Genitalia # JGA 556 MUSM); 1 male, idem except, 23.xi.2002; 1 female, Qda. Quitacalzón, 13°01’19’’S, 71°29’50’’W, 967 m, 14.viii.2012, J. Grados (Voucher DNA-Artc # 00838- JGA MUSM); 1 male, San Pedro, 13°03’S, 71°33’W, 1400 m, 05.xi.2001, J. Grados. Madre de Dios. 1 male, Río Alto Madre de Dios, ca. Atalaya, 12°53’S, 71°22’W, 587 m, 21.ii.2007, P. Centeno (MV Light Trap) (2:00-3:00 am). Puno. 5 males, 1 female, Santo Domingo, Carabaya, 13°50’S, 69°40’W, 6000–6500 ft. (1828 m– 1981 m), iii.1901, xi.1901, v.1902, xi.1902, xii.1902; 2 females, La Unión, Río Huacamayo, Carabaya, 13°32’S, 69°38’W, 2000 ft. (610 m), xi. 1904; 1 male, Tinguri, Carabaya, 13°52’50’’S, 69°40’00’’W 3400 ft. (1036 m), viii.1904; 1 male, La Oroya, Río Inambari, 13°50’S, 69°40’W, 3100 ft. (945 m), xii.1905 (G. R. Ockenden) (All specimen from Puno in NHMUK)., Published as part of Grados, Juan, Mantilla, Karla & Ramírez, Juan José, 2020, The genusParascepsis Dognin, 1923 (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Arctiinae, Ctenuchina) in Peru, with the description of three new species, a new combination and their geographical distributions, pp. 221-242 in Zootaxa 4868 (2) on pages 224-228, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4868.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/4417582, {"references":["Hampson, G. F. (1914) Catalogue of the Amatidae and Arctiadae (Nolinae and Lithosianae) in the collection of the British Museum. Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae in the British Museum, 1 (Supplement). Printed by Order of the Trustees, London, 858 pp.","Grados, J., Baynes, H., Razuri, E., Figueroa, L., Barrientos, J. & Guillermo, E. (2015) Insectos: Invisiblemente magico. In: Montoya, M., Cossios, D., Silva, M. & Coll, D. (Eds.), Parque Nacional Bahuaja Sonene: Inventarios Biologicos Rapidos. Wildlife Conservation Society, Lima, pp. 92 - 107.","Schaus, W. (1901) New species of Heterocera from Tropical America. Part. 1. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 9, 40 - 48."]}

En la presente investigación se caracteriza las condiciones en las que se encuentra el aeropuerto “Teniente Coronel Luis A. Mantilla” de la ciudad de Tulcán, con categoría segunda de acuerdo con el Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP), actualmente cerrado para uso comercial y las repercusiones que puede tener para el desarrollo del turismo en dicha urbe. A través de la observación descriptiva, se puede establecer que esta infraestructura aérea cumple con la mayoría de los parámetros de funcionamiento establecidos por el Reglamento de la Dirección General de Aviación Civil para brindar el servicio de transporte aéreo para pasajeros tanto nacionales como extranjeros. Los aeropuertos promueven la especialización de una parte de la población local en actividades relacionadas con la operación de este, generando oportunidades laborales en el proceso de construcción y, más adelante, en la operación del mismo. Por esto, son parte importante del desarrollo turístico de un sector y como tal así lo asume la población de Tulcán que en un 85% consideran que el aeropuerto mejorará la entrada de turismo nacional y extranjero.

Parascepsis ockendeni (Rothschild, 1911) comb. nov. (Figs. 9–20) Episcepsis ockendeni Rothschild, 1911: 44. Male holotype by original designation: Peru, Santo Domingo, Carabaya, 6000-6500ft (BMNH) [Specimen examined]; Rothschild, 1912: 375, pl. 3, f. 9; Episcepsis occendeni [sic] Hampson, 1914: 244. Diagnosis: Similar to P. lantingi. It differs in the tegulae and patagia being grayish brown, while in P. lantingi they are metallic green. On the forewings, P. lantingi presents, under 1A + 2A, a subproximal yellowish androconial patch and, at the hindwings, the costal cell with an elongated and somewhat ovoid area with small light brown spicules, absent in P. ockendeni. In the genital capsule, P. ockendeni bears a translucent subquadrate area, sclerotized spicules at the fultura superior, the vesica of the aedeagus with cornuti at the dorsal surface and projecting to the right side, while in P. lantingi, the translucent area is ovoid, there are no spicules at the fultura superior and the cornuti at the proximal area direct towards the right side of the posterior part. Redescription. Male (Figs. 9–10). Head. Proboscis dark brown with distal end yellowish. Labial palpi recurved upwards, reaching the superior part of the frontoclypeus. Palpi grayish brown: first palpomer with its dorsal part brown; second one twice as long as the first one with lighter scales on its frontal part and; third one with scales lighter on its anterior part and almost a third of the first one. Frontoclypeus brown; superior part with whitish gray piliform scales. Vertex brown. Occiput, with whitish gray piliform scales and three dark brown lines: a straight central one and two lateral ones. Postgena brown. Eye margin light brown. Ocelli caramel brown. Antennal alveolus gray brown. Antennae brown, with slight metallic purple hue. Scape brown. Proximal rami small, increasing in length towards the middle part. Length of the middle rami almost twice the width of the shaft. Distal rami decrease in length towards their distal end. Thorax. Patagia grayish brown at the edges. Tegulae grayish, with brown mesal edge and an oblique brown line projecting towards the base of the wing; brown in the anterior part. Mesoscutum, mesoscutellum, and pleura grayish brown. A faint brown line along the central part of the mesoscutum and mesoscutellum. Metascutellum with grayish brown piliform scales on the side. Tymbal organ at the katepisternum covered by grayish brown scales. Legs: Grayish brown; except the first pair, with lighter scales on the anterior part. Epiphysis brown. Forewing. Forewing span (17.5–19.5 mm) (n = 19). Dorsal: Brown with a very faint purple hue, revealing the light brown veins. Ventral: Brown. Frenulum brown and retinaculum grayish brown. Cu 2 - CuP base with scales grayish brown. Whitish scales on the subproximal part of the anal cell. Hindwing. Dorsal: Brown. Costal cell, R S -M 1 and part of the discal cell, with iridescent scales grayish brown. Ventral: Brown. Abdomen. Grayish brown, with slightly bluish hue. The first 4 tergites with piliform scales grayish-brown. Sternum grayish brown. Male genitalia (Figs. 13–16) (Genitalia # JGA 775 MUSM). Tegumen somewhat elongated, anterior part concave and shaped as an inverted “V”; with a translucent subquadrate area, anterior part obtuse and posterior one sharp; on the lateral part with a somewhat sclerotized projection, almost the width of the translucent area. Saccus elongated, sharp with rounded apex. Joining of the tegumen and uncus, sclerotized. Uncus elongated, wider towards the central part; curved downward ventrally on the tip. Juxta wide and sclerotized, posterior part “W” shaped. Transtilla with an area of sclerotized spicules. Valvae elongated exceeding the length of the uncus; sacculus with numerous setae and costa with some; ventral process short, with apex sharp and sclerotized, almost a third of the length of the dorsal process; dorsal process membranous with numerous setae; in ventral view, valvae elongated, with somewhat irregular edge, arched towards the middle axis and with numerous setae at the mesal margin; dorsal view, in dorsal and distal part with a sclerotized projection towards the middle axis with setae present. Aedeagus elongated, slightly longer than the vesica; coecum penis slightly developed; vesica everted dorso-longitudinally; cornuti elongated, located on the dorsal surface and projecting to the right side; posterior part membranous with tiny spicules somewhat sclerotized on the postero-ventral part. Female (Figs. 11–12). Forewing span (18–20 mm) (n = 7). Similar to the male, except for the following: rami smaller; middle rami almost half of the shaft width. Frenulum light brown with two bristles. Female genitalia (Figs. 17–18) (Genitalia # JGA 992 MUSM). Eighth tergite uniformly sclerotized. Anal papillae elongated, with setae scattered on the posterior and latero-ventral surface; in lateral view, the length 1.5 times its height. Posterior apophyses 1.2 times the length of the anterior ones. Ostium and antrum of central position. Antevaginal lamella membranous. Postvaginal lamella slightly sclerotized. Ductus bursae sclerotized, striate, wide and flattened dorsoventrally. Cervix bursae membranous. Corpus bursae membranous, elongated; in dorsal view, subrectangular. A semicircular signum on the dorsal surface, in posterior and left lateral position, with some spines; another elongated signum at the right lateral surface. Ductus seminalis emerges near the first signum. Distribution (Fig. 59): In the montane forests of the departments of San Martín, Junín, Pasco, Cusco and Madre de Dios. Comments: P. ockendeni was described by Rothschild (1911) within the genus Episcepsis Butler, with type location at Santo Domingo, Carabaya (department of Puno, Peru), with material collected by G. R. Ockenden, who spent several years collecting insect specimens in southeastern Peru (Grados et al. 2015). According to preliminary studies of phylogeny based on morphological characters of the genus Episcepsis Butler, this would be polyphyletic. When including both E. ockendeni and P. solox to the phylogenetic analysis they form a different clade together, indicating E. ockendeni to belong to the genus Paracepsis. Parascepsis is characterized for its occiput bearing whitish gray piliform scales, with three dark brown lines: a straight central one and two lateral ones in the direction of the antennae, while Episcepsis presents two red spots on the lateral parts of the occiput; R 1 -R 2 at the anterior wing of Parascepsis is bifurcated while in Episcepsis R 1 and R 2 are separated; in Parascepsis the dorsal part of the abdomen is grayish brown with a slight bluish hue, while in Episcepsis it is brown with an iridescent blue hue Parascepsis can present androconial patches in the anal cell of the forewings and an elongated area with brown spicules in the costal cell of the hindwings, whereas in Episcepsis both are absent and they bear an androconial organ (tufts of hair) in the 1A+2A-3A of the dorsal side of the hindwings; Parascepsis have the tegumen slightly Hshaped with posterior elongated branches that join the anterior part of the uncus and form a wide area covered with a translucent membrane that projects towards the lateral parts, while in Episcepsis the tegumen is wide, somewhat subrectangular and some species bear projections at the postero-lateral parts; the males of Parascepsis have a wide, almost straight aedeagus, while in Episcepsis the aedeagus is narrower, slightly sinusoid. On the other hand, there is Hyaleucerea lugubris Schaus, 1901, a species described from Colombia, unfortunately without an exact type locality, whose holotype is in the USNM. Based on the external morphological characters that have been possible to analyze for both species, P. ockendeni is very similar to Hyaleucerea lugubris. For now, it has not been possible to review the morphological characters of the latter’s genital capsule, so it is not possible to state that P. ockendeni is a junior synonym of H. lugubris. Examined material: PERU. San Martin, 1 male, San Martín, Carretera Tarapoto-Yurimaguas, 06°28’S, 76°18’W, 1000 m, 14.xi.1998, J. Grados; 1 female, idem except (Genitalia # JGA 636 MUSM). Junin. 1 male, 1.2 km O de San Miguel de Autiki, 10°48’19’’S, 74°49’31’’W, 1418 m, 06.vi.2014, E. Rázuri (Voucher DNA-Artc # 00836- JGA MUSM). Pasco. 1 male, 1 female, Qda. Atarraz, 4.5 km O de Bajo Bocaz, 10°38’17’’S, 75°12’34’’W, 1640 m, 06-10.viii.2012, E. Rázuri & P. Sánchez; 1 female, idem except, (Genitalia # JGA 992 MUSM); 1 female, idem except, (Voucher DNA-Artc # 00890- JGA MUSM). Cusco. 1 male, Cashiriari, 11°52’S, 72°39’W, 690 m, 02.xii.1997, J. Grados (Light trap); 1 male, Campamento Mangoriari, 12° 21’S, 73°02’W, 1500 m, 04.xii.2002, J. Grados; 1 male, idem except, 07.xii.2002; 1 male, 3.5 km ONO de Monte Carmelo, Echarate, 12°26’21.0’’S, 72°59’21.1’’W, 1349 m, 23.ii.2011, M. Alvarado & E. Rázuri; 1 male, 6 km N de Managua (Río Urubamba y Río Cumpirisiato), 12°33’51.49’’S, 73°5’38.33’’W, 1700 m, 19.ix.2010, M. Alvarado & J. Peralta; 1 male, La Convención, Echarate, CC. Ochigoteni, 12°39’31.36’’S, 73°08’57.71’’W, 1449 m, 17.x.2009, C. Carranza & C. Rossi (Light trap) (Genitalia # JGA 776 MUSM); 1 male, idem except, (Genitalia # JGA 775 MUSM); 1 female, La Convención, Echarate, CC. Ochigoteni, 12°39’31.36’’S, 73°08’57.71’’W, 1449 m, 18.x.2009, C. Carranza & C. Rossi (Light trap); 1 male, idem except, 19.x.2009, (Voucher DNA-Artc # 00837- JGA MUSM); 1 male, idem except, (Genitalia # JGA 880 MUSM); 1 male, Campamento Segakiato, 12°43’S, 73°18’W, 1850 m, 02.xi.2002, J. Grados; 1 male, idem except, 08.xi.2002; 1 male, idem except, (Genitalia # JGA 555 MUSM); 1 female, Campamento Comerciato, 12°47’S, 73°22’W, 1350 m, 15.xi.2002, J. Grados; 1 male, idem except, (Genitalia # JGA 556 MUSM); 1 male, idem except, 23.xi.2002; 1 female, Qda. Quitacalzón, 13°01’19’’S, 71°29’50’’W, 967 m, 14.viii.2012, J. Grados (Voucher DNA-Artc # 00838- JGA MUSM); 1 male, San Pedro, 13°03’S, 71°33’W, 1400 m, 05.xi.2001, J. Grados. Madre de Dios. 1 male, Río Alto Madre de Dios, ca. Atalaya, 12°53’S, 71°22’W, 587 m, 21.ii.2007, P. Centeno (MV Light Trap) (2:00-3:00 am). Puno. 5 males, 1 female, Santo Domingo, Carabaya, 13°50’S, 69°40’W, 6000–6500 ft. (1828 m– 1981 m), iii.1901, xi.1901, v.1902, xi.1902, xii.1902; 2 females, La Unión, Río Huacamayo, Carabaya, 13°32’S, 69°38’W, 2000 ft. (610 m), xi. 1904; 1 male, Tinguri, Carabaya, 13°52’50’’S, 69°40’00’’W 3400 ft. (1036 m), viii.1904; 1 male, La Oroya, Río Inambari, 13°50’S, 69°40’W, 3100 ft. (945 m), xii.1905 (G. R. Ockenden) (All specimen from Puno in NHMUK).

