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Pocos acontecimientos políticos suscitaron el nivel de expectativa y preocupación y la diversidad de posiciones diplomáticas a lo largo y ancho de América Latina, como la guerra entre Argentina y Gran Bretaña entre abril y junio de 1982, por la soberanía de las islas del Atlántico Sur. No obstante, pese a las simpatías iniciales que en un momento despertó el reclamo argentino en latinoamericana, las particularidades políticas e intereses de cada nación y el mismo rumbo que iba tomando el conflicto, transformó considerablemente la posición que al respecto tenían diversos grupos políticos en cada país. El presente artículo centrará su estudio en los cambios en el caso colombiano, más específicamente en las variaciones que tuvo el discurso periodístico de la derecha tradicional colombiana frente al desarrollo del conflicto., Few political developments aroused such level of expectation and concern and the diversity of diplomatic positions throughout Latin America as the war between Argentina and Great Britain between April and June 1982, for the sovereignty of the islands in the South Atlantic region. However, despite the initial sympathies that the Argentine claim aroused at one point in Latin America, the political particularities and interests of each nation and the very direction that the conflict was taking considerably transformed the position that various political groups had in each country in this regard. This article will focus on the changes in the Colombian case, more specifically on the variations that the journalistic discourse of the traditional Colombian right had in the face of the development of the conflict., Dossier: A 40 años de Malvinas., Instituto de Relaciones Internacionales

This study explores the biotechnological potential of lignocellulolytic fungi collected in an oak forest. Fungal collections were obtained from natural reserves located in Boyacá-Colombia, ranging from 2700 to 3000 m.a.s.l. Twenty-three strains were isolated on malt agar, molecular characterization was performed, and ligninolytic and cellulolytic enzymatic activities were screened. Several white-rot fungi of biotechnological importance were identified as follows: Trametes sp., Trametes versicolor, Trametes villosa, Pycnoporus sanguineus, Bjerkandera adjusta, Lentinula boryana, Panus conchatus, Antrodia neotropica, Brunneoporus malicola, Laetiporus gilbertsonii, Stereum sp., Ganoderma sp., and Dichomitus sp. The strains T. versicolor 0554 and 0583, T. villosa 0562, and B. adusta 0556 showed the highest response in the qualitative enzymatic assays. These strains were used to determine their ability to decolorate the dyes aniline blue and Congo red, and it was found that T. villosa 0562 reached a level of decolorization close to 90% after 48 h of submerged culture. The fungal strains obtained here could offer alternatives to develop a process to accomplish sustainable development objectives.

The prevention of high blood pressure (HBP) is an important public health initiative worldwide, since HBP is the main risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and increases the damage caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We designed, implemented, and evaluated a program to identify effective and sustainable interventions for preventing HBP in a marginalized black population. Our study was conducted in Quibdó, a city in Colombia with the highest poverty rate and located in the Pacific coast, a subregion in Colombia with the highest prevalence of HBP. We followed an intervention mapping framework using a community-based participatory research approach. Focus groups, photovoice, literature reviews, and cross-sectional quantitative surveys were used for data collection. The community chose the time, place, and type of physical activity; led the physical activities; and strengthened their skills in seeking resources in their community to sustain the program. The evaluation was aimed at determining whether the interventions were able to achieve the program's primary aim. We used a before (September 2016) and after (December 2017) design for the evaluation. To decrease the selection bias and allow comparisons between homogeneous groups, we used a propensity score matching technique. The steps required to create a self-sustaining physical activity program were provided in detail. The pre-post test showed a decrease of the HBP (systolic, 13.4% points; p = 0.018; diastolic, 6.5% points; p = 0.002). The program may be an effective and self-sustaining intervention, and it can be replicated by policymakers and implemented in other population groups.

Tuberculosis continues to be an important public health problem. Particularly considering Beijing-family strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which have been associated with drug-resistance and hypervirulence. The Beijing-like SIT190 (BL) is the most prevalent Beijing strain in Colombia. The pathogenic mechanism and immune response against this pathogen is unknown. Thus, we compared the course of pulmonary TB in BALB/c mice infected with Classical-Beijing strain 391 and BL strain 323. The disease course was different among infected animals with Classical-Beijing and BL strain. Mice infected with BL had a 100% mortality at 45 days post-infection (dpi), with high bacillary loads and massive pneumonia, whereas infected animals with Classical-Beijing survived until 60 dpi and showed extensive pneumonia and necrosis. Lung RNA extraction was carried out at early (day 3 dpi), intermediate (day 14 dpi), and late (days 28 and 60 dpi) time points of infection. Transcriptional analysis of infected mice with Classical-Beijing showed several over-expressed genes, associated with a pro-inflammatory profile, including those for coding for CCL3 and CCL4 chemokines, both biomarkers of disease severity. Conversely, mice infected with BL displayed a profile which included the over-expression of several genes associated with immune-suppression, including Nkiras, Dleu2, and Sphk2, highlighting an anti-inflammatory milieu which would allow high bacterial replication followed by an intense inflammatory response. In summary, both Beijing strains induced a non-protective immune response which induced extensive tissue damage, BL strain induced rapidly extensive pneumonia and death, whereas Classical-Beijing strain produced slower extensive pneumonia later associated with extensive necrosis. Abbreviations Mtb: Mycobacterium tuberculosis; SIT: Spoligotype International Type; TB: Tuberculosis; CTB: Classical-typical Beijing; BL: Beijing-Like; CCL3: Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 3 (CCL3); CCL4: Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand four (CCL4); WHO: World health Organization; DR: Direct Repeats; IFN-γ: Interferon Gamma; IL: Interleukin; TGF-β: Transforming Growth Factor Beta; XDR: Extremely Drug Resistant; MDR: Multi Drug Resistant; MIRU-VNTR: Mycobacterial Interspersed Repetitive Units–Variable Number Tandem repeats; OADC: Oleic Albumin Dextrose Catalase; ATCC: American Type Culture Collection; MOI: Multiplicity of Infection; CFUs: Colony Forming Units; ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; qRT-PCR: Real-Time Quantitative Reverse Transcription PCR; RNA-seq: Ribonucleic Acid sequencing; RIN: RNA Integrity Number; RNA: Ribonucleic Acid; DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid; dsDNA HS: Double stranded Deoxyribonucleic Acid High Sensitivity; RAI: Red de Apoyo à la Investigacion, Mexico City, Mexico; DEG: Differential Expressed Genes; GO: Gene Ontology; KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; ORA: Over-Representation Analysis; SNPs: Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms; TNFα: Tumoral necrosis factor alpha; DE: Differential Expression; EPA: Enrichment Pathways Analysis; TLR: Toll-Like receptor; NLRP: NOD-like receptor with Pyrin domain; tRNA: Transfer RNA; MAPK: Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase; NK: Natural killer; ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate; DGC: dystrophin-glycoprotein complex; PDIM: Ptiocerol Dimicocerosate; NCBI: National Center for Bioinformatics Information

Introduction Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) is a rare and genetically mediated systemic disease most often caused by uncontrolled and chronic complement activation that leads to systemic thrombotic microangiopathy, renal and extra-renal damage. Materials and methods This is descriptive, retrospective and multicenter study, which reports demographic, clinical, laboratory, and genetic characteristics, as well as their treatment response and outcome of 20 aHUS patients diagnosed between 2014 and 2018. Results Most patients were female adults (75%) and 30% were associated to pregnancy/postpartum, 15% to autoimmune disease, and 65% to infections. Gastrointestinal involvement (75%) was the most frequent extra-renal organ damage. Antenatal mortality and mortality rate were 5% and 10%, respectively. 25% of the patients progressed to end-stage renal disease. In 4/8 of patients treated within 1 week of presentation, eculizumab treatment restored multi-organ function after 4 weeks of treatment. CFH (37%) and CFI (25%) mutations were the most frequent. Conclusion This is the first series of aHUS cases of Colombian Caribbean region which reports the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of this condition in this region.

Background Epidemiologic surveillance of COVID-19 is essential to collect and analyse data to improve public health decision making during the pandemic. There are few initiatives led by public-private alliances in Colombia and Latin America. The CoVIDA project contributed with RT-PCR tests for SARS-CoV-2 in mild or asymptomatic populations in Bogota. The present study aimed to determine the factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in working adults. Methods COVID-19 intensified sentinel epidemiological surveillance study, from April 18, 2020, to March 29, 2021. The study included people aged 18 years or older without a history of COVID-19. Two main occupational groups were included: healthcare and essential services workers with high mobility in the city. Social, demographic, and health-related factors were collected via phone survey. Afterwards, the molecular test was conducted to detect SARS-CoV-2 infection. Findings From the 58,638 participants included in the study, 3,310 (5·6%) had a positive result. A positive result was associated with the age group (18-29 years) compared with participants aged 60 or older, participants living with more than three cohabitants, living with a confirmed case, having no affiliation to the health system compared to those with social health security, reporting a very low socioeconomic status compared to those with higher socioeconomic status, and having essential occupations compared to healthcare workers. Interpretation The CoVIDA study showed the importance of intensified epidemiological surveillance to identify groups with increased risk of infection. These groups should be prioritised in the screening, contact tracing, and vaccination strategies to mitigate the pandemic. Funding The CoVIDA study was funded through donors managed by the philanthropy department of Universidad de los Andes.

