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El presente artículo analiza los límites del sistema de administración de justicia ecuatoriano para garantizar el derecho de las familias de víctimas de accidentes de tránsito al acceso efectivo a la justicia y su derecho a la no revictimización. Para esto, se describe la situación del joven Fernando Jaramillo Galarza (en adelante, Fernando), quien murió a consecuencia de un accidente de tránsito, en enero de 2009. Esta muerte se produjo tres meses después de la entrada en vigencia en Ecuador de una nueva Constitución de la República, la cual estableció un nuevo paradigma de corte garantista para la protección de los derechos humanos, colocando al ser humano y sus derechos como centro de su accionar y a la justicia como una de las vías para su garantía.

El Rendimiento Académico en estudiantes universitarios, es un interés de estudio dentro de la comunidad científica; por otra parte, se ha estudiado la importancia que pueden tener los procesos internos y como estos pueden influir en el aprendizaje, donde resalta la motivación. En este contexto, se desarrolló esta investigación, centrada en determinar la relación entre las estrategias de aprendizaje y la motivación en universitarios de la carrera de Educación Inicial en modalidad en línea de la Universidad Técnica del Norte. Destaca en este trabajo, el enfoque cuantitativo, y el alcance descriptivo y correlacional, además de un diseño de la investigación no experimental, de tipo transversal. Participaron 199 estudiantes a quienes se aplicó el Cuestionario de Motivación y Estrategias de Aprendizaje (forma corta), la cual fue aplicada mediante formato digital en la aplicación Forms; los cuales fueron migrados al SPSS para la tabulación respectiva. Los resultados obtenidos más relevantes, muestran que el total de sujetos en cierta medida ponen en práctica herramientas para mejorar el rendimiento y participar activamente en el aprendizaje, así como mantener un alto nivel de motivación. Utilizando la prueba de hipótesis Chi-cuadrado, se identifica que existe una relación moderada (V de Cramér) entre las estrategias de aprendizaje y la motivación entre los encuestados (p

El presente trabajo caracteriza la afectación al patrimonio inmueble y turismo ocasionado por la actividad minera ilegal desarrollada en cantón Zaruma, Provincia de El Oro, conocida como aquella ciudad que posee emblemáticos patrimonios culturales y cuya economía se basa en gran parte a la explotación minera. Siendo esta actividad una problemática para sus habitantes y entorno, puesto que, se desarrolla de forma ilegal y crea consecuencias irreparables para el medioambiente; La explotación minera ha estado presente desde años remotos generando así un descontrol en la parte alta de la Provincia. Por ello, el objetivo central de la investigación es analizar la afectación de la minería sobre el patrimonio inmueble y con ello su repercusión al sector turístico. Por consiguiente, se enfatizó una investigación descriptiva, tomando una visión general para la explicación de la problemática y mediante la aplicación de una metodología mixta, que a través del uso de instrumentos de recolección de datos como lo es la encuesta y entrevista a los pobladores y a su vez la ejecución de la técnica de observación, por lo que, en ese sentido los resultados determinan que en conclusión que la minería ilegal ha afectado directamente a los bienes patrimoniales esencialmente al patrimonio inmueble y con ello también ha afectado al sector turístico dado que siendo el patrimonio inmueble uno de los principales atractivos de Zaruma, evidentemente el turismo se ha visto aminorado generando así la pérdida de puestos de trabajo, pérdida de ingresos, entre otros.

Background: Despite many publications on rehabilitation after repair of flexor tendon injuries of the hand, there is no consensus as to which method is superior. It is clear that nonadherence to postoperative therapy adversely affects the outcome after flexor tendon surgery. In the context of a developing country, the most important factor associated with poor outcome is late onset of rehabilitation therapy. An autonomous rehabilitation program is proposed, with the use of a low-cost splint and based on an online illustrative video with the expectation to improve adherence and patient compliance, thus ensuring satisfactory outcome. Methods: Twenty-two consecutive digits of 14 patients after flexor tendon repair in zone II were included. Autonomous early passive mobilization physical therapy and splinting started shortly after surgery, supported by an online available video depicting prescribed exercises; follow-up was continued until postoperative week 20. Patients were evaluated regarding range of motion, grip strength, and the Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (QuickDASH) disability scale. Results: Range of motion after 20 weeks according to the scoring system of the American Society of Surgery of Hand was excellent in 4, good in 11, and fair in 4 fingers. The mean total active motion score was 86% (95% confidence interval, 78%-93%). The mean grip strength at final follow-up was 86% of the contralateral hand. The mean QuickDASH score was 12.5 (2.3-31.8). Conclusion: This protocol achieves good results in range of motion and early return of function of the hand. We propose this simple, nonexpensive method to developing countries with less than optimal availability of health care.

