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The current data on climate change and environmental degradation are dramatic. The consequences of these changes are already having a significant impact on people's health. Physicians - as advocates of the patients, but also as citizens - have an ethical obligation to be involved in efforts to stop these changes. The European Federation of Internal Medicine (EFIM) strongly encourages the Internal Medicine societies and internists across Europe to play an active role in matters related to climate change and environmental degradation. At a national level, this includes advocating the adoption of measures that reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and environmental degradation and contributing to policy decisions related to these issues. At a hospital level and in clinical practice, supporting actions by the health sector to reduce its ecological footprint is vital. At the level of EFIM and its associated internal societies, promoting educational activities and developing a toolkit to prepare internists to better care for citizens who suffer from the consequences of climate change. In addition to advocating and implementing effective actions to reduce the ecological footprint of the health industry, recommending the introduction of these themes in scientific programs of Internal Medicine meetings and congresses and the pre- and postgraduate medical training. At a personal level, internists must be active agents in advocating sustainable practices for the environment, increasing the awareness of the community about the health risks of climate change and environmental degradation, and being role models in the adoption of environmentally friendly behaviour.

Paper has shaped society for centuries and is considered one of humanity's most important inventions. However, pulp and paper products can be damaging to social and natural systems along their lifecycle of material extraction, processing, transportation, and waste handling. The pulp and paper industry is among the top five most energy-intensive industries globally and is the fourth largest industrial energy user. This industry accounts for approximately 6% of global industrial energy use and 2% of direct industrial CO2 emissions. The pulp and paper industry is also the largest user of original or virgin wood, with deleterious impacts on both human health and local flora and fauna, including aquatic ecosystems. This critical and systematic review seeks to identify alternatives for mitigating the climate impacts of pulp and paper processes and products, thus making the pulp and paper industry more environmentally sustainable. This study reviews 466 studies to answer the following questions: what are the main determinants of energy and carbon emissions emerging from the pulp and paper industry? What are the benefits of this industry adopting low-carbon manufacturing processes, and what barriers will need to be tackled to enable such adoption? Using a sociotechnical lens, we answer these questions, identify barriers for the pulp and paper industry's decarbonization, and present promising avenues for future research.

Climate change is leading to the transformations in uses of land in Europe, at variable rates and types of change. Policies for mitigating climate change are directing changes in land use towards renewable energy generation, woodland expansion, management of natural capital through restoring peatlands and carbon rich soils, and changes in agricultural and land systems, collectively contributing to visions for rural areas of a wellbeing economy. However, spatial planning and suitable governance structures are required to ensure these mitigation actions require to be in places where the greatest impacts on mitigating climate change can be realised (e.g. where energy resource is significant; construction of renewable energy does not release more carbon than it could offset; planting woodland does not release more carbon than it can sequester; agricultural production systems do not increase demand on transporting water). However, such actions must ensure benefits (economic, social, environmental) remain higher than their respective costs.

Environmental health refers to the health effects associated with environmental factors, such as air pollution, water contamination, and climate change. Environmental hazards are associated with poor outcomes in common diseases, including diabetes and heart disease. In this position paper, the American College of Physicians (ACP) seeks to inform physicians about environmental health and offers policymakers recommendations to reduce the adverse health consequences of climate change, improve air and water quality, reduce exposure to toxic substances, and address environmental injustice. ACP affirms that all communities, including people of color, people with low income, and marginalized populations, deserve to live in a healthy environment.

It is important to classify academic papers in a fine-grained manner to uncover deeper implicit themes and semantics in papers for better semantic retrieval, paper recommendation, research trend prediction, topic analysis, and a series of other functions. Based on the ontology of the climate change domain, this study used an unsupervised approach to combine two methods, syntactic structure and semantic modeling, to build a framework of subject-indexing techniques for academic papers in the climate change domain. The framework automatically indexes a set of conceptual terms as research topics from the domain ontology by inputting the titles, abstracts and keywords of the papers using natural language processing techniques such as syntactic dependencies, text similarity calculation, pre-trained language models, semantic similarity calculation, and weighting factors such as word frequency statistics and graph path calculation. Finally, we evaluated the proposed method using the gold standard of manually annotated articles and demonstrated significant improvements over the other five alternative methods in terms of precision, recall and F1-score. Overall, the method proposed in this study is able to identify the research topics of academic papers more accurately, and also provides useful references for the application of domain ontologies and unsupervised data annotation.

This position paper summarises the results from the work carried out in the third MAP (Multi-Actor Platform) Cycle by three MAPs in Tuscany (Italy). The reason for selecting ‘Sustainable value chains’ as a topic in all three MAPs is the strong interest in, and/or long experience of, this topic by the MAPs members. This position paper is based on desk-based research carried out by the MAPs’ monitor and facilitator, as well as on stakeholder engagement activities carried out in the MAPs.

This position paper summarises the results from the work carried out in the third MAP (Multi-Actor Platform) Cycle by three MAPs in Tuscany (Italy). The reason for selecting ‘Sustainable value chains’ as a topic in all three MAPs is the strong interest in, and/or long experience of, this topic by the MAPs members. This position paper is based on desk-based research carried out by the MAPs’ monitor and facilitator, as well as on stakeholder engagement activities carried out in the MAPs.

