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BackgroundIn contrast with the setting of acute myocardial infarction, there are limited data regarding the impact of diabetes mellitus on clinical outcomes in contemporary cohorts of patients with chronic coronary syndromes. We aimed to investigate the prevalence and prognostic impact of diabetes according to geographical regions and ethnicity.Methods and resultsCLARIFY is an observational registry of patients with chronic coronary syndromes, enrolled across 45 countries in Europe, Asia, America, Middle East, Australia, and Africa in 2009–2010, and followed up yearly for 5 years. Chronic coronary syndromes were defined by ≥1 of the following criteria: prior myocardial infarction, evidence of coronary stenosis >50%, proven symptomatic myocardial ischaemia, or prior revascularization procedure.Among 32 694 patients, 9502 (29%) had diabetes, with a regional prevalence ranging from below 20% in Northern Europe to ∼60% in the Gulf countries. In a multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards model, diabetes was associated with increased risks for the primary outcome (cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke) with an adjusted hazard ratio of 1.28 (95% confidence interval 1.18, 1.39) and for all secondary outcomes (all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, and coronary revascularization). Differences on outcomes according to geography and ethnicity were modest.ConclusionIn patients with chronic coronary syndromes, diabetes is independently associated with mortality and cardiovascular events, including heart failure, which is not accounted by demographics, prior medical history, left ventricular ejection fraction, or use of secondary prevention medication. This is observed across multiple geographic regions and ethnicities, despite marked disparities in the prevalence of diabetes.ClinicalTrials identifierISRCTN43070564

Pheochromocytoma is a rare disease, which may manifest as severe cardiac complications. Apart from these situations, the "chronic" cardiac impact is not clearly defined. A cardiac MRI study suggests that these patients are carrying areas of fibrosis and foci of left ventricular myocarditis. Since these abnormalities are usually associated with altered left ventricular longitudinal systolic strain, we hypothesize that this strain is altered in patients with a "chronic" pheochromocytoma.This retrospective case-control study was performed using patients from the Bordeaux University Hospital database, included between 2008 and 2016. We compared the left ventricular global longitudinal strain (GLS), radial and circumferential systolic strain and classic echocardiographic parameters between patients with pheochromocytoma and controls matched for age, sex, body mass index and systolic blood pressure.The analysis included 47 patients and 47 correctly matched controls. There were no statistically significant differences between the 2 groups in terms of GLS (-20.7±2.4% vs. -20.2±2.7%, P=0.40), radial strain, left ventricular mass or diastolic function. Left ventricular ejection fraction and circumferential strain were significantly higher in patients than in controls, with a significantly lower telediastolic diameter.No significant changes in GLS were observed in our pheochromocytoma patients, compared with controls. Several hypotheses may explain these results. The presence of fibrosis foci and areas of left ventricular myocarditis being associated with a poor cardiological prognosis, a systematic cardiac MRI could be discussed in these patients, until further studies are performed.

Introduction Malignant hypertension, the most severe form of hypertension, is characterized by acute and diffuse microvascular damage. The ophthalmological, renal and cardiological consequences are well described. Brain damage is considered rare and poorly known, although it is one of the main causes of death. Method We performed a systematic cerebral MRI on patients of the Bordeaux cohort with malignant hypertension between 2008 and 2018, regardless of their neurological symptoms. A subgroup of patients benefited from a second cerebral MRI. All MRI were analysed by the same trained operator. Results 92 patients were included, 67.5% male, mean age 47.8 ± 12 years. On admission, 41.5% of the patients were totally asymptomatic from a neurological aspect. Cerebral MRI was normal in 18.5% of patients. A posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrom was found in 16.5% of patients, 33.5% had an ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke. Patients had marked microvascular impairment (SVD score 2 or higher) in 59% of cases. In asymptomatic patients or patients with headaches only, MRI found PRES in 15.5% of cases, recent ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke in 29% of cases, and SVD score 2 or higher in 51.5% of cases. Conclusion Most patients with malignant hypertension have brain injuries, regardless of their symptoms. This warrants systematic cerebral MRI, as the results may impact on their management. The consequences of these severe lesions, which are disproportionately severe for young patients, raise questions about the need for cognitive assessment and management.