Species: Microcebus jonahi species nova 5.2 | Holotype B34, adult male, captured on September 06, 2017 by D. S. Tissue samples, hair samples, as well as e‐ voucher photos of the animal are stored at the Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Germany. The animal itself was released after field handling, sampling, and photographing, since its taxonomic distinctiveness was not recognized at the time of capture. Field measurements (all lengths measured in mm): ear length: 17.6, ear width: 13.7, head length: 37.7, head width: 23.0, snout length: 10.0, intraorbital distance: 8.2, interorbital distance: 26.0, lower leg length: 41.7, hindfoot length: 24.5, third toe length: 10.6, body length: 95.6, tail length: 130.0, body mass: 66 g. The population around Ambavala is designated as the source population for physical specimens in support of the holotype. 5.3 | Type locality Forest near the rural village of Ambavala (S 16° 12.307′, E 49° 35.371′), in a community protected forest at about 342 m a.s.l. approx. 20 km west of Mananara Avaratra (Mananara‐ Nord), Province of Analanjirofo, Madagascar. 5.4 | Paratypes (a) BD1, adult female, captured in the community protected forest of Antsiradrano (near Ambavala) on September 04, 2017. Tissue and hair samples as well as photographs and morphometric measurements are stored at the Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Germany. (b) B13, adult male, captured in the community protected forest near Ambavala on September 11, 2017. Tissue and hair samples as well as photographs and morphometric measurements are stored at the Institute of Zoology of the University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover in Germany. It is planned that one physical specimen will be obtained as a further paratype soon and that this specimen will then be deposited in the Museum of the Zoology Department of the University of Antananarivo, Madagascar. Although not being a standard procedure, this method is most appropriate for endangered primates that should not be prematurely sacrificed if the taxonomic assignment is not yet clear. The same procedure was used for the scientific description of M. gerpi (Radespiel et al., 2012) for which a paratype individual had been collected during a subsequent field mission and was then deposited at the University of Antananarivo. 5.5 | Description Microcebus jonahi is a large‐ bodied, reddish‐ brown, and small‐ eared mouse lemur (Figure 7). This species has short and dense fur. The head is rufous colored with a darker brownish area around the eyes, which can slightly vary among individuals. A distinct white stripe lies between the eyes ending at the forehead (Figure 7c). The ears are of the same rufous color as the head. The cheeks are lighter brownish and less rufous than the head becoming even lighter and almost white toward the throat. The ventrum is white with slightly yellowish nuances (Figure 7d), which can vary in appearance among individuals. The dorsum is rather uniformly brown than reddish (Figure 7e). A darker dorsal stripe can be either present or absent. The ventrum and dorsum are separated by a significant change in coloration with only marginal transition. The coloration of the limbs shows the same pattern with a brownish dorsal and a white to slightly yellowish ventral side. The tail is densely furred and of the same coloration as the dorsum. Hands and feet show only sparse but whitish‐ gray hair. The skin on the palmar and plantar surfaces of hands and feet is brownish pink. Males and females do not show any sexual dimorphism. 5.6 | Habitat information M. jonahi individuals were captured at altitudes between 42 and 356 m a.s.l. Out of the 25 captured individuals, six were caught in neaprimary forest (= low degradation) with a rather continuous canopy and five were captured in highly degraded forests with discontinuous canopy cover and strong regrowth of early successional trees. The majority of individuals (N = 14) were captured in 2 – 4 m high stands of the perennial Madagascar cardamom (Aframomum angustifolium), sometimes intermixed with trees along the forest edges. At Antanambe (Figure 1), a total of 39 individuals were sighted of which 35 were found in forest habitats of different degradation stages. No M. jonahi were sighted in treeless secondary vegetation except for dense Aframomum angustifolium habitats. It currently inhabits one protected area (Mananara‐ Nord NP) and a community managed forest area around the village of Ambavala (Schüssler et al., 2018). 5.7 | Diagnosis M. jonahi can be distinguished from other taxa in northeastern Madagascar by morphometric features and genomic distinctiveness. Compared with its closest relative, M. macarthurii, M. jonahi is longer, has a shorter tail, wider ears, a larger head width and a shorter head length. In addition, M. jonahi can be differentiated from M. macarthurii by its ventral coloration which is rather whitish (Figure 6), but distinctly yellowish orange in M. macarthurii (Radespiel et al., 2008; Radespiel & Raveloson, unpublished data). Moreover, it can be easily distinguished from the sympatric, small‐ bodied M. lehilahytsara (at Ambavala) by its higher body mass, larger body size, and longer tail length. Finally, M. jonahi can be differentiated from its southern geographical neighbor, M. simmonsi, by its shorter ear length and its larger inter‐ and intraorbital distances. M. jonahi could be unambiguously distinguished from the other four taxa in this study across all analyses of nuclear RADseq data (Poelstra et al., 2020). However, it may not be reliably distinguished from M. macarthurii based solely on mitochondrial sequences, likely due to some introgression from M. jonahi into M. macarthurii in the past (Poelstra et al., 2020). 5.8 | Etymology M. jonahi is named in honor of Malagasy primatologist Professor Jonah Ratsimbazafy. He has dedicated his life's work to the conservation of Malagasy lemurs. With both national and international outreach to the scientific community (e.g., GERP, IPS, LemursPortal), to the public of Madagascar (e.g., by initiating the World Lemur Festival), and to the political leaders of Madagascar, he serves as an inspirational role model for young Malagasy students and scientists. He provides hope for the future of Madagascar and for its iconic lemurs during very challenging times. 5.9 | Vernacular name English name: Jonah's mouse lemur, French name: Microcèbe de Jonah, German name: Jonah's Mausmaki.