This Position Paper written by the Multi-Actor Platform Climate-Friendly Village(CFV) is focused on finding the causes and possibilities of changes at the level of municipalities, regions and states in landscape management in the Czech Republic.

The EU and its member states face the challenge of accelerating the transition to climate neutrality and negative greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in increasingly turbulent times. But the challenge of governing the climate and energy transition goes far beyond phasing out GHG emissions. Given the urgency, dynamism, complexity, contentiousness, and long-term, cross-cutting nature of the “super wicked” climate challenge, the governance of the climate transition requires sustained, comprehensive, and integrated efforts across all relevant policy fields and the whole of society. To this end, the EU needs to devise political processes, structures and institutions that empower democratic political systems in Europe to effectively respond to the climate challenge (hereinafter referred to as the EU’s “climate governance framework”). In this paper, we identify key options for enhancing the EU’s evolving climate governance framework to this end. Building on the latest scientific knowledge of relevant best practice in Europe and elsewhere, as for example reflected and acknowledged in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s Sixth Assessment Report (IPCC, 2022b), we review the EU’s existing climate governance framework and identify EU-level policy options for further enhancing it across the Union and its member states, while paying particular attention to key interactions, synergies. and tensions between individual governance elements.

TheMulti-Actor Platform Climate proof ruralities'position paper reflects the results of three regional MAP dialogues for North Limburg, the Achterhoek, and of interviews and literature review for the region of Schouwen-Duiveland. Within the SHERPA topic of ‘Land use in the context of Climate Change’, thisMAP has focussed on the topic of climate adaptation within an area-oriented approach. This topic and the role of rural areas is less covered by the Long-term Vision for Rural areas of the European Commission (EC) and the national Network of Large Rural Municipalities (P10)wants to highlight the contribution rural areas make to the climate challenges. In this document, the MAP pints outpolicy and research recommendations on how the European Commission can support areas to be able to undertake choices that fit with societal challenges at the same time as the ambitions and identity of the area.

This Position Paper provides a consiçolidated overview of challenges and recommendations emerged by the discussions of the Multi-Actor Platform (MAP) PACA Sud's members on land use and climate change. The aim of this document is to re-specify and prioritise the main issues of climate change for the rural territories of the Southern region.

Climate change poses challenges to land use that cumulate with other non-climate related challenges, such as population growth, increasing demand on limited resources by diverse actors, and land degradation. Moreover, improper land-use management and unsustainable urban development can intensify hazards including flooding and heat stress, hence intensifying the exposure of communities to such hazards. In this Position Paper, the HungarianMulti-Actor Platform Land-use planning for climate neutrality gathersome recommendations for future rural policies.&nbsp

This is a policy white paper on climate-related loss and damages which was developed by the Global Council for Science and the Environment.

The Tibetan Plateau works as an important environmental and ecological barrier for the Asian continent. The researches on Tibetan environment and ecology are becoming extensive, but there is no systematic summary of research hotspots and trends in this field. Here, we analyzed 9180 publications retrieved from the WOS and CNKI during 2000 ~ 2020. The characteristics of publication, keywords with a 5-year interval and co-occurrence analysis were carried out so as to reveal the evolution and development trends of topics. The results show that articles increase dramatically since 2012. Except for common concerns like evolution, climate change, and precipitation, diversity was been studied more by Chinese scholars, while the USA, Germany, UK, and Australia researchers focused more on adaptability, basin western Tibet, lake, barley, and ore-related themes, respectively. Besides, China closely collaborated with the USA, Australia, and Germany in topics of evolution, climate change and degradation, precipitation, and diversity. The institutions located in Chinese different economic regions focused on different research keywords, such as vegetation, growth, trace elements, and geochemistry. The CAS contributed the most articles with 4254, showed advantages both in quantity and quality. Few articles were published by researchers affiliated to Free University of Berlin but with higher citations. It is the only one institute outside of China in the top 20. Main research hotspots include climate change, geology, and diversity. In future researches, ecological management and rehabilitation of mining area and tailings ponds, waste disposal, and changes of soil and water quality are worthy of attention and funding.

This position paper is the results of the work carried out by the DanishMulti-Actor Platform, which reflected onthe issue of land use in the light of climate change. In this position paper, the members of the MAP, from different backgrounds,wish to jointly highlight a number of important themes and key messages in relation to land use in Denmark, which politicians, civil servants, planners and local developers, amongst others, should take on board and act upon to the greatest possible extent in order to support and promote a green and sustainable transition, in which land use is central.Four themes have been highlighted in the document: renewable energy, food production and lowland set-aside, land ownership, and public governance and stakeholder consultation.

Meeting the demand for STEAM skills in the job market is considered a priority in the European Union. The concerns related to the supply of STEAM skills rely on the educational offers from secondary schools and the propensity of pupils to follow a scientific course of study at the university level. Across Europe, every country is responsible for the definition and development of its methodological approach to enhance the teaching and learning of STEAM subjects. Because of its inspirational power, space can play a relevant role in attracting the young generation towards STEAM disciplines. Multiple projects have been developed at the European level to facilitate the familiarisation of pupils with STEAM topics by using space in combination with crucial challenges, such as climate change. An example of a project with such an objective is the Erasmus+ "GIS4Schools". The project aims to improve STEAM learning paths in secondary schools, by promoting an innovative approach to the teaching of scientific subjects, while introducing the teaching of GIS and EO applied to the topic of climate change. This paper is conceived as a follow-up of last year's introduction to the GIS4Schools project to the global audience of the IAC. Leveraging in-depth interviews with the schools involved in the project and the data collected through the Digital Diaries, the paper provides an analysis of the skills acquired by the pupils in the first half of GIS4Schools. In particular, the analysis helps to understand if the GIS4Schools products, as the Training Handbook and the use cases developed by each school, can constitute an autonomous teaching module to be integrated into existing teaching curricula. By retracing the latest developments of the GIS4Schools project, the paper presents the project as a case study for the development of future initiatives on the topic.

This Position Paper provides a consolidated overview of challenges and recommendations emerged by the discussions of Multi-Actor Platform (MAP) Alqueva’s members on land use and climate change.In the Alqueva region, this theme is one of the most important and current issues affecting the region. The reason for this is the vast land use change that happened in the region over the last 25 years. Where before the main land use was cereal production and pastures, nowadays land use has shifted to irrigated crops (such as olive groves, almond orchards and irrigated arable crops)over a surface of 120.000 ha. Change in land use impacted the society and region in various aspects, but one aspect that is crucial to bring to the discussing is climate change and how it can affect the current land use of the region. In addition, another burning question is what the region can do to mitigate and adapt to the reality of climate change.

Tackling climate change and striving for environmental sustainability cross almost all aspects of the lives of citizens, and over multiple generations as individuals take on different responsibilities through their life course. The transitions required to achieve net zero Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions by 2050 requires all citizens to be agents of change, including rural citizens. SHERPA Position Paper on Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability aims tocontributesto the process of making Europe - and rural areas within the European continent- climate neutral.Through a concerted discussion of different Multi-Stakeholder Platforms (MAPs), SHERPA gathered evidence of the types of transformational changes which are necessary to transition in an effective and just manner to climate neutrality by 2050.

This position paper is the results of the work carried out by theItalian Multi-Actor Platform of the Emilia-Romagna region.The documentidentifies few priorities for what concerns land use and water management, and provides specific recommendations to policy and research in regards to the challenges this region face.&nbsp

Supportind data for paper.

The Czech Multi-Actor Platform VENUS is aimed at reducing the impacts of climate change through offering systemic support for the implementation of energy saving measures, triggering more economical use of energy sources and increasing the share of sustainable energy in the region. This document identifies thechallenges Local Actor Groupsface when implementing energy communities’ projects and provides principles of community energy to ensure their operationality.

The SHERPA process supports the collection of scientific and practice evidence, at multiple levels, regarding climate change and land use management. It provides an overview of the key themes relating to tackling climate change, and the associated roles of land use in rural areas of Europe. The evidence shows that significant and rapid action is required to restrict the magnitude of global warming. The target of keeping global warming to below 2ºC is only possible if all conditional and unconditional pledges made before the COP26 (Glasgow, November 2021) are implemented in full and on time. Transitions in land uses, with greater investments in natural capital and associated changes in land management practices, and public attitudes and behaviours, will be essential if policy objectives of reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs), coupled with reversing the loss of biodiversity and protecting human rights.

FACCE-JPI first addressed urban agriculture through the “Exploratory Workshop on Urban Agriculture and Adaptation to Climate Change” described in the FACCE-JPI 2018-2020 Implementation Plan under Core Theme 4 (Exploratory Workshops on Urban Agriculture). At the time, this action was identified to explore the opportunities urban agriculture can offer in the challenge to provide healthy, nutritious and sufficient food for a growing population under the aspect of climate change.A first workshop in January 2020 in Wageningen brought together a broad selection of stakeholders and experts (academics, industry, policymakers, funders, retailers, land & urban planners etc.). Together they discussed what urban agriculture could offer, the main challenges and the type of instruments needed to strengthen its role e.g. through FACCE-JPI.To continue the work on this topic, a follow-up meeting took place on June 14th 2021 bringing together a similarly diverse but smaller audience to further address the recommendations and outcomes from the 2020 workshop. Specifically, the participants addressed the definition of the policy environment around urban agriculture attempted to identify the place of urban agriculturewithin FACCE-JPI remit, Strategic Research Agenda and Implementation Plan, and provided input on external activities such as Horizon Europe partnerships with a potential relevance for the area. Following the expert meeting, the FACCE-JPI Secretariat has prepared this white paper connecting the outcomes from the workshop and a JRC report with FACCE-JPI in order to aid decision-making for the Governing Board.