Introduction Malignant hypertension still remains a severe condition that requires early recognition and treatment. The therapy has evolved from extreme measures in the first 70 years of the last century to intravenous treatment with modern antihypertensive treatment. Today, in the absence of trials and solid evidences, there are no formal guidelines on how to treat MHT. There is a relative consensus on a treatment based on intravenous infusion of antihypertensive treatments in the first days. This review summarizes the historical background and pathophysiological evidences which led to the actual most common pharmacological management of this condition but also can contribute to challenge this management. Oral treatment starting with low dose angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors appears as a solid option and may improve the management of malignant hypertension in low-income countries where this form of hypertension remains relatively frequent. Future developments are considered according to the latest progress on the topic.

Background Malignant arterial hypertension is a poorly known pathology, with a poor prognosis in absence of adequate emergency care. Since 1995, the excellence center in Bordeaux University Hospital has been implementing a therapeutic protocol based on rapid titration of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor for the management of these acute patients. This “Bordeaux protocol” has demonstrated its effectiveness and safety but its widespread use is limited by the fear of complications in patients with renal artery stenosis. Objectives The objective of this study is to compare the protocol safety and efficacy in patients with renovascular and non-renovascular malignant hypertension. Method Our retrospective case-control study compared 2 groups of patients from the Bordeaux cohort of malignant hypertension since 2008. The first group included patients with renovascular malignant hypertension and the second one the rest of the cohort. We excluded patients managed in non-urgent basis. Results We included 10 patients with renovascular malignant hypertension and 74 control patients. No serious adverse events occurred in both groups (acute kidney failure requiring dialysis, threatening hyperkalemia, sudden drop in blood pressure requiring immediate attention). Discontinuation of ACE inhibitors for significant elevation of creatinine occurred once in each group (P = 0.22). Blood pressure drop between admission and discharge was similar in the 2 groups (-73mmHg ± 43 mmHg vs. −75mmHg ± 31.7 in the control group, P = 0.9). One-month prevalence of normotensive patients was also comparable (85% vs. 73% in the control group, P = 0.67). Conclusions Efficacy and safety of the “Bordeaux Protocol” is maintained in patients with renovascular malignant hypertension, thanks to close monitoring. These results need to be replicated to be widespread.

Malignant hypertension (MHT) still exists, leading young people to a poor prognosis. Yet, we lack clear guidelines, mainly because data are scarce. We initiated the first MHT multicentric network to assess these issues. We built a 28 centers network so far, aiming for 40–50 French centers end 2020, and European participation in 2021. We prospectively recruit patients with severe hypertension (> 180/110) and severe hypertensive retinopathy (common definition) or 3-target organ damage among heart, kidney, brain and thrombotic microangiopathy (MOD HTN definition). We hope to recruit 500 patients in 5 years, with a 5 years follow up. We currently collect clinical and examination data, aiming for building a biobank and a target organ damage corelab to entirely reconsider the disease. During the first 6 months, we recruited as planned 58 patients, 41% were male, 49.1 ± 15 years old. Half of them were not known hypertensive, and one third presented a secondary hypertension. Non-observance was reported in 25% of patients as a trigger. Mean blood pressure was 219 ± 29//119 ± 20 mmHg. Patient care pathway was very different according to initial symptoms, target organ damage and centers: hypertension, neurology, nephrology, cardiology, internal medicine, intensive care unit and emergency department. Target organ damage was respectively 70%, 33%, 25% and 25% for kidney, heart, brain and thrombotic microangiopathy, mostly improving during follow up. Most of patients (70%) benefited from intravenous antihypertensive treatment and saline infusion. Length of stay was on average 8 days. Malignant Hypertension clearly didn’t disappear, but was diluted between the different specialities and forgotten. This most severe presentation has to be considered once again to better manage our patients. The unique HAMA network should make it possible to gather high-quality data to improve our knowledge and rediscover the disease.