El conocimiento del cuerpo humano es uno de los grandes retos en el diseño de vestuario, la calidad en el desarrollo técnico de una prenda surge a partir del entendimiento de las formas, medidas, tallas y proporciones que son la base para elaborar el patrón o molde en una prenda. Los métodos estadísticos y la tecnología 3D son una herramienta de gran utilidad para la industria del vestuario, facilitan la captura y análisis de datos a partir de avatares tridimensionales asociados a las diferentes tipologías de cuerpo. El método utilizado tiene como objetivo la clasificación e identificación de las formas y tipologías del cuerpo, desarrollado en las siguientes etapas: definición de los valores de referencia a partir de medias poblacionales, definición de los anchos de intervalo comparando las tallas y medidas, cálculo de las diferencias en los valores de referencia, definición del indicador relativo al tamaño de la persona, obtención de las diferencias entre las medidas, y por último la clasificación del cuerpo, lo que generó como resultados siete tipologías de cuerpos clasificados según sus formas.

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo desarrollar el proceso de galletería sin gluten, utilizando como materia prima principal la avena, miel de abeja y quinua, las mismas que fueron parte de las recetas en las variedades de sucreé, briseé y sablée. La metodología fue experimental, con diferentes tratamientos para poder identificar la mejor forma de aplicar la formulación, en los resultados pudieron desarrollarse de manera bastante interesante gracias a la versatilidad de la avena pulverizada y la harina de quinua, en vista de que su valor nutricional es ausente de gluten y por las características de la galletería. Como conclusión, cabe mencionar que la avenina se caracteriza por ser una proteína potencialmente nociva para el celíaco, pero al compartir contenido con la harina de quinua disminuye el riesgo de intoxicación por parte de este producto generando de esta manera una alternativa de alimentación para las personas intolerantes al gluten.

Human actions compromise the many life-supporting functions provided by the freshwater cycle. Yet, scientific understanding of anthropogenic freshwater change and its long-term evolution is limited. Using a multi-model ensemble of global hydrological models, we estimate how, over a 145-year industrial period, streamflow and soil moisture have deviated from pre-industrial baseline conditions (defined by 5th–95th percentiles, at 0.5° grid level and monthly time step). We find increased frequency of local deviations on ~45% of land area, mainly in regions under heavy direct or indirect human pressures. To estimate humanity’s aggregate impact on the freshwater cycle, we present the evolution of deviation occurrence at regional to global scales. Currently, local streamflow and soil moisture deviations occur on 18.2% and 15.8% of global land area, respectively, which is 8.0 and 4.7 percentage points beyond the ~3 percentage point wide pre-industrial variability envelope. Finally, we discuss applying our approach to define a planetary boundary for freshwater change. Our results indicate a substantial shift from stable pre-industrial streamflow and soil moisture conditions to persistently increasing change and a transgression of the freshwater change planetary boundary, calling for urgent actions to reduce human disturbance of the freshwater cycle.