FACCE-JPI first addressed urban agriculture through the “Exploratory Workshop on Urban Agriculture and Adaptation to Climate Change” described in the FACCE-JPI 2018-2020 Implementation Plan under Core Theme 4 (Exploratory Workshops on Urban Agriculture). At the time, this action was identified to explore the opportunities urban agriculture can offer in the challenge to provide healthy, nutritious and sufficient food for a growing population under the aspect of climate change.A first workshop in January 2020 in Wageningen brought together a broad selection of stakeholders and experts (academics, industry, policymakers, funders, retailers, land & urban planners etc.). Together they discussed what urban agriculture could offer, the main challenges and the type of instruments needed to strengthen its role e.g. through FACCE-JPI.To continue the work on this topic, a follow-up meeting took place on June 14th 2021 bringing together a similarly diverse but smaller audience to further address the recommendations and outcomes from the 2020 workshop. Specifically, the participants addressed the definition of the policy environment around urban agriculture attempted to identify the place of urban agriculturewithin FACCE-JPI remit, Strategic Research Agenda and Implementation Plan, and provided input on external activities such as Horizon Europe partnerships with a potential relevance for the area. Following the expert meeting, the FACCE-JPI Secretariat has prepared this white paper connecting the outcomes from the workshop and a JRC report with FACCE-JPI in order to aid decision-making for the Governing Board.

There are 500,000 pre-1919 masonry buildings in Scotland, and they are under increasingly significant strain due to climate change. This report, in partnership with HES, the University of Edinburgh and Heriot-Watt University, explores different 3D surveying techniques and presents data processing solutions for both segmenting 3D point clouds and detecting and classifying visible defects of masonry walls.

2022 marks the 50th anniversary of the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (hereafter, the World Heritage Convention). This year is a time to celebrate achievements and reflect on the success of the Convention’s goals and the challenges that lie ahead. Of the many challenges, climate change has become “the most prevalent threat” to natural World Heritage sites and the greatest future threat. Climate change is also recognized as an increasing threat to cultural heritage. This Discussion Paper considers how the World Heritage Convention’s ‘List of World Heritage in Danger’ could be used more effectively for managing sites threatened by climate change or where climate change has already caused significant degradation. The purpose of the paper is to stimulate ideas and discussion to help further develop and finalise the draft Policy Document on climate action for World Heritage which is due to be adopted by the General Assembly of State Parties to the Convention in 2023.

This compendium consists of four papers following the major themes covered in the working paper series and draws heavily upon them for much of the empirical content. The report was prepared to reach a broad audience of practitioners involved with or interested in China’s agriculture trajectory, especially its interfaces with the environment. An abridged synthesis and a policy note, primarily targeting Chinese program managers and policymakers, respectively, have also been prepared. The policy note provides a brief synopsis of major findings from the study program and a set of recommendations for strengthening ongoing initiatives supporting China’s green agricultural modernization. The coverage and major findings of the compendium papers are as follows: restoring and managing agricultural ecosystems as climate changes; deepening pollution prevention and control on China’s farms; and investing in technology, innovation, and institutions; reforming agricultural policy, institutions, and public expenditures.

Accounting for almost half of global gross domestic product and 70 percent of the world’s population, middle-income countries (MICs) face multiple development challenges limiting achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including poverty and inclusion, climate change, financial access, and economic diversification and market development. The International Finance Corporation’s (IFC) portfolio is focused heavily on MICs. Additionality is the unique support that IFC brings to a private client or client country that is not typically offered by commercial sources of finance (IFC 2019). This evaluation assesses the unique support and value addition (additionality) that the International Finance Corporation (IFC) provides to middle-income countries (MICs). It will cover IFC’s support of MICs through investment and advisory projects, and through its platforms and partnerships. The primary audience is the World Bank Group Board and IFC management and staff, however some findings of the evaluation will be relevant to a broader audience including multilateral and bilateral financing private sector activities, investors, and government officials and practitioners in client countries.

Peace and security are basic conditions for economic and social development. Conflict, on the other hand, can reverse years of economic growth and induce long-term harm on almost all aspects of development. For the past decade, the Lake Chad region has been the setting of conflicts between government forces and armed groups, most notably the Boko Haram. Although the intensity of fighting has petered off in recent years, the conflict has spread from Northern Nigeria and now affects all four countries of the region. Due to the paramount importance of avoiding armed conflict, a large economic literature exists that seeks to find explanations for the onset and prevalence of conflict in developing countries. Blattman and Miguel [2010] list some of the most common theories of conflict including competition for resources, economic grievances, and the possibility of looting. This paper attempts to shed light on the geographical distribution of conflict and its climatic determinants in the Lake Chad region following a sub-national approach where readily available spatial data is employed at two different units of aggregation: Firstly, 90 second level administrative areas, and secondly, around 5,318 grid cells covering the same region. Exposure to conflict is here defined as the intensity (for districts) or incidence (for cells) of conflict in a given unit each year. Parts of the population may not be directly exposed by this definition, but since the units of analysis are relatively small, most will be affected in some ways, for instance by safety concerns when visiting the nearest towns to trade or by the general economic consequences.

