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Language interference is one of the most common problems in foreign language teaching. Language learners inevitably apply knowledge of their native language to a second language, which leads to linguistic interference. The more differences there are between the two languages, the more prominent the interference between them will be. This paper examines the key issues faced by Russian students learning English and English-speaking students learning Russian and suggests key areas of teaching needed in both disciplines.

This paper reviews characterization techniques for few mode fibers and components. The focus is on interferometric techniques including spatial and spectral resolved imaging (S2). Simple interferometric measurements are shown to be able to give quite comprehensive information including measurement of relative group delay. A new improved algorithm for analyzing S2 data for the case of only two modes is presented. The effect of polarization and rotation of asymmetric modes is treated as well.

Upon the introduction a simplified distortion model for a Gaussian audio watermaking scenario, we derive a lower bound for the Gelfand-Pinsker capacity of the watermark channel. Then, we use the capacity bound for designing an efficient practical watermarking scheme based on dirty trellis codes. The proposed information-theoretic framework is then validated, through the use of experimentally acquired audio signals, with the use of a recently proposed frequency-domain audio watermarking. Both an “ideal” (reflection-free) Gaussian acoustic channel and a realistic multipath acoustic channel are considered.

(distinction décernée : Best Paper Award); International audience; Ultra Narrow Band (UNB) has been shown to be one of the best candidate technologies for Machine-To-Machine and Low Power Wide Area communications. Its properties - long range with small RF power - make it naturally attractive for satellite communications, but also draw new challenges compared to terrestrial systems where this technology is already deployed. In this paper we propose a general semi-analytical model to evaluate the performance of a terrestrial or satellite system using UNB technology, taking into account the multiuser interference. This model is then used to assess the packet loss ratio and the throughput of a representative LEO satellite system for which Doppler effect introduces a frequency drift that has a significant impact on the UNB performances. With our model, we analyze the effect of frequency drift on the system performance.

The aim of this study was to determine the interference errors on the composition papers of Turkish university students. While Turkish university students learning English are writing compositions, they sometimes confront difficulties related to proper word choices, grammatical structures and other aspects of the language due to the differences of these two languages. The aim of the study was, therefore, to determine inter-lingual errors on the composition papers written in English. 436 papers written by 26, intermediate level, preparatory class students (3 male, 23 female), and 642 papers written by 42 upper intermediate level students (11 male and 31 female), were examined in this study. According to the result of the study, the highest ranking interference errors of Turkish university EFL students were “word for word translation”, omitting the indefinite article, subject-verb agreement and number, quantifier and noun agreement. The study also revealed that intermediate level students committed more errors than those who were upper-intermediate and that most errors were general errors, not interference errors. And also it was clear from the present study that as the level of the students got higher, the number of the errors and interference errors got lower.

Aging is associated with profound alterations in motor control that may be exacerbated by age-related executive functioning decline. Executive functions span multiple facets including inhibition (suppressing unwanted response tendencies), shifting (switching between cognitive operations), and updating (managing working memory content). However, comprehensive studies regarding the contributions of single facets of executive functioning to movement control in older adults are still lacking. A battery of nine neuropsychological tasks was administered to n = 92 older adults in order to derive latent factors for inhibition, shifting, and updating by structural equation modeling. A bimanual task was used to assess complex motor control. A sample of n = 26 young adults served as a control group to verify age-related performance differences. In older adults, structural equation models revealed that performance on the most challenging condition of the complex motor task was best predicted by the updating factor and by general executive functioning performance. These data suggest a central role for working memory updating in complex motor performance and contribute to our understanding of how individual differences in executive functioning relate to movement control in older adults. ispartof: AGING-US vol:13 issue:12 pages:15942-15963 ispartof: location:United States status: published

In order to obtain reliable results by the technique of Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES), it is imperative to avoid or correct for interferences caused by the matrix of the solution samples. Differences in the acid concentration between the samples and the standards can significantly affect the analytical results. This effect has been investigated by analyzing several series of solution samples. The increase in the acid concentration is obviously accompanied by an increase in the viscosity, resulting in an initial decrease of the analytical signal. Further increasing the acid concentration, however, brings about a positive effect, which is largely enhanced by applying higher HCl concentrations in the washing solution and is efficiently reduced by purging the solution feeding line of the system. The positive effect is presumably related to the enhancement of excitation. This interpretation is suggested by the comparison of results obtained by two different instruments and different kinds of acid in the samples. The obtained relative intensity functions are suitable for the mathematical correction of matrix-induced interferences, provided the conditions of washing are standardized.

The quality and nutritional value of beef is closely linked to its content of intramuscular fat (IMF). The differentiation of preadipocytes and the deposition of lipid droplets in the adipocytes are the key to regulate the IMF content. The differentiation of adipocytes is regulated by a series of transcription factors and genes. Acyl-CoA thioesterase 2 (Acot2) hydrolyzes the acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) into free fatty acids and CoA and has the potential to maintain the free fatty acids and acyl CoA at the cellular level. In this work, we detected the expression of the Acot2 gene during the adipocyte differentiation in Chinese Red Steppe cattle, and then interfered and overexpressed the Acot2 gene in the preadipocytes to explore its regulatory role in the adipocyte differentiation. The results showed that the expression and regulation of Acot2 mainly occurred at the later stage of the adipocyte differentiation. The interference with the Acot2 gene significantly inhibited the lipid droplets accumulation and triglyceride content, while its overexpression significantly promoted both of them. The results of this study show that the Acot2 gene is a positive regulator of the adipocyte differentiation and may become a new target to improve the beef quality.

Background: The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) Article 5.3 requires governments to protect tobacco control policies from the commercial interest of the tobacco industry (TI). TI interference is the biggest barrier to implementing comprehensive tobacco control measures. Objective: This paper reviews the extent of the TI's interference in tobacco control policy development in three countries, Thailand, Myanmar, and Indonesia, and the governments' efforts to protect these policies. Methods: The paper draws on incidents of TI interference reported in the 2016 Tobacco Industry Interference Index: ASEAN Report on Implementation of the WHO FCTC Article 5.3. Base data were obtained through a questionnaire on twenty most commonly reported incidents of interference from the FCTC Article 5.3 Guidelines recommendations. A scoring system was developed. Results: All three countries faced varying levels of TI interference. Thailand, though known for its stringent tobacco control measures, still faced interference while Myanmar remains vulnerable. Indonesia faced the highest industry interference which may explain why it is lagging behind in tobacco control and remains a nonparty to the WHO FCTC. The TI gains access to government officials through offers of technical assistance and its corporate social responsibility activities. Transparency in dealing with the TI is needed in all three countries. Most governments have not set up disclosure procedures when dealing with the TI. Conclusion: Outside the Department/Ministry of Health, other departments remain unaware of Article 5.3, not utilizing its strength to regulate the TI. More concerted effort is needed to implement Article 5.3 to achieve greater success in tobacco control.

Introduction: Serum samples of haemodialysed patients collected through vascular access devices, e.g. central venous catheter (CVC) can contain residual heparin, which can cause incomplete clotting and consequently fibrinogen interference in serum protein electrophoresis (SPE). We hypothesized that this problem may be overcome by addition of thrombin and aimed to find a simple thrombin-based method for fibrinogen interference removal. Materials and methods: Blood samples of 51 haemodialysed patients with CVC were drawn through catheter into Clot Activator Tube (CAT) and Rapid Serum Tube Thrombin (RST) vacutainers (Becton Dickinson, New Jersey, USA) following the routine hospital protocols and analysed with gel-electrophoresis (Sebia, Lisses, France). Samples were redrawn in the CAT tubes and re-analysed after being treated with thrombin using two methods: transferring CAT serum into RST vacutainer and treatment of CAT serum with fibrinogen reagent (Multifibren U, Siemens, Marburg, Germany). Results: Direct blood collection in RST proved to be slightly more efficient than CAT in removing the interfering band in beta fraction (CAT removed 6/51 and RST removed 12/51, P = 0.031). Transferring CAT serum into the RST vacutainer proved to be more efficient for subsequent removal of interfering band from CAT serum than the addition of fibrinogen reagent (39/45 vs. 0/45 samples with efficiently removed interfering band, P < 0.001). Conclusion: Fibrinogen interference caused by incomplete clotting because of residual heparin can be overcome by addition of thrombin. Transferring CAT serum into the RST vacutainer was the most efficient method.

Characterizing the fundamental energy efficiency (EE) performance of multiple-input-multiple-output interfering broadcast channels (MIMO-IFBC) is important for the design of green wireless system. In this paper, we propose a new network architecture proposition based on EE maximization for Multi-Cell MIMO-IFBC within the context of interference alignment (IA). Particularly, EE is maximized subject to maximum power and minimum throughput constraints. We propose two schemes to optimize EE for different signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regions. For high-SNR operating regions, we employ a grouping-based IA scheme to jointly cancel intra- and inter-cell interferences and thus transform the MIMO-IFBC to a single-cell MIMO scenario. A gradient-based power adaptation scheme is proposed based on water-filling power adaptation and singular value decomposition to maximize EE for each cell. For moderate SNR cases, we propose an approach using dirty paper coding (DPC) with the principle of multiple access channel and broadcast channel duality to perform IA while maximizing EE in each cell. The algorithm in its dual form is solved using a subgradient method and a bisection searching scheme. Simulation results demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed schemes over several existing approaches. It also shows that interference-nulling-based IA approaches outperform hybrid DPC-IA approach in high-SNR region, and the opposite occurs in low-SNR region.

Population-based newborn screening (NBS) using blood collected and dried on filter paper was developed in the 1960s and remains the international standard for NBS programs. Glue, used in the manufacture of dried blood collection cards, may present a source of contamination and is often considered as a possible cause of anomalous results in routine screening. Our study evaluates this potential contamination on NBS analyses. EBF#1003 glue was blotted onto dried blood collection cards made of Whatman grade 903 filter paper (Whatman#903) and adult whole blood was pipetted onto the dried glue blots. In addition, blank glue blots (i.e., no blood) and dried blood spots (DBSs) in the absence of glue were prepared. The DBSs and blank samples were run in duplicate as routine samples for NBS. DBS absorption time and diameter, the effect of glue on measurements (concentrations and variation) were assessed. DBS absorption time and shape were equivalent for DBSs prepared in the absence and presence of undiluted glue. DBS diameter increased when prepared in the presence of glue. When EBF#1003 was diluted prior to use, DBS absorption time increased, and DBSs were non-uniform. Glue, diluted or not, did not produce measurements above the established Limit of Detection (LOD) for all assays used in the current Dutch screening programme. For all analytes with concentrations in the quantifiable range, contamination with glue had no effect on measurement variation, as it appeared equivalent to variation in untreated DBSs. Our data show that, in the unlikely event of contamination of Whatman#903 with EBF#1003, there is no effect on the measured concentration of analytes.

Study results indicate that moments of unoccupied rest immediately after learning serve an essential cognitive function: memory consolidation. However, there also are findings suggesting that waking rest after learning has similar effects on delayed memory performance as an active wake condition, where participants work on a cognitive distractor task. Based on these studies, we highlight several potentially modulating factors of the so-called resting effect.

In this work, we report a simple and yet efficient stencil-printed electrochemical platform that can be integrated into the caps of sample containers and thus, allows in-field quantification of Cd(II) and Pb(II) in river water samples. The device exploits the low-cost features of carbon (as electrode material) and paper/polyester transparency sheets (as substrate). Electrochemical analysis of the working electrodes prepared on different substrates (polyester transparency sheets, chromatographic, tracing and office papers) with hexaammineruthenium(III) showed that their electroactive area and electron transfer kinetics are highly affected by the porosity of the material. Electrodes prepared on transparency substrates showed the best electroanalytical performance for the simultaneous determination of Cd(II) and Pb(II) by square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry. Interestingly, the temperature and time at which the carbon ink was cured had significant effect on the electrochemical response, especially the capacitive current. The amount of Cd and Pb on the electrode surface can be increased about 20% by in situ electrodeposition of bismuth. The electrochemical platform showed a linear range comprised between 1 and 200 mg/L for both metals, sensitivity of analysis of 0.22 and 0.087 mA/ppb and limits of detection of 0.2 and 0.3 mg/L for Cd(II) and Pb(II), respectively. The analysis of river water samples was done directly in the container where the sample was collected, which simplifies the procedure and approaches field analysis. The developed point-of-need detection system allowed simultaneous determination of Cd(II) and Pb(II) in those samples using the standard addition method with precise and accurate results, This work has been supported by the FC-15-GRUPIN-021 project from the Asturias Regional Government and the CTQ2014-58826-R project from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO). Daniel Martín-Yerga thanks the MINECO for the award of a FPI grant (BES-2012-054408). Isabel Alvarez-Martos acknowledges the EU's support under H2020-MSCA-IF-2014 grant agreement 660339 (eADAM).

The aim of this study is to establish the contribution of blood cells subtypes on hemolysis.Separated blood cell subtype suspensions prepared with blood from 10 volunteers were serially diluted to obtain different concentrations of cell suspensions. The cells were fully lysed and cell hemolysates were added (1:20) to aliquots of serum pool. Thus, seven serum pools with different concentrations of interferent were obtained for each blood cell subtype. Biochemical parameters and serum indices were measured by an autoanalyzer. As cell lysis markers, free hemoglobin was measured by spectrophotometry while myeloperoxidase and ᵝ-thromboglobulin were measured by enzyme immunoassay. The percent changes in analyte levels of the serum pools were evaulated by Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test and compared with clinical thresholds defined for each test.The clinical thresholds were exceeded in lactate dehydrogenase, potassium, aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase, magnesium, total protein, total cholesterol, inorganic phosphate, glucose for red blood cells (RBC); lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, total protein, inorganic phosphate and glucose for platelets (PLT). Free hemoglobin was significantly correlated with RBC (r=0.999; p=0.001), while myeloperoxidase and b thromboglobulin showed no significant correlation to white blood cells (WBC) and PLT, respectively.The effect of RBC hemolysis in serum on the routine biochemical tests are clearly established, yet, additional studies are required in order to verify this kind of effects of PLT and WBC hemolysis.Cilj ovog proučavanja je da se utvrdi uticaj podtipova krvnih ćelija na hemolizu.Suspenzija izdvojenih podtipova ćelija krvi pripremljena od krvi 10 dobrovoljaca serijski je razblažena kako bi se dobile razlićite koncentracije ćelijskih suspenzija. ]elije su upotpunosti lizirane i ćelijski hemolizati su dodavani (1:20) alikvotima serumskog pula. Na ovaj način dobijeno je sedam serumskih pulova sa različitim koncentracijama interferenata. Biohemijski parametri mereni su na autoanalizatoru. Slobodni hemoglobin, kao marker hemolize, meren je spektrofotometrijski, dok su mijeloperoksidaza i β-tromboglobulin mereni enzimskim imunoodređivanjem. Procenat promene nivoa analita u serumskim pulovima procenjivan je Wilcoxon Signed Rank Testom i upoređivan sa klinički definisanim za svaki test.Klinički značajne promene nađene su za laktat dehidrogenazu, kalijum, aspartat aminotransferazu, kreatin kinazu, magnezijum, ukupne proteine, ukupni holesterol, neorganski fosfat, i glukozu za eritrocite (RBC); laktat dehidro genazu, aspartat aminotransferazu, ukupne proteine, neorganski fosfat i glukozu za trombocite (PLT). Slobodni hemoglobin je bio u znaćajnoj korelaciji sa RBC (r = 0,999; p = 0,001), dok mijeloperoksidaza i β-tromboglobulin nisu bili u značajnoj korelaciji sa leukocitima (WBC) i trombocitima (PLT).Utvrđen je znaćajan efekat RBC hemolize u serumu na rutinske biohemijske testove, dok su još potrebna dodatna ispitivanja za potvrdu ovakvih efekata hemolize PLT i WBC.

Recent findings have shown that it is possible to use the Layer-by-Layer technique to create nanofibrillated cellulose / polyethyleneimine interference films whose colour change with relative humidity. This study uses different optical models to describe spectral ellipsometry measurements data of interference films and how the film properties alter in dry and humid environments. The results indicate that water condensation initially is filling the surface pores within seconds whereas relaxation of the film to adjust to the added water is a slower process that reaches a steady state after »20 min. The maximum swelling ratio of the LbL films is almost independent of the number of layers within the film, but decreases considerably by crosslinking via heat treatment. The films show a distinct birefringence with optical axis perpendicular to the surface. Analysis of the moisture response with different optical models indicates that the films swell uniformly in the thickness direction with no separate water film on top. The results provide important understanding for the design of NFC based LbL films for visual moisture sensors and interactive security paper.

In barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), chiasmata (the physical sites of genetic crossovers) are skewed towards the distal ends of chromosomes, effectively consigning a large proportion of genes to recombination coldspots. This has the effect of limiting potential genetic variability, and of reducing the efficiency of map-based cloning and breeding approaches for this crop. Shifting the sites of recombination to more proximal chromosome regions by forward and reverse genetic means may be profitable in terms of realizing the genetic potential of the species, but is predicated upon a better understanding of the mechanisms governing the sites of these events, and upon the ability to recognize real changes in recombination patterns. The barley MutL Homologue (HvMLH3), a marker for class I interfering crossovers, has been isolated and a specific antibody has been raised. Immunolocalization of HvMLH3 along with the synaptonemal complex transverse filament protein ZYP1, used in conjunction with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) tagging of specific barley chromosomes, has enabled access to the physical recombination landscape of the barley cultivars Morex and Bowman. Consistent distal localization of HvMLH3 foci throughout the genome, and similar patterns of HvMLH3 foci within bivalents 2H and 3H have been observed. A difference in total numbers of HvMLH3 foci between these two cultivars has been quantified, which is interpreted as representing genotypic variation in class I crossover frequency. Discrepancies between the frequencies of HvMLH3 foci and crossover frequencies derived from linkage analysis point to the existence of at least two crossover pathways in barley. It is also shown that interference of HvMLH3 foci is relatively weak compared with other plant species.

In this paper, we consider the problem of power control for a wireless network with an arbitrarily time-varying topology, including the possible addition or removal of nodes. A data-driven design methodology that leverages graph neural networks (GNNs) is adopted in order to efficiently parametrize the power control policy mapping the channel state information (CSI) to transmit powers. The specific GNN architecture, known as random edge GNN (REGNN), defines a non-linear graph convolutional filter whose spatial weights are tied to the channel coefficients. While prior work assumed a joint training approach whereby the REGNN-based policy is shared across all topologies, this paper targets adaptation of the power control policy based on limited CSI data regarding the current topology. To this end, we propose a novel modular meta-learning technique that enables the efficient optimization of module assignment. While black-box meta-learning optimizes a general-purpose adaptation procedure via (stochastic) gradient descent, modular meta-learning finds a set of reusable modules that can form components of a solution for any new network topology. Numerical results validate the benefits of meta-learning for power control problems over joint training schemes, and demonstrate the advantages of modular meta-learning when data availability is extremely limited., Comment: Submitted for publication

In situ exposure of electric fields of 11 microwave ovens is assessed in an occupational environment and in an office. Measurements as a function of distance without load and with a load of 275 ml of tap water were performed at distances of < 1 m. The maximal measured field was 55.2 V m(-1) at 5 cm from the oven (without load), which is 2.5 and 1.1 times below the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection reference level for occupational exposure and general public exposure, respectively. For exposure at distances of > 1 m, a model of the electric field in a realistic environment is proposed. In an office scenario, switching on a microwave oven increases the median field strength from 91 to 145 mV m(-1) (+91 %) in a traditional Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) deployment and from 44 to 92 mV m(-1) (+109 %) in an exposure-optimised WLAN deployment.

Ideal free distribution (IFD) models predict that animals distribute themselves such that no individual can increase its fitness by moving to another patch. Many empirical tests assume that the interference among animals is independent of density and do not quantify the effects of density on fitness traits. Using two species of predatory mites, we measured oviposition as a function of conspecific density. Subsequently, we used these functions to calculate expected distributions on two connected patches. We performed an experimental test of the distributions of mites on two such connected patches, among which one had a food accessibility rate that was twice as high as on the other. For one of the two species, Iphiseius degenerans, the distri- bution matched the expected distribution. The distribution also coincided with the ratio of food accessibility. The other species, Neoseiulus cucumeris, distributed itself differently than expected. However, the oviposition rates of both species did not differ significantly from the expected oviposition rates based on experiments on single patches. This suggests that the oviposition rate of N. cucumeris was not negatively affected by the observed distribution, despite the fact that N. cucumeris did not match the predicted distributions. Thus, the distribution of one mite species, I. degenerans, was in agreement with IFD theory, whereas for the other mite species, N. cucumeris, unknown factors may have influenced the distribution of the mites. We conclude that density-dependent fitness traits provide essential information for explaining animal distributions.

The males of many pierid butterflies have iridescent wings, which presumably function in intraspecific communication. The iridescence is due to nanostructured ridges of the cover scales. We have studied the iridescence in the males of a few members of Coliadinae, Gonepteryx aspasia, G. cleopatra, G. rhamni, and Colias croceus, and in two members of the Colotis group, Hebomoia glaucippe and Colotis regina. Imaging scatterometry demonstrated that the pigmentary colouration is diffuse whereas the structural colouration creates a directional, line-shaped far-field radiation pattern. Angle-dependent reflectance measurements demonstrated that the directional iridescence distinctly varies among closely related species. The species-dependent scale curvature determines the spatial properties of the wing iridescence. Narrow beam illumination of flat scales results in a narrow far-field iridescence pattern, but curved scales produce broadened patterns. The restricted spatial visibility of iridescence presumably plays a role in intraspecific signalling. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00359-011-0661-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Parental care often produces a trade-off between meeting nutritional demands of offspring and the duties of offspring protection, especially in altricial species. Parents have to leave their young unattended for foraging trips, during which nestlings are exposed to predators. We investigated how rodent mothers of altricial young respond to risk of nest predation in their foraging decisions. We studied foraging behavior of lactating bank voles (Myodes glareolus) exposed to a nest predator, the common shrew (Sorex araneus). We conducted the experiment in summer (high resource provisioning for both species) and autumn (less food available) in 12 replicates with fully crossed factors “shrew presence” and “season.” We monitored use of feeding stations near and far from the nest as measurement of foraging activity and strategic foraging behavior. Vole mothers adapted their strategies to shrew presence and optimized their foraging behavior according to seasonal constraints, resulting in an interaction of treatment and season. In summer, shrew presence reduced food intake from feeding stations, while it enhanced intake in autumn. Shrew presence decreased the number of visited feeding stations in autumn and concentrated mother’s foraging efforts to fewer stations. Independent of shrew presence or season, mothers foraged more in patches further away from the nest than near the nest. Results indicate that females are not investing in nest guarding but try to avoid the accumulation of olfactory cues near the nest leading a predator to the young. Additionally, our study shows how foraging strategies and nest attendance are influenced by seasonal food provision., Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe, 857

In this article, we consider practical approaches to Costa precoding (also known as dirty paper coding). Specifically, we propose a symbol-by-symbol scheme for cancellation of interference known at the transmitter in a relay-aided downlink channel. For finite-alphabet signaling and interference, we derive the optimal (in terms of maximum mutual information) modulator under a given power constraint. A sub-optimal modulator is also proposed by formulating an optimization problem that maximizes the minimum distance of the signal constellation, and this non-convex optimization problem is approximately solved by semi-definite relaxation. For the case of binary signaling with binary interference, we obtain a closed-form solution for the sub-optimal modulator, which only suffers little performance degradation compared to the optimal modulator in the region of interest. For more general signal constellations and more general interference distributions, we propose an optimized Tomlinson-Harashima precoder (THP), which uniformly outperforms conventional THP with heuristic parameters. Bit-level simulation shows that the optimal and sub-optimal modulators can achieve significant gains over the THP benchmark as well as over non-Costa reference schemes, especially when the power of the interference is larger than the power of the noise. ©2011 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. However, permission to reprint/republish this material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or to reuse any copyrighted component of this work in other works must be obtained from the IEEE. Jinfeng Du, Erik G. Larsson, Ming Xiao and Mikael Skoglund, Optimal Symbol-by-Symbol Costa Precoding for a Relay-aided Downlink Channel, 2011, accepted IEEE Transactions on Communications.

Cooperative precoding is an attractive way of improving the performance in multicell downlink scenarios. By serving each terminal through multiple surrounding base stations, inter-cell interference can be coordinated and higher spectral efficiency achieved, especially for terminals at cell edges. The optimal performance of multicell precoding is well-known as it can be treated as a single cell with distributed antennas. However, the requirements on backhaul signaling and computational power scales rapidly in large and dense networks, which often makes such fully centralized approaches impractical. In this paper, we review and generalize some recent work on multicell precoding with both centralized and distributed cooperation. We propose practical precoding strategies under Rician channel conditions, and illustrate how the major gain of multicell precoding originates from having good base station synchronization and not from making centralized precoding decisions. © 2009 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works. QC 20110411, Best Paper Award

CDMA2000, WCDMA and WiMAX are three widely used 3G technologies. Since they share the same goal, which is to provide broader coverage and higher throughput in 3G networks, an impartial comparison of their performance is indispensable. However, they are based on different design principles and methodologies, which make the comparison challenging. This paper presents a comparative study of these technologies, with focus on system spectral efficiency and stability in 3G networks. Specifically, the paper presents a framework for the comparison based on the common set of configurations adopted by these technologies, which include channel models, system parameters and key algorithms. Through extensive simulations, the system spectral efficiency and stability of CDMA2000 1x EV-DO Rev.A, WCDMA HSDPA/HSUPA and Mobile WiMAX are compared. It is found that while WiMAX can provide highest throughput, the two CDMA-based technologies achieve higher system spectral efficiency, especially on the downlink. Regarding system stability, it is observed that CDMA2000 1x EV-DO Rev.A can operate under higher interference levels than WCDMA HSDPA/HSUPA and Mobile WiMAX. In addition, the comparison on system spectral efficiency between CDMA2000, WCDMA and WiMAX is also conducted when relevant enhanced technologies, i.e., MIMO and interference cancelation, are adopted. We believe that our work will serve as a cornerstone for a fair comparison between the various technologies for prospective 3G networks. © 2009 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works.Qc 20120220

CRISPR-Cas systems are RNA-guided immune systems that protect prokaryotes against viruses and other invaders. The CRISPR locus encodes crRNAs that recognize invading nucleic acid sequences and trigger silencing by the associated Cas proteins. There are multiple CRISPR-Cas systems with distinct compositions and mechanistic processes. Thermococcus kodakarensis (Tko) is a hyperthermophilic euryarchaeon that has both a Type I-A Csa and a Type I-B Cst CRISPR-Cas system. We have analyzed the expression and composition of crRNAs from the three CRISPRs in Tko by RNA deep sequencing and northern analysis. Our results indicate that crRNAs associated with these two CRISPR-Cas systems include an 8-nucleotide conserved sequence tag at the 5' end. We challenged Tko with plasmid invaders containing sequences targeted by endogenous crRNAs and observed active CRISPR-Cas-mediated silencing. Plasmid silencing was dependent on complementarity with a crRNA as well as on a sequence element found immediately adjacent to the crRNA recognition site in the target termed the PAM (protospacer adjacent motif). Silencing occurred independently of the orientation of the target sequence in the plasmid, and appears to occur at the DNA level, presumably via DNA degradation. In addition, we have directed silencing of an invader plasmid by genetically engineering the chromosomal CRISPR locus to express customized crRNAs directed against the plasmid. Our results support CRISPR engineering as a feasible approach to develop prokaryotic strains that are resistant to infection for use in industry.

Funding Information: The first author thanks the Finnish Work Environment Fund (No. 200224) for supporting this research. The second author sincerely thanks Prof. Charles D. Bailey of James Madison University for making his data available. Without it, this study would not have been possible. He also conveys his thanks to the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC) of the Canada-Insight Grant Program (No. 435-2020-0628) for supporting this research. Funding Information: The first author thanks the Finnish Work Environment Fund (No. 200224 ) for supporting this research. The second author sincerely thanks Prof. Charles D. Bailey of James Madison University for making his data available. Without it, this study would not have been possible. He also conveys his thanks to the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC) of the Canada-Insight Grant Program (No. 435-2020-0628 ) for supporting this research. Publisher Copyright: © 2021 Production and operations management (POM) uses learning curve (LC) models to determine the length of training sessions for new workers and predicting future task performance. Empirically validated LC parameters provide managers with quantitative information on the effects of the presumed factors behind the learning process. Previous studies considered LC to compose of cognitive and motor curves. Another widely acknowledged but only recently parameterized phenomenon in the POM field is interference, which assumes some loss of information or experience could occur over a learning session. This paper takes a logical step in this line of research by developing an interference-adjusted power LC model, a composite of cognitive and motor elements. This paper accounts for the decay of cognitive and motor memory traces from repetitions to measure the residual (interference-adjusted) experience and capture these phenomena. Three variants of the model are developed that assume power and exponential decay functions and an approximate version of the exponential one. Assembly data representing various forms of an individual learning profile have been used to test the fits of the developed models. In addition to those models, four potential models from the literature were selected for comparison purposes. The results show that the approximate model fits very well exponential learning profile. The findings highlight the confluence of the three phenomena in learning, component (cognitive/motor) learning, interference, and plateauing. (c) 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )

This paper presents an on-line monitoring method of IGBT module bond wires aging based on the phase-frequency characteristics (PFCs) of differential mode (DM) interference signal. Firstly, the collector current variation during IGBT chip switching is analyzed, and the relationship between the aging degree of bond wires and the PFCs of DM interference signal is studied; Secondly, a phase angle characteristic measurement system of DM interference signal is built and used to online monitor the aging of bond wires in IGBT module; Finally, taking the buck converter composed of IGBT module as the equipment under tested, the interference signal is extracted by the RF current probe and processed by the low-pass filter and signal amplifier, then the phase angle characteristics are measured by the oscilloscope board to realize the on-line monitoring of the bond wires aging of IGBT module. The experimental results show that compared with buck converter with healthy IGBT module, the phase angle of DM interference signal in Buck Converter with aging IGBT module is reduced. The proposed method does not need expensive equipment such as spectrum analyzer, and only needs to monitor the aging state of bond wires in IGBT module online through oscilloscope board. Besides, the research method in this paper provides an approximate linear monitoring method for bonding wire lift-off.

The paper demonstrates the important role of using radar systems in many spheres of human activity to solve complex and important problems of society. The paper examines and analyzes the capabilities of the MATLAB program package applying to the design, modernization and research of radar systems. The analysis performed shows that the MATLAB software package is a powerful tool for modeling, researching and designing radar systems for various purposes. Also, attention is paid to the MATLAB Radar Toolbox, which includes a wide range of available models that can be modified. The Radar Toolbox provides rapid modeling, upgrading and prototyping of standard and upgraded radar systems. Using the MATLAB to research radar systems is impossible without understanding the principles of construction and operation of radar systems. It is also necessary to know the features of using the MATLAB function to describe, present and model structural elements and processes in radar systems. The paper presents the main functionality and possible options for implementing models in the MATLAB for modeling and studying radar systems. The given list of model options is not exhaustive and final and can be expanded and supplemented depending on specific tasks and requirements for implementation., Продемонстровано важливу роль застосування радіолокаційних систем у багатьох сферах людської діяльності для вирішення складних та важливих задач суспільства. Розглянуто та проаналізовано можливості пакету прикладних програм MATLAB для проєктування, модернізації й дослідження радіолокаційних систем. Аналіз показує, що пакет прикладних програм MATLAB є потужним засобом для моделювання, дослідження та проєктування радіолокаційних систем різного призначення. Приділено увагу інструментарію MATLAB Radar Toolbox, який включає широкий спектр наявних моделей, що мають можливість до внесення змін. Radar Toolbox забезпечує швидке моделювання, модернізацію та прототипування стандартних та модернізованих елементів радіолокаційних систем. Використання MATLAB для дослідження радіолокаційних систем неможливе без розуміння принципів побудови та функціонування радіолокаційних систем. Також необхідно знати особливості застосовування функції MATLAB для опису, представлення та моделювання структурних елементів і процесів у радіолокаційних системах. Наведено основні функціональні можливості та можливі варіанти реалізації моделей у MATLAB для моделювання та дослідження радіолокаційних систем. Наведений перелік варіантів моделей не є вичерпним і остаточним та може бути розширений і доповнений в залежності від конкретних завдань і вимог до реалізації.

Fixed-beam, high-gain antenna systems can be used for a finer partitioning of the currently used cell-sectoring. This partitioning has the benefit of reducing the number of users seen per antenna beam, which reduces interference. Furthermore, the high antenna gain allows for a high effective isotropic radiated power while keeping the transmit power low. In this paper, we study the performance of such a fixed-beam, high gain antenna system design for millimeter-wave mobile communications. The antenna system is designed to keep the inter-sector interference in a multi-site scenario low. The performance is analyzed for single- and multi-user environments. In single-input single-output mode, the 50th percentile of the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio lies between 12.5 dB to 39.7 dB if 3 to 0 interferers are present, respectively. For multiple-input multiple-output transmission using zero-forcing, the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio increases and the 50th percentile ranges from 36.1 dB to 43.3 dB if 3 to 0 interferes are present, respectively. By using maximum ratio transmission, the best performance is achieved with no interferers present, while a plunge in performance is observed with interferers. Furthermore, the study revealed that the narrow beam antenna system can also provide a clear signal separation for small spatial separations. In the given example, the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio is larger than 32.1 dB with 11 active antenna elements, where 2.8 meters separate the users. Hence, the paper shows that the cell-partitioning antenna systems provide coverage in the desired area while keeping the inter-sector interference low, and the considered transmission techniques can be used for situation optimized mobile communication links.

The paper covers a range of issues related to the specifics of Russian language mastering by Indian students studying in English and Russian. The research is based on an integrative methodological platform that combines approaches to multilingualism formation from the standpoint of psychological linguistics, cognitive linguistics, the theory of language contacts, discourse and communication science. The research involves the techniques of psychological and semantic analyses and verbal associations, the methods of contextual analysis and comparison. The material of the paper is the data obtained from online surveys of Indian students who have been studying at universities in North Ossetia-Alania for six years (elementary and pre-intermediate levels of Russian language proficiency). The study is aimed at identifying perception channels that represent the features of foreign students cognitive style in the Russian natural environment, descripting level-by-level interfering influence of native languages and weak interference of English. Based on text fragments and lexical units, vectors and methods of interlingual interference were demonstrated, its leading types were determined, that are phonetic, phonemic, graphemic, phonemic-graphemic, morphological and lexical. The role of English as a communicative mediator is defined. The analysis done confirmed complex application of auditory, visual and kinesthetic channels at the information input, and revealed the dominance of the auditory perception channel at the information output while learning the Russian language by Indian students. The Indian students cognitive style tends to be simplified through contamination of written and oral speech, compression, abbreviations usage, intensification of associative and semantic links. Strategies for using Internet translation, imitation of mastering the Russian language, literal translation from English into Russian, strategies for the implementation of graphic, phonetic-graphic principles of writing, phonemic and grammatical reduction were identified as the basic communication strategies of Indian students learning Russian.

The paper is devoted to explaining the key cognitive distinctions characteristic to translation process and its teaching. Among them are linguistic interpretation of the input text’s contents, its conceptual adaptation to the accepting culture, etc. To demonstrate them, multiple examples are given to show that translators, particularly not trained enough, often choose for basic translation dominants in the accepting culture those equivalents that are primarily purely linguistic, ignoring conceptual and cultural background of the original and the accepting culture’s notions and forms. Meanwhile, the latter help avoid such translation failures as literal / word by word translation, etc. Special attention in the paper is paid to the translation into the foreign, English, language, its contrastive culture-specific and communicative features as compared to those in the Russian language: to their cognitive dominants in communication and their cross-linguistic asymmetry and in-congruency which generate quite «natural» cross-linguistic interference in Russian-English translation. It is particularly obvious when there are extensive textual nominal ex-pressions, especially terminological, which demonstrate at present an active, extensive and productive usage in English, but present a serious problem in teaching English as a foreign language and translation into it. It is also shown that in Russian their cross-linguistic idiomatic analogues are language specific and show different patterns, but still can be adequately matched with their foreign counter-parts.