Primary hyperaldosteronism is the leading cause of secondary hypertension, and leads to frequent cardiovascular complications. Many studies have studied left ventricular geometry and function in this population, but longitudinal systolic function is still poorly described.We studied 35 hypertensive patients with primary aldosteronism, and 35 with essential hypertension matched for age, sex, body mass index, and 24h blood pressure. Patients benefited from an echocardiography to measure the mass and the geometry of the left ventricle, left ventricle ejection fraction, systolic longitudinal, circumferential, and radial strain, and diastolic function.Compared to essential hypertensive patients, patients with primary aldosteronism presented a significantly higher left ventricular mass index and relative wall thickness (60.3±16.1g/mPrimary aldosteronism is associated with a deterioration of longitudinal systolic function of the left ventricle compared with essential hypertensive patients. This marker of cardiac damage, reproducible and easily available in routine could help for the screening of these patients.

The subject of the paper is prochronism, e.g. the teaching which says that the world was created with the appearance of old age. It is shown that the sources of prochronism could be traced to the medieval doctrine of double truth and philosophy of Descartes, who suggested that cosmological theories on the origin of the Universe are purely conditional, while in fact the world was instantly created complete and mature. The idea of apparent, but non-existent past gained much credence during the first half of the 19th century, when paleontological and geological discoveries raised a question on how to square the age of the Earth and the life on it with the six days of Genesis. The hypothesis of prochronism was most fully developed in «Omphalos: an attempt to untie the geological knot» (1857), the book by the English naturalist P. Gosse. During the Darwinian time the interest in this doctrine was shown not only by Christian thinkers, but also by secular philosophers and science fiction writers. Elements of prochronism were also present in the writings of Scriptural geologists in the 19th century and their successors, the young earth creationists in the 20th century. The main objections against prochronism are critically considered. According to the most popular of them, if God had made the world appear older that it is, He thus would have deceived people. But from the point of view of prochronism, the creation of traces of never existed past was necessitated by the logic of causality, which required God to actualize all the consequences of historical epochs skipped by Him. The link between prochronism and the problem of pre-human sufferings is outlined. The conclusion is made that this doctrine, despite being counter-intuitive and rather notorious, is intellectually consistent and immune to the criticism.

Petersius conserialis Hilgendorf, 1894 Figures 1–4, table 1 Petersius conserialis Hilgendorf, 1894: 173 [original type locality: “ Kinganiflusse in Deutsch-Ostafrika ” (= Kingani River in German East Africa), Tanzania]. Pfeffer, 1896: 44 [short description]. Boulenger, 1909: 233–234 [morphometrics; meristic, data from types]. Myers, 1929: 5 [key to genera; notes; restriction of genus Petersius]. Hoedeman, 1951: 5 [key to genera and species]. Poll, 1967: 28 [description; morphometrics; meristic data; distribution; figures of specimen and dentition]. Matthes, 1975: 171 [key to freshwater fishes; Tanzania]. Géry, 1977: 50 [remarks]. Paugy, 1984: 140–183 [synonym list, genus, species] Ibarra and Stewart, 1987: 64 [catalog of types, FMNH]. Géry, 1995: 40 [key, comments on cranial fontanel]. Murray and Stewart, 2002: 1892 [osteology; phylogeny]. Zanata and Vari, 2005: 100, 117 [character description; morphological phylogeny]. Zarske, 2011: 64 [catalog of types; description of ZMB types of Petersius]. Dueck, 2020: 55–99 [ontogeny; osteology]. DIAGNOSIS: As for Petersius. DESCRIPTION: Morphometric data summarized in table 1. Medium-sized species (maximum observed size 137.0 mm SL), with general appearance as in figure 1. Body moderately elongate, dorsal head profile concave from snout to supraoccipital, convex to dorsal-fin origin, slightly convex along dorsal-fin base to adipose fin, and slightly concave from adipose fin to origin of caudal fin. Ventral body profile convex from anterior tip of lower jaw to end of anal-fin base, slightly concave to caudal fin. Caudal peduncle longer than deep. Adipose eyelid weakly developed, restricted to thin band immediately anterior to orbit. Snout shorter than orbital diameter. Nostrils closely aligned, anterior nostril circular, posterior nostril semi lunate. Lower jaw slightly prognathous, mouth superior, horizontally aligned with dorsal margin of pupil. Teeth in both jaws pluricuspid and incisiform with reduced buccal shelves. Dentary with 4* (21) outer row teeth, median tooth frequently with five cusps, second and third teeth with seven cusps, fourth tooth markedly smaller than adjacent tooth. Inner row of conical teeth proximate to dentary symphysis absent in all specimens (fig. 2E). Contralateral premaxillae separated by anteromedial process of mesethmoid and without interdigitations connecting medial surfaces (fig. 3C). Premaxilla with two rows of pluricuspid teeth. Outer premaxillary row usually with 2* (13) tricuspid teeth, but number variable 0 (2), 1 (3), or 3 (3), even variable contralaterally in a few specimens. Regardless of number, outer row premaxillary teeth always implanted above and between inner row teeth (i.e., alternating). Inner premaxillary row with 4* (21) teeth, each with 7 cusps. Series of cutting-edge cusps of inner row premaxillary teeth located along buccal (vs. lingual) face of each tooth (fig. 3C, see also Discussion). Four replacement teeth in both premaxillary and dentary replacement trenches. Maxilla edentulous, ascending process elongate and pointed, without terminal bifurcation (fig. 2F). Distal margin of dorsal fin straight, second unbranched and first branched fin rays longest. Dorsal-fin rays ii,8* (21), first unbranched ray very short. Distal margin of pectoral fin straight or slightly rounded. Adpressed pectoral fin reaching or surpassing pelvic-fin origin. Pectoralfin rays ii,13 (10), ii,14 (8), or ii,15* (3). Pelvic fin pointed, adpressed pelvic fin reaching two to four scales short of anal-fin origin. Pelvic-fin rays ii,7 (1), ii,8 (6), ii,9* (13), or ii,10 (1). Caudal fin forked. Adipose fin present, tall with narrow base. Anal fin emarginate, anteriormost branched rays more than twice length of ultimate ray. Anal-fin rays iii,18* (9), iii,19 (11), or iii,20 (1), first unbranched ray very short. Lateral line scales from supracleithrum to hypural joint 30 (3), 31* (6), 32 (5), or 33 (7). Anteriormost 6 scales of lateral line descending steeply to below midlateral line. Last 3–4 pored scales slightly ascending to midlateral body plane. Scales posterior to hypural joint 2 (10) or 3* (11). Scales in transverse series from lateral line to dorsal-fin origin 6.5 (9) or 7.5* (12). Scales in transverse series from lateral line to pelvic-fin origin 2* (10) or 2.5 (11). Middorsal series from supraoccipital tip to dorsal-fin origin 13 (1), 14 (8), 15* (8), 16 (2), or 17 (1). Circumpeduncular scales 10* (20) or 11 (1). Axial scale present, extending over basal third of pelvic fin. First gill arch with 11* (20) or 12 (1) epibranchial rakers and 18 (1), 19 (1), 20* (6), 21 (12), or 23 (1) rakers on ceratobranchial and hypobranchial arches. Total vertebrae 