Partiendo del contexto de estudiantes del grado décimo de una institución pública urbana del municipio de Girón en Santander, Colombia. En esta investigación se buscó desarrollar y fortalecer el pensamiento computacional en los estudiantes a partir de una estrategia basada en la enseñanza de las ciencias de la computación sin computadores, como alternativa a la enseñanza tradicional de la programación. La metodología usada se llevó a cabo en dos etapas, un piloto y una réplica desarrolladas cada una en tres fases, con un grupo control y un grupo experimental en ambos casos. Durante una primera fase, mediante una prueba se realiza un diagnóstico del estado inicial de la habilidad de pensamiento computacional en los estudiantes. Posteriormente se realiza una intervención en la cual se aplica una estrategia para el desarrollo del pensamiento computacional basada en actividades sin computador (unplugged) en uno de los cursos del grado décimo. En la última fase, aplicando la misma prueba inicial se evalúa nuevamente el pensamiento computacional. Adicionalmente durante la etapa de réplica, en la fase de diagnóstico y evaluación también se analizaron otras habilidades como matemáticas y lectoescritura. La implementación de la estrategia permitió fortalecer el pensamiento computacional en los estudiantes del grupo experimental respecto a su propio desempeño en la fase de pre-prueba. No se encuentran resultados concluyentes respecto al uso de la enseñanza tradicional de la programación, tampoco respecto a la influencia del fortalecimiento del pensamiento computacional en las habilidades de otras áreas. Lista de Figuras ........................................................................................................... 5 Lista de Tablas ............................................................................................................ 9 Resumen ..................................................................................................................... 12 Introducción .............................................................................................................. 13 Capítulo I ................................................................................................................... 16 1. Descripción del problema ................................................................................. 16 1.1 Situación Problémica. ............................................................................... 18 1.2 Limitaciones Y Delimitaciones................................................................. 21 1.3 Objetivos ................................................................................................... 22 1.4 Justificación .............................................................................................. 22 1.5 Hipótesis ................................................................................................... 26 Capítulo II ................................................................................................................. 27 2. Marco De Referencia ........................................................................................ 27 2.1 Antecedentes. ............................................................................................ 28 2.2 Marco Teórico. .......................................................................................... 37 2.3 Marco Conceptual. .................................................................................... 52 Capítulo III .......................................................................................................... 56 3. Metodología ...................................................................................................... 56 3.1 Método de investigación ........................................................................... 56 3.2 Alcance de la Investigación ...................................................................... 57 3.3 Población................................................................................................... 58 3.4 Diseño de la Investigación ........................................................................ 60 3.5 Prueba Piloto ............................................................................................. 64 3.6 Réplica ...................................................................................................... 72 3.7 Técnicas Estadísticas ................................................................................ 80 Capítulo IV ................................................................................................................ 87 Resultados y Análisis ............................................................................................... 87 4.1 Prueba Piloto ............................................................................................. 87 4.2 Conclusiones De La Prueba Piloto ........................................................... 99 4.3 Réplica .................................................................................................... 100 Capítulo V ................................................................................................................ 125 Consideraciones Finales y Conclusiones ............................................................... 125 5.1 Consideraciones ...................................................................................... 125 5.2 Trabajos futuros ...................................................................................... 126 5.3 Conclusiones ..................................................................................... 128 Bibliografía .............................................................................................................. 133 Maestría Starting from the context of tenth grade students from an urban public institution in the municipality of Girón in Santander, Colombia. This research sought to develop and strengthen computational thinking in students based on a strategy based on the teaching of computer science without computers, as an alternative to the traditional teaching of programming. The methodology used was carried out in two stages, a pilot and a replica, each developed in three phases, with a control group and an experimental group in both cases. During a first phase, a test is made to diagnose the initial state of computational thinking ability in students. Subsequently, an intervention is carried out in which a strategy for the development of computational thinking based on activities without a computer (unplugged) is applied in one of the tenth grade courses. In the last phase, applying the same initial test, computational thinking is evaluated again. Additionally, during the replication stage, in the diagnosis and evaluation phase, other skills such as mathematics and literacy were also analyzed. The implementation of the strategy allowed strengthening the computational thinking in the students of the experimental group regarding their own performance in the pre-test phase. No conclusive results are found regarding the use of traditional programming teaching, nor regarding the influence of strengthening computational thinking on skills in other areas.

Introduction: Pregnancy in adolescence is a problem of alarming dimensions that demands comprehensive multisectoral care. The incidence of pregnancy in adolescents has grown and no previous studies on the entity were found. Objective: To describe the behavior of adolescent pregnancy in the Mantilla health area. Method: Observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study of a universe of 82 pregnant adolescents from the Mantilla health area from April 2019 to November 2020. A survey and test of perception of family functioning were applied, which were processed using Descriptive Statistics techniques. Results: 57.3% of the pregnant women were between 17 and 19 years old, 53.7% had not completed the pre-university or intermediate technical level and 75.6% did not wish to interrupt their pregnancy. Conclusions: Pregnancies in adolescence are unplanned and therefore unwanted; the vast majority of adolescents admit that they are incapable of facing pregnancy and what it means for their later life.

En este escrito se hace breve mención a la Real Expedición Botánica de la Nueva Granada como escuela de botánica de Eloy Valenzuela, a su mentor, el protomédico gaditano José Celestino Mutis, al protagonismo de Valenzuela en los aspectos sociales de los pobladores de la Villa de Bucaramanga en el siglo XVIII. También se muestran las enfermedades más frecuentes de la época y los remedios con que eran socorridos los pacientes.

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International audience; This paper presents the assessment of CATHARE 3 code against tests performed in the horizontal TPTF (Two Phase Tests Facility) and Mantilla facilities. This activity falls within the framework of a benchmark conducted by the Forum & Network of System Thermal-Hydraulics Codes in Nuclear Reactor Thermal-Hydraulics (FONESYS). The aim of this benchmark is to highlight the capabilities of SYS-TH codes to predict the horizontal stratification criteria and the onset of droplet entrainment and entrainment rate. One of the objectives of TPTF experiments, conducted by JAERI (Japan), was to analyse the thermalhydraulic responses in the horizontal legs of LWR. The considered tests were at steady state and saturated steam/water two-phase flow conditions for a pressure varying between 3 MPa and 12 MPa. CATHARE code simulations show a general rather good agreement with TPTF-H experimental results although some improvements like the stratification regime prediction seem necessary. In two horizontal test sections with different diameters, Mantilla carried out air/water experiments at low pressure, from stratified to annular flow conditions, including droplet entrainment. Entrainment fraction obtained both with the two-fluid 6equation model and the 3-field model of CATHARE are compared against the experimental data. Some improvements of the existing models are proposed for the entrainment and deposition processes to better fit the experiment.

Хосе Марти Перес, писатель, журналист, оратор, поэт и национальный герой Республики Куба, повсеместно признан великой личностью в истории, а также признание получили его исключительные работы, оказавшие существенный вклад в разных сферах. Как показали некоторые исследователи его жизни и работы, фигура Рафаэля Марии де Мендиве оказала на Марти очень большое влияние. Эта работа основана на теоретическом подходе к учебному процессу как одному из фундаментальных способов внести свой вклад в формирование личности. Роль Рафаэля Марии де Мендиве как учителя и наставника Хосе Марти, а также наставления, которые Марти дает Марии Мантилье анализируется в фрагментах писем, написанных им его возлюбленной Марии. Ценности, которые прослеживаются в этих текстах, и то, как они влияют на формирование концепции мира у молодых людей, оцениваются так, что их можно использовать как ценный инструмент для образовательной работы и обучения в образовании будущих поколений., José Martí Pérez, writer, journalist, orator, poet and National Hero of the Republic of Cuba, is universally recognized as a great personality with an important and recognize history and also with an exceptional work, with many contributions in different spheres. As several of the scholars of his life and work have exposed, he was the figure of Rafael Maria de Mendive, one of the most influential in his integral formation. This work is based on a theoretical approach of the tutoring process, as one of the fundamental ways to contribute in the formation of the personality, from individual attention. The role played by Rafael María de Mendive as tutor and teacher of José Martí, as well as the tutorial made by Martí to María Mantilla, is analyzed in the fragments of letters written by him to his beloved Maria. The validity of the values that can be seen in these texts and how they influence the consolidation of the conception of the world in young people is valued, so that they can be used as a valuable tool for the educational work and the tutoring in the formation of future generations.

Tesis-Universidad de Murcia., Consulte la tesis en: BCA. GENERAL. ARCHIVO UNIVERSITARIO. TM 4048.

El trabajo investigativo ofrecido buscó demostrar la existencia o no de la relación entre las variables Educación musical y Motivación en niños de nivel inicial de la Institución Educativa 168 María Mantilla Arias, Ate - Vitarte. La investigación fue de tipo básico, enfoque cuantitativo, nivel correlacional, no experimental, método deductivo hipotético, corte transversal, alcance descriptivo. La población estuvo conformada por 325 niños y niñas de 4 y 5 años, el tipo de muestreo fue no probabilístico por conveniencia, la muestra fue de 122 estudiantes utilizando la técnica de observación no participativa y la encuesta a través de una lista de cotejo. Los resultados mostraron que, en educación musical, el 7.38% está en un nivel regular, el 46.72% está en un buen nivel y el 45.90% está en un nivel muy bueno, mientras que, en la motivación, el 17.21% está en un nivel regular, el 62.30% está en un nivel bueno y un 20,49% en un nivel muy bueno. El objetivo general fue determinar la relación existente entre la educación musical y la motivación en niños de nivel inicial de la Institución Educativa 168 María Mantilla Arias, Ate – Vitarte, 2020. El coeficiente rho de Spearman fue 0.539, indicando que existe una relación significativa y directa con un grado moderado de relación, el p-valor fue 0.000 (< 0.05) aceptando la hipótesis alternativa H1 que indica que existe una relación significativa entre la educación musical y Motivación en niños de nivel inicial de la Institución Educativa 168 María Mantilla Arias, Ate – Vitarte. Ate Escuela de Posgrado Atención Integral del Infante, Niño y Adolescente

Koentjaraningrat (2002) melihat bahwa kebudayaan memiliki wujud sebagai 1) ide atau gagasan, 2) sebagai aktivitas atau tindakan, dan 3) sebagai benda hasil karya manusia. Hal tersebut berarti suatu artefak sebagai wujud benda dari kebudayaan dapat mencerminkan berbagai aspek tak benda yang berada disekitar lingkungan penciptaan artefak tersebut. Desain Produk “Hug Salt and Pepper Shaker” karya desainer Alberto Mantilla menarik untuk dikaji karena menampilkan ciri-ciri visual simbol-simbol ideologi Timur padahal kebangsaan desainer dan lokus penciptaannya berada di dunia Barat. Dalam tulisan ini akan dikaji makna produk tersebut melalui intrepertasi semiotis menggunakan kombinasi metode dan teori yang dikembangkan oleh Roland Barthes, Mongin-Ferdinand de Saussure dan Charles Sanders Peirce. Tahapan analisa akan dimulai dengan melakukan klasifikasi tanda berikut intrepretasi maknanya, yang selanjutnya akan digali pula makna dalam relasi antar tandanya. Melalui serangkaian kajian terebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa produk itu secara visual memiliki makna konotatif mengenai persahabatan, keharmonisan hubungan antar individu, kesetaraan dan penerimaan satu sama lain; dan ada mitos yang dipercayai oleh sang desainer bahwa ideologi Taoisme (Yin & Yang) adalah ideologi yang tepat untuk mewujudkan hal tersebut. Kata kunci : Semiotika, Salt & Pepper, Yin & Yang, Taoisme Abstract Koentjaraningrat (2002) suggested that cultures can be seen as 1) ideas, 2) activities, and 3) artefacts. It is can be concluded that artefacts as tangible aspects of cultures can be used to predict a lot of intangible aspects of cultures that surrounds a community on which the cultures grow. The “Hug Salt and Pepper Shaker” designed Alberto Mantilla is quite interesting to be analyzed. The product shows visual traits of ancient Eastern Ideology symbol, while the desainer grew in the western culture. The paper are going to do series of analysis using a combination of semiotic method and theory that is propossed by Roland Barthes, Mongin-Ferdinand de Saussure dan Charles Sanders Peirce. Started with doing several sign classification and its meaning, followed by analysis on the meaning of the relations that is formed between the signs. Through the analysis can be concluded that visual traits on the product has conotative meaning of friendship, harmony, equality and acceptance. On the second level of meanings it can be seen that the designer believed on mith, that Taoism is the most suitable ideology to make those condition comes true. Keywords : Semiotic, Salt & Pepper, Yin & Yang, Taoism