S. Trivikrama Rao, Ph.D.There is scientific consensus that climate change has been contributing to rising surface temperatures, changing weather pattens, and extreme weather events leading to extre...

There has been a consistent rise in urban disasters, particularly in developing countries located in tropical areas. Among various challenges of disaster risk management and climate change impacts, it is noted that most residents are poorly informed about their risk exposure or apposite response. The paper is based on the premise that one important cause for this gap is inadequate emphasis on risk communication at different levels of planning and agreements. Accordingly, it highlights some important gaps in the risk communication across international agreements including Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR), Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), and evaluates their impacts at the local level. It brings three selected urban case studies located in the tropical areas of the South Asia region that illustrate gaps in risk communication that result in enhanced vulnerability and deviations in response. The findings are based on secondary data and literature focusing on global agreements, risk communication, and disaster response. The paper argues that even though global strategies address urban risks, the fragmented nature of risk communication results in poor response and contributes to losses that occur in disasters. Three critical gaps noted in risk communication include (i) it not prioritized at different levels, (ii) inadequate structures to measure its impacts and stakeholders inclusiveness, and (iii) indifference to cultural diversity and integration. Further, it is suggested that there is a need to redefine risk communication at the global scale that extends beyond warning generation and considers multiple factors influencing response including interlinked vulnerabilities and variations in perceptions emerging from varied geographical, socio-cultural, economic, and political processes.

Climate change affects butterflies in many ways, influencing the timing of emergence and reproduction, habitat preferences, and behaviour. The small blue (Cupido minimus Fuessley, 1775) is highly specialised in its host plant requirements, feeding on the seeds of a single species, kidney vetch (Anthyllis vulneraria), on which the larvae occur singly to avoid cannibalism. The butterfly is likely to be vulnerable to temperature-related changes in oviposition, adult emergence, and host plant flowering times, and is, therefore, a good model species for investigating climate change-related impacts. Using 26 years of data from the national UK Butterfly Monitoring Scheme (1993-2019) from one nature reserve, and 4 years of targeted egg searches (2006, 2007, 2008, 2020) from three reserves in Bedfordshire, UK, we investigated the effects of local temperature on small blue emergence date and total abundance, whether flowerhead or local environmental characteristics predicted small blue oviposition behaviour, and whether this changed between years. Small blue adults emerged on earlier dates over time, and earlier in years with higher maximum February temperatures. Total adult abundance was not predicted by monthly temperatures or total abundance in the previous year. Oviposition behaviour was broadly consistent across years, with egg presence more likely and egg abundance higher on kidney vetch flowerheads that were taller than the surrounding vegetation, and surrounded by taller vegetation and fewer mature flowerheads. The effect of solar radiation differed between years, with a negative effect on the probability of egg presence in 2007 and 2008, but a positive effect in 2020. Egg abundance per flowerhead was highly variable between years, with 2006 having four times more eggs per flowerhead than other years. This was likely driven by high adult abundance in 2006, which could have increased competition for flowerheads. Implications for insect conservation: Our results indicate that management for greater availability of taller kidney vetch amongst taller vegetation would encourage small blue oviposition on a greater number of flowerheads, providing a possible means of reducing competition and increasing larval survival, and that this would be effective despite variation in adult abundance between years. The high level of competition we observed in the year with the highest adult abundance indicates that higher numbers of host plants should be encouraged to reduce competition and larval cannibalism in peak years, increasing the likelihood of long-term population persistence and growth. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10841-021-00360-5., SITA Trust Landfill Community, Bedfordshire and Northamptonshire Butterfly Conservation, Balfour Browne fund, Natural England, Isaac Newton Trust/Wellcome TrustISSF/University of Cambridge Joint Research Grants Scheme (RG89529)

Digitisation of specimens (e.g. zoological, botanical) can provide access to advanced morphological and anatomical information and promote new research opportunities. The micro-CT technology may support the development of "virtual museums" or "virtual laboratories" where digital 3D imaging data are shared widely and freely. There is currently a lack of universal standards concerning the publication and curation of micro-CT datasets. The aim of the current project was to create a virtual gallery with micro-CT scans of individuals of the marine gastropod Hexaplex trunculus, which were maintained under a combination of increased temperature and low pH conditions, thus simulating future climate change scenarios. The 3D volume-rendering models created were used to visualise the structure properties of the gastropods shells. Finally, the 3D analysis performed on the micro-CT scans was used to investigate potential changes in the shell properties of the gastropods. The derived micro-CT 3D images were annotated with detailed metadata and can be interactively displayed and manipulated using online tools through the micro-CT virtual laboratory, which was developed under the LifeWatchGreece Research Infrastructure for the dissemination of virtual image galleries collection supporting the principles of FAIR data.

We provide a perspective on the development of direct air capture (DAC) as a leading candidate for implementing negative emissions technology (NET). We introduce DAC based on sorption, both liquid and solid, and draw attention to challenges that these technologies will face. We provide an analysis of the limiting mass transfer in the liquid and solid systems and highlight the differences.