In smart cities, the Internet-of-Thing (IoT) provides an enabling communication infrastructure to support tremendous amount of data exchange. Most IoT applications, e.g., wireless local area network, Bluetooth and so forth, utilize the channel-hopping scheme to suppress the transmission security threats. In this paper, to reduce the mutual interference and external jamming attacks, multiple novel channel-hopping patterns, i.e., traditional no-hit-zone (NHZ) hopping pattern and generalized NHZ hopping pattern, are introduced to suit to IoT networks. Particularly the design of probabilistic hopping pattern is first proposed, which has the various usage probabilities with regard to various channels. The properties of these hopping patterns are investigated by the step-to-step examples. Then, the error-rate performance of the multi-node IoT systems adopting these hopping patterns in the presence of jamming attacks is comprehensively analyzed. The extensive simulations show that the traditional/generalized NHZ hopping patterns are in favor of combating the mutual interference but with the limited capability of reducing jamming attacks, while the probabilistic hopping pattern possesses the opposite feature, that is, it has the predominant merit in suppressing jamming attacks. Thus, the novel channel-hopping pattern-based IoT could provide the secure transmission for communication applications in smart cities. Note that, as the physical-layer security technique, the channel-hopping patterns investigated in this paper are convenient to integrate with the security policies implemented in upper layers (e.g., encryption, authentication and so forth).

To boost large-scale deployment of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in the future, a new wireless communication paradigm namely cellular-connected UAVs has recently received an upsurge of interest in both academia and industry. Fifth generation (5G) networks are expected to support this large-scale deployment with high reliability and low latency. Due to the high mobility, speed, and altitude of the UAVs there are numerous challenges that hinder its integration with the 5G architecture. Interference is one of the major roadblocks to ensuring the efficient co-existence between UAVs and terrestrial users in 5G networks. Conventional interference mitigation schemes for terrestrial networks are insufficient to deal with the more severe air-ground interference, which thus motivates this paper to propose a new algorithm to mitigate interference. A deep Q-learning (DQL) based algorithm is developed to mitigate interference intelligently through power control. The proposed algorithm formulates a non-convex optimization problem to maximize the Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio (SINR) and solves it using DQL. Its performance is measured as effective SINR against the complement cumulative distribution function. Further, it is compared with an adaptive link technique: Fixed Power Allocation (FPA), a standard power control scheme and tabular Q-learning(TQL). It is seen that the FPA has the worst performance while the TQL performs slightly better. This is since power control and interference coordination are introduced but not as effectively in the TQL method. It is observed that DQL algorithm outperforms the TQL implementation. To solve the severe air-ground interference experienced by the UAVs in 5G networks, this paper proposes a DQL algorithm. The algorithm effectively mitigates interference by optimizing SINR of the air-ground link and outperforms the existing methods. This paper therefore, proposes an effective algorithm to resolve the interference challenge in air-ground links for 5G-connected UAVs.

Large-scale broadband low earth orbit (LEO) satellite systems have become a possibility due to decreased launch costs and rapidly evolving technology. Preventing huge LEO satellite constellations from interfering with the geostationary earth orbit (GSO) satellite system, progressive pitch is a technique to avoid interference with the GSO satellite system that allows the LEO satellite system to maintain a certain angle of separation from the GSO satellite system. Aside from interference avoidance, there is also a need to ensure seamless coverage of the LEO constellation and to optimize the overall transmission capacity of the LEO satellite as much as possible, making it extremely complex to design an effective progressive pitch plan. This paper models an inline interference event and seamless coverage and builds an optimization problem by maximizing transmission capacity. This paper reformulates the problem and designs a genetic algorithm to solve it. From the simulation results, the strategy can avoid harmful interference to the GSO satellite system and ensure the seamless coverage of the LEO constellation, and the satellite transmission capacity is also maximized.

This paper investigates the degradation caused by interference resulting from cyclic prefix violation and symbol timing offset in narrowband power line communication systems. In this sense, it presents a unified formulation from which Hermitian symmetric orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (HS-OFDM), orthogonal chirp division multiplexing (OCDM), single-carrier cyclic prefix (SCCP), and orthogonal time–frequency division multiplexing (OTFDM) can be easily derived. The paper then provides closed-form expressions for quantifying the aforementioned interference in the presence of a frequency domain equalizer. The numerical analyses exhibit the performances of these schemes under various data communication conditions, such as the availability of channel state information, the presence or absence of interference, modeling of additive noise as a white or colored Gaussian random process, frequency domain equalizer type, and the use of bit and power allocation techniques. The closed-form expressions and performance analyses regarding achievable data rate and bit error probability provide guidance for dealing with distinct constraints in narrowband power line communication (PLC) systems using the HS-OFDM, OCDM, SCCP, or OTFDM scheme. Lastly, the unified formulation and results obtained motivate the design of multi-scheme transceivers.

The ferroelectric field‐effect transistor (FeFET) is one of the leading contenders to succeed charge‐trap‐based flash memory (CTF) devices in the current vertically‐integrated NAND flash storage market. The operation of a FeFET is based on the field‐effect in the channel of the FET that is exerted by the uncompensated ferroelectric bound charge, which is also the fundamental source of the depolarization effect. This paper briefly reviews the current status of CTF‐based NAND flash memory as a benchmark for FeFET. Then, a one‐dimensional model based on a load‐line analysis of FeFET technology is presented. The paper subsequently deals with the two‐dimensional domain effect in nano‐sized NAND‐type FeFET devices. While NAND‐type FeFET operation is likely, current ferroelectric materials with high remanent polarization (Pr) of ∼10 μCcm‐2 and coercive field (Ec) of ∼1 MVcm‐1 are not feasible for use in such devices. This is fundamentally due to the high depolarization field induced by the unnecessarily high Pr, which not only destabilizes the memory state but also induces a severe interference effect between neighboring cells. Therefore, a new ferroelectric material with a moderately low Pr and higher Ec > ∼3 MVcm‐1 is necessary, along with structural innovation to minimize the interference effect.

In this paper, practical and conceptual problems related to the way of suppressing or eliminating the influence of interference (at a frequency of 50 Hz) in an active high-voltage power facility are discussed. The problem is relevant in the context of measuring the safety characteristics of the grounding system: grounding system impedance, touch voltage and step voltage. The paper gives an evolutionary overview of title methods. The review focuses on the characteristic problems and shortcomings of individual methods. Also, the basic characteristics of the author's FSM (Frequency Shift Method) method, which guarantees precise control of interference, are elaborated. In this sense, the FSM method is the basis for accurate and economical measurement of the safety characteristics of the grounding system.

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antennas integrated with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) gains high interest due to its potential reduction on interference as well as efficient data transmission. However, the rapid growth of voluminous data and their diverse characteristics necessitate the effectiveness of error correction schemes in the recent past. The conventional error correction schemes suffer from its compatibility over the diverse data. Despite the concatenated error correction schemes meet the requirements, the precision remains uncertain under data and image transmission. This paper intends to develop an error correction scheme with the combination of Polar Coding (PC), which is an advanced coding scheme, and the renowned Convolution coding (CC). The competiveness of the proposed error correction scheme is experimented under extensive simulation constraints. Accordingly, this paper simulates MIMO-OFDM system with three antenna configurations (2 × 2), (2 × 4) and (4 × 4), which are subjected to experimentation under three modulation schemes such as Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK), Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK), Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)-16 and QAM-64. Three practical channel models such as Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN), Rayleigh and Rician channel models are used in the proposed study. The performance of the proposed coding scheme is compared against the traditional error correction schemes such as CC, Reed Solomon Code (RSC)-CC, Low-Density Parity Check (LDPC)-CC and turbo-CC. The study is also extended by transmitting the data as well as image to ensure the fairness on diversity of the data characteristics. The study discloses the effectiveness of the proposed error correction scheme over the conventional error correction schemes in terms of BER (Bit Error Rate) and PSNR (Peak Signal to Noise Ratio), when data and images are transmitted, respectively. The proposed method is compared with the conventional techniques and the results have shown that the PSNR performance of the proposed PC-CC method is 37.95% better than CC, 31.73% better than RSC-CC, 24.52% better than LDPC-CC and 14.12% better than turbo-CC method.

In this paper, we present a new multi-user chaos-based communication system using Faster-than-Nyquist sampling to achieve higher data rates and lower energy consumption. The newly designed system, designated Multi-user Faster Than Nyquist Differential Chaos Shift Keying (MU-FTN-DCSK), uses the traditional structure of Differential Chaos Shift Keying (DCSK) communication systems in combination with a filtering system that goes below the Nyquist limit for data sampling. The system is designed to simultaneously enable transmissions from multiple users through multiple sampling rates resulting in semi-orthogonal transmissions. The design, performance analysis, and experimental results of the MU-FTN-DCSK system are presented to demonstrate the utility of the newly proposed system in enabling multi-user communications and enhancing the spectral efficiency of the basic DCSK design without the addition of new blocks. The MU-FTN-DCSK system presented in this paper demonstrates spectral gains for one user of up to 23% and a combined gain of 25% for four (U=4) users. In this paper, we present a proof of concept demonstrating a new degree of freedom in the design of Chaos-based communication systems and their improvement in providing wireless transmissions without complicated signal processing tools or advanced hardware designs.

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Проблематика. Через велику кількість аварій на дорогах автомобільний зв'язок стає предметом уваги багатьох дослідників. Тому безпека водіння є головною турботою багатьох дослідників, щоб пом'якшити проблеми заторів, особливо за міським сценарієм. У зв'язку з вимогою URLLC, в цій статті ми досліджуємо важливість зменшення потужності. Фактично, мінімізація потужності є цікавою метрикою через вимоги високої швидкості передачі даних. Мета дослідження. Метою даної роботи є дослідження розподілу потужності в системі LTE-V за децентралізованим сценарієм. Методика реалізації. Ідея полягає в тому, щоб розглянути групу з набором транспортних засобів, що взаємодіють один з одним для мережевих ресурсів без допомоги ENodeB. Мінімізація енергоспоживання є багатообіцяючим рішенням для зменшення перешкод, оскільки транспортні засоби взаємодіють децентралізовано. В цьому відношенні теоретичний аналіз заснований на застосуванні ігровий політики Stackelberg для управління потужністю таким чином, щоб мінімізувати перешкоди. Результати досліджень. Ігрова політика Stackelberg є потужним інструментом для управління перешкодами і енергоспоживанням. Комп'ютерні результати підкреслюють ефективність гри SK для розподілу потужності в децентралізованому сценарії. Висновки. Автономний автомобільний зв'язок привернув увагу багатьох дослідників у зв'язку зі збільшенням кількості заторів і проблемами з дорожнім рухом. Зв'язок між авто - цікава тема пошуку, щоб забезпечити задовільну обставноку на дорогах. Крім того, група має потенціал для забезпечення безпеки при низькому енергоспоживанні, особливо в міських умовах. Крім того, LTE-V являє собою евристичне рішення для автомобільної зв'язку, де підключення здійснюється в децентралізованому контексті без вимоги ENodeB. Background. Due to the great increase of accident into roads, vehicular communication becomes the focus of many researchers. Therefore vehicular communication is becoming an active topic of search. That’s why safety driving is the main concern of many researcher to mitigate congestion problems specifically following urban scenario. Due to the requirement of URLLC, we investigate in this paper the importance of power diminishing. In fact, power minimization is an interesting metric due to the requirement of high data rates. Objective. The aim of the paper is to investigate power allocation into LTE-V system following a decentralized scenario. Methods. The idea is to consider a platoon with a set of vehicles interacting together for network resources without the help of ENodeB. Power consumption minimization is a promising solution for interference diminishing since vehicles communicate according to a decentralized way. In this regard the theoretical analysis is based on applying stackelberg game policy for power control in the way to minimize interference. Results. We conclude that stackelberg game policy is a powerful tool for interference and power consumption management. Computer results highlight the efficiency of SK game for power allocation into a decentralized scenario. Conclusions. Vehicular Autonomous communication attracted the attention of many researchers according to increasing number of congestion together with traffic problems. In addition, to ensure better safety we adopt platooning scenario which enables mitigations of many problems such as collisions, congestion. Inter-car communication is an interesting topic of search to ensure safety into-roads. In addition, platooning has the potential to ensure safety with low energy consumption specifically towards urban traffic. In addition, LTE-V is a heuristic solution for vehicular communication where the connectivity is performed in a decentralized context without the requirement of the ENodeB. Проблематика. Из-за большого количества аварий на дорогах автомобильная связь становится предметом внимания многих исследователей. Поэтому автомобильная связь становится активной темой поиска. В силу этих обстоятельств безопасность вождения является главной заботой многих исследователей, чтобы смягчить проблемы заторов, особенно по городскому сценарию. В связи с требованием URLLC, в этой статье мы исследуем важность уменьшения мощности. Фактически, минимизация мощности является интересной метрикой из-за требования высокой скорости передачи данных. Цель исследований. Целью данной работы является исследование распределения мощности в системе LTE-V по децентрализованному сценарию. Методика реализации. Идея состоит в том, чтобы рассмотреть группу с набором транспортных средств, взаимодействующих друг с другом для сетевых ресурсов без помощи ENodeB. Минимизация энергопотребления является многообещающим решением для уменьшения помех, поскольку транспортные средства взаимодействуют децентрализованно. В этом отношении теоретический анализ основан на применении игровой политики Stackelberg для управления мощностью таким образом, чтобы минимизировать помехи. Результаты исследований. Игровая политика Stackelberg является мощным инструментом для управления помехами и энергопотреблением. Компьютерные результаты подчеркивают эффективность игры SK для распределения мощности в децентрализованном сценарии. Выводы. Автономная автомобильная связь привлекла внимание многих исследователей в связи с увеличением количества заторов и проблемами с дорожным движением. Межавтомобильная связь - интересная тема поиска, чтобы обеспечить удовлетворительную обставноку на дорогах. Кроме того, группа имеет потенциал для обеспечения безопасности при низком энергопотреблении, особенно в городских условиях. Кроме того, LTE-V представляет собой эвристическое решение для автомобильной связи, где подключение осуществляется в децентрализованном контексте без требования ENodeB.

Direct optical detection has proven to be a highly interesting tool in biomolecular interaction analysis to be used in drug discovery, ligand/receptor interactions, environmental analysis, clinical diagnostics, screening of large data volumes in immunology, cancer therapy, or personalized medicine. In this review, the fundamental optical principles and applications are reviewed. Devices are based on concepts such as refractometry, evanescent field, waveguides modes, reflectometry, resonance and/or interference. They are realized in ring resonators; prism couplers; surface plasmon resonance; resonant mirror; Bragg grating; grating couplers; photonic crystals, Mach-Zehnder, Young, Hartman interferometers; backscattering; ellipsometry; or reflectance interferometry. The physical theories of various optical principles have already been reviewed in detail elsewhere and are therefore only cited. This review provides an overall survey on the application of these methods in direct optical biosensing. The “historical” development of the main principles is given to understand the various, and sometimes only slightly modified variations published as “new” methods or the use of a new acronym and commercialization by different companies. Improvement of optics is only one way to increase the quality of biosensors. Additional essential aspects are the surface modification of transducers, immobilization strategies, selection of recognition elements, the influence of non-specific interaction, selectivity, and sensitivity. Furthermore, papers use for reporting minimal amounts of detectable analyte terms such as value of mass, moles, grams, or mol/L which are difficult to compare. Both these essential aspects (i.e., biochemistry and the presentation of LOD values) can be discussed only in brief (but references are provided) in order to prevent the paper from becoming too long. The review will concentrate on a comparison of the optical methods, their application, and the resulting bioanalytical quality.