El estudio de la censura franquista es uno de los temas que aún presentan grandes vacíos informativos. Actualmente, no existe una base de datos que cuantifique las acciones de la censura ni una lista que mencione a los trabajadores públicos que ejercieron como censores para el gobierno. Durante la dictadura todos los medios culturales fueron controlados por el Estado, sin embargo, de entre todos ellos la literatura infantil y el teatro fueron los dos núcleos más vigilados. En este último caso hemos de valorar que el Régimen evaluaba tanto el texto de la obra, como la representación de la misma. Asimismo, con la censura oficial convivieron la de carácter económico (con el veto a algunas subvenciones) y la soterrada. No obstante, conocer todas estas estrategias solo es posible si cotejamos los documentos originales de la censura con el testimonio del autor que la sufrió. Este método es el que hemos seguido para la redacción del presente artículo, que cuenta con el testimonio inédito del dramaturgo Luis Matilla. El autor, además de ser una figura destacada del grupo Tábano, trabajó paralelamente tanto el teatro infantil, como el de adultos y gracias a esa dilatada trayectoria conoce con exactitud los sistemas de censura que afectaron al teatro. Por tanto, en líneas sucesivas atesoramos la memoria de Luis Matilla y documentamos, gracias a su biblioteca personal, la formación de los censores, trámites que hubo que respetar en la evaluación de una obra y los diferentes recursos del Estado para silenciar a grupos y autores discrepantes. The study of Franco’s censorship is a subject with still important information gaps. Nowadays, there is neither a database able to quantify censoring activities nor a list with civil servants who served as censors. During the dictatorship, the state controlled every cultural media; however, among them, children´s literature and theatre were the most guarded ones. Regarding theatre, we must take into account that the Francoist regime assessed both text and staging. As well, covert and economic censorship (with the prohibition of some grants) coexisted with the official one. Nevertheless, knowing all these strategies is only possible if we compare the original censorship documents with the author’s testimony. The present article is based on this method, using the unpublished testimony of playwright Luis Mantilla. This author, who was a significant figure in the group Tábano, worked in children’s and adult’s theatre at the same time. Because of his career, he knows accurately the censorship systems applied to theatre. Therefore, from here on Luis Matilla’s testimony and personal library are used to document censors’ training, procedures which had to be followed in literary assessments and the different resources used by the Government to silence dissenting groups and authors.

Digital, 1 ed.

Digital, 1 ed.

Digital, 1 ed.

Resumen El presente artículo explora desde una perspectiva interdisciplinaria la intersección entre moda, cultura material y género a través de la ubicua presencia de la mantilla en la prensa y en la literatura española del siglo XIX, si bien con una introducción pictórica a la mantilla en la pintura del siglo XVIII. Tomando como punto de partida varios estudios teórico-críticos referentes a la cultura material y a la relevancia sociopolítica de la moda –particularmente la moda femenina– la autora explora hasta qué punto la mantilla, este artículo de ropa tan asociado con la imagen de una España tradicionalista, se convierte en el siglo XIX en un emblema discursivo y un símbolo controversial en una España dividida entre las convenciones del pasado y la modernidad. A través del estudio de la importancia sociocultural, estética y política de esta prenda, el artículo demuestra claramente hasta qué punto una prenda de vestir femenina puede convertirse en un objeto de lectura antropológica al revelar los valores y contradicciones de una sociedad, una nación y una época.

152. Baker’s Tent-making Bat Uroderma bakeri French: Uroderme de Baker / German: Baker-Zeltfledermaus / Spanish: Urodermo de Baker Taxonomy. Uroderma baker: Mantilla-Meluk, 2014, “Santa Crucita, in Parque Nacional Guatopo, Miranda, Venezuela, 10°5’N, 66°33 'W at an elevation of 2450 m.” Previously, specimens of U. bakeri were identified as U. magnirostrum. Monotypic. Distribution. NW South America, along E Andes Range of Colombia and Venezuela and Coastal Range in N Venezuela. Descriptive notes. Head-body 53-58 mm (tailless), forearm 36-2-37-8 mm. No other specific measurements are available. Baker’s Tent-making Bat is medium-sized, with gray dorsal fur. Dorsal hairs are bicolored, with pale band at bases and mostly gray toward tips. On broad rostrum, there is a pair of white stripes above and below eyes. Hairs are scarce or totally absent in ears and on uropatagium. Ear margins, lateral part of noseleaf, and lancet are yellow. Thin white line crosses dorsum, running from posterior head/neck to posterior end of body. Interorbital bone region is swollen, and there is a little developed crest in suture between parietals and temporal bones. Vomer and turbinate bones are well developed. Dental formula for species of Umdermnis 12/2, C 1/1, P 2/2, M 3/8 (x2) = 32. I* and 1° are bilobed and have unequal lobes. I' are much larger than I* and separated by gaps. Habitat. Tropical humid pre-montane forests along eastern side of northern Andes at elevations of 500-2500 m. Food and Feeding. There is no specific information available for Baker’s Tent-making Bat, but skull and dentition suggest that it is frugivorous. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. No information. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. Bibliography. Mantilla-Meluk (2014)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier, 2019, Phyllostomidae, pp. 444-583 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 556, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6458594

65. Cadena’s Tailless Bat Anoura cadenai French: Anoura de Cadena / German: Cadena-Langnasenfledermaus / Spanish: Anoura de Cadena Taxonomy. Anoura cadena: Mantilla-Meluk & R. J. Baker, 2006, “between the municip10s of Calima and Restrepo near the Rio Bravo at 1000 m elevation at 03°56’03” N, 76°29'18” W,” Valle del Cauca, Colombia. This species is monotypic. Distribution. Known only from W slope of SW Colombian Andes. It could be present in adjacent Andean region of N Ecuador. Descriptive notes. Head-body 59-61 mm (no visible tail), ear 11-15 mm, forearm 36-37 mm. Fur of Cadena’s Tailless Batis short and crisp. Although relatively small among species of Anoura, it is larger than similar species such as Luis Manuel's Tailless Bat (A. luismanueli) and the Tailed Tailless Bat (A. caudifer). Dorsal fur of Cadena’s Tailless Bat is blackish brown, with hairs having grayish bases and brownish tips; underparts are blackish. Externally, it resembles other small species of Anoura, but tail is absent in all known specimens. Uropatagium is also narrow, with some hairs along its free margin. Skull is delicate, zygomatic arches are complete, and rostrum is broad and heavy, resembling more massive and square-shaped skull of Handley’s Tailless Bat (A. cultrata). Upper canines of Cadena’s Tailless Bat are large, with shallow sulcus on their anterior face. Habitat. Various habitats from broad,level tropical lowlands up to the montane forests at elevations of 800-1560 m, including mosaics of primary and secondary forests and agricultural plots, preserved pre-montane forests, very humid subtropical forests, and xerophytic areas. Type locality of Cadena’s Tailless Bat is within a well-preserved Andean forest characterized by giant trees covered by epiphytes. Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. Pregnant Cadena’s Tailless Bats were recorded in May and November. Activity patterns. Cadena’s Tailless Bats are nocturnal. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Cadena’s Tailless Bat is endemic to a small region with high rates of agricultural transformation; therefore,its populations could be declining because of habitat loss. Bibliography. Griffiths & Gardner (2008a), Mantilla-Meluk & Baker (2006)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier, 2019, Phyllostomidae, pp. 444-583 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on pages 519-520, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6458594

22. Chiribiquete Sword-nosed Bat Lonchorhina mankomara French: Lonchorhine de Chiribiquete / German: Chiribiquete-Schwertnase / Spanish: Loncorino de Chiribiquete Other common names: Mother Mara’s Sword-nosed Bat Taxonomy. Lonchorhina mankomara Mantilla-Meluk & Montenegro, 2016, “Rio Mesay, Puerto Abeja (Tepui), Southeastern portion of Serrania de Chiribiquete The National Park Chiribiquete (PNN Chiribiquete, at 340 masl, department of Caqueta, Colombia; coordinates 00°04'N, 72°26 'W.” This species is monotypic. Distribution. Known only from type locality in Caqueta Department, SE Colombia. Descriptive notes. Head-body 74-76 mm, tail 57-69 mm, forearm 63-65 mm; weight 33 g. The Chiribiquete Sword-nosed Batis the largest species of Lonchorhina. Dorsal furis bicolored, with paler bases and brownish upper two-thirds; ventral fur is paler. Noseleaf is enormously developed (0-9-1-5 times the length ofskull; width one-third the length of skull), free margins are not crenulated or waved,it is revolute on anterior surface of base accompanied with ribs (costae foliae nasalis), and medial costae on anterior and posterior surfaces of noseleaf are formed by two muscular bands (sulcus medialis costae). Sella is constituted by basis sellae, expanded anteriorly and laterally to form two mobile laminar expansions (alae sellae), on top of which sella is thinner forming pedunculum sellae. All ornamentations of the Chiribiquete Sword-nosed Bat are enlarged compared with those in other species of Lonchorhina; in particular, pedunculum sellae is longer, and tuberculum sellae is more expanded and simpler than that of Marinkelle’s Sword-noded Bat (L. marinkellei). Facial and ear hairs are dense and long (greater than 6-9 mm at bases of ear). Wing membranes are black to dark brown. Tail is long, extending to posterior margin of long uropatagium, giving it a pointy look. Skull is large and elongated compared with those of other species of Lonchorhina. Braincase height is same as rostrum height (subequal); nasal aperture is broad. Teeth are very massive; I' is longer and wider than I*large canines have wide cingula; P? is enlarged; molars are wide, with elongated lingual bases; and lower incisors are bilobed. Habitat. Isolated rock hills known as inselbergs, usually surrounded by tropical savanna grasslands and terra firma forests (type locality). Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. No information. Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Chiribiquete Sword-nosed Bat was founding in the same roost as the Lesser Dog-like Bat (Peropteryx macrotis) and the Common Mustached Bat (Pteronotus parnellii). Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. As other species with restricted distribution and limited information, the Chiribiquete Sword-nosed Bat could be classified as Data Deficient. Type locality is in the interior of a large protected area, Serrania de Chiribiquete. Bibliography. Eisenberg (1989), Gardner (1977b), Hernandez-Camacho & Cadena (1978), Mantilla-Meluk & Montenegro (2016), Morales-Martinez & Lépez-Arévalo (2018), Williams & Genoways (2008)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier, 2019, Phyllostomidae, pp. 444-583 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 498, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6458594