Augmentals, as a type of verbal rule, have been used in political speeches either for establishing beneficial cultural values for the populace (Leigland, 2005) or for publicizing political points of view to exert control on public opinion through propaganda (Rakos, 1993). The current study conducted a functional content analysis on two presidential speeches about climate change and global warming regarding whether the United States should enter or exit the Paris Climate Agreement. The purposes of the study were to (a) examine the effects of two types of augmentals (reinforcer-establishing augmentals and punisher-establishing augmentals) on behavior change in the populace, (b) explore the effects of the types of relational frames that formed augmentals, and (c) provide guidance to the public on discriminating propaganda in media sources. The results showed different patterns in the use of augmentals in Donald Trump’s speech, which attempted to persuade the populace to support exiting the agreement, compared to Barack Obama’s speech, which attempted to persuade the populace to support entering the agreement. Several implications of the study are discussed.

The frequency and intensity of extreme events especially heat waves (HW) are growing all around the world which ultimately poses a serious threat to the health of individuals. To quantify the effects of extreme temperature, appropriate information, and the importance of HW and heat index (HI) are carefully discussed for different parts of the world. Varied definitions of the HW and HI formula proposed and used by different countries are carried out systematically continent-wise. Different studies highlighted the number of definitions of HW; however, mostly used Steadman’s formulae, which was developed in the late 1970s, for the calculation of HI that uses surface air temperature and relative humidity as climatic fields. Since then, dramatic changes in climatic conditions have been observed as evident from the ERA5 datasets which need to be addressed; likewise, the definition of HW, which is modified by the researchers as per the geographic conditions. It is evident from the ERA5 data that the temperature has increased by 1–2 °C as compared to the 1980s. There is a threefold increase in the number of heatwave days over most of the continents in the last 40 years. This study will help the researcher community to understand the importance of HW and HI. Furthermore, it opens the scope to develop an equation based on the present scenario keeping in mind the basics of an index as considered by Steadman.

Improper disposal and burning of agricultural residues are commonly practiced in some developing countries in which harmful gaseous products released into the atmosphere and some are depleted and reacted with the soil causing environmental pollution. Renewable technology can therefore be introduced for the utilization of the residues and ensure proper storage medium of the residues. An investigation was carried out on the pollution potential of oil palm residues on surface and underground water resources at the processing centre. Oil palm residues and water samples from the stream and well located near the oil processing site were used for the experiment. Water samples were collected during the raining and dry season to determine the level of pollution caused by the residues. Physical, chemical and bacteriological parameters of the water samples were determined. The chemical compounds of the palm residues were investigated. Results showed that aromatics compounds are mainly dominant of the palm fruit fiber which was characterized for bio-fuel production. It is revealed that effect of pollution on water bodies is significant at p

Şehirler, dünya yüzölçümünün yalnızca yüzde 2'sini oluştururken; 2018 itibariyle dünya nüfusunun yüzde 55'inden fazlasına ev sahipliği yapmakta ve bu oranın 2050 yılına kadar yaklaşık yüzde 68'e ulaşacağı tahmin edilmektedir. Hızlı kentleşme, kentlerin demografisini değiştirmiş ve çeşitli sosyo-ekonomik statü grupları yaratarak kentlerin kırılganlıklarını derinleştirmiştir. İklim değişikliği karşısında kırılganlığının daha fazla olduğu kabul edilmektedir. Bu kırılganlıktan en çok kentlerde yaşayan ve sosyal olarak savunmasız gruplar etkilenmektedir. Literatürde bu gruplar çocuklar, kadınlar, gençler, yaşlılar, engeliler ve göçmenler olarak belirlenmiştir. Özellikle ülkemiz gibi gelişmekte olan ülkelerde kadınlar, engelliler, göçmenler, azınlıklar, çocuklar, yaşlılar ve gençler gibi kırılgan gruplar iklim değişikliğine karşı daha hassas olmaktadırlar Yerel düzeyde hazırlanan politika belgelerinde iklim değişikliği ile mücadele kapsamında kırılgan gruplara ne ölçüde yer verildiği, bu çalışmanın temel sorusudur. Bu soruya temel yanıt İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi’nin iklim değişikliği alanında ürettiği politika belgeleri üzerinden verilmeye çalışılacaktır., Whilst occupying only 2 percent of the world’s surface area. Cities are home to more than 55 percent of the world’s population as of 2018, which is estimated to reach about 68 percent by 2050 Ostensibly, cities are not just geographical places and infrastructures as such; they need to be taken into account with their inhabitants. Rapid urbanization has changed the demography of the cities and deepened their vulnerability by creating various socio-economic status groups. It is accepted that it is more vulnerable to climate change. Urban and socially vulnerable groups are most affected by this vulnerability. In the literature, these groups are defined as children, women, youth, elderly, disabled and immigrants. Especially when evaluated in terms of developing countries like our country; vulnerable groups such as women, the disabled, immigrants, minorities, children, the elderly and young people are more vulnerable and vulnerable to climate change. The main question of this study is to what extent vulnerable groups are included in the policy documents prepared at the local level within the scope of combating climate change. The main answer to this question will be tried to be given through the policy documents produced by the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality in the field of climate change.