Objective/context: The article aims to analyze child recruitment as a form of human trafficking. Beyond the theoretical perspectives that focus on security or rights, it addresses the topic as a form of unfree labor. By means of a case study focused on child recruitment by right-wing paramilitary groups in Colombia, the paper analyzes how children entered and exited illegal armed groups, the functions they performed, and the exploitation they endured. The research argues that child recruitment operates as a large-scale labor-market uptake in the wartime social order, where the “employers” are paramilitary groups, and the labor force, in part, consists of children and adolescents. Methodology: This case study relies on different sources of information: a database on child recruitment provided by the special Justice and Peace Unit of the Colombian Attorney General’s Office (989 cases between 1981 and 2005), sentences of Peace and Justice, testimonials given by victims in judicial processes, and semi-structured interviews with different actors. Conclusions: The paper shows that child recruitment as a form of trafficking is functional to wartime social order in contexts of poverty and inequality. There is demand and supply; thus, both girls and boys, who worked as soldiers, are not only victims but also agents that make decisions in challenging conditions. Therefore, if the socioeconomic options for these children, even after their demobilization from the armed group, are still a choice between bad and worse, joining a violent (no longer “armed” but “criminal”) group will remain a feasible alternative. Originality: The article contributes to the academic literature on a recent topic, such as the overlapping between child recruitment and human trafficking in armed conflict and post-conflict situations. It also contributes to the literature on “unfree labor,” as the study focuses on an actor (illegal armed groups) that has not been analyzed until now. Finally, the research demonstrates the limits of understanding human trafficking (and child recruitment as a form of trafficking) as a problem of security or rights entitlement. It highlights the analytical and political advantages of categories such as “unfree labor” to provide effective solutions for the prevention and reintegration of child soldiers. Objetivo/contexto: el artículo propone analizar el reclutamiento de niños, niñas y adolescentes como una forma de trata de personas. Más allá de las aproximaciones teóricas que enfatizan las dimensiones de seguridad o derechos, este estudio aborda el tema como una forma de trabajo no libre. Mediante un estudio de caso, centrado en las prácticas de reclutamiento por parte del paramilitarismo en Colombia, el artículo se enfoca en la entrada de los niños, niñas y adolescentes al grupo armado, la salida, las funciones que cumplieron y las formas de explotación a las que fueron sometidos. Esta investigación sostiene que el reclutamiento en Colombia opera como un mercado laboral a gran escala en un orden social de guerra, donde los “empleadores” son grupos paramilitares y la fuerza de trabajo está conformada, en parte, por niños, niñas y adolescentes. Metodología: el estudio de caso se basa en diferentes fuentes de información: la base de datos de reclutamiento ilícito facilitada por la unidad especial de Justicia y Paz de la Fiscalía General de Colombia (989 casos de niños y niñas reclutados entre 1981 y 2005), sentencias de Justicia y Paz, audiencias de las víctimas en el proceso judicial y entrevistas semiestructuradas a diferentes actores. Conclusiones: el artículo muestra que el reclutamiento, como forma de trata, es funcional al orden social de la guerra en contextos de pobreza y desigualdad. Existe una oferta y una demanda; así, los niños y niñas que “trabajaron” como soldados no sólo son víctimas sino también agentes que tomaron decisiones en contextos difíciles. Por tanto, si las condiciones socioeconómicas de estos niños y niñas, incluso tras su desvinculación, siguen ofreciendo una decisión entre “lo malo y lo peor”, su incorporación a un grupo violento (ya no “armado” sino “criminal”) seguirá una opción viable. Originalidad: el artículo contribuye a la literatura académica sobre un tema actual, como el solapamiento entre tráfico humano y reclutamiento infantil en situaciones de conflicto armado y postconflicto. También contribuye a la literatura sobre “trabajo no libre” al enfocarse en un actor (grupos armados ilegales) que no han sido analizados hasta ahora. Finalmente, el artículo demuestra los límites de entender el tráfico humano (y el reclutamiento de niños como una de sus expresiones) como un problema de seguridad o titularidad de derechos. Subraya las ventajas analíticas y políticas de categorías como “trabajo no libre” para buscar soluciones efectivas en materia de prevención y reintegración de niños soldados. Objetivo/contexto: o artigo propõe analisar o recrutamento de meninas, meninos e adolescentes como um tipo de tráfico de pessoas. Além das aproximações teóricas que enfatizam as dimensões de segurança ou de direitos, esse estudo aborda o assunto como uma forma de trabalho não livre. Através de um estudo de caso sobre as práticas de recrutamento por parte do paramilitarismo na Colômbia, o artigo foca a análise na entrada de crianças e adolescentes nos grupos armados, sua saída, as funções que realizaram e as formas de exploração às que foram submetidos. A pesquisa argumenta que o recrutamento na Colômbia opera sob as dinâmicas de um mercado de trabalho em escala ampla e numa ordem social de guerra, onde os “empregadores” são grupos paramilitares e a força de trabalho é composta, em parte, por crianças e adolescentes. Metodologia: a pesquisa consiste num estudo de caso baseado em diferentes fontes de informação: a base de dados de recrutamento ilícito disponibilizado pela Unidade Especial de Justiça e Paz da Procuradoria-Geral da Colômbia (989 casos de meninas e meninos recrutados entre 1981 e 2005); sentenças de Justiça e Paz, audiências de vítimas num processo na justiça e entrevistas semiestruturadas com diferentes atores. Conclusões: a pesquisa aponta que o recrutamento, como forma de tráfico, é funcional na ordem social de guerra em contextos de pobreza e desigualdade. Há uma oferta e uma demanda. Assim, meninas e meninos que “trabalharam” como soldados não são apenas vítimas, mas também agentes que tomaram decisões. Em consequência, o estudo salienta que, se as condições socioeconómicas dessas crianças continuarem se limitando a uma decisão entre “o ruim e o pior”, mesmo após a sua desvinculação, a sua incorporação num grupo armado ilegal, num contexto de guerra ou de criminalidade, continuará sendo uma opção viável. Originalidade: o artigo contribui para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa acadêmica sobre uma questão incipiente, tal como é a sobreposição entre tráfico e recrutamento de crianças em situações de conflito armado e pós-conflito. Igualmente, o artigo contribui às pesquisas sobre “trabalho não livre”, aplicando esse conceito a um ator pouco estudado nesse âmbito – os grupos armados ilegais. Finalmente, o artigo ressalta os limites de compreender o tráfico (e, assim, o recrutamento como uma forma de tráfico) como um problema de segurança ou de titularidade de direitos. Salientam-se, desse modo, as vantagens analíticas e políticas do uso de categorias como “trabalho não livre” para procurar soluções eficazes que visem à prevenção e reintegração de crianças-soldado.

Using estimations by Bresser-Pereira et al. (2021), this paper analyses the misalignment between the real exchange rate and the current account equilibrium exchange rate in Colombia in the last two decades (2000-2020). Evidence suggests that the commodity boom and bust cycle in this period is important to explain (i) the main trend of the misalignment, (ii) the deterioration of the current account in recent years and (iii) the general macroeconomic performance of the Colombian economy. A discussion about macroeconomic development and stability is also provided in the context of the Colombian financial configuration, characterized by a flexible exchange rate regime, central bank independence and inflation targeting. Ideas in this paper are consistent with key elements in the New Developmentalism Theory.

Solar photovoltaic-based (PV) microgrids have received increasing attention to lower electricity costs, improve service reliability, and preserve the environment. The literature has mainly addressed their design and operation from the self-supply at a minimum cost perspective, overlooking alternative business models. This paper assesses the possibility of oversizing solar PV grid-connected microgrids to profit from self-supply and export sales to the power grid. To this end, an optimisation model is developed that evaluates if oversizing is a worthwhile business strategy to follow and a better one than the self-supply perspective. The model, which includes legal, technical, and demand constraints, is applied to nine urban communities in Colombia living under diverse socio-economic and climatic conditions. The results suggest that oversizing is the optimal business strategy for small microgrid systems – up to 100 kW of capacity according to the Colombian regulation –, but not for large microgrid systems, those above 100 kW. The model shows larger margins and shorter capital recovery times in small microgrids planned under the oversizing business model than those designed under the self-supply approach for all the analysed communities. The paper demonstrates the advantages of considering oversizing and self-supply when planning solar PV grid-connected microgrids. In the Colombian case, oversizing brings more significant economic and strategic benefits than self-supply for small microgrids. However, the opposite applies to large microgrid systems; self-supply brings larger benefits than oversizing. Thus, the paper contributes to the literature by providing an empirical study on microgrid-centred alternative business models.

Este artículo estudia la construcción de un modelo de inflación y su pronóstico utilizando un amplio conjunto de predictores. La decisión sobre el número óptimo de factores comunes se toma utilizando los criterios de información de Bai y Ng (2002); y se implementa un enfoque de una covariable a la vez - pruebas múltiples (OCMT) (Chudik et al., 2018) para elegir los predictores y rezagos óptimos de la variable dependiente; y, posteriormente, se construyen pronósticos de 1 a 12 meses de la inflación en Colombia utilizando 60 variables macroeconómicas de 2006 a 2021. Durante este período se utiliza un enfoque de ventana móvil. El modelo OCMT muestra consistentemente un rendimiento significativamente mejor que un modelo de vector autorregresivo (VAR) basado en la curva de Phillips y un modelo de promedio móvil integrado autorregresivo (ARIMA) cuando se usa todo el conjunto de datos y, también, se desempeña de manera cercana a estos modelos cuando se estima con un conjunto de datos pre-COVID. This paper studies the construction of an inflation model and its forecast using a large set of predictors. The decision about the optimal number of common factors is made using Bai and Ng (2002) information criteria; and, a One Covariate at a Time - Multiple Testing approach (OCMT) (Chudik et al., 2018) is implemented to choose the optimal predictors and lags of the dependent variable; and, afterwards, 1 to 12 month ahead forecasts are constructed to predict the inflation in Colombia using 60 macroeconomic variables from 2006 to 2021. During this period, a rolling-window approach is used. The OCMT model consistently shows significant better performance than a Phillips curve based Vector Autoregressive (VAR) model and an Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model when using the entire dataset and, also, performs closely to these models when estimated with a pre-COVID dataset.

Se requiere la participación de la sociedad civil para lograr acuerdos de paz sólidos; sin embargo, estos a menudo no logran poner fin a los conflictos y lograr una paz duradera cuando no se garantiza la seguridad física de las partes involucradas. En Colombia, la sociedad civil ha participado activamente en los acuerdos de paz a través de la representación de líderes sociales. Este trabajo estudia cómo se afecta la estrategia de erradicación del gobierno cuando se implementa el programa de erradicación voluntaria (PNIS) en municipios donde las organizaciones criminales ilegales atentan contra la seguridad de los líderes sociales; Se estima el efecto de implementar el programa PNIS en municipios con potencial exposición a la violencia de los líderes sociales sobre las hectáreas de coca erradicadas por las fuerzas armadas legítimas del gobierno. Estimo el impacto causal del tratamiento utilizando microdatos a nivel municipal e implemento una estrategia de diferencias en diferencias con adopción escalonada. Encuentro que la tasa de hectáreas de coca erradicadas manualmente (Estrategia del palo) aumentó un 6,5\% luego de que el programa PNIS (Estrategia de la zanahoria) iniciara su implementación en municipios con potencial exposición a la violencia contra los líderes sociales y por ende un deterioro de se llevó a cabo el programa PNIS. La magnitud de este impacto se ve intensificada por otras variables relevantes como la fortaleza de las fuerzas armadas legítimas (16,6\%) y la pugna de las organizaciones criminales por hacerse con el control de los territorios (14\%). Por el contrario, no encontré efectos en el cultivo de cultivos legales debido a la sustitución voluntaria de cultivos. Civil society participation is required to achieve strong peace agreements; however, these often fail to end conflicts and get durable peace when the physical security of the parties involved is not guaranteed. In Colombia, civil society has participated actively in peace agreements through the representation of social leaders. I study how the government eradication strategy is affected when the voluntary eradication program (PNIS) is implemented in municipalities where illegal criminal organizations threaten the security of social leaders; this paper estimates the effect of implementing the PNIS program in municipalities with potential exposure to violence for social leaders over the hectares of coca eradicated by government legitimate armed forces. I estimate the causal impact of treatment using micro-data at the municipal level and implement a difference-in-differences strategy with staggered adoption. I find that the rate of coca hectares manually forced eradicated (The stick strategy) increased by 6,5\% after the PNIS program (The carrot strategy) began its implementation in municipalities with potential exposure to violence against social leaders and thus a deterioration of the PNIS program took place. The magnitude of this impact is intensified by other relevant variables such as the strength of legitimate armed forces (16,6\%) and the contending of criminal organizations to take control of territories (14\%). In contrast, I did not find effects on legal crop cultivation due to voluntary crop substitution.