Para la empresa en estudio la tecnología es considerado como soporte para la toma de decisiones constituyendo un proceso sensible y complejo, pero toma mucha importancia abarcarlo más en este caso que está asociado con la gestión comercial, su acertado desarrollo está condicionado por los elementos como la competitividad, mercado global, así como cambios económicos especialmente asociados con las preferencias de los clientes. La investigación pretende mejorar significativamente el soporte de la gestión comercial en el proceso a la toma de decisiones por parte de las gerencias de la empresa Inversiones Mantilla situada en la ciudad de Lima, Perú, por medio de la implementación de una solución de Inteligencia de Negocios con datawarehouse, herramienta que proporciona información comercial oportuna, consistente, completa, automatizado y flexible en uso y costo. El tipo de investigación es aplicada ya que la solución se implementó y se analizó su efecto en la gestión comercial en base a los 4 procesos de la empresa asimismo se aplicó un instrumento de test de entrada y test de salida, obteniéndose una mejora para obtener los reportes en cuanto a tiempo, costo e incidencias. Se consultó la opinión de algunos expertos en la materia y se eligió aplicar la metodología de Ralph Kimball para el desarrollo de la solución, se tomó las bases de datos transaccionales de sus sistemas para luego transformar los datos, una vez “limpios” se almacenaron en un datawarehouse para que finalmente la información esté disponible en cualquier herramienta visual como en este caso se utilizó el Power BI en apoyo a la mejora de toma de decisiones. Se realizó una comparativa para los 4 procesos, entre antes de aplicar la solución y después de la solución y en una toma de 48 fechas, se comprobó en cuanto al tiempo para generar los reportes se obtuvo un total de 20820.00 minutos frente a un 660.00 minutos lo que hace un ahorro de tiempo en un 96.83%, tomando la misma comparativa en cuanto al costo (ahorro en soles) para la generación de reportes se obtuvo un total de 2602.45 soles y después de la solución se obtuvo un costo total de 82.49 soles, obteniéndose un ahorro total de 96.83% (lo que 82.49 soles representa el aumento de 3.17%), de manera similar se detectó antes de la solución un total de 315 incidencias y luego de la solución un total de 103 incidencias mejorando significativamente el proceso de generación de los reportes reduciendo un total de 67.3%. Lima Norte Escuela de Posgrado Sistema de Información y Comunicación

86 p., En el presente proyecto de grado basado en la práctica empresarial apoyando a la empresa DIATECO S.A.S, en la construcción y adecuación del colegio Facundo Navas Mantilla; barrió la Esmeralda en el municipio de Girón-Santander, se da a conocer las actividades desarrolladas por el practicante donde se reforzó los conocimientos adquiridos en la Universidad y la consolidación de las habilidades y las destrezas que permiten una mejor competencia en el desempeño de la Ingeniería Civil. Esto se logró ejecutando todos los métodos técnicos del proceso constructivo, verificando el cabal cumplimiento con lo estipulado en las especificaciones y normas vigentes. Cabe resaltar que fue necesario investigar la norma NTC-4595 (segunda actualización) que trata sobre la ingeniería civil y arquitectura en diseño de instalaciones y ambientes escolares, y la NSR-10 que trata sobre la reglamentación para regular las condiciones con la cual se debe construir edificaciones. Dentro de las labores realizadas en la pasantía se destacan lo siguiente: colaborar en el diagnóstico del estado de la estructura, instalaciones y aparatos existentes de dos bloques, ya que la obra se encontraba abandonada desde hace diez años aproximadamente. En los otros dos bloques se realizara la construcción de un bloque de dos plantas y el otro de cuatro plantas donde se ejecutó la supervisión y control de los siguientes ítems: Construcción del encerramiento; retiro de material orgánico; localización y replanteo; excavaciones para la cimentación; estructura en concreto., In the present project of degree based on business practice supporting the company DIATECO S.A.S, in the construction and adaptation of the school Facundo Navas Mantilla; swept the Esmeralda in the municipality of Girón-Santander, reveals the activities developed by the practitioner where the knowledge acquired in the University was reinforced and the consolidation of skills and abilities that allow a better competence in the performance of Engineering Civil. This was achieved by executing all the technical methods of the construction process, verifying full compliance with the stipulations of the current specifications and regulations. It should be noted that it was necessary to investigate the standard NTC-4595 (second update) dealing with civil engineering and architecture in the design of school facilities and environments, and the NSR-10, which deals with regulations to regulate the conditions under which build buildings. Among the tasks performed in the internship, the following stand out: to collaborate in the diagnosis of the state of the existing structure, facilities and apparatuses of two blocks, since the work had been abandoned for approximately ten years. In the other two blocks, the construction of a block of two floors and the other of four floors where the supervision and control of the following items was executed: Construction of the enclosure; removal of organic material; location and redefinition; excavations for the foundation; structure in concrete., Pregrado, Ingeniero(a) Civil, RESUMEN……………………………………………………………………………..…13 ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………………14 INTRODUCCIÓN………………………………………………………………………...15 1.0 OBJETIVOS………………………………………………………………………….16 1.1 OBJETIVO GENERAL…………………………………………………………...16 1.2 OBJETIVOS ESPECIFICOS………………………………………………….…16 2.0 MARCO TEORICO………………………………………………………………….17 2.1 DESCRIPCIÓN DE LA EMPRESA……………………………………………..17 2.1.1 VISION……………………………………………………………………..…17 2.1.2 MISION…………………………………………………………………….…17 2.1.3 NUESTROS VALORES………………………………………………….…17 2.1.3.1 COMPROMISO…………………………………………………………17 2.1.3.2 ORIENTACIÓN A LOS RESULTADOS……………………………..17 2.1.4. ORGANIGRAMA DE LA EMPRESA DIATECO S.A.S……………..18 2.1.5 CARTA DE LA FUNDADORA…………………………………………..18 2.2 MARCO CONCEPTUAL…………………………………………………………20 2.2.1 MANTENIMIENTO…………………………………………………………..20 2.2.2 MANTENIMIENTO CORRECTIVO………………………………………..20 2.2.3 MANTENIMIENTO PREVENTIVO……………………………………...…20 2.2.4 EVALUACIÓN……………………………………………………………….21 2.2.5 PLANIFICACIÓN……………………………………………………...…….21 2.2.6 EJECUCIÓN…………………………………………………………………21 2.2.7 PRESUPUESTO…………………...........................................................21 2.2.7.1 CLASIFICACIÓN DEL PRESUPUESTO…………………………….21 2.2.7.2 PRESUPUESTOS DEL SECTOR PÚBLICO…………….…………22 2.2.7.3 PRESUPUESTOS DEL SECTOR PRIVADO………………………22 2.2.8 MANO DE OBRA……………………………………………………………22 2.2.8.1 MANO DE OBRA DIRECTA……………………………………….…22 2.2.8.2 MANO DE OBRA INDIRECTA…………………………………….…22 2.2.9 HERRAMIENTA……………………………………………………………..23 2.2.9.1 HERRAMIENTAS MENORES………………………………..……....23 2.2.10 MATERIALES………………………………………………………………23 2.2.11 COMITÉ TECNICO………………………………………...………………23 2.2.12 ACTA…………………………………………………………………….….23 2.2.13 ESPECIFICACIONES TECNICAS……………………………………….24 2.2.14 PLANOS……………………………………………………………….……24 2.2.14.1 PLANOS DE TOPOGRAFIA……………………………...…………24 2.2.14.2 PLANOS DE CIMENTANCIÓN………………….………………….24 2.2.14.3 PLANOS DE INSTALCIONES………………………………………25 2.2.14.4 PLANO DE PLANTA……………………………………………...…25 2.2.14.5 PLANOS DE ACABADOS Y DETALLES…………………………25 2.2.15 INSPECCIÓN DE OBRAS ………………………………………………..25 2.2.16 OBRA CIVIL………………………………………………………...……...26 2.2.17 COMEDORES ESCOLARES…………………………………………….26 2.2.18 MEGA COLEGIOS…………………………………………………………26 2.2.19 DEFORESTACIÓN………………………………………………………...26 2.2.20 REFORESTACIÓN………………………………………………………...27 2.2.21 LINCENCIA AMBIENTAL………………………………………………...27 2.3 MARCO LEGAL…………………………………………………………………..28 2.3.1 GENERALIDADES………………………………………………………….28 3.0 METODOLOGIA……………………………………………………………………..32 3.1 GENERALIDADES……………………………………………………………….32 3.2 DESCRIPCIÓN DEL PROYECTO………………………………………………40 3.3 DESCRIPCIÓN DE ACTIVIDADES……………………………………………48 3.3.1 ACTIVIDADES ADMINISTRATIVAS……………………………………..73 4.0 ANÁLISIS DE RESULTADO………………………………………………………75 5.0 CONCLUSIONES……………………………………………………………………76 6.0 RECOMENDACIONES……………………………………………………………..77 7.0 BIBLIOGRAFIA……………………………………………………………………...78 8.0 ANEXOS.……………………………………………………………………………..79, Ej. 1

La presente investigación titulada Clima de aula y comunicación pedagógica en el proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje para el Unidad Educativo “Ricardo Álvarez Mantilla” de San José de Moran de la Parroquia Calderón del Cantón Pichincha en el año lectivo 2017, tuvo como objetivo general desarrollar una propuesta de intervención educativa que permita mejorar la comunicación y clima en el aula. El diseño de la investigación fue no experimental, transversal, descriptivo y correlacional. Para la recolección de la información se usaron los cuestionarios sociodemográficos para profesores y estudiantes, y, la escala de clima social escolar CES (adaptación española) de R.H. Moos y E. J. Trickett. Producto del estudio se determina la relación que existe entre clima de aula y comunicación pedagógica en la enseñanza aprendizaje entre variables: personales, sociales y académicas de los estudiantes, frente a lo que se recomienda al docente desarrollar estrategias y habilidades y ayude en la comunicación y por ende a un mejor clima de aula. The research entitled "Classroom climate and pedagogical communication in the teachinglearning process for the Educational Unit" Ricardo Álvarez Mantilla "of San José de Moran of the Calderón Parish of Pichincha Canton in the school year 2017, had as its general objective to develop a proposal for educational intervention to improve communication and climate in the classroom. The design of the research was non-experimental, cross-sectional, descriptive and correlational. For the collection of the information, the socio-demographic questionnaires for teachers and students were used, and the school social climate scale CES (Spanish adaptation) of R.H. Moos and E. J. Trickett. Product of the study determines the relationship between classroom climate and pedagogical communication in teaching learning between variables: personal, social and academic students, compared to what is recommended to the teacher to develop strategies and skills and help in communication and therefore to a better classroom climate.

Simulium (Psilopelmia) machetorum new species (Figs. 2, 3 D���F, 4 E���H) FEMALE (dissected from pupa) (Fig. 2 A). General body color dark brownish; all hair dark brownish to brassy, except recumbent hair on scutum golden. Head��� Frons pollinose, longer than greatest width, with dark hairs. Head about 3.8 ���4.0 times longer than greatest width of frons. Maxillary palp with sensory vesicle about 3 / 8 length and �� width of palpomere III; palpomere V about 6 times longer than greatest width. Antenna with 9 flagellomeres; first flagellomere longest, with dark hairs. Lacinia with 17 teeth. Mandible with 30���32 teeth. Cibarium with well-sclerotized cornuae; median region unarmed or with few minute teeth centrally. Thorax��� Length 1.4���1.5 mm (n = 2). Scutum grayish black; lateralmost margins grayish. Scutellum ocher with numerous long black and bronze hairs, depending on angle of lighting. Postnotum grayish black, with golden pruinosity. Wing with stem vein and basicosta bearing dark brownish hairs; subcosta with row of setae ventrally; radius dorsobasally with hair. Legs dark brownish. Claws each with small subbasal tooth. Abdomen��� Tergite VI with central grayish spot; VII entirely grayish. Cercus (Fig. 2 A) subrectangular, about 2 times wider than long. Anal lobe (Fig. 2 A) subtriangular, sclerotized posteriorly, membranous and covered with microtrichia anteriorly, about 3 times as deep as long, projected ventrally as rounded process. Hypogynial valve with inner margin well sclerotized and lacking microtrichia. Genital fork slender; arms nearly of uniform thickness, about same width as stem, expanded distally into small lateral plates. Spermatheca subspherical, with microspines internally and hexagonal network externally; junction with spermathecal duct unpigmented. MALE (Figs. 2 B���I). All body parts dark brown to blackish; all hair brassy. Head��� Frons and occiput with silvery pruinosity and long hairs. Antenna with scape bearing outer tuft of setae up to 4 times longer than width of scape; pedicel about 1.1 times wider than long; flagellum of 9 flagellomeres, with first longest and widest, about 1.3 times longer than wide, about 2 times longer than 2 nd, and 1.7 times longer than pedicel. Maxillary palp with sensory vesicle less than �� length of its palpomere; palpomere II, and especially III, with long hairs up to about 2 times longer than palpomere III. Thorax��� Length 1.3���1.5 mm (n = 2). Scutum without markings, with medium-long, posteriorly directed hairs; posterolateral border with long, anteriorly directed hairs; scutellum with lateral tufts of long, anteriorly directed hairs. Postnotum with silvery pruinosity. Katepisternum bare. Wing with subcosta bearing hairs ventrally; radius with hair dorsobasally. Halter with stem grayish, club whitish yellow. Legs dark brownish. Calcipala rounded, 1 / 3 or less width of apex of its segment; pedisulcus about �� depth of tarsomere I. Abdomen��� Tergites VI, and slightly V, shiny, with silvery pruinosity. Genitalia: Gonocoxite in ventral view subtrapezoidal, about 1.3���1.5 times wider than long, slightly shorter than gonostylus. Gonostylus in ventral view, as viewed in situ (Fig. 2 C), smoothly curved toward midline, 2.3���2.4 times longer than basal width; in dorsal view (Fig. 2 B) proximal �� about 2.6 times wider than distal ��; in lateral view (Fig. 2 D) smoothly curved, with 1 slender subapical spinule. Ventral plate in ventral view subrectangular, rounded posterolaterally, with body of plate about 1.8 times wider than long in situ (Fig. 2 E), or 1.6 times wider if lip tilted ventrally (Fig. 2 F) so that lip is conspicuous; in lateral view (Fig. 2 G) lip narrowed, projected ventrally from body of plate in smooth curve at 90 �� or slightly greater angle to arm. Median sclerite (Fig. 2 H) short, abruptly widened in distal half to irregularly rounded, weakly sclerotized area about as wide as long. Paramere (Fig. 2 I) subquadrangular, wrinkled, connected to series of 2���4 stout spines interspersed with numerous smaller spines about �� to �� as long as largest spine. Aedeagal membrane with rows of microsetae. PUPA (Figs. 2 J, 3 D���F, 4 H). Total body length (without gill) 3.5-4.2 mm. Head��� Cephalic plate with irregularly and densely distributed, acuminate tubercles; row of 7 or 8 arborescent frontal trichomes with about 14 branches each; 1 arborescent trichome (ca. 10 branches) on each eye sheath posterolateral to antennal sheath. Thorax��� With fine covering of uniformly spaced, fine microgranules, and irregularly distributed acuminate microtubercles (Fig. 3 E, F), less dense and less robust than on cephalic plate, and progressively less dense and smaller posteriorly; row of 5 arborescent trichomes with about 14 branches (Figs. 3 E, F). Gill (Fig. 4 H) ��� Length 2.0��� 2.9 mm (n = 2); with 6 filaments in 3 pairs arising from short trunk slightly longer than wide; dorsal pair of filaments with petiole about 2 times longer than wide; middle and ventral pairs with petiole about 6���8 times longer than wide; all filaments subequal in width, with furrowed surface. Abdomen��� Tergite I with 1 small seta per side; tergite II with row of 3 or 4 small, short, unbranched, anteriorly directed setae and lateral cluster of 3 slender, unbranched, straight setae per side; tergites III and IV each with 4 anteriorly directed hooks and 1 or 2 small setae per side; tergites V and VI each with several rows of comblike scales; tergite VII with variable number of setae per side and several rows of minute comblike scales; tergite VIII with 9 spines of different sizes per side and several rows of minute comblike scales; terminal spines minute. Sternite III with 1 small seta per side; sternite IV with 1 anteriorly directed hook per side; sternite V with 2 anteriorly directed, bifid or trifid hooks per side; sternite VI with 1 unbranched hook, 1 bifid hook, and 1 small trifid seta per side; sternite VII with 1 anteriorly directed unbranched hook, 1 bifid hook, and several rows of minute, comblike scales per side; sternite VIII with several rows of minute, comblike scales per side. Pleural region on each side with 0���2 small setae per segment. Cocoon (Fig. 2 J) ��� Length ventrally 3.5���4.8 mm (mean 4.2 mm, n = 6); slipper shaped, with pair of elongated anterodorsal projections (length 1.8���2.3 mm, mean 2.1 mm, n = 6) sometimes reaching substrate; individual threads distinct; anterior border reinforced with silk. LARVA (mature) (Figs. 4 E���G). Total length 7.6 mm (n = 1). General body color grayish, with slight greenish cast. Head��� Dark chestnut brown, lightest on anterior of cephalic apotome (Fig. 4 E); head spots faintly negative within darker subtriangular area; cervical sclerites dark brown, minute, ovoid, free of postocciput; line over eye yellowish brown. Antenna brownish, subequal in length to stem of labral fan; ratio of articles proximal to distal including apical cone sensillum: 1.0: 1.7: 1.4; proximal article unpigmented ventrobasally, medial article with minute translucent spot proximally and distally. Labral fan with 49 primary rays. Mandible with largest tooth slightly serrated along inner margin; sensillum bifid. Maxillary palp with darkly pigmented area about 1.7 times as long as its basal width and extended to about 82 % of palp length. Hypostoma (Fig. 4 F) with anterior margin concave, middle and lateral teeth subequal in prominence; 7���11 lateral serrations per side; 5���8 tufted sublateral setae per side, plus 2 or 3 additional, smaller, unbranched or bifid setae per side and about 8 small, unbranched setae scattered on central disc. Postgenal cleft (Fig. 4 G) subtriangular, extended about 60 % of distance from posterior tentorial pits to hypostomal groove. Thorax��� Lateral plate of prothoracic proleg subtriangular, well sclerotized, light brownish. Gill histoblast with 6 filaments in 3 pairs. Abdomen��� Rather abruptly expanded at segment V; ventral tubercles absent. Abdominal cuticle without conspicuous setae. Rectal papillae of 3 lobes with 18���20 lobules each. Anal sclerite with anterior arms broad; posterior arms slender, darker, and slightly longer than anterior arms. Posterior circlet with 88 rows of 10���15 hooklets each. HOLOTYPE. Male (dissected from pupa) pinned with pupal exuviae and cocoon in glycerin microvial below. COLOMBIA, Department of Risaralda, W side of Cordillera Central Andes, Nevado de Santa Isabel, Lake Ot��n (4 �� 47 ' 41.9 ���N 75 �� 24 ' 29.1 ���W), 3950 masl, 11 January 2012, collectors L. Madro��ero, E. Ruiz, S. Mantilla (deposited in Instituto de Ciencias Naturales (ICN), Bogot��, Colombia, accession number ICN-086082). PARATYPES. Same locality and collectors as for holotype, 27 June 2010 (1 pupa with pharate female on slide, 1 pupa with pharate female in 80 % ethanol and terminalia in glycerin, 3 pupae on slides, 2 pupae in 80 % ethanol, 1 larva in 80 % ethanol, 1 larva on slide); 29 December 2010 (3 pharate males in glycerin vials on pins, 1 larva in glycerin vial on pin). Accession numbers ICN-086086, ICN-086093, ICN-086094, and ICN-086095. Etymology. This species is named in recognition of the Machete family, who farms the area near the type locality and provided field assistance. The species name also represents a typical working tool of Colombian farmers, the machete, and therefore, also honors all Colombian people working in the countryside. Habitat. Larvae and pupae were found in flows less than 2 m wide, with water temperature of 3.3���6.5 ��C (mean 4.8 ��C), pH 7.8���8.1 (mean 7.9), dissolved oxygen 7.2���7.8 mg /l (mean 7.6 mg /l), and 0���50 % coverage by riparian vegetation. Pupae were found only on trailing vegetation. Larvae and pupae were found in low numbers, compared with populations of other species in the habitat (G. arrarteorum, G. basinflatus, G. misitu, and S. quimbayium n. sp.) Pupae were found in the middle and end of the year. Remarks. We place this species in the subgenus Psilopelmia (sensu Shelley et al. 2010), based on the morphology of the female and male genitalia. It is, however, an unusual member of the subgenus, particularly in having expansive anterodorsal projections on the cocoon and uniformly dark adults, the latter feature perhaps related to the high-altitude environment. The configuration of the gill is similar to that of S. gabaldoni Ram��rez- P��rez and Simulium arcabucense Coscar��n, especially the latter in the branching pattern. Simulium machetorum n. sp., however, is distinguished from both species by having cephalic and thoracic microtubercles longer than wide (Figs. 3 E, F) and a pair of long anterodorsal projections on the cocoon (Fig. 2 J). The female of Simulium arcabucense has a similarly shaped anal lobe (as do other species, such as S. pifanoi Ram��rez-P��rez), but the scutum is patterned with yellow and brown and the sclerotization pattern of the anal lobe is more extensive. The male genitalia are similar to those of the Simulium romanai Wygodzinsky complex, but differ by the presence of 2��� 4 long, stout parameral spines (in addition to numerous smaller spines) (Fig. 2 I), and a more distally broadened median sclerite (Fig. 2 H)., Published as part of Mantilla, Juan S., Moncada, Ligia I., Matta, Nubia E. & Adler, Peter H., 2013, Two New Species of Black Flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from the High Andes of Colombia, pp. 423-434 in Zootaxa 3700 (3) on pages 428-432, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3700.3.6, http://zenodo.org/record/217433