This paper investigates under which conditions implementation of Industry 4.0 in the hospitality sector could help to combat climate change. The paper takes the form of a systematic literature review to examine the main pillars of Industry 4.0 in the hospitality industry and discuss how these technologies could help combat climate change. We propose five conditions under which Industry 4.0 could help to combat climate change. First, in the hospitality industry, increased use of Industry 4.0 technologies induces an increase in energy efficiency and a reduction of GHG. Second, increased use of Industry 4.0 technologies induces a reduction in water consumption and an increase in water use efficiency. Third, increased use of Industry 4.0 technologies induces a reduction in food waste. Fourth, increased use of Industry 4.0 technologies can promote Circular Hospitality 4.0. Fifth, increased use of Industry 4.0 technologies helps to reduce transport and travel. Hospitality Industry 4.0 technologies offer new opportunities for enhancing sustainable development and reducing GHG emissions through the use of environmentally friendly approaches to achieve the Paris Agreement objectives.

This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in Cities & Health on July 5, 2021, available online: https://www.tandfonline.com/10.1080/23748834.2021.1939640. The Canadian Psychological Association (CPA) recommended that a task force draft its official position on how psychology can help to address climate change. The aim was to craft a position paper that underscored, for Canadian governments and for members of the public, literature at the intersection of psychology and climate change. The position paper also generated a clear list of recommendations for governments to consider as they make decisions about climate change mitigation, adaptation, and communication strategies. This commentary is a summary of the position paper’s message, focusing on topics germane to international urban living, city governance, and mental health. Post-print version https://viurrspace.ca/bitstream/handle/10613/26900/McCunnCH2022.pdf?sequence=3

Positive selection is the driving force underpinning local adaptation and leaves footprints of selective sweeps on the underlying major genes. Quantifying the timing of selection and revealing the genetic bases of adaptation in plant species occurring in steep and varying environmental gradients are crucial to predict a species' ability to colonize new niches. We use whole-genome sequence data from six populations across three different habitats of the wild tomato species Solanum chilense to infer the past demographic history and search for genes under strong positive selection. We then correlate current and past climatic projections with the demographic history, allele frequencies, the age of selection events and distribution shifts. Several selective sweeps occur at regulatory networks involved in root-hair development in low altitude and response to photoperiod and vernalization in high-altitude populations. These sweeps appear to occur in a concerted fashion in a given regulatory gene network at particular periods of substantial climatic change. Using a unique combination of genome scans and modelling of past climatic data, we quantify the timing of selection at genes likely underpinning local adaptation to semiarid habitats.

Current plans within the European Space Agency (ESA) for the future investigation of Mars (after the ExoMars programme) are centred around participation in the Mars Sample Return (MSR) programme led by NASA. This programme is housed within the Human and Robotic Exploration (HRE) Directorate of ESA. This White Paper, in response to the Voyage 2050 call, focuses on the important scientific objectives for the investigation of Mars outside the present HRE planning. The achievement of these objectives by Science Directorate missions is entirely consistent with ESA’s Science Programme. We illustrate this with a theme centred around the study of the Martian polar caps and the investigation of recent (Amazonian) climate change produced by known oscillations in Mars’ orbital parameters. Deciphering the record of climate contained within the polar caps would allow us to learn about the climatic evolution of another planet over the past few to hundreds of millions of years, and also addresses the more general goal of investigating volatile-related dynamic processes in the Solar System.

The One Health concept that human, animal, plant, environmental, and ecosystem health are linked provides a framework for examining and addressing complex health challenges. This framework can be represented as a multi-dimensional matrix that can be used as a tool to identify upstream drivers of disease potential in a concise, systematic, and comprehensive way. The matrix can involve up to four dimensions depending on users' needs. This paper describes and illustrates how the matrix tool might be used to facilitate systems thinking, enabling the development of effective and equitable public policies. The multidimensional One Health matrix tool will be used to examine, as an example, global human and animal fecal wastes. The fecal wastes are analyzed at the microbial and population levels over a timeframe of years. Political, social, and economic factors are part of the matrix and will be examined as well. The One Health matrix tool illustrates how foodborne illnesses, food insecurity, antimicrobial resistance, and climate change are inter-related. Understanding these inter-relationships is essential to develop the public policies needed to achieve many of the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals.

In recent years, as in other parts of the Sahel, the threat of terrorism has escalated in Burkina Faso. In 2019, this country hosted the fourth highest number of new conflict-related internal displaced persons (IDPs) in the world. These people have to cope simultaneously with the full spectrum of environmental, social and health-related stresses in the long, medium and short term, respectively. We seek to compare the living conditions of IDPs before and during the lockdown implemented by the authorities (between 27 March and 5 May 2020) to contain the spread of the virus. Interviews were conducted with 106 IDPs in Kongoussi (Central-Northern region). Although no respondent reported having been directly affected by the virus, 84.9% of the IDPs surveyed had no income-generating activities during the lockdown and the remaining 15.1% who continued to work reported that their activities had been greatly scaled-down. For a large majority of them, their living conditions, already described as difficult under ‘normal’ circumstances (insufficient food, insignificant financial assistance, or difficult access to health care), further deteriorated. In addition, IDPs were unable to leave the camps or regions where they were located to search for better living conditions or to return home. Lastly, 96.2% of respondents believed that the COVID-19 pandemic would have a negative impact on their future. These IDPs, like many in the sub-region and around the world, therefore require urgent assistance from the authorities and humanitarian NGOs, as the slightest new stress is likely to considerably worsen their already vulnerable state.