The paper assesses the importance of the UN in protecting the privacy right in the digital age and as a global leader in the privacy domain compared to other similar bodies. The study highlights the role of the UN rapporteur in increasing the level of comprehension on the topic and on monitoring the right to persons’ privacy globally. The study can thus contribute to the achievement of national goals of improving the protection of this right, given that governments and international institutions are in a continuous race to keep the pace with technical progress and to regulate their impact on the said right. International treaties signal existing risks, and states' efforts to adapt legislation to the evolution of the digitization process must be sustained responsibly. The aim of the paper is to present through the methods appropriate to the research, the need for an evolution of the regulations in the field, because the current ones, have a too wide spectrum or are a few steps behind the new technologies that must be controlled.

This paper analyses morpho-syntactic interference errors committed by learners of French as a foreign language in four Tanzanian universities: UDSM, UDOM, DUCE and Makumira. The paper has three specific objectives: (i) to identify morpho-syntactic interference errors, (ii) to account for their sources and (iii) to recommend a corrective treatment. The study included a total of 61 respondents. The data was collected through learners’ written texts in French from which a corpus was developed. The study was guided by the interlanguage theory and the error analysis approach. Data analysis was qualitative. The findings reveal that errors included the use of nouns with English origins (18.87%), omission of prepositions (36.79%) and absence of determiners (44.34%). The findings further show that these errors are due to previously acquired or learned languages: Swahili, ethnic community languages and English. Different recommendations are given following the findings. As regards the use of definite and indefinite articles in French, teachers should provide a guided reading of different French texts through which learners will be able to understand how articles are used. To master the use of prepositions, teachers should encourage learners to read a variety of texts in French as this can make them understand and internalize the different prepositions. Moreover, through regular exercises on word formation in French, learners may be able to familiarize themselves with French nouns, hence internalizing their forms. Finally, the learning of French nouns should be done in context.

Beam management is central in the operation of beamformed wireless cellular systems such as 5G New Radio (NR) networks. Focusing the energy radiated to mobile terminals (MTs) by increasing the number of beams per cell increases signal power and decreases interference, and has hence the potential to bring major improvements on area spectral efficiency (ASE). This paper proposes a first system-level stochastic geometry model encompassing major aspects of the beam management problem: frequencies, antenna configurations, and propagation; physical layer, wireless links, and coding; network geometry, interference, and resource sharing; sensing, signaling, and mobility management. This model leads to a simple analytical expression for the effective rate that the typical user gets in this context. This in turn allows one to find the number of beams per cell and per MT that maximizes the effective ASE by offering the best tradeoff between beamforming gains and beam management operational overheads and costs, for a wide variety of 5G network scenarios including millimeter wave (mmWave) and sub-6 GHz. As part of the system-level analysis, we define and analyze several underlying new and fundamental performance metrics that are of independent interest. The numerical results discuss the effects of different systemic tradeoffs and performance optimizations of mmWave and sub-6 GHz 5G deployments., Comment: This is an extended version of the paper that was accepted at IEEE GLOBECOM 2020. Comments are welcome. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2006.05027

The internet of Things (IoT) is used to interconnect a massive number of heterogeneous resource constrained smart devices. This makes such networks exposed to various types of malicious attacks. In particular, jamming attacks are among the most common harmful attacks to IoT networks. Therefore, an anti jamming power allocation strategy is first proposed in this paper for health monitoring IoT networks by exploiting game theory to minimize the worst case jamming effect under multi channel fading. This strategy uses an iterative algorithm based on gradient descent to identify the Nash Equilibrium (NE) of the game. An artificial neural network model is also proposed to accelerate the convergence of the algorithm making it more suitable for IoT networks. Furthermore, novel data population, extension and balancing techniques are proposed to enhance the efficiency of the proposed strategy in combating jamming attacks even for network configurations that were never used in the training phase. In addition, time and spatial diversity are exploited using a heterogeneous iterative algorithm to enhance the security of the network.

International audience; IoT networks have been omnipresent in urban and sub-urban areas since a few years ago. Even if all the IoT protocols do not use the same characteristics (modulation, resource sharing, transmit power, bandwidth), sometimes they share the same bands, which can inevitably lead to interference on the neighboring networks, and thus to a decrease in the overall coverage. In this paper, we present an analytical study of thecoverage for a LoRa network with underlying uncoordinated IoT networks. Thanks to stochastic geometry, we propose closed form expressions and analyze the success and the coverage probabilities for a LoRa network in an infinite area. The interference taken into account in this work come from both the LoRa network itself (so called co-SF interference) and the underlying IoT network, modeled with an alpha-stable distribution,which parameters are based on recent measured values.

International audience; Radio performance is very important in the automotive industry. It is necessary to provide a careful assessment of radio reception of each vehicle project development. It is well known that the vehicle radio performance may be affected by electromagnetic interferences from the components of the vehicle itself. These interferences degrade the radio signals and prevent the on-board receiver from retrieving correctly the baseband signal. Generally, the car manufacturers rely on the international special committee on radio interference (CISPR) 25 standard to decide whether radio reception tests pass or fail according to the interference limits set in advance. However, although the standard is able to detect interferences and determine their type and level according to various detectors, their consequence on radio reception quality (if any) cannot be assessed in a quantitative manner. This is even more difficult with digital communication systems such as digital analog broadcasting (DAB). For the time being, the final quality of the radio reception is evaluated in a totally independent way, through driving tests. This paper introduces an improved test setup that performs both interference level measurements and assessment of the radio reception performance. Two operating modes are described. They are based either on the conducted or the radiated injection of the transmitted radio signal. Although dedicated to analog and digital transmissions, we will deal only with the analog radio (frequency modulation) in this paper. From a set of experiments, we conclude that interferences measured with average detectors are more likely correlated to radio reception issues.

In this paper, we investigate the uplink transmission performance of low-power wide-area (LPWA) networks with regards to coexisting radio modules. We adopt long range (LoRa) radio technique as an example of the network of focus even though our analysis can be easily extended to other situations. We exploit a new topology to model the network, where the node locations of LoRa follow a Poisson cluster process (PCP) while other coexisting radio modules follow a Poisson point process (PPP). Unlike most of the performance analysis based on stochastic geometry, we take noise into consideration. More specifically, two models, with a fixed and a random number of active LoRa nodes in each cluster, respectively, are considered. To obtain insights, both the exact and simple approximated expressions for coverage probability are derived. Based on them, area spectral efficiency and energy efficiency are obtained. From our analysis, we show how the performance of LPWA networks can be enhanced through adjusting the density of LoRa nodes around each LoRa receiver. Moreover, the simulation results unveil that the optimal number of active LoRa nodes in each cluster exists to maximize the area spectral efficiency., Comment: This paper has been accepted by IEEE Trans. Vehicular Technology (TVT)