36 (1) or 37 (21). Supraneurals 8 (12), first supraneural associated with fourth vertebra. ADDITIONAL OSTEOLOGICAL FEATURES: Supraoccipital distinctively shaped with steep anterodorsal convexity at junction of parietals and supraoccipital followed by dorsomedial concavity on surface of the crest (fig. 2A). Three pairs of posttemporal fossae present (fig. 2 A, B). Median posttemporal fossae located entirely within epioccipital. Dorsal posttemporal fossae (bounded by the supraoccipital, parietals, and epioccipitals) somewhat smaller than ventral posttemporal fossae (bounded by the epioccipitals and pterotics). Exoccipital foramen well developed. Dorsomedial cranial fontanel present, size correlated with developmental stage. In juveniles smaller than 60 mm SL, fontanel extends anteriorly from posterior region of frontal to anterior margin of supraoccipital. In larger specimens, fontanel is restricted to a small, ovoid opening extending just in front of frontoparietal ridge to anterior margin of supraoccipital (fig. 2C, G). Circumorbital series complete, in adults forming an uninterrupted ring around orbit, in juveniles (ca. 40–60 mm SL) supraorbital separated from 6th infraorbital by wide gap (fig. 2D, H). Supraorbital elongate, slightly sigmoid, and without ventral process. Syntype FMNH 54287 with supraorbital segmented into two elements (fig. 2D). Anterior element in contact with antorbital, posterior element contacts 6th infraorbital. All other examined specimens with a single ossification of supraorbital. Whether a bipartite supraorbital represents an autapomorphy of an isolated lineage from Ruvu River or is an individual anomaly cannot be determined without detailed examination of remaining syntypes. Second infraorbital with a pronounced, sigmoid-shaped process on the dorsal margin (fig. 2D, H see also Discussion). COLORATION: In preservation, overall body coloration brownish yellow, darker dorsally than ventrally, often with overlay of silver iridescence (fig. 1). Small, vertically elongated humeral blotch of pigmentation around fourth and fifth scale of midlateral surface of body, faint in most specimens but more evident in larger individuals. Faint deep-lying longitudinal stripe along midlateral surface from supracleithrum to anterior margin of caudal peduncle. Posterior region of caudal peduncle with blotch of dark pigmentation, circular to ovoid in shape extending to proximal margin of middle caudal-fin rays. Distal caudal-fin lobes with dark margins. Adipose fin outlined by small dark chromatophores, more so on dorsal margin. In life overall body coloration iridescent silver, darker dorsally (fig. 4). Humeral and caudal blotch visible but overlain by silver iridescence. Dorsal, caudal, and anal fins yellowish to dark orange, distal margin of caudal fin darker. Adipose fin yellowish. Pectoral and pelvic fins hyaline; first unbranched pectoral-fin ray slightly darker. SEXUAL DIMORPHISM: Specimen FMNH 54287 was the single male analyzed, clearly identified by the pronounced sexual dimorphism typical of many alestids. The specimen has the fifth through ninth rays of the anal fin expanded and forming a distinct median anal-fin lobe (fig. 1A). Females have straight-edged anal fin with no median lobe (figs. 1B, 4). ECOLOGY: Petersius conserialis has been collected in sandy river courses and floodplain lakes with bushy shorelines with forested or grassy margins. The species was found recently (2018) in a seasonally flooded area of the Rufiji River in shallow water with submerged vegetation (Fraser Gear, personal commun.). Petersius conserialis appears to be endemic to lowland regions, with the highest elevation point at Mkalinzu sands of the Rufiji River at approximately 95–100 m asl (CMN-FI 1981-0174.4). The lowest altitudinal record (5 m asl) is at the type locality of Mtoni Fort approximately 10 km from the Ruvu River mouth in the Indian Ocean. The alestids Alestes stuhlmannii, Brycinus affinis, B. imberi, B. lateralis, Hemigrammopetersius barnardi, and Hydrocynus vittatus were collected in sympatry in the Rufiji River basin (CMNFI records; www.fishnet2.net). DISTRIBUTION AND CONSERVATION: Hilgendorf (1894) described Petersius conserialis based on five specimens collected in eastern Tanzania. The original description mentioned “Kinganiflusse in Deutsch-Ostrafrika,” and subsequent authors indicated the type locality as the Kingani River at Dunda (Boulenger, 1909; Poll, 1967; Zarske, 2011). The Kingani River is an alternative name for the southern Ruvu River, with annotations of Stuhmann’s 1890 expedition indicating Dunda near the current Mtoni Fort, west of Bagamoyo, eastern Tanzania (Turner et al., 2021). Thus, we herein consider the type locality of Petersius conserialis as the Ruvu River near Mtoni Fort, approximately 06° 28′ 04.8″S 38° 50′ 31.2″E, Magomeni, Tanzania. Petersius conserialis is seemingly endemic to lowland regions of the Rufiji and Ruvu rivers in the Pwani Region of eastern Tanzania (fig. 5). Within the Rufiji basin the species has been reported from lakes Lugongwe, Chemchem, Siwandu, Ruwe, Tagalala, and Nzerakera. Although the Ruvu River is apparently in good condition, the Rufiji basin has been affected by loss of hydrological connectivity, sediment trapping, and construction of hydropower dams (Hamerlynck et al., 2011; Duvail et al., 2014), which are likely to impact some populations of P. conserialis. TAXONOMIC REMARKS: Following the ICZN Recommendation 74G, lectotypes should not be designated for curatorial convenience. Therefore, we do not designate lectotype and paralectotypes keeping the syntype series unaltered. Noteworthy, one of the syntypes from ZMB 13535 was sent to Carnegie Museum in 1910, and posteriorly to FMNH 54287. MATERIALS EXAMINED: Petersius conserialis, all from Pwani Region, Tanzania: FMNH 54287, syntype of Petersius conserialis, 99.0 mm SL, Kingani at Dunda, Stuhlmann (approximate locality: Ruvu River, Magomeni, 06° 28′ 04.8″S 38° 50′ 31.2″E), 1µCT scan. – CMN-FI 1981-0177.4, 9, 37.0–49.4 mm SL, Lake Siwandu (Nzerakera), northwest corner, internal delta region of upper Rufiji River floodplain, Mwaseni, 7° 40′ 00″S 38° 07′ 00″E, 17 Jul 1979, Hopson et al., 1µCT scan. – CMN-FI 1981-0194.4, 1, 55.0 mm SL, Rufiji River, north shore, at Ndundu ferry landing, Ikwiriri, 08° 02′ 00″S 39° 02′ 00″E, 31 Jul 1979, Hopson et al. – CMN-FI 1981-0196.7, 6, 51.1–70.0 mm SL, Rufiji River, south bank near Utete, muddy creek below Rubada camp and courthouse, Utete, 07° 58′ 00″S 38° 47′ 00″E, 01 Aug 1979, Hopson et al., 1µCT scan. – CMN-FI 1981-0201.1, 4, 106.0–137.0 mm SL, Lake Ruwe, 2 km southeast of Mkongo, south shore, northern Rufiji River floodplain, Mkongo, 07° 53′ 00″S 38° 46′ 00″E, 28 Jul 1979, Bernacsek et al. COMPARATIVE MATERIALS EXAMINED: Alestes macrophthalmus: AMNH 217360, Malagarazi River, Tanzania. – AMNH 245441, 1µCT scan, Sangha River at Senga Bato, Republic of Congo. – Alestopeterius dentex: AMNH 226449, 1C&S, Niger River, Benin. – Alestopetersius caudalis: AMNH 263304, Congo River, Boma, Democratic Republic of Congo. – Alestopetersius hilgendorfi: AMNH 244114, 1µCT scan, Yenge River at Boyenga, Democratic Republic of Congo. – Arnoldichthys spilopterus: AMNH 233398, Lower Niger River, Nigeria. – AMNH 216017, 1µCT scan, New Calabar River, Nigeria. – Bathyaethiops atercrinis: AMNH 253502, 2C&S, 1µCT scan, Lekoumou River, Republic of Congo. – Bathyaethiops greeni: AMNH 252261, Salonga National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo. – Bathyaethiops breuseghemi: AMNH 269023, 1µCT scan, Lulua River, Democratic Republic of Congo. – Brachypetersius altus: AMNH 