Aquest article examina l’impacte de l’afiliació a grups empresarials en el desenvolupament del mercat de valors de Bogotà entre el 1950 i el 1980. Si bé la literatura sobre grups empresarials ha discutit com responen a les falles del mercat, s’ha prestat poca atenció a les formes específiques en què l’afiliació a grups afecta el desenvolupament del mercat de valors a economies emergents. Aquest estudi té com a objectiu omplir aquesta bretxa analitzant dades de plafó del mercat de valors de Bogotà i implementant una sèrie de regressions de panell d’efectes aleatoris correlacionats. Les troballes d’aquest estudi demostren que l’afiliació a grups va tenir un impacte significatiu a la capitalització borsària ponderada de les accions emeses per empreses cotitzades. Específicament, es van concentrar alts volums de negociació en un petit subconjunt d’empreses, cosa que suggereix que les empreses afiliades a grups van poder capturar el mercat de valors com a mitjà per finançar les seves inversions i augmentar la diversificació de productes i la diversificació geogràfica. Tot i que la literatura sobre grups empresarials suggereix que solen sorgir en absència d’un mercat de capitals desenvolupat, el nostre estudi revela una dinàmica diferent en el cas de Colòmbia, on aquests grups van advocar per la creació de la borsa de valors. Per tant, les nostres troballes desafien la idea que els mercats financers en economies emergents són ineficients i il·líquides i aporten nova llum sobre el paper dels grups empresarials que impulsen el desenvolupament del mercat financer., This paper examines the impact of group affiliation on the development of Bogota’s stock market between 1950 and 1980. While the literature on business groups has discussed how they respond to market failures, little attention has been paid to the specific ways in which group affiliation affects stock market development in emerging economies. This study aims to fill this gap by analyzing panel data from Bogota’s stock market and implementing a series of correlated random effects panel regressions. The findings of this study demonstrate that group affiliation had a significant impact on the weighted market capitalization of stocks issued by listed companies. Specifically, high trading volumes were concentrated on a small subset of firms, suggesting that group-affiliated companies were able to capture the stock market as a means of financing their investments and increasing their product and geographic diversification. While the literature on business groups suggests that they typically arise in the absence of a developed capital market, our study reveals a different dynamic in the case of Colombia, where these groups advocated for the creation of the stock exchange. Hence, our findings challenge the misconception of inefficient and illiquid financial markets in emerging economies and shed new light on the role of business groups in driving financial market development., Este artículo examina el impacto de la afiliación a grupos empresariales en el desarrollo del mercado de valores de Bogotá entre 1950 y 1980. Si bien la literatura sobre grupos empresariales ha discutido cómo responden a las fallas del mercado, se ha prestado poca atención a las formas específicas en que la afiliación a grupos afecta el desarrollo del mercado de valores en economías emergentes. Este estudio tiene como objetivo llenar esta brecha analizando datos de panel del mercado de valores de Bogotá e implementando una serie de regresiones de panel de efectos aleatorios correlacionados. Los hallazgos de este estudio demuestran que la afiliación a grupos tuvo un impacto significativo en la capitalización de mercado ponderada de las acciones emitidas por empresas cotizadas. Específicamente, se concentraron altos volúmenes de negociación en un pequeño subconjunto de empresas, lo que sugiere que las empresas afiliadas a grupos pudieron capturar el mercado de valores como medio para financiar sus inversiones y aumentar su diversificación de productos y geográfica. Si bien la literatura sobre grupos empresariales sugiere que suelen surgir en ausencia de un mercado de capitales desarrollado, nuestro estudio revela una dinámica diferente en el caso de Colombia, donde estos grupos abogaron por la creación de la bolsa de valores. Por lo tanto, nuestros hallazgos desafían la idea de que los mercados financieros en economías emergentes son ineficientes e ilíquidos y arrojan nueva luz sobre el papel de los grupos empresariales en impulsar el desarrollo del mercado financiero.

Since UNESCO considered the Colombian coffee landscape as heritage, measures began to be developed for its preservation and sustainability. The need arose from the Ministry of Culture and aimed to "preserve, revitalize and promote cultural heritage and articulate regional development" (Ministry of Culture, 2011:66), leading to the presentation of projects for the understanding and dissemination of coffee as Cultural Heritage (CCP), since it is necessary the generational transmission of cultural values and thus achieve its conservation and sustainability. This paper aims to show innovative tourism products that have affected the competitiveness of the tourist destination, for which we start from the concept of competitiveness, and then we analyze the case study of coffee in Colombia, with which we seek to show that the subject innovation is an important source of generating competitive advantages, showing some innovative products that are being offered in this area. This paper was constructed by conducting an extensive literature review on the issues of competitiveness, marketing and innovation. It also drew on secondary sources and the observation method to survey the case of coffee. One of the conclusions that emerges is that a competitive destination in the tourism industry is created from the competitive advantages that accompany its comparative advantages. In other words, it takes more than a wide range of tourism products and resources., Desde que la UNESCO valoró el paisaje cafetero colombiano como patrimonio de la humanidad se empezaron a tomar medidas con respecto a su preservación y sostenibilidad. La necesidad que se planteó desde el Ministerio de Cultura, consistió en “conservar, revitalizar y promover el patrimonio cultural y articularlo al desarrollo regional” (Ministerio de Cultura, 2011:66), dando lugar para la presentación de proyectos encaminados a la comprensión y difusión del Patrimonio Cultural Cafetero (PCC), ya que, se hace necesaria la transmisión generacional de los valores culturales y así lograr su conservación y sostenibilidad. Este documento pretende mostrar productos turísticos innovadores que han incidido sobre la competitividad de este destino turístico, para lo cual se parte del concepto de competitividad, luego se analiza el estudio de caso del Eje Cafetero en Colombia, con el cual se pretende demostrar que el tema de innovación es una fuente importante generadora de ventajas competitivas mostrando algunos productos innovadores que se están ofreciendo en esta zona.Este documento se construyó realizando una amplia revisión de literatura sobre el tema de competitividad, mercadeo e innovación. Además se recurrió a fuentes secundarias y el método de observación para el levantamiento del caso del Eje Cafetero. Una de las conclusiones necesarias es que un destino competitivo en la industria turística se crea a partir de las ventajas competitivas que acompañen a sus ventajas comparativas. En otras palabras, se requiere mucho más que una variedad amplia de productos y recursos turísticos., Desde que a UNESCO considerou a paisagem do café colombiano como património, começaram a desenvolver-se medidas para a sua preservação e sustentabilidade. A necessidade surgiu a partir do Ministério da Cultura e visava "preservar, revitalizar e promover o património cultural e articular o desenvolvimento regional" (Ministério da Cultura, 2011:66), levando à apresentação de projetos para a compreensão e difusão do café enquanto Património Cultural (PCC), uma vez que é necessária a transmissão geracional de valores culturais e assim alcançar a sua conservação e sustentabilidade. Este trabalho tem como objetivo mostrar produtos turísticos inovadores que têm afetado a competitividade do destino turístico, para o qual se parte do conceito de competitividade, e em seguida analisamos o estudo de caso do café na Colômbia, com o qual procuramos mostrar que o assunto inovação é uma importante fonte de geração de vantagens competitivas, mostrando alguns produtos inovadores que estão sendo oferecidos nesta área. Este documento foi construído através da realização de uma extensa revisão da literatura sobre as questões da competitividade, marketing e inovação. Também se baseou em fontes secundárias e no método de observação para o levantamento do caso do café. Uma das conclusões que se impõem é que um destino competitivo na indústria de turismo é criado a partir das vantagens competitivas que acompanham suas vantagens comparativas. Por outras palavras, é necessário mais do que uma grande variedade de produtos e recursos turísticos.

Colombia is considered a pioneer in inclusive recycling in Latin America and the state-led formalisation policies are considered a referent for the socio-economic inclusion of waste pickers beyond the region. Nevertheless, more than 60,000 waste pickers in Colombia are struggling to remain in place despite these inclusive recycling and formalisation policies. This paper examines the implementation of formalisation policies and their consequences for the population of waste pickers by comparing evidence from two Colombian cities: Bogotá and Cartagena de Indias. The paper draws on extensive qualitative community-based research methodology with waste pickers in both cities guided by an interdisciplinary epistemological position to support Colombian waste pickers’ political struggle for recognition from a theoretical reflection. This paper shows how formalisation policies became a mechanism of manifold dispossessions in both cities. This paper categorises three forms of enclosures faced by waste pickers: (a) material and socio-economic; (b) bodily and spatial; and (c) political and organisational. Finally, this paper concludes by urging to consider the situated social, political, and cultural facets of waste pickers’ labour to enhance grassroots reflections on how to achieve greater levels of social justice and inclusion.

Colombia is considered a pioneer in inclusive recycling in Latin America and the state-led formalisation policies are considered a referent for the socio-economic inclusion of waste pickers beyond the region. Nevertheless, more than 60,000 waste pickers in Colombia are struggling to remain in place despite these inclusive recycling and formalisation policies. This paper examines the implementation of formalisation policies and their consequences for the population of waste pickers by comparing evidence from two Colombian cities: Bogotá and Cartagena de Indias. The paper draws on extensive qualitative community-based research methodology with waste pickers in both cities guided by an interdisciplinary epistemological position to support Colombian waste pickers’ political struggle for recognition from a theoretical reflection. This paper shows how formalisation policies became a mechanism of manifold dispossessions in both cities. This paper categorises three forms of enclosures faced by waste pickers: (a) material and socio-economic; (b) bodily and spatial; and (c) political and organisational. Finally, this paper concludes by urging to consider the situated social, political, and cultural facets of waste pickers’ labour to enhance grassroots reflections on how to achieve greater levels of social justice and inclusion.

This paper describes the plan for a process evaluation of a quasi-experimental study testing the municipal level scale-up of primary health care-based measurement and brief advice programmes to reduce heavy drinking and comorbid depression in Colombia, Mexico, and Peru. The main aims of the evaluation are to assess the implementation of intervention components; mechanisms of impact that influenced the outcomes; and characteristics of the context that influenced implementation and outcomes. Based on this information, common drivers of successful outcomes will be identified. A range of data collection methods will be used: questionnaires; interviews; observations; logbooks; and document analysis. All participating providers will complete a pen-and-paper questionnaire at recruitment and two time points during the implementation period. Providers attending training will complete post-training questionnaires. Additionally, 1080 patients will be invited to self-complete a patient questionnaire. One-in-ten participating providers and fifteen other key stakeholders will participate in semi-structured interviews. Training sessions and community advisory board meetings will be observed by a neutral observer. Logbooks will be kept by local research teams to document events affecting the implementation. Project related documentation and other relevant reports describing the context will be examined.

Este artículo estudia la emergencia y consolidación de las librerías en Colombia. Limitado a la segunda mitad del siglo XIX, se exploran los factores que impulsaron tanto la aparición y relativa especialización del oficio librero como la circulación comercial del libro para este período. Se plantea que la vinculación de las librerías con las redes de comercio internacional fue clave para su organización, siempre en alineación con cambios en el mercado nacional del libro y el universo lector local. Así, el artículo aporta una caracterización de las librerías decimonónicas, que releva el rol comercial de sus catálogos, sus giros hacia el ámbito editorial y sus lazos con el poder político. This article studies the emergence and consolidation of the bookstores in Colombia. Focusing on the first half of the 19th Century, the elements that originated the fairly specialized profession of the booksellers as well as the commercial circulation of books during this period are explored here. This paper argues that the relationship between bookstores and international trade networks was a key element for their organization, always in alignment with changes in the national book market and the local radio of readers. Thus, the paper provides a characterization of the nineteenth-century booksellers, highlighting the commercial role of the catalogues, their shift toward the editorial environment and its connections to the political power. Este artigo estuda a emergência e a consolidação das livrarias na Colômbia. Limitado à segunda metade do século XIX, exploram-se os fatores que impulsionaram tanto o surgimento e a relativa especialização do ofício livreiro quanto a circulação comercial do livro para esse período. Propõe-se que a vinculação das livrarias com redes de comércio internacional foi fundamental para sua organização, sempre alinhada a mudanças no mercado nacional do livro e ao universo leitor local. Assim, o artigo contribui com uma caracterização das livrarias do século em questão, que releva o papel comercial de seus catálogos, suas reviravoltas no âmbito editorial e seus laços com o poder político.

En el presente artículo, realizaremos un recorrido tanto por la historia de la guerrilla colombiana Movimiento 19 de Abril (M-19) como por una de sus unidades armadas más significativa e interesantes: el Batallón América. Formado por unidades del citado M-19 y Movimiento Armado Quintín Lame (Colombia), Alfaro Vive Carajo (Ecuador), y del Movimiento Revolucionario Túpac Amaru (Perú), este Batallón es un ejemplo perfecto de la política de interrelaciones que el M-19 puso en marcha con guerrillas nacionales e internacionales. A través del estudio de las fuentes bibliográficas de la historia del M-19, construiremos una imagen primigenia acerca del impacto de este internacionalismo guerrillero, sus efectos en el devenir posterior de las guerrillas en él incluidas, la relevancia del Batallón América a la hora de constituir una estrategia de cooperación guerrillera al interior de Colombia, así como la constitución de una fuerza transnacional revolucionaria para toda Latinoamérica. In this papper, we will do a travel to the history about Movimiento 19 de Abril (M-19), a Colombian guerrilla, and one of their units: the Batallón América. This army was conformed for four groups: M-19 and Movimiento Armado Quintín Lame (Colombia), Alfaro Vive Carajo (Ecuador), and Movimiento Revolucionario Túpac Amaru (Perú). This battalion was a perfect example about the relation of M-19 with national and international guerrillas, and the Socialist International. Across this paper, we will show a primal idea about the internationalism in the Latin American guerrillas, its effects in the posterior history from these guerrillas, the important paper from the Batallón América in their strategy about the cooperation between guerrillas in Colombia and the creation of a transnational revolutionary army in the Latin American continent.

Using estimations by Bresser-Pereira et al. (2021), this paper analyses the misalignment between the real exchange rate and the current account equilibrium exchange rate in Colombia in the last two decades (2000-2020). Evidence suggests that the commodity boom and bust cycle in this period is important to explain (i) the main trend of the misalignment, (ii) the deterioration of the current account in recent years and (iii) the general macroeconomic performance of the Colombian economy. A discussion about macroeconomic development and stability is also provided in the context of the Colombian financial configuration, characterized by a flexible exchange rate regime, central bank independence and inflation targeting. Ideas in this paper are consistent with key elements in the New Developmentalism Theory. RESUMO Utilizando estimativas de Bresser-Pereira et al. (2021), este artigo analisa o desalinhamento entre a taxa de câmbio real e a taxa de câmbio de equilíbrio em conta-corrente na Colômbia nas últimas duas décadas (2000-2020). Evidências sugerem que o ciclo de alta e queda das commodities neste período é importante para explicar (i) a principal tendência de desalinhamento, (ii) a deterioração da conta-corrente nos últimos anos e (iii) o desempenho macroeconômico geral da economia colombiana. Uma discussão sobre desenvolvimento macroeconômico e estabilidade também é fornecida no contexto da configuração financeira colombiana, caracterizada por um regime cambial flexível, independência do banco central e metas de inflação. As ideias neste artigo são consistentes com os elementos-chave da Teoria do Novo Desenvolvimentismo.

BACKGROUND: Currently, there is a need for models, methods, and tools that allow ergonomics/human factor (E/HF) practitioners to assess the level of E/HF integration into organizations from a macroergonomics perspective. OBJECTIVE: This paper aims to propose the Ergonomic Maturity Model (EMM) and the tools for its application as a framework for integrating E/HF in organizations. METHODS: The EMM is a macroergonomic tool that allows stakeholders to evaluate the degree of development and integration of E/HF in the organization based on a participatory and macroergonomic approach. The EMM classifies organizations into five gradual levels of maturity: Ignorance, Understanding, Experimentation, Regular use, and Innovation. RESULTS: In this paper, we provide a three-stage procedure for guiding the application of the EMM: preparation of the evaluation, evaluation, and improvement plan and implementation. We include four tools developed specifically for applying EMM in organizations: evaluation matrix, weighting questionnaire, quick questionnaire, and prioritization matrix. Also, we present a Colombian floriculture company’s case study to exemplify the use of the EMM. CONCLUSIONS: The EMM provides a framework for integrating E/HF into organizations from the macroergonomics approach. E/HF practitioners can find in the EMM a tool to help them channel the actions taken by the different organizational actors to improve the safety, health, well-being, and performance of work systems. Finally, it should be noted that further studies on the reliability and validity of the EMM are needed, which would contribute to demonstrating that the EMM can effectively and successfully guide change in E/HF maturity levels in organizations.

En los últimos 18 años, Colombia ha reducido modestamente la desigualdad de ingresos medida con el índice de Gini frente a otros países latinoamericanos. Pero cuando se observa el conjunto de sus ciudades saltan a la vista trayectorias diversas: unas han reducido notablemente, mientras que en otras hay estancamiento. Este artículo se enfoca en 4 ciudades colombianas con trayectorias divergentes en la evolución de la desigualdad. A través de un análisis de la distribución del ingreso, a partir de datos de la Encuesta Continua de Hogares (2002-2005) y la Gran Encuesta Integrada de Hogares (2008-2018), este artículo se centra en el papel de los ingresos por pensiones y por ayudas en la variación del Gini, y utiliza registros administrativos para robustecer los análisis propuestos. Dentro de los resultados se destaca el diferenciado rol de las ayudas en la reducción de la desigualdad, y el de las pensiones en su aumento. In the last 18 years, Colombia has seen a modest reduction in income inequality compared to other Latin American countries as measured by the Gini index. However, when the scale is reduced and cities are observed, remarkably diverse trajectories are evident: some cities have had a notable reduction, while others have stagnated. This article focuses on four Colombian cities with divergent trajectories in the evolution of inequality. Through an analysis of income distribution using data from the Continuous Household Survey (2002-2005) and the Extensive Integrated Household Survey – GEIH by its Spanish acro-nym (2008-2018), and following the decomposition methodology suggested by Azevedo et al. (2013), this article focuses on the role of income from pensions and transfers in the variation of the Gini. Administrative records are used to mark the proposed analyses more robust. The results highlight the differentiated role of transfers in reducing inequality and that of pensions in increasing it.

This paper examines whether religion contributes to offenders taking responsibility for crimes. Specifically, we assessed whether participation in The Prisoner’s Journey (TPJ), a bible study program, increased or decreased responsibility-taking. We also examined whether religious offenders that did not participate in TPJ were likely to take responsibility for their offenses. For this study, we conducted a quasi-experiment in two Colombian and five South African prisons from 2018 to 2019, collecting data from personal interviews with a total of 73 inmates—42 TPJ participants and 31 non-participants—before and after the program. Offenders frequently offered subtle accounts of responsibility that incorporated their own agency with other factors. Highly religious offenders were equally likely to take responsibility, and in some cases participation in TPJ heightened responsibility. In sum, this paper presents evidence that religious beliefs and practice are commensurate with responsibility-taking and desistance from crime.

Taking infrastructure as the means to control space, this paper analyses the large-scale hydroelectric dam project “El Quimbo” in Huila, South Colombia, and the environmental conflict it caused. The paper argues that instead of acting as a “technology of engagement” that extends vital infrastructure into marginalised territory, the dam functioned as a “technology of detachment” that destroyed the social and physical infrastructure in place, fragmented territory and marginalised affected populations further. While localised marginalisation can be considered an unintentional side-effect of a project, which otherwise serves the “greater good”, critical conceptualisations of the capitalist state see purpose behind these impacts. Governments use infrastructural objects as tools for social engineering, subjugating their population to control and discipline in line with their biopolitical project. The paper analyses how far this subjugation was visible in the El Quimbo dam case, and critically reflects on the promises of renewable energy. It brings novel insights to the infrastructure citizenship debate by highlighting that infrastructure can act as intermediary between state and citizens but, in the same way, can hamper citizenship formation. Publisher PDF

This paper elaborates on the results of qualitative research on the role of cultural diplomacy in Colombian foreign policy between 1991 and 2014 and its links with the current scenario. Based on a comparative analysis of various experiences on cultural diplomacy from five States, and taking Wendt’s constructivism in dialogue with Nyes’ soft power, the paper elaborates on the current challenges of Colombian cultural diplomacy. This paper argues, that despite the minor and discontinuous role of this diplomacy in the Colombian Foreign Policy, there is an opportunity to be taken for re-framing the role of the Colombian State in the construction of a postconflict scenario and the achievement of a renewed Colombian performance in the international system.

La materialización de los riesgos asociados con el clima es un tema que, recientemente, ha cobrado relevancia en tanto que afecta directamente a los sectores económicos. El sector bancario colombiano no es una excepción, ya que está expuesto a riesgos financieros relacionados con el clima. Al combinar información sobre cartera bancaria y provisiones de préstamos por municipio, con registros trimestrales de lluvia de más de 2000 estaciones meteorológicas ubicadas en Colombia, examino la relación entre la variabilidad climática (lluvias y choques de lluvia) y la dinámica del crédito por modalidades. Encuentro que, ante choques de fuertes lluvias, la cartera de consumo y microcrédito, así como las provisiones de consumo, aumentan. Por el contrario, la cartera de vivienda y las provisiones de crédito de vivienda disminuyen. Estos resultados ilustran que, durante un episodio de fuertes lluvias, las personas y diversos sectores económicos podrían enfrentar un choque de ingresos negativo, por lo cual, para mitigarlo, recurren a los préstamos de consumo y, las pequeñas y medianas empresas, recurren a los microcréditos. En la misma línea, examino si el efecto de los choques de lluvia en la cartera comercial varía con la exposición de los bancos a diferentes sectores económicos. Encuentro que, ante un choque de fuertes lluvias, la cartera comercial incrementa para los bancos con alta concentración de préstamos en los sectores agropecuario, servicios y salud. The materialization of climate-related risks has become a relevant issue since it is directly affecting the economic sectors. The Colombian banking sector is no exception, as it is exposed to climate-related financial risks. By combining information on bank portfolio and loan provisions by municipality, with quarterly rainfall records from more than 2,000 weather stations located across the country, I examine the relationship between climate variability (rainfall and rain shocks) and credit dynamics by type of loans. I find that during episodes of heavy rainfall the consumer and microcredit portfolio, as well as the consumer loan provisions, increase. On the contrary, heavy rainfall shocks have a negative impact on housing portfolio and housing loan provisions. These results illustrate that, during an episode of heavy rainfall, individuals could face a negative income shock. To cope with this, households resort to consumer loans, and small and medium enterprises resort to microcredit loans. Furthermore, since buying a house may not be a priority as it is to satisfy basic needs, housing loans decrease. Finally, I also examine whether the effect of the rainfall shocks on the commercial loan portfolio varies with banks exposure to different economic sectors. I find a positive effect of episodes of heavy rainfall on commercial loans for banks with high loan concentrations in the agricultural, services, and health sectors. 2022-05-02 12:50:01: Script de automatizacion de embargos. Correo enviado 21 abr 2022: Respetada Daniela, reciba un cordial saludo, Hemos realizado la publicación de su documento: Do weather shocks affect banks’ loan portfolio? Evidence from Colombia, el cual puede consultar en el siguiente enlace: https://repository.urosario.edu.co/handle/10336/34028 Identificamos que ha marcado como restringido en el formulario, pero no realizo la notificación al correo edocur@urosario.edu.co, justificando la medida restrictiva al acceso del texto completo de su obra, frente a lo cual, el documento ha quedado embargado solo por un mes hasta el 21 de mayo de 2022 en concordancia con las Políticas de Acceso Abierto de la Universidad. Si usted desea dejarlo con acceso abierto antes de finalizar dicho periodo o si por el contrario desea extender el embargo, puede enviar un correo a esta misma dirección realizando la solicitud. Tenga en cuenta que los documentos en acceso abierto propician una mayor visibilidad de su producción académica. De otra parte, si desea publicar su obra en una revista de prestigio, queremos invitarla a tomar una asesoría con nuestros asesores de información del CRAI, quienes podrán brindarle orientación en la identificación de una revista adecuada para su obra y acompañamiento en la edición para publicación. La solicitud de asesoría puede agendarla en el siguiente link: https://n9.cl/agendamiento_servicios_crai Quedamos atentos a cualquier inquietud o sugerencia. Correo recibido 2 may 2022: Atentamente me permito solicitar aprobación para mantener mi tesis de maestría en economía "Do weather shocks affect banks’ loan portfolio? Evidence from Colombia" en vista restringida. Esto debido a que mi asesor de tesis, Santiago Saavedra, y jurados, Daniel Osorio y Cesar Mantilla, me recomendaron enviarla a alguna revista externa. 2022-05-02 14:05:02: Script de automatizacion de embargos. Correo enviado 21 abr 2022: Respetada Daniela, reciba un cordial saludo, Hemos realizado la publicación de su documento: Do weather shocks affect banks’ loan portfolio? Evidence from Colombia, el cual puede consultar en el siguiente enlace: https://repository.urosario.edu.co/handle/10336/34028 Identificamos que ha marcado como restringido en el formulario, pero no realizo la notificación al correo edocur@urosario.edu.co, justificando la medida restrictiva al acceso del texto completo de su obra, frente a lo cual, el documento ha quedado embargado solo por un mes hasta el 21 de mayo de 2022 en concordancia con las Políticas de Acceso Abierto de la Universidad. Si usted desea dejarlo con acceso abierto antes de finalizar dicho periodo o si por el contrario desea extender el embargo, puede enviar un correo a esta misma dirección realizando la solicitud. Tenga en cuenta que los documentos en acceso abierto propician una mayor visibilidad de su producción académica. De otra parte, si desea publicar su obra en una revista de prestigio, queremos invitarla a tomar una asesoría con nuestros asesores de información del CRAI, quienes podrán brindarle orientación en la identificación de una revista adecuada para su obra y acompañamiento en la edición para publicación. La solicitud de asesoría puede agendarla en el siguiente link: https://n9.cl/agendamiento_servicios_crai Quedamos atentos a cualquier inquietud o sugerencia.Correo recibido 2 may 2022: Atentamente me permito solicitar aprobación para mantener mi tesis de maestría en economía "Do weather shocks affect banks’ loan portfolio? Evidence from Colombia" en vista restringida. Esto debido a que mi asesor de tesis, Santiago Saavedra, y jurados, Daniel Osorio y Cesar Mantilla, me recomendaron enviarla a alguna revista externa. Respuesta a correo 2 may 2022: El embargo del documento ha sido ampliado hasta el 21 de abril de 2024, en concordancia con las Políticas de Acceso Abierto de la Universidad. Si usted desea dejarlo con acceso abierto antes de finalizar dicho periodo o si por el contrario desea extender el embargo al finalizar este tiempo, puede enviar un correo a esta misma dirección realizando la solicitud. Tenga en cuenta que los documentos en acceso abierto propician una mayor visibilidad de su producción académica. De otra parte, dado que desea publicar su obra en una revista de prestigio, queremos invitarla a tomar una asesoría con nuestros asesores de información del CRAI, quienes podrán brindarle orientación en la identificación de una revista adecuada para su obra y acompañamiento en la edición para publicación. La solicitud de asesoría puede agendarla en el siguiente link: https://n9.cl/agendamiento_servicios_crai 2022-04-21 14:20:01: Script de automatizacion de embargos. Correo enviado 21 abr 2022: Respetada Daniela, reciba un cordial saludo, Hemos realizado la publicación de su documento: Do weather shocks affect banks’ loan portfolio? Evidence from Colombia, el cual puede consultar en el siguiente enlace: https://repository.urosario.edu.co/handle/10336/34028 Identificamos que ha marcado como restringido en el formulario, pero no realizo la notificación al correo edocur@urosario.edu.co, justificando la medida restrictiva al acceso del texto completo de su obra, frente a lo cual, el documento ha quedado embargado solo por un mes hasta el 21 de mayo de 2022 en concordancia con las Políticas de Acceso Abierto de la Universidad. Si usted desea dejarlo con acceso abierto antes de finalizar dicho periodo o si por el contrario desea extender el embargo, puede enviar un correo a esta misma dirección realizando la solicitud. Tenga en cuenta que los documentos en acceso abierto propician una mayor visibilidad de su producción académica. De otra parte, si desea publicar su obra en una revista de prestigio, queremos invitarla a tomar una asesoría con nuestros asesores de información del CRAI, quienes podrán brindarle orientación en la identificación de una revista adecuada para su obra y acompañamiento en la edición para publicación. La solicitud de asesoría puede agendarla en el siguiente link: https://n9.cl/agendamiento_servicios_crai Quedamos atentos a cualquier inquietud o sugerencia.

Richard A. Musgrave (1910-2007) is remembered today as the American economist who established modern foundations for public finance theory in the middle of the twentieth century. His work as a tax expert in developing countries has received little historical scrutiny. Musgrave was the chief economist of the 1949 World Bank mission to Colombia chaired by Lauchlin Currie. Twenty years later, he himself chaired an import fiscal reform mission in Colombia, the report of which served as a roadmap for the 1974 Colombian tax reform. Drawing from archival material and published sources, this paper reconstructs the intellectual baggage that Musgrave brought on his travels to Colombia. It situates his policy recommendations in the context of the Cold War developmentalist age and the rise of American expertise in Latin America. Musgrave's worldview was consistent over the period. The paper shows how Musgrave employed normative principles of tax equity and positive knowledge about the economy to make the case for progressive reforms to the tax structure. In the long run, the legacy of the Musgrave mission in Colombia is less visible, but that was to be expected, as the conclusion of the paper argues.

ilustraciones, gráficas, tablas Los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible se han proclamado como la estrategia internacional que solucionará los conflictos sociales, ambientales y económicos en el contexto global. Frente a ello Colombia, desde el 2015, asumió compromisos de ejecución, implementación y desarrollo de políticas públicas para avanzar hacia el logro de la Agenda 2030. Así, el objetivo general de este trabajo es caracterizar los avances en la información contable pública de las entidades de gobierno nacional para lograr los ODS en el periodo 2016 - 2020. Para ello, este documento aborda la información contable pública emitida por la Comisión ODS, por las entidades cabeza de sector que la conforman, por las entidades públicas responsables de metas en el país y por la Contraloría General de la República. Estos informes son analizados bajo dos técnicas metodológicas: el Análisis de Contenido y el Análisis Crítico del Discurso y la interpretación se triangula a partir de entrevistas con actores clave y con noticias de prensa. Con ello, se revisan los discursos políticos y retóricos de las entidades del Gobierno, permitiendo concluir que los avances para el logro de los ODS en Colombia, en términos de gestión e información contable pública han sido insuficientes, puesto que el país presenta desarticulación en sus entidades cabeza de sector, ausencia de recursos para financiar los ODS, carencia de ejercicios adecuados de territorialización y vacíos informativos frente a indicadores y metas ODS. De tal manera, la mayoría de los esfuerzos realizados se quedan mayoritariamente en el papel, puesto que son políticas públicas, planes y estrategias que se diseñan pero que no son plenamente ejecutados en el territorio nacional, ni dan cuenta de los conflictos sociales y ambientales que vive el país. (Texto tomado de la fuente). The Sustainable Development Goals have been proclaimed as the international strategy that will solve social, environmental and economic conflicts in the global context. In view of this, Colombia, since 2015, assumed commitments for the execution, implementation and development of public policies to advance towards the achievement of the 2030 Agenda. Thus, the general objective of this paper is to characterize the progress in public accounting information of national government entities to achieve the SDGs in the period 2016 -2020. To this end, this document addresses the public accounting information issued by the SDG Commission, by the sector head entities that comprise it, by the public entities responsible for goals in the country and by the Office of the Comptroller General of the Republic. These reports are analyzed under two methodological techniques: Content Analysis and Critical Discourse Analysis, and the interpretation is triangulated from interviews with key actors and press reports. With this, the political and rhetorical discourses of government entities are reviewed, allowing to conclude that the progress towards the achievement of the SDGs in Colombia, in terms of management and public accounting information has been insufficient, since the country presents disarticulation in its sector head entities, lack of resources to finance the SDGs, lack of adequate territorialization exercises and information gaps regarding SDG indicators and targets. Thus, most of the efforts made remain mostly on paper, since they are public policies, plans and strategies that are designed but are not fully implemented in the national territory, nor do they account for the social and environmental conflicts that the country is experiencing. Incluye anexos Maestría Magíster en Contabilidad y Finanzas Análisis de contenido y análisis crítico del discurso Contabilidad social y ambiental

Why do police, state militaries, paramilitaries and non-state armed actors across the globe instrumentalize sexual violence in the presence of others in conflict(SVPO)? This paper examines the use of sexual violence intentionally committed in the presence of others or in the close proximity of an involuntary audience as a tactical weapon in conflict. Through an examination of conflicts in dissimilar regions and with varying racial and ethnic contexts, this paper explores sexual violence committed in the presence of family members and community associates in conflict zones. Drawing on a collection of interviews from victims in Indonesia, Ukraine, Colombia, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, I explore the connection between the desire to fragment collective consciousnesses and the dissuasion of dissent through sexual assault-based public shaming.

Worldwide over one billion people are currently lacking adequate housing, which is considered the result of decades of failed policies, the governmental withdrawal from the housing sector, the inability of the private sector to cater to the needs of the poor, and the increasing gap between what millions of people can afford and the cost of housing provided by the formal market. Facing an urgent shift in the way housing is currently conceived, valued, produced, and regulated, housing cooperatives are being reconsidered in many countries and cities worldwide as potentially relevant actors in the provision of affordable housing. This is also the case in several countries in Latin America, characterised by neo-liberal housing policies that have led to an increasing financialization of housing and to a marginalisation of the poor. Uruguay is an exception, where housing cooperatives play a key role in the provision of affordable de-commodified housing. For over two decades FUCVAM, Uruguay’s Federation of Mutual Aid Housing Cooperatives has been advocating and actively supporting the establishment of cooperative housing in other Latin American countries. In this paper, we examine the opportunities and challenges of housing cooperatives to penetrate in Colombia and El Salvador’s housing systems, two countries characterised by neoliberal regimes and housing policies that have never succeeded in meeting the housing needs of lower income people, but both with a need to respond to the deep societal changes of a post-conflict context. El Salvador, for the past 20 years and with the support of FUCVAM and international cooperation, established a small but growing cooperative housing model, recently included within the national housing programs. In Colombia, initiatives are only recently emerging, sparking both interest and apprehension from different actors. The paper focuses on the ability of each one of the countries’ housing systems to change, adapt and respond to a mutual aid cooperative housing approach and its sustainability over time.

This paper calls for a shift related to English language-in-education policy and inclusive education initiatives in Colombia to ensure that English language learners with disabilities receive equitable and inclusive classroom instruction that is context-appropriate. We call for English language initiatives and policies to draw from theories and practices from both the Global South and the Global North in order to teach towards inclusive education. Trends in both English language teaching and inclusive education have drawn upon the Global North for solutions, which cannot be systemised to fit one international standard. Instead, using the Colombian context as an example, the present paper suggests a localised approach to meeting the educational needs of English language learners that incorporates inclusive education at the institutional level. This model would favour the work of scholars within the region to ensure that all students receive equitable classroom instruction that builds in Global South epistemologies and localised ways of knowing.

Introducción: La investigación odontológica en Colombia ha presentado un crecimiento en los últimos años, el Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (Minciencias) respalda los grupos de investigación y promueve la producción científica; sin embargo, ha sido muy poca la investigación realizada en relación con las publicaciones de los grupos de investigación en odontología. Objetivos: evaluar las tendencias de producción científica odontológica de 22 grupos de investigación colombianos avalados por trece facultades de odontología. Métodos: se realizó un estudio transversal de fuente secundaria con 725 artículos publicados y registrados en la plataforma GrupLAC (Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación de Colombia - Minciencias-) de 2012 a 2018. Los 22 grupos de investigación participantes fueron seleccionados aleatoriamente de un total de 49. Las variables analizadas se relacionaban con el grupo de investigación (nombre, universidad, categoría según Minciencias y número de artículos), con el artículo (título, idioma, nombre de la revista y cuartil según SCImago, año y lugar de publicación, número de autores y número de citaciones según Google Scholar) y con los autores (nombres, sexo, afiliación y país de residencia). Los datos se registraron en una hoja de cálculo de Excel que fue enviada al líder de cada grupo de investigación para corroborar la información. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo y bibliométrico utilizando Stata v.17 y Vantage Point. Esta investigación fue aprobada por el Comité de Ética Institucional. Resultados: después de la normalización de los datos, se encontraron 665 artículos científicos publicados en 209 revistas y 1493 autores afiliados a 214 instituciones de 32 países. El número de autores por artículo osciló entre 1 y 35 (Me=4), y el número de autores fue similar según el sexo (662 hombres vs 557 mujeres). Los artículos analizados recibieron 9124 citas, entre 0 a 207 (Me=5) por artículo. El mayor número de artículos científicos se publicó en la revista “Avances en Odontoestomatología” (n=45), seguido de la “Revista de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de Antioquia” (n=34). Predominaron las redes nacionales de coautoría, aunque la coautoría internacional aumentó para los grupos de investigación con más alta categoría según Minciencias. Además, se observó que los autores de artículos publicados en revistas con los cuartiles más altos eran miembros de los grupos de investigación mejor categorizados. Conclusiones: la producción científica odontológica de los grupos de investigación colombianos se concentró en revistas editadas en el ámbito nacional. Sin embargo, algunos grupos específicos han avanzado en la consolidación de colaboraciones y publicaciones internacionales. Introduction: Dental research in Colombia has showcased a growth in the last years, Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (Minciencias) backs up investigation groups and promotes scientific research; however, there has been few investigations done regarding the publication of scientific papers on research groups in dentistry. Objectives: To assess the dental scientific production trends from 22 Colombian research groups (RG) endorsed by 13 dental schools. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed with 725 published papers registered in the GrupLAC platform (Colombian Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovation -Minciencias-) from 2012 to 2018. Twenty-two RG were randomly selected from a total of 49. The variables analyzed were related to the RG (name, university, grading according to Minciencias, and number of papers), related to the article (title, language, journal’s name and quartile based on SCImago, year, and place of publication, number of authors, and citation count based on Google Scholar), and related to authors (name, sex, affiliation, and country of residence). The data was recorded in an Excel spreadsheet that was sent to every research group’s leader to corroborate the information. A descriptive and bibliometric analysis was conducted using Stata v.17 and Vantage Point. This research was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee. Results: After deduplication, 665 scientific papers were published in 209 journals. There were 1493 authors, affiliated to 214 institutions from 32 countries. The number of authors per paper ranged from 1 to 35 (Me=4), and the sampled researchers were evenly classified according to sex (662 males vs 557 females). The analyzed publications received 9124 citations, ranging from 0 to 207 (Me=5). The largest number of scientific papers were published in “Avances en Odontoestomatología” (n=45), followed by “Revista de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de Antioquia” (n=34). National co-authorship networks were predominant, although international co-authorship was on the rise for RG with the highest grade according to Minciencias. Also, publishing in journals with the highest quartiles was frequent for upper-tier research group members. Conclusions: Dental scientific production from Colombian research groups was concentrated in nationally edited journals. However, international trends in collaboration and publishing are consolidating for specific research groups. Odontólogo http://www.ustabuca.edu.co/ustabmanga/presentacion Pregrado

This paper considers the problem of patient scheduling and capacity planning for the vaccination process during the COVID-19 pandemic. The proposed solution is based on a non-linear mathematical modeling approach representing the dynamics of an open Jackson Network and a Generalized Network. To test these models, we proposed three objective functions and analyzed different configurations of the process corresponding to various levels of the models' parameters as well as the conditions present in the case study. To assess the computational performance of the models, we also experimented with larger instances in terms of number of steps or stations used and number of patients scheduled. The computational results show how parameters such as the minimum percentage of patients served, the maximum occupation allowed per station and the objective functions used have an impact on the configuration of the process. The proposed approach can support the decision-making process in vaccination centers to efficiently assign human and material resources to maximize the number of patients vaccinated while ensuring reasonable waiting times, number of patients in queue and servers' utilization rates, which in turn are key to avoid overcrowding and other negative conditions in the system that could increase the risk of infections.

Los análisis de convergencia económica en Colombia han mostrado resultados en distintas direcciones; aportar evidencia para enfocar los esfuerzos de política pública en la reducción de las brechas regionales resulta muy pertinente. Usando como variable de análisis el PIB per cápita de los departamentos y la capital del país en el periodo 2000-2016, este artículo evalúa la hipótesis de convergencia total frente a la presencia de clubes regionales por medio de la prueba de Phillips y Sul (2007). Después de excluir del análisis las principales regiones mineras del país se identifican seis clubes de convergencia departamental y un grupo que diverge. Los resultados sugieren la persistencia de la desigualdad en el conjunto nacional, pero múltiples equilibrios o estados estacionarios por grupos de departamentos., Economic convergence studies in Colombia have shown mixed results. It is relevant to provide evidence that allows to focus public policy efforts to reduce the gaps between the country's regions. This paper using Colombian departments and the district capital applies the Phillips and Sul (2007) test to evaluate the hypothesis of total convergence versus the presence of regional clubs in GDP per capita in 2000-2016. We found evidence of divergence for the entire country but multiple steady states and departmental convergence clubs if the main mining regions are excluded from the analysis.

This article shows an analysis about the influence of Manuel Sérgio in Colombian Physical Education. In the beginning, the paper characterizes the ideas of Manuel Sérgio about “Ciência da Motricidade Humana” and Physical Education. After this exercise, highlights some criticism about your perspective to, finally, discusses the impact of this author in the academic field of that country., El artículo presenta un análisis sobre la influencia de Manuel Sérgio en la Educación Física colombiana. Empieza por caracterizar las propuestas del filósofo sobre la Ciencia de la Motricidad Human y sus relaciones con la Educación Física. Después de este movimiento, presenta algunas críticas a su perspectiva para, finalmente, discutir el impacto del autor en el campo académico del país., O texto apresenta uma análise sobre a influência do pensamento de Manuel Sérgio na Educação Física colombiana. Para isso, começa caracterizando, a modo de introdução, as propostas do filósofo sobre a Ciência da Motricidade Humana e sua relação com a Educação Física. Na sequência, expõe algumas das críticas conferidas a estas ideias, para, finalmente, discutir sobre o impacto do autor no campo académico do país.

Este artículo tiene como objetivo estimar la probabilidad de las aspiraciones al crecimiento de los negocios de los emprendedores colombianos de acuerdo a la generación en la que nacieron. Existe una amplia literatura sobre los determinantes de la aspiración al crecimiento de los negocios, pero no existe mucha evidencia empírica de los posibles efectos derivados de pertenecer a una generación en específico. Se utilizó información proveniente del Global Entrepreneurship Monitor para el periodo entre 2006 y 2017. En particular, los datos fueron tomados de la Adult Population Survey, que mide ciertas características relevantes sobre emprendedores alrededor del mundo. De acuerdo con una muestra de 6.670 individuos se estimaron tres modelos de regresión logística ordinal, uno para cada generación: los Baby Boomers, la Generación X y la Generación Y-Millenials. Los resultados muestran que los emprendedores más jóvenes, los Millenials, tienen una concepción de la vida muy diferente a sus antecesores en relación a la visión sobre la actividad emprendedora como una opción de vida. De hecho, factores estructurales como el género, la educación y el motivo para emprender, resultan significativos para todas las generaciones. Sin embargo, factores relacionados con el contexto como sus habilidades, el temor al fracaso, el reconocimiento y su visión del emprendimiento como una carrera deseable, tienen efectos diferentes en cada generación. Estos resultados son relevantes para el desarrollo de políticas públicas y estrategias empresariales asociadas al emprendimiento en regiones en desarrollo., This paper aims to estimate the probability of growth aspirations of Colombian entrepreneurs according to the generation in which they were born. There is a large literature on the determinants of the growth aspiration, but there is not much empirical evidence on the possible effects of belonging to a specific generation. We used data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor for the period between 2006 and 2017. Specifically, the data were taken from the Adult Population Survey, which measures certain relevant characteristics of entrepreneurs around the world. Based on a sample of 6,670 individuals, three ordinal logistic regression models were estimated, one for each generation: Baby Boomers, Generation X and Generation Y-Millennials. The results show that the youngest entrepreneurs, the Millennials, have a very different conception of life than their predecessors in relation to their view of entrepreneurship as a life choice. In fact, structural factors such as gender, education and motive for entrepreneurship are significant for all generations. However, context-related factors such as their skills, fear of failure, recognition, and their view of entrepreneurship as a desirable career have different effects on each generation. These results are relevant for the development of public policies and business strategies associated with entrepreneurship in developing regions., Universidad Pablo de Olavide

El presente artículo examina cómo la comunicación gubernamental en Twitter®, en el contexto de crisis por Covid-19, ha producido diferentes sentimientos en la ciudadanía. Este tipo de interacción tiene efectos en la percepción sobre los gobernantes y el acatamiento de las restricciones. Utilizando el paquete tidytext de R se analizaron un total de 28.344 trinos relacionados con el Covid entre enero 2020 y marzo 2021 de diez usuarios en Twitter® (Alcaldes y Alcaldías de Barranquilla, Bogotá, Cali y Medellín, Presidente y Presidencia). El artículo busca generar un aporte al campo de la comunicación gubernamental durante la crisis del Covid-19 y los sentimientos que la interacción entre ciudadanía y gobernantes suscita para el período seleccionado. Resumo Este artigo investiga como a comunicação governamental no Twitter®, no contexto da crise da Covid-19, produziu diferentes sentimentos entre os cidadãos. Esse tipo de interação tem efeitos na percepção dos governantes e no cumprimento das restrições. Usando o pacote tidytext de R, um total de 28.344 tweets relacionados à Covid foram analisados entre janeiro de 2020 e março de 2021 de dez usuários do Twitter® (Prefeitos e Câmaras Municipais de Barranquilla, Bogotá, Cali e Medellín, presidente e presidência). Este estudo busca gerar uma contribuição para o campo da comunicação política a partir da análise da comunicação governamental durante a crise da Covid-19 e dos sentimentos que a interação cidadã governante desperta no período selecionado. Abstract This paper investigates how government communications on Twitter®, in the context of the Covid-19 crisis, has produced different feelings among citizens. This type of interaction has effects on the perception of rulers and compliance with restrictions. Using R's tidytext package, a total of 28,344 Covid-related tweets were analyzed between January 2020 and March 2021 from ten user profiles on Twitter® (the mayors and Town Halls of Barranquilla, Bogotá, Cali, and Medellín, the President, and the presidency). The study seeks to contribute to the field of government communications during the Covid-19 crisis and the feelings they arouse toward citizen and government interactions during the study period. Résumé Cet article examine comment la communication gouvernementale sur Twitter®, dans le contexte de la crise de Covid-19, a produit des sentiments différents parmi les citoyens. Ce type d'interaction a des effets sur la perception des gouvernants et le respect des restrictions. À l'aide du package tidytext de R, un total de 28 344 tweets liés au Covid ont été analysés entre janvier 2020 et mars 2021 par dix utilisateurs sur Twitter® (Maires et Mairies de Barranquilla, Bogotá, Cali et Medellín, président et présidence). Cette étude vise à générer une contribution au domaine de la communication politique à partir de l'analyse de la communication gouvernementale pendant la crise du Covid-19 et des sentiments que suscite l'interaction citoyenne au pouvoir pour la période sélectionnée.