The threat of anthropogenic climate change demands immediate action to prevent further damage to human health and fragile natural ecosystems. This process of change might locally have already begun, led by grassroots organisations around the world. Conceiving their actions as a form of salutogenesis, these organisations build a Sense of Coherence to empower communities to participate in the potentially overwhelming challenge of planetary health. People-Planet-Health aims at giving voice and visibility to those groups and their actions. Contributors will further be invited to co-create a position paper, to inform the revised WHO Global Strategy for Health Promotion.

In the wake of 25 United Nations Climate Change Conferences of the Parties (and counting), international cooperation on mitigating greenhouse gas emissions to avoid substantial and potentially irreversible climate change remains an important challenge. The limited impact of the Kyoto Protocol on curbing emissions, and the gap between the ambitions of its successor and the Paris Agreement's lack of sanctioning mechanisms for addressing noncompliance, demonstrates both the difficulties in negotiating ambitious environmental agreements and the reluctance of countries to comply with their agreed emission targets once they have joined the treaty. Therefore, a better understanding of the obstacles and opportunities that the interactions between domestic and international policy pose for the design of successful international climate cooperation is of utmost importance. To shed light on the roots of the stalemate (and suggest possible ways out), this article reviews and draws lessons from a growing theoretical, experimental, and empirical literature that accounts for the hierarchical interplay between domestic political pressure and international climate policy.

Even if the sensitivity of vegetation phenology to climate change has been accepted on global and continental scales, the correlation between global warming and phenotypic variability shows a modulated answer depending on altitude, latitude, and the local seasonal thermal trend. To connect global patterns of change with local effects, we investigated the impact of the observed signal of warming found in Central Italy on two different willow species, Salix acutifolia and Salix smithiana, growing in three phenological gardens of the International Phenological Gardens’ network (IPG) located in different orographic positions. The time series of temperatures and phenological data for the period 2005–2018 were analysed first to find trends over time in the three gardens and then to correlate the recent local warming and the change in the two species phenology. The results confirmed the correlation between phenological trends and local trend of temperatures. In particular: budburst showed a trend of advancement of 1.4 days/year on average in all three gardens; flowering showed a divergent pattern between the gardens of either advancement of 1.0 days/year on average or delay of 1.1 days/year on average; while senescence showed a delay reaching even 3.3 days/year, although significant in only two gardens for both species. These trends were found to be correlated mainly with the temperatures of the months preceding the occurrence of the phase, with a shift in terms of days of the year (DOY) of the two species. Our conclusion is that the observed warming in Central Italy played a key role in controlling the phenophases occurrences of the two willow species, and that the orographic forcing leads to the different shift in DOY of phenophases (from 5 to 20 days) due to the local thermal forcing of the three phenological gardens.

International audience; This article presents a life cycle assessment of bio-based polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles with a cradle to grave scope and provides a comparison with petrochemical PET bottles for 13 environmental impact categories. Besides the baseline bio-based PET bottles, which are produced from Brazilian sugarcane reflecting status-quo, two alternative hypothetical bio-based product systems were considered: European wheat straw and European crops market mix composed of maize, wheat and sugar beet. The land-use change (LUC) impacts were assessed based on a deterministic model. The end-of-life impact was assessed using the EASETECH model. Baseline bio-based PET bottles performed overall worse than conventional petrochemical PET bottles, offering only better performance (about 10%) in abiotic depletion (fossil fuels). Comparable performance is observed for climate change (2% difference without the LUC, and 7% with LUC impacts). Using European crops for ethanol production (alternative 1) instead of Brazilian sugarcane resulted in a worse environmental performance, due to lower yields attained compared to Brazilian sugarcane. When wheat straw was considered as biomass feedstock for ethanol production (alternative 2), similar environmental performance with petrochemical PET bottles was seen.

Cities are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Many larger cities have identified the potential impacts of different climate change adaptation scenarios. However, their smaller and medium-sized counterparts are often not able to address climate risks effectively due to a lack of necessary resources. Since a large number of cities worldwide are indeed small and medium-sized, this lack of preparedness represents a crucial weakness in global response systems. A promising approach to tackling this issue is to establish regional municipal networks. Yet, how might a regional network for small and medium-sized cities be systematically designed and further developed? Focussing on the German federal state of Baden-Wuerttemberg, we have explored this question by applying a participatory action research approach. As part of our research, we established a regional network framework for small and medium-sized cities. The framework supports small and medium-sized cities in identifying key regional actors, while taking local and regional contextual factors into account. Based on our findings, we suggest that other small and medium sized cities follow these steps: develop the knowledge base; build the network; and transfer and consolidate knowledge.