252504, Kwilu River, Democratic Republic of Congo. – AMNH 259243, 2µCT scan, Mai Ndombe River, Democratic Republic of Congo. – Brachypetersius notospilus: AMNH 253967, 1µCT scan, Lebayi River, Republic of Congo. – Brycinus macrolepidotus: AMNH 239507, 1C&S, Congo River, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo. – AMNH 270775, 1µCT scan, Niger River at Mafou, Guinea. – Brycinus nurse: AMNH 227279, Gambella, Ethiopia. – AMNH 230623, Ouandja River, Central African Republic. – AMNH 215629, 1µCT scan, Bahr El Ghazal, Sudan. – Brycinus taeniurus: AMNH 262981, 2µCT scan Gniabale River, Gabon. – Bryconaethiops microstoma: AMNH 238290, 2C&S, Malebo Pool, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo. – AMNH 263324, Boma, Congo River, Democratic Republic of Congo. – AMNH 253823, 1µCT scan, Kwilu River, Democratic Republic of Congo. – Bryconaethiops boulengeri: AMNH 240415, 1µCT scan, Odzala National Forest, Republic of Congo. – Bryconalestes longipinnis: AMNH 258383, Noumbi River, Republic of Congo. – AMNH 59626, 1µCT scan, Gola north forest reserve, Sierra Leone. – Bryconalestes. tholloni: AMNH 253925, 1 µCT scan, Kouilou-Niari at Loudima, Republic of Congo. – Clupeocharax schoutedeni: AMNH, 242487, 1µCT scan, Lac Ndekengelo, Bandudu, Democratic Republic of Congo. – AMNH 242485, 1µCT scan, Lac Ikenge, Democratic Republic of Congo. – Hemigrammopetersius barnardi: AMNH 50825, Tanzania. – Hydrocynus forskahlii: AMNH 238308, Kasai River, Bandundu, Democratic Republic of Congo. – AMNH 238305, 1µCT scan, Kasai River, Democratic Republic of Congo. – Hydrocynus vittatus: AMNH 238297, 1C&S, Fimi River, Bandundu, Democratic Republic of Congo. – Ladigesia roloffi: AMNH 50886, Sierra Leone. – AMNH 233394, 2µCT scan, Aquarium material. – Lepidarchus adonis: AMNH 261317, 2µCT scan, Guinea. – Micralestes humilis: AMNH 245464, Lengoue River, Sangha, Republic of the Congo. – AMNH 240814, 1µCT scan, Luilaka River, Democratic Republic of Congo,. – M. holargyreus: AMNH 263359, 1µCT scan, Congo River at Boma, Democratic Republic of Congo. – M. pabrensis: AMNH 57427, 2C&S, Volta River, Ghana. – AMNH 50831, 2µCT scan, no locality data. – Nannopetersius ansorgii: AMNH 258095, Kouilou, Republic of the Congo. – AMNH 263093, 2µCT scan, Lake Tchibanji, Republic of Congo. – Nannopetersius lamberti: AMNH 238370, 1µCT scan, Foulakari River, Republic of Congo. – Phenacogrammus aurantiacus: AMNH 274780, 2µCT scan, Ndzaa River, Democratic Republic of Congo. – Phenocogrammus concolor: AMNH 276321, 2µCT scan, Ndzaa River, Democratic Republic of Congo. – Phenacogrammus deheyni: AMNH 252208, 1µCT scan, Bionga Bionga, Democratic Republic of Congo. – Phenacogrammus flexus: AMNH 276320, 2µCT scan, Ndzaa River, Democratic Republic of Congo. – Phenacogrammus interruptus: AMNH 239467, 2C&S, Congo River, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo. – AMNH 256217, Kwilu River, Democratic Republic of Congo. – AMNH 274784, 2µCT scan, Lomomo River, Democratic Republic of Congo. – Phenacogrammus major: AMNH 236514, 1µCT scan, Pont So’o, Cameroon. – Phenacogrammus polli: AMNH 240818, 1C&S, Salonga National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo. – AMNH 240816, 1µCT scan, Luilaka River, Democratic Republic of Congo. – Phenacogrammus urotaenia: AMNH 253971, 2µCT scan, Lebayi River, Republic of Congo. – Rhabdalestes aeratis: AMNH 242479, 2µCT scan, Lac Besako, Democratic Republic of Congo. – Rhabdalestes septentrionalis: AMNH 275205, Kodiwol, Gaoual, Guinea. – AMNH 254042, 1µCT scan, Liberia. – Rhabdalestes yokai: AMNH 274862, 2µCT scan, Kouyou River, Republic of Congo. – Tricuspidalestes caeruleus: AMNH 252193, 1µCT scan, Ta’Simon a Bouagui, Democratic Republic of Congo., Published as part of Melo, Bruno F. & Stiassny, Melanie L. 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