A common drug policy in source countries -forced eradication- has unintended consequences in multiple dimensions. Aerial spraying in particular, has social and environmental costs including, increased violence, deforestation, and adverse health outcomes. However, there is less evidence of the unintended consequences of illicit crop substitution programs, another widely used intervention. This paper illustrates an unintended effect of the largest crop substitution program in the world, namely increased violence against social leaders. Examining the recent Colombian illicit crop substitution program implemented in 2017, this paper estimates the effect on violence towards social leaders employing an event study econometric strategy. The program increased the rate of social leader killings by 481% and the probability of a killing by 122%. The findings reveal a greater effect on municipalities where leaders oppose the expansion of illicit crops, where organized crime does not hold consolidated power, and where there is a presence of illegal armed groups. This study contributes to the literature on antidrug policies by providing empirical evidence of unintended consequences for local communities.

RESUMEN Objetivo: el objetivo de este artículo es analizar el discurso político de la Sociedad Unión de Artesanos (1866-1868), en especial la forma como sus miembros entendieron y difundieron las nociones y prácticas del republicanismo. Metodologia: se realiza un análisis cualitativo de los 62 números de La Alianza, periódico de la asociación. El análisis de la información retoma las perspectivas de las sociabilidades políticas y los republicanismos subalternos, a la manera de una historia social de la política. Originalidad: el republicanismo de los artesanos colombianos no ha sido juiciosamente estudiado en el contexto de la década de 1860, periodo comúnmente considerado como de adormecimiento del artesanado. Frente a dicho lugar común, este trabajo muestra que los artesanos de ese entonces fueron bastante activos políticamente y procuraron, por múltiples medios, hacerse un lugar en la política como actores legítimos. Conclusiones: el republicanismo de la Unión de Artesanos emergió de los intereses, valores, agendas y experiencias políticas pasadas y presentes de sus miembros. Este descansaba en elementos del discurso político del artesanado de décadas previas, pero también sobre lecturas originales a propósito de lo que debía caracterizar un régimen republicano. El principal rasgo distintivo de este lenguaje fue su insistencia en una ciudadanía genuinamente popular, basada en una práctica política autónoma e independiente de identidades y fidelidades partidistas. ABSTRACT Objective: This article analyzes the political discourse of the Sociedad Unión de Artesanos (1866-1868). It delves into how this association and its members understood and disseminated notions and practices linked to republicanism. Methodology: The study draws on a qualitative analysis of the 62 issues of La Alianza, the association's newspaper. Combining approaches from fields such as subaltern politics and associative sociability, the paper aims to contribute to a social history of politicsc. Originality: Republicanism among Colombian artisans in the 1860s remains a rather unexplored topic since historiography often considers the period a moment of political inactivity in the history of the artisan movement. The study challenges this assumption by showing that artisans at the time were politically active and attempted, by several means, to position themselves as legitimate actors in the nation's political life. Conclusions: The republican discourse of the Unión de Artesanos emerged from its members' moral values, political and economic interests and agendas, and past and present experiences. It partially drew on artisan political discourses from previous decades but also relied on newer, original understandings about the nature and characteristics of republicanism. All in all, the distinguishing feature of the association's language was its emphasis on a genuine subaltern citizenship based on political autonomy and independence from partisan identities and loyalties. RESUMO Objetivo: este artigo analisa o discurso político da Sociedade da União dos Artesãos (1866-1868), especialmente na forma como seus membros compreenderam e disseminaram as noções e práticas do republicanismo. Metodologia: uma análise qualitativa das 62 edições da La Alianza é feita, o jornal da associação. A análise das informações assume as perspectivas das sociabilidades políticas e dos republicanismos subordinados, à maneira de uma história social da política. Originalidade: o republicanismo dos artesãos colombianos não foi estudado cuidadosamente no contexto da década de 1860, um período comumente considerado como o entorpecimento dos artesãos. Em face do exposto, este trabalho mostra que os artesãos da época foram bem ativos politicamente e tentavam, por múltiplos meios, ganhar um lugar na política como atores legítimos. Conclusões: o republicanismo da Unión de Artesanos emergiu dos interesses, valores, agendas e experiências políticas passadas e presentes dos seus membros. Esta se baseou em elementos do discurso político do artesanato artesanal das décadas anteriores, mas também em leituras originais sobre o que deveria caracterizar um regime republicano. O principal traço distintivo dessa linguagem era sua insistência na cidadania genuinamente popular, baseada em uma prática política autônoma independente de identidades partidárias e lealdades.

Resumen: Este artículo estima los efectos de las habilidades cognitivas en el crecimiento económico de 22 departamentos colombianos entre 2000 y 2019. Mediante la construcción de una base de datos con las variables clave de un modelo de crecimiento moderno, se estima la heterogeneidad de dichos efectos en razón de: a) Las diferentes áreas del conocimiento evaluadas en la prueba Saber 11, y b) Las diferentes agrupaciones de departamentos, basadas en las tasas de crecimiento del PIB por habitante y el tamaño de sus economías. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que el capital humano medido por las habilidades cognitivas tiene gran efecto positivo sobre la tasa de crecimiento económico de los departamentos, mientras que los años de escolaridad muestran un efecto positivo en el ritmo de crecimiento económico, aunque de menor magnitud que el generado por las habilidades cognitivas. Asimismo, las habilidades en matemáticas, lenguaje y ciencias naturales presentan mayores efectos positivos sobre el crecimiento económico y los efectos positivos de las distintas clases de habilidades cognitivas sobre el crecimiento, en general, son mayores en departamentos con tasas más altas de crecimiento que en departamentos económicamente más grandes. Clasificación JEL: A21, C23, I25, O47, O54. Abstract: This paper estimates the effects of cognitive skills on the economic growth of 22 Colombian Departments between 2000 and 2019. By building a database with key variables of a modern growth model, the heterogeneity of these effects is also estimated due to: a) different areas of knowledge evaluated in Saber 11 tests, and b) different groupings of Departments based on GDP growth rates per inhabitant and size of their economies. Results are obtained such as: i) human capital measured by cognitive skills has a great positive effect on the growth rate of the Departments; (ii) years of schooling show a positive effect on the rate of economic growth, although of a smaller magnitude than that observed in cognitive skills; (iii) skills in mathematics, language and sciences have greater positive effects on growth than others; (iv); the positive effects of different classes of cognitive skills on growth, in general, are greater in Departments with higher rates of growth than in economically larger Departments. Clasificación JEL: A21, C23, I25, O47, O54. Résumé : Cet article estime les effets des compétences cognitives sur la croissance économique pour 22 départements colombiens entre 2000 et 2019. En construisant une base de données avec les variables clés d’un modèle de croissance, on estime l’hétérogénéité des ces variables en considérant: a) les différents domaines de connaissances évaluées dans le Test Saber 11, et b) les différents regroupements de départements, lesquels sont basés sur les taux de croissance du PIB par habitant et la taille de leurs économies. Les résultats obtenus suggèrent que le capital humain mesuré par les compétences cognitives a un effet positif important sur le taux de croissance économiques des départements, tandis que les années de scolarité montrent un effet positif sur le taux de croissance économique, bien que dans un moindre ampleur que celui généré par les capacités cognitives. De même, les compétences en Mathématiques, en Langues et en Sciences Naturelles ont des effets positifs plus importants sur la croissance économique et les effets positifs des différents types de compétences cognitives sur la croissance, en général, sont plus importants dans les départements ayant des taux de croissance économique plus élevés que dans les départements économiquement plus importants. Clasificación JEL: A21, C23, I25, O47, O54.

El siguiente trabajo analiza los acuerdos de paz suscritos en Colombia, primero con los grupos paramilitares de las Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia (AUC), en 2005, y después con las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia-Ejército del Pueblo (FARC-EP), en 2016. Lo anterior, para hacer especial énfasis en los diferentes marcos de justicia transicional que ofrece cada uno de los procesos. Tras una revisión teórica se proponen cuatro aspectos que abordar para comparar cada contexto: a) el papel de la comunidad internacional; b) las relaciones de poder entre actores; c) la concurrencia de una agenda política de negociación, y d) la participación de la sociedad civil en el proceso. Esto se suma a un conjunto de veinte variables que van desde la naturaleza de las sanciones o las sentencias condenatorias hasta la participación de la ciudadanía, el tipo de reconocimiento de la responsabilidad o aspectos como la duración o el presupuesto. Así, aunque en la Ley de Justicia y Paz (2005) se aprecian estándares mínimos de justicia transicional, es el Acuerdo con las FARC-EP en donde existe un compromiso mayor para con la verdad, la justicia, la reparación y la no repetición. The following paper analyzes the peace agreements signed in Colombia, first with the paramilitary groups of the United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC), in 2005, and later, with the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia-People’s Army (FARC-EP), in 2016. The foregoing, to place special emphasis on the different transitional justice frameworks offered by each of the processes. After a theoretical review, four aspects are proposed to address in order to compare each context: a) the role of the international community; b) power relations between actors; c) the concurrence of a political negotiating agenda; and d) the participation of civil society in the process. This is added to a set of twenty variables that range from the nature of the sanctions or convictions, to the participation of citizens, the type of acknowledgment of responsibility or aspects such as duration or budget. Thus, although the Justice and Peace Law (2005) contains minimum standards of transitional justice, it is the Agreement with the FARC-EP where there is a greater commitment to truth, justice, reparation and non-repetition.

Resumen Las redes inteligentes tienen hoy un papel preponderante en el debate internacional acerca del diseño y la regulación de los mercados eléctricos. Este artículo analiza los potenciales efectos de la implementación de un mecanismo de respuesta de la demanda en Colombia, con características similares al utilizado en el mercado de PJM. Usando series de tiempo y controlando por la alta volatilidad que se presenta en el precio de corto plazo (precio de bolsa), estimamos que tal mecanismo habría logrado significantes ahorros a los consumidores. Por ejemplo, si el mecanismo de respuesta de la demanda hubiera sido implementado durante 2015, el precio de bolsa en horas pico podría haber sido un 30 % menor y los consumidores habrían ahorrado aproximadamente COP 99 000 millones. Abstract Smart grids now figure prominently in the international debate on the design and regulation of electricity markets. This paper analyzes the potential effects of implementing a demand response mechanism in the Colombian wholesale electricity market with characteristics similar to that of the PJM market. Using time series models and controlling for the high volatility presented in the spot price, we estimate that such a mechanism could yield significant economic savings for customers. For example, if the demand response mechanism had been implemented during 2015, the spot price in peak hours would have been 30% lower and customers would have saved approximately COP $99.000 million. JEL: C32, D47, L52

The history of healthcare in Latin American countries can be traced back to colonial times and, in some cases, to the traditional herbal medicine practices of indigenous peoples. However, it was not until the formation of nation-states in the early 19th century that national health systems were established. In general, the origins of health institutions in these countries were similar, beginning with the establishment of local or regional/federal health offices or councils tasked with addressing public hygiene issues. From the 1930s until the mid-20th century, the main modern health institutions with curative objectives and national scope were established. This period marked the beginning of the construction of Latin American national health systems. There was a certain degree of consensus in the initial development of these models, which sought to coordinate territorial services and expand infrastructure to increase access. In a second phase, significant changes occurred in the 1980s and 1990s, influenced by recommendations from international organizations such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. The Alma Ata Declaration of 1978 called on governments to strengthen primary healthcare with a focus on universal access. A decade later, World Bank documents (1987, 1993) related to financing and organization of healthcare systems were instrumental in the implementation of structural reforms, as will be further discussed. At times, national health institutions temporarily acquired greater significance and power, particularly during periods of epidemics. However, for the most part, their operations remained largely local and lacked coordination at the national level. Over time, however, these institutions gained increasing importance. Local councils and offices were elevated to national level and eventually transformed into Secretariats or Directorates linked to the state's public apparatus. This paper briefly presents the development of healthcare models in the region and subsequently conducts a comparative analysis of their respective reforms.

International aid in conflict-affected countries is based on the liberal assumption that an inverse relationship exists between violent conflict and development. This paper contests this assumption through a study of the Colombian context that demonstrates violent conflict and development can in fact be interconnected as part of the transition to capitalist modes of production and in the process of state formation. It further argues that a failure by aid agencies to comprehend the complex interaction between conflict and development can result in distorted outcomes in their programming that are detrimental to the stated objectives of achieving peace, development, and justice. La ayuda internacional para países en conflicto está basada en el supuesto liberal de que existe una relación inversa entre conflicto violento y desarrollo. Este artículo refuta este supuesto por medio de un estudio del contexto colombiano que demuestra que, de hecho, el conflicto violento y el desarrollo pueden estar interconectados como parte de la transición a formas de producción capitalistas y el proceso de formación del Estado. También argumenta que la falta de comprensión de la compleja relación entre conflicto y desarrollo por parte de las agencias de ayuda puede generar consecuencias distorsionadas en su programación, que son perjudiciales para el objetivo de lograr la paz, el desarrollo y la justicia.

There is good evidence that peer tutoring, when used in a structured manner can lead to attainment gains in English reading. Transferability of the technique to other languages and educational contexts are less well studied. This paper reports results from a Phase 2 exploratory trial designed to establish if peer tutoring, in the form of paired reading, could transfer to the Colombian education system, and into the Spanish language. A randomised trial was conducted in four Colombian elementary schools with eight classes, and 298 third and fifth grade pupils. Results indicated that paired reading could be an effective, low-cost strategy for improving reading. Positive results for the paired reading group, compared to the control group, were observed (Effect Size +0.16). The protocol established success criteria to determine whether there was enough evidence of efficacy to warrant a Phase 3 definitive trial of the technique. Results indicated that the criteria were met for progression to a Phase 3 trial, despite disruption to the research due to Covid related school closures.

Este artículo propone un marco de estudio para aproximarse al comportamiento judicial que tiene en consideración el problema del procesamiento de información en la toma de decisiones, por oposición a la postura dominante de los estudios en este tema en Estados Unidos y América Latina. Desde este enfoque, se hace una aproximación a la selección de tutelas por parte de la Corte Constitucional colombiana, con especial atención al mecanismo de la insistencia. Se concluye que el procesamiento de información sobre tutelas en la Corte Constitucional impide el aprendizaje al asignar las mayores responsabilidades a personas recién llegadas y muy jóvenes, al no estudiar sistemáticamente los resultados de diversas aproximaciones al asunto y al ocultar a los auxiliares judiciales y a los magistrados información sobre las opiniones de otros magistrados y otros funcionarios, así como la información sobre quién decidirá el caso después de ser seleccionado. El mecanismo de insistencia corrige parcialmente estos defectos. This paper, in contrast to mainstream judicial politics literature in the United States and Latin America, proposes an approach to study judicial behavior that takes into account the problem of information processing. From this perspective the authors provide an account of the process of agenda setting through the selection of tutelas by the Colombian Constitutional Court. The authors conclude that the processing of information concerning tutelas by the Court prevents learning by assigning the first reading and selection of cases to very young and inexperienced clerks, by failing to study systematically the results of different approaches to the issues and and by denying Justices and clerks access to information about other justices’ and officials’ opinions as well as on who will decide the case after it is chosen for review. The insistence mechanism partially corrects these defects.

Este artículo analiza la política exterior colombiana desde una perspectiva liberal, durante el primer año de la administración Santos. El mismo explora la relación entre el comercio internacional del país y sus maniobras diplomáticas, utilizando datos estadísticos e informes de tipo oficial y académico sobre las acciones realizadas en las relaciones exteriores contemporáneas. Los autores sustentan el liberalismo comercial como una perspectiva útil para analizar la actual política exterior de Colombia, particularmente haciendo uso conceptual de la paz capitalista, ya que han identificado en el comercio una plataforma base para las relaciones internacionales colombianas. This paper analyzes Colombia’s foreign policy during the first year of the Santos administration from a liberal perspective. It explores the relation between the country’s international commerce and its diplomatic actions by using statistical data and official and academic reports about the contemporary international relations. The authors argue that the commercial liberalism is a useful perspective for the analysis of Colombia’s current foreign policy, especially by using the concept of the capitalist peace because the authors have found in commerce a basic platform for the country’s international relations.

En este artículo se pretende mostrar que a pesar de ser un tema relevante, el patronato no ha sido suficientemente abordado por los historiadores colombianos. Con este propósito, se estudian las discusiones que generó el patronato republicano en Colombia en el siglo xix en tres escenarios diferentes. El primero, alrededor de 1824, cuando la República heredó el derecho al patronato que había tenido durante tres siglos la Corona española. El segundo muestra las dificultades presentes en la aplicación del patronato en casos concretos. El tercero alude a discusiones sobre el patronato cuando éste ya había desaparecido para ser reemplazado por la separación de las potestades, en 1853. This paper aims to show that, despite it being a relevant topic, patronage has not been sufficiently studied by Colombian historians. With this objective in mind, it studies the discussions generated by the republican patronage in Colombia in the 19th century in three different scenarios. The first focuses on the period circa 1824, when the Republic inherited the right of patronage the Spanish Crown had held for three centuries. The second discusses the difficulties present in the application of patronage to specific cases. The third refers to discussions of patronage when it had already disappeared and had been replaced by the separation of power, in 1853. Neste artigo, pretende-se mostrar que, apesar de ser um tema relevante, o patronato não tem sido suficientemente abordado pelos historiadores colombianos. Com esse propósito, estudam-se as discussões que gerou o patronato republicano na Colômbia no século xix em três cenários diferentes. O primeiro, por volta de 1824, quando a República herdou o direito ao patronato que a Coroa espanhola tinha tido durante três séculos. O segundo mostra as dificuldades presentes na aplicação do patronato em casos concretos. O terceiro alude a discussões sobre o patronato quando este já tinha desaparecido para ser substituído pela separação das potestades, em 1853.

This paper analyzes the dynamics of the labor market in Latin America during the COVID-19 pandemic. After a decade of a virtuous circle of growth with the creation of formal jobs, the pandemic has had an considerable impact on the region’s labor market, generating an unparalleled increase in the proportion of the inactive population, considerable reductions in informality, and, in contrast, smaller fluctuations in formal jobs. In this context, the formal sector, given its lower flexibility, became a "social safety net" that preserved the stability of employment and wages. Based on the findings presented in this paper, it is projected that, starting in 2021, informality will grow to levels higher than those of the pre-COVID-19 era–with 7.56 million additional informal jobs–as a result of the population returning to the labor market to compensate for the declines in incomes. According to the simulations presented, postponing or forgiving income tax payments and social security contributions conditional on the generation of formal jobs could reduce the growth of informality by 50 to 75 percent. Achieving educational improvements has the potential to reduce it by 50 percent.

Traffic accidents are of worldwide concern, as they are one of the leading causes of death globally. One policy designed to cope with them is the design and deployment of road safety systems. These aim to predict crashes based on historical records, provided by new Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, to enhance traffic flow management and promote safer roads. Increasing data availability has helped machine learning (ML) to address the prediction of crashes and their severity. The literature reports numerous contributions regarding survey papers, experimental comparisons of various techniques, and the design of new methods at the point where crash severity prediction (CSP) and ML converge. Despite such progress, and as far as we know, there are no comprehensive research articles that theoretically and practically approach the model selection problem (MSP) in CSP. Thus, this paper introduces a bibliometric analysis and experimental benchmark of ML and automated machine learning (AutoML) as a suitable approach to automatically address the MSP in CSP. Firstly, 2318 bibliographic references were consulted to identify relevant authors, trending topics, keywords evolution, and the most common ML methods used in related-case studies, which revealed an opportunity for the use AutoML in the transportation field. Then, we compared AutoML (AutoGluon, Auto-sklearn, TPOT) and ML (CatBoost, Decision Tree, Extra Trees, Gradient Boosting, Gaussian Naive Bayes, Light Gradient Boosting Machine, Random Forest) methods in three case studies using open data portals belonging to the cities of Medellín, Bogotá, and Bucaramanga in Colombia. Our experimentation reveals that AutoGluon and CatBoost are competitive and robust ML approaches to deal with various CSP problems. In addition, we concluded that general-purpose AutoML effectively supports the MSP in CSP without developing domain-focused AutoML methods for this supervised learning problem. Finally, based on the results obtained, we introduce challenges and research opportunities that the community should explore to enhance the contributions that ML and AutoML can bring to CSP and other transportation areas.

This paper provides a composite indicator of well-being for the 33 Colombian departments in the year 2016. The indicator is built by adapting the well-known OECD Better Life Index to the regional level, and includes the dimensions of income, health, education, safety, housing, environment, labour market, and civic engagement and governance. As to the methodology, Data Envelopment Analysis and Multi-Criteria Decision-Making techniques are employed, an approach which enables a comparison of well-being across departments and the construction of rankings. The results yield several take-away messages. First, there are substantial disparities in well-being across Colombian departments. Second, despite the fact that average well-being in Colombia is relatively low, the population is concentrated in the departments with the highest well-being levels. Third, geography matters, as neighbouring departments have similar well-being levels, giving rise to a core-periphery duality. Fourth, well-being generally improves and disparities decline when purely economic dimensions (income and labour market) are excluded from the composite indicator. We thank the participants at the XLV International Conference on Regional Science (2019) for helpful comments and suggestions—particularly those by Vicente Royuela—which contributed to an overall improvement of the paper. The comments from two referees have also contributed to a much improved research. We also acknowledge the financial support of the European Regional Development Fund and the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (ECO2016-75237-R and ECO2017-85746-P), Generalitat Valenciana (PROMETEO/2018/102) and Universitat Jaume I (UJI-B2017-33).