Tropical Alpine Ecosystems are high-altitude grasslands located above 3000 m.a.s.l. along the tropical belt of three continents. Their unique vegetation and soil characteristics, in combination with low temperature and abundant precipitation, create the most advantageous conditions for regulating and storing surface and groundwater. However, increasing temperatures and changing patterns of precipitation due to greenhouse-gas-emission climate change are threatening these fragile environments, reducing their extent and modifying their altitudinal distribution range. Here, we investigate the impact of climate change on the distribution and extent of global Tropical Alpine Ecosystems. We use an ensemble of historical and projected climate data (SSP585) from seven General Circulation Models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) to estimate annual average values of temperature and annual accumulated values of precipitation for reference (1985-2014) and far future (2070-2100) 30-year periodos. We produced the 95% probability current and future hydroclimatic spaces for every ecosystem to determine the range at which Tropical Alpine Ecosystem currently thrives in the climatic space, and investigate a number of hydroclimatic variables. Then, we used the projected climate time-series data to assess the current Tropical Alpine Ecosystem areas that will be unable to keep up with the temperature and precipitation changes by exceeding their reference climatic boundaries in the far future. Overall, our results showed that the Tropical Alpine ecosystem would drastically reduce its extent. Approximately 45% of its current extent will experience hydroclimatic conditions beyond their reference climatic boundaries. For example, the Ethiopian montane moorlands in Africa will be the most impacted ecoregion with a reduction of approximately 95% of its current extent. For the case of páramos in the North of the South American continent, increasing temperatures and changing precipitation will render ~50% of the current extent unsuitable for these ecosystems during the dry season. Our results highlight the magnitude of the impacts of climate change on Tropical Alpine Ecosystem and the vulnerability of water security of millions of people who depend on its ecological functioning. These results also have implications for biodiversity conservation, as endemic species will be threatened by habitat reduction and shifts in their distribution ranges.

The loss of hydrological connectivity and fragmentation of natural wetlands have driven widespread wetland degradation worldwide. Monitoring techniques are needed to assess the degree of fragmentation and to aid with the restoration of affected wetlands. Hydrogeodetic tools such as wetland Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) can be used to monitor wetland hydrology as it provides information on three-dimensional flow dynamics at a high spatial resolution. While this technique has been utilized previously for the manual assessment of hydrological connectivity in wetlands, this study proposes the first deep learning-based approach for the automated detection of barriers to the natural water flow that cannot otherwise be identified by conventional space imagery. To this end, a deep convolutional network is trained by segmenting edge features in ALOS PALSAR-1 L-Band InSAR images captured between 2006 and 2011. The training dataset consists of manually labelled and delineated barriers showing abrupt changes in water surface elevation and 22 wrapped interferograms with high coherence across several sample sites in the Everglades and the wetlands of southern Louisiana, United States. The scenes were processed in the Interferometric synthetic aperture radar Scientific Computing Environment (ISCE). The network is set up using a UNet structure with alternating convolutional and pooling or upsampling layers along a contracting and expanding part. The validation of the resulting pixel-wise segmentation shows that the network can successfully detect hydrological barriers in wetlands. Apart from identifying the location of barriers, the CNN can be applied to identify the type and persistence of the fragmentation over the entire wetland. Utilizing the multitemporal data additionally helps detect seasonal changes in the presence or absence of hydrological barriers in the sample sites. This study demonstrates the potential of deep learning techniques for the automated detection of hydrological parameters in InSAR imagery and sets the groundwork for the automated monitor of wetland fragmentation across the world.

Water availability can be linked to a country's stability, internal security, and the occurrence of violence and governability, in the environmental change context. For instance, lack of access to water resources can trigger political conflicts, be used as a tool for political negotiation or attacks on water infrastructure can be used as a source of intimidation. The potential political risks associated with water availability take particular relevance at the scale of international and transboundary hydrological basins and under conditions of water-food scarcity or political instability. To date, although water risks occurring within the boundaries of the hydrological basin have been studied across several case studies in the literature, the issue of risks arising from water upwind-downwind dependency has been overlooked. For instance, precipitation in a hydrological basin or agricultural centre regions with a high dependency on terrestrial moisture recycling may originate in upwind terrestrial areas outside of the basin boundaries. Here we study geopolitical risk related to this water dependency by analizing terrestrial moisture recycling. Our analysis shows that some hydrological basins in Africa, Asia and South America present a high risk of experiencing geopolitical conflicts when there is a large extension of croplands, high moisture recycling dependency and their precipitationsheds extend over warmongering countries. Hence, our results indicate that addressing transboundary water security from a surface perspective can underlook potential geopolitical conflicts that may threaten regional water-food security and peace. These risks need special international attention to guarantee global peace and agricultural production.