Simulium (Pternaspatha) quimbayium new species (Figs. 1, 3 A���C, 4 A���D) FEMALE (Figs. 1 A���D). General body color dark brownish; all hair dark brownish to brassy, except pale golden on scutum and scattered among dark brownish hairs on legs. Head��� Frons pollinose, slightly longer than greatest width; head about 3.3���3.4 times longer than greatest width of frons. Maxillary palp with palpomere III bearing somewhat dense, dark hairs, but none longer than its palpomere (hairs not nearly as long as in male); sensory vesicle about 1 / 3 length and �� width of palpomere III; palpomere V slender, about 12 times longer than greatest width; ratio of palpomeres III: IV: V = 1.2: 1.0: 2.5. Antenna with 9 flagellomeres; pedicel slightly larger than first flagellomere; no segments with long, dense hair (contrary to condition in male). Lacinia with 30 or 31 teeth. Mandible with 34���36 short, stout teeth on inner margin and 10���15 longer, more widely spaced teeth on outer margin. Cibarium with anterior margin broadly U shaped, smooth; cornuae well sclerotized. Thorax��� Length 1.50���1.70 mm (n = 2). Scutum dull blackish with 2 longitudinal, silvery to pale golden stripes converging posteriorly, producing lyrelike pattern. Katepisternum with patch of hair. Wing with radius bearing, at most, few hairs dorsobasally. Legs dark brownish, except more than �� of femora, tibiae, and hind basitarsus paler. Abdomen��� Tergites II, VI, and VII bearing pair of shiny, silvery spots. Cercus (Fig. 1 B) in lateral view subrectangular. Anal lobe (Fig. 1 B) in lateral view about 1.7 times wider than greatest length, narrowed dorsally, expanded ventrally, then narrowed again into rounded process about as long as wide; well sclerotized centrally, but less so along margins. Hypogynial valve (Fig. 1 A) subtriangular, rounded posteriorly, covered with microtrichia except along narrowly sclerotized inner margin and along faintly sclerotized, transparent posterior margin. Genital fork (Fig. 1 C) slender; arms about as thick as stem; lateral plates each narrow, with broad, well-sclerotized, darkly pigmented anteriorly directed apodeme. Spermatheca (Fig. 1 D) about 1.1 times longer than wide, darkly pigmented, with faint hexagonal surface pattern and without internal ornamentation; junction with spermathecal duct unpigmented for about 20���25 % greatest width of organ. MALE (Figs. 1 E���K). General body color dark brownish to blackish. All hair dark brown to blackish, with brassy sheen, except recumbent pile of scutum golden; scutum also with sparse cover of long, erect, brownish hairs. Head��� Clypeus with silvery pruinosity. Occiput, postocciput, antennal scape and pedicel, and maxillary palpomeres II and III with dense, long, blackish hairs. Antennal pedicel about 1.8 ���2.0 times longer than wide, as long as first 4 flagellomeres, about �� length of entire antenna; 9 flagellomeres, with first longest and widest and about 2 times length of second. Maxillary palp with sensory vesicle 1 / 3 or slightly less than length of its palpomere; palpomere V about 2.3 times longer than III. Thorax��� Length 1.45���1.60 mm (n = 2). Scutum with weak silvery pruinose, nonshiny triangles extended posteriorly about 1 / 3 its length. Postnotum with silvery or golden pruinosity, depending on angle of incident light. Katepisternum with long hairs. Wing length 3.2���3.8 mm; membrane smoky; veins brown to dark brown; subcosta with 3���6 hairs ventrally; radius bare dorsobasally. Halter with stem grayish, club whitish yellow. Legs with all segments dark brownish, except basal half of hind basitarsus pale brown and tarsomere I yellowish brown in area of pedisulcus; hind basitarsus notably widened, 0.7 mm long, 0.3 mm wide; calcipala small, rounded; pedisulcus more than �� depth of tarsomere I. Abdomen��� Tergites II, VI, and VII with shiny, silvery pruinose patches laterally; long hairs dorsolaterally. Genitalia: Gonostylus and gonocoxite subtrapezoidal; gonocoxite in ventral view about 1.1 times wider than long, about 2.5���2.8 times longer than gonostylus. Gonostylus (Fig. 1 E) in ventral view with body subquadrangular and pair of anteriorly projected processes articulating with gonocoxite (outer arm about 2���3 times longer than inner arm); posterolateral margin smoothly rounded, inner posterior corner slightly projected medially, with 1 subapical spinule visible only in dorsal or lateral view (Fig. 1 F). Ventral plate in ventral view subrectangular, with body of plate about 1.7 times wider than long in situ (Fig. 1 G), slightly tapered posteriorly, rounded posterolaterally, and posterior margin with slight medial concavity with minute nipplelike projection; 1.3���1.5 times wider if lip is tilted ventrally (Fig. 1 H); in lateral view (Fig. 1 I), lip narrow, elongated, projected ventrally from body of plate in smooth curve at about 90 �� angle to arm. Median sclerite (Fig. 1 J) elongated, widened distally to about 1 / 3 its length, bifurcated distally for about �� of its length. Paramere (Fig. 1 K) large, subtriangular, wrinkled, narrowly connected to series of 2 large parameral spines and about 20 smaller, irregularly shaped parameral spines. Aedeagal membrane with clusters of microsetae. PUPA (Figs. 3 A���C, 4 D). Total body length (without gill) 3.9 ���4.0 mm (n = 3). Head��� Densely covered with minute, barely raised microgranules, and abundant, irregularly distributed, variously sized microtubercles each with raised microgranules; 1 quadrifid facial trichome and 2 bifid frontal trichomes per side. Thorax��� Microgranules and microtubercles as for head (Figs. 3 B, C); smaller, rounded and acuminate, more sparsely distributed microtubercles without microgranules posteriorly. Oblong depression posterior to each gill base, plus adjacent, more medial pair of smaller depressions. Trichomes 6 per side, small, bifid. Gill (Figs. 3 A, 4 D) ��� Length 2.5���3.8 mm (n = 4), 60���70 % of pupal body length; with 6 dark brown, almost black filaments in compact bundle arising from brownish orange, short trunk about as wide as long and giving rise to 3 pairs of filaments; dorsal pair branching immediately, middle pair branching in apical third, and ventral pair arising from petiole about 2���3 times longer than wide; dorsalmost filament slightly swollen basally, about 1.5 times thicker basally than other filaments; all filaments with tightly spaced, parallel annulations. Abdomen��� Tergite I with 2 or 3 small setae per side and about 15 isolated, scattered toothlike scales; tergite II with 3 or 4 small, single or bifid setae and 3 anteriorly directed hooks per side; tergite III with 4 anteriorly directed hooks and 2 small setae per side; tergite IV with 4 anteriorly directed hooks and 1 small seta per side; tergite V with 1 or 2 small setae per side; tergite VI devoid of setae and comblike scales; tergites VII and VIII each with several rows of minute comblike scales; terminal spines absent. Sternite III with 1 small seta per side; sternite IV with 4 anteriorly directed hooks and several rows of minute comblike scales per side; sternite V with 2 anteriorly directed, bifid hooks, 1 or 2 small setae, and several rows of minute, comblike scales per side; sternites VI and VII each with 2 anteriorly directed, single or bifid hooks and several rows of minute, comblike scales per side. Sternite VIII with several rows of minute, comblike scales per side. Pleural region with 0���3 small setae per segment on each side. Cocoon��� Length (n = 4) dorsally 3.3 ���4.0 mm, ventrally 3.9���4.4 mm; slipper shaped, light brownish, tightly and uniformly woven, individual threads not easily distinguished; anterior border reinforced with silk. LARVA (mature, Figs. 4 A���C). Total length 7.3 ���8.0 mm (n = 3). General body color brownish gray, with or without patch of pigment on either side of dorsal midline of abdominal segments I-IV; intersegmental bands thin, weakly pigmented. Head��� Cephalic apotome (Fig. 4 A) brownish orange, paler than dark chestnut brown of remainder of head capsule; head spots positive, dark brown, distinct or obscured by infuscation of similar intensity; cervical sclerites ovoid, free of postocciput; line over eye slightly paler than surrounding cuticle. Antenna brownish, subequal in length to stem of labral fan; ratio of articles, proximal to distal including apical cone sensillum: 1.0: 1.3: 0.8; apical article uniformly pigmented, medial article unpigmented apically with minute, unpigmented area ventrally slightly distal to midlength, proximal article unpigmented ventrobasally. Labral fan with 43���45 primary rays. Mandible with largest tooth slightly serrated along inner margin; sensillum bifid. Maxillary palp with darkly pigmented area about 1.7 times as long as its basal width and extended to about 85 % of palp length. Hypostoma (Fig. 4 B) with anterior margin slightly concave, middle and lateral teeth subequal in prominence and extended anteriorly to same level; 3 or 4 lateral serrations per side; 17���19 rather flat, tufted sublateral setae per side, plus 2 to 4 additional, smaller, unbranched setae per side and 6���8 small, unbranched setae scattered on central disc. Postgenal cleft (Fig. 4 C) subtriangular or miter shaped, extended 60���65 % of distance from posterior tentorial pits to hypostomal groove. Thorax��� Lateral plate of prothoracic proleg brownish, subrectangular to subtriangular. Gill histoblast with 6 dark brownish filaments. Abdomen��� Expanded at segment V, abruptly narrowed at segment VIII; ventral tubercles absent. Abdominal cuticle nearly bare, with few, minute, colorless, unbranched setae only; patch of unpigmented setulae on each side of anal sclerite. Anal sclerite with anterior arms broad; posterior arms slender, darker, and slightly longer than anterior arms. Rectal papillae of 3 lobes with 15���20 lobules each. Posterior circlet with 94���100 rows of 12���17 hooklets (typically 14) each. HOLOTYPE. Female (dissected from pupa) pinned with pupal exuviae and cocoon in glycerin microvial below. COLOMBIA, Department of Risaralda, W side of Cordillera Central Andes, Nevado de Santa Isabel, Lake Ot��n (4 �� 47 ' 41.9 ���N 75 �� 24 ' 29.1 ���W), 3950 masl, 11 January 2012, collectors L. Madro��ero, E. Ruiz, S. Mantilla (deposited in Instituto de Ciencias Naturales (ICN), Bogot��, Colombia, accession number ICN-086083). PARATYPES. Same locality and collectors as for holotype, 27 June 2010 (2 pupae on slides, 2 pupae in 80 % ethanol, 2 pupae with pharate females on slides, 1 pupa with pharate male on slide, 1 larva on slide); 29 December 2010 (3 pharate females in glycerin vials on pins, 1 pharate male in glycerin vial on pin, 2 larvae in 80 % ethanol, 1 larva in glycerin vial on pin). Accession numbers ICN-086087, ICN-086088, ICN-086089, ICN-086090, ICN- 0 86091, and ICN-086092. Etymology. This species is named for the indigenous Quimbaya people that inhabited the area around Lake Ot��n���the type locality of the new species���until their mysterious disappearance about the 10 th century. Habitat. Larvae and pupae were found in flows 2.5 m or less in width, with water temperature of 4.5���8.8 ��C (mean 6.7 ��C), pH 7.3 ���8.0 (mean 7.6), dissolved oxygen 7.16���7.80 mg /l, and 0���70 % coverage by riparian vegetation. This species shared habitat with Gigantodax arrarteorum Wygodzinsky & Coscar��n, Gigantodax basinflatus Wygodzinsky & Coscar��n, Gigantodax misitu Wygodzinsky & Coscar��n, and S. machetorum n. sp. Pupae were found at the middle and end of the year on rocks and trailing vegetation in higher numbers than were other simuliids in the habitat. Remarks. The enlarged, densely setose basal segments of the antennae and palps of the male and the compact, six-filamented pupal gill with the middle pair of filaments on a long petiole distinguish Simulium quimbayium n. sp. from all other species of Pternaspatha except Simulium cotopaxi, with which it shares a number of features, such as the well-developed scutal pattern and posteriorly emarginated anal lobe of the female; the enlarged antennal scape and pedicel and the dense, long setae on the basal segment of the maxilary palp, scape, and pedicel of the male; and the shape and arrangement of tubercles on the pupal head and thorax. Simulium quimbayium n. sp. can be distinguished from S. cotopaxi by the more bluntly rounded ventral projection of the anal lobe of the female, the apically blunter gonostylus and narrower and longer ventral plate of the male (Fig. 1 E-H), the more distally branched middle pair of gill filaments and basally thicker filaments (especially the dorsalmost filament) of the pupa (Fig. 4 D), and the darker cephalic apotome of the larva (Fig. 4 A). Simulium cotopaxi is placed provisionally in the nigristrigatum group (Coscar��n & Coscar��n Arias 2007), and by logical extension, its sister species, Simulium quimbayium n. sp., also is placed tentatively in this group. The northward extension and possible vicariant separation of these two species, with adaptation to the p��ramo ecosystem, might have contributed to their unique characteristics. Despite previous ���intensive��� collecting efforts in Colombia by Wygodzinsky & Coscar��n (1979), no members of the subgenus Pternaspatha previously have been found in that country. The discovery of Pternaspatha in Colombia extends the distribution of the subgenus more than 630 km northeast of the previous most northern locality in Pichincha, Ecuador. Simulium (Pternaspatha) cotopaxi has been found only in northern Ecuador at elevations of 3500 to 4400 m. Simulium quimbayium n. sp. has been found only in the Lake Ot��n area of Colombia at an elevation of 3950 m., Published as part of Mantilla, Juan S., Moncada, Ligia I., Matta, Nubia E. & Adler, Peter H., 2013, Two New Species of Black Flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from the High Andes of Colombia, pp. 423-434 in Zootaxa 3700 (3) on pages 424-427, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3700.3.6, http://zenodo.org/record/217433

En este estudio de derecho francés se puede apreciar claramente cómo; por medio de los recursos interpuestos ante el juez ordinario contra los laudos arbitrales, las partes intentan desconocer o retar­ dar la ejecución de la decisión proferida por el tribunal arbitral para resolver el conflicto que fue sometido a su consideración por disposición misma de las partes. En el derecho colombiano se puede apreciar la misma tendencia. En efecto, tanto nuestra legislación (Ley 23 de 1991, artículo 111), como nuestra jurisprudencia (por ejemplo, C. E. del 7 de febrero de 2002. C.P. Jesús María Carrillo Ballesteros, Exp. 20467), le confieren al recurso de anulación efecto suspensivo de la ejecución lauda arbitral, lo cual, sumado a la inexistencia de sanciones eficaces contra los recursos abusivos y a la tendencia de nuestros jueces a desconocer las decisiones tomadas por los tribunales arbitrales, logra privar a la figura del arbitraje de su utilidad práctica. En los sistemas jurídicos donde se presenta esta misma situación se están tomando medidas que permiten contrarrestar dicho problema. Sin embargo, nuestro legislador persiste en mantener las mismas soluciones (véase, por ejemplo, las reformas introducidas por el Congreso de la República a los artículos 44 y 45 del proyecto de Ley General de Arbitraje presentado por el gobierno), que van claramente en contra de la finalidad del arbitraje.

“La Voz de los Ancestros” es una estrategia que permite fortalecer la Competencia Comunicativa – Lectora, en estudiantes de noveno grado del Colegio Facundo Navas Mantilla del municipio de San Juan de Girón, donde las herramientas tecnológicas brindaron un apoyo emocional en cada estudiante. Ellos al ver su trabajo hoja a hoja digital, manifestaron que valía la pena seguir leyendo para seguir escribiendo. Se empoderaron de la frase: “Para ser escritor hay que ser un excelente lector” y por ello ahora son conscientes de su compromiso en el mejoramiento de la comprensión lectora. Es necesario mejorar los procesos de decodificación en la lectura y de codificación en la escritura; así mismo, fortalecer los procesos de transformación del texto después de la lectura, a través de organizadores gráficos como mapas mentales, para evaluar el grado de comprensión de la información. En los estudiantes, sus emociones permean el proceso lector. Los afectan tanto que son un factor determinante a la hora de alcanzar a ser competentes en cada proceso de la vida y por lo tanto en la Competencia Comunicativa – Lectora de cada individuo. El texto histórico permite ahondar en los conocimientos, enfrentarse a lo que se ha aprendido desde otras áreas, con otros enfoques. Recurrir a la familia es la mejor manera de mejorar los lazos familiares que, por qué no, es otra tarea que puede ayudar a hacer la escuela. Introducción 10 1. Problema de investigación 14 1.1. Contextualización de la investigación 14 1.2 Formulación del problema 22 1.3 Objetivos del proyecto 22 1.3.1 General 22 1.3.2 Específicos 22 1.4 Justificación 23 1.5 Contextualización de la institución 26 2. Marco Referencial 28 2.1 Antecedentes 28 2.1.1 Antecedentes Internacionales. 28 2.1.2 Antecedentes Nacionales. 30 2.1.3 Antecedentes Regionales 32 2.2 Marco teórico 34 2.3 Marco Legal 53 3. Metodología 56 3.1 Investigación acción 56 3.2 Tipo de investigación 59 3.3 Proceso de investigación 60 3.4 Población. 99 3.5 Técnicas e instrumentos 100 3.6 Validación de Instrumentos 102 3.7 Resultados y Discusión. 103 4. Propuesta Pedagógica 106 4.1 Presentación de la Propuesta. 106 4.2 Fundamento pedagógico 106 4.3 Diseño y desarrollo de las actividades propuestas 109 5.. Conclusiones y Recomendaciones 139 Referencias Bibliográficas 142 Anexos 145 Maestría "The Voice of the Ancestors" is a strategy that allows strengthening the Communicative- Reading Competence, where technological tools provided emotional support in each student. Seeing their work sheet by sheet, made them feel that it was worthwhile to continue reading for continuing writing. They empowered themselves with the phrase: "To be a writer, you have to be an excellent reader" and, for this reason, they are, now, aware of their commitment to improve reading comprehension. It is necessary to improve the decoding processes in reading and the coding ones in writing. In students, their emotions affect the reading process. These emotions affect students so much that they are a determining factor in reaching to be competent in each process of life and, therefore, in the Communicative-Reading Competence of each one of them. Historical texts allow learners to deepen in the knowledge and to face what has been learned from other subjects with other approaches. Resorting to family is the best way to improve family ties, which, why not, is another task that can help make the school.

El presente documento da cuenta de una investigación titulada “La comprensión lectora mediada en las danzas folclóricas colombianas, en los estudiantes del 4° la institución educativa Facundo Navas Mantilla sede D”; donde se desarrolla una serie de talleres de lectura como forma de abordar la solución al objeto de estudio que parte de una pregunta general de investigación y da pie a fortalecer la comprensión lectora mediada desde las danzas folclóricas colombianas, en los estudiantes del grado 4°. Es de gran soporte el estado del arte de la investigación desde Cassany (2006) quien plantea que “Aprender a leer requiere no sólo desarrollar los mencionados procesos cognitivos sino también adquirir los conocimientos socioculturales particulares de cada discurso, de cada práctica concreta de lecto escritura” (p. 24) . Se desarrolla una metodología enmarcada en cuatro pasos importantes desde la investigación acción: planificación, acción, observación y reflexión de la aplicación de los talleres de comprensión lectora transversales, su respectivo análisis y discusión de lo desarrollado y hallazgos en dicha intervención. Finalmente, se emiten las conclusiones, recomendaciones y soportes sobre el desarrollo y producto de la aplicación de los talleres. INTRODUCCIÓN 7 CAPÍTULO I. CONTEXTUALIZACIÓN DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN 13 1.1 Descripción de la situación problema 13 En PEI 13 El Índice Sintético de la Calidad Educativa 13 El histórico de las pruebas Saber 3. 15 1.2 PREGUNTA PROBLEMATIZADORA 19 1.3 OBJETIVO GENERAL 19 1.3.1 OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS 19 1.4. JUSTIFICACIÓN 20 1.5. Contextualización de la investigación 21 CAPÍTULO 2. MARCO REFERENCIAL 24 Marco conceptual 24 2.1 Estado del arte – Antecedentes investigativos 24 2.1.1 Ámbito Internacional 24 2.1.2 Ámbito Nacional 25 2.1.3 Ámbito regional 26 2.2 Marco Teórico 28 2.2.1. Ludopedagogía 28 2.2.2. Lectura 29 2.2.2. Comprensión Lectora 32 2.2.3. La Educación Física 38 2.3. Danza 43 2.4. Marco legal 49 CAPÍTULO III. DISEÑO METODOLÓGICO 52 3.1 Tipo de investigación 52 3.2 Proceso de investigación 54 3.2.1.Diagnóstico 54 CAPITULO IV. PROPUESTA PEDAGÓGICA 58 4.1 Justificación. 58 4.2 Objetivo 58 4.3 Metodología 58 4.4 Justificación 59 Intervención #1 59 Intervención # 2 62 Intervención 3 64 Intervención 4 66 Intervención 5 69 Intervención # 6 69 Intervención # 7 72 Intervención # 8 75 Intervención # 9 78 Intervención 10 81 4.5. Implementación de la estrategia 83 4.6. Evaluación de la aplicación 84 4.7. Población 87 4.8. Instrumentos para la recolección de la información 88 4.9. Validación de los instrumentos 89 4.10. Resultado y discusión 89 4.11. Principios éticos 94 CAPÍTULO V. CONCLUSIONES Y RECOMENDACIONES 95 5.1. Conclusiones. 95 5.2. Recomendaciones. 96 6. REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS 97 7. ANEXOS 102 Maestría The present document reports on a research entitled "Reading comprehension mediated from Colombian folk dances, in the 4th grade students from "; Where a series of reading workshops is developed as a way of approaching the solution to the object of study that starts from a general question of investigation and it leads to strengthen the reading comprehension mediated from the Colombian folkloric dances, in the students of the 4 °,as general purpose. It is of great support the state of the art of research since it is done since Casany (2006) who states that "Learning to read requires not only to develop the aforementioned cognitive processes but also to acquire the particular sociocultural knowledge of each discourse, Of reading and writing "(p.24). It develops a methodology framed in four important steps from a diagnosis, planning, application and finally the evaluation of the application of the transversal reading comprehension workshops, their respective analysis and discussion of the developed and findings in said intervention. Finally, the conclusions, recommendations and supports on the development and product of the application of the workshops are issued.