Research on the protection and preservation of wetlands has traditionally focused on direct human drivers and impacts of climate change occurring in their upstream hydrological basin. However, since precipitation falling in the hydrological basin comprises both oceanic and terrestrial evaporation originating mostly outside of the basin boundaries, upwind land use and hydroclimatic changes affecting this supply of precipitation also need to be assessed. This study assesses the vulnerability of 40 wetlands of international importance to land use and hydroclimatic changes occurring upwind (i.e., in their precipitationsheds). We here use a dataset containing atmospheric moisture flows in combination with evaporation from natural and current vegetation to analyse the impact of extra-basin vegetation changes on the precipitation over the wetland basins. The analysis shows that historical land-use conversion has already caused reduced incoming precipitation into most wetland hydrological basins. The strongest effects are seen in (sub)tropical wetlands in South America, Africa and Asia and especially those located downwind of large agricultural areas. Based on our results and current wetland decline rates, we find that wetland sites in China, India, South America and Sub-Saharan Africa are especially threatened by hydroclimatic and vegetation changes outside of their basins. Additionally, larger basins appear to be more reliant on evaporation from within their basin boundaries than smaller hydrological basins. Using wetland ecosystems as an exemplary case, this study stresses the need to incorporate downwind effects to land-use changes in sustainable ecosystem management approaches. Since the transition from potential natural vegetation to agricultural land is often associated with changes in evaporation, land conversion may affect the resilience of wetland water availability. Following this analysis of the upwind moisture sources of wetland basins, future studies should investigate the potential effect of wetland loss on downwind precipitation patterns.

The purpose of the research is to determine the relationship between the teaching attitude associated with new information and communication technologies in times of the COVID-19 pandemic. For this, a quantitative, basic approach was applied, with a hypothetical-deductive method, non-experimental design, correlational descriptive. The sample consisted of 105 primary school teachers from UGEL No. 15. The technique applied was a survey through two questionnaires, validation through expert judgment, and reliability was determined with Cronbach's Alpha coefficient (0.97). According to the results, it was obtained that the Spearman's Rho correlation coefficient equal to 0.656 and the significance is ρ = 0.01 (ρ < 0.05), so the null hypothesis is rejected and it is accepted that there is a direct relationship between attitude teacher and the use of new information and communication technologies in times of pandemic by COVID-19.

La violencia es considerada como toda acción que usa la fuerza física o abuso del poder en contra de la integridad de una persona o de uno mismo, la cual se encuentra en relación con factores biológicos, psicológicos, estructurales, sociales, entre otros. Muchas de las veces la gran parte de la población desconoce de estos temas, convirtiéndose en un problema que se suscita a diario a nivel mundial. La siguiente investigación busca determinar las causas, factores y consecuencias de la violencia tanto a nivel cognitivo como físico, basándose en la importancia de la psicología para evitar daños a la salud de una persona. Se realizó una investigación bibliográfica en donde se indaga en varios libros, artículos, capítulos de libros, entre otros, con la finalidad de analizar las diversas consecuencias de la violencia. Finalmente, se encontró que las consecuencias de la violencia se dan a nivel anímico, como trastornos del estado de ánimo, y en trastornos de personalidad.

Se realizó una revisión sistemática con la finalidad de estudiar los antecedentes en la infancia de los hombres perpetradores de violencia íntima de pareja (VIP) y los trastornos mentales en niños y hombres asociados con esta problemática. Adicionalmente, se realizó una revisión de las estrategias de prevención e intervención que pueden ser utilizadas para atender casos de violencia infantil y para hombres con diagnósticos mentales que son a su vez perpetradores de violencia íntima de pareja. La información recopilada sirve para generar conciencia sobre la necesidad de su incorporación en las estrategias de detección, prevención e intervención dirigidas a la perpetración de violencia íntima de pareja por parte de hombres.

El estudio tuvo como objetivo demostrar la mejora significativa en la producción de textos explicativos tras la aplicación de la estrategia de textualización en alumnos de una escuela secundaria ubicada en Lima. Tiene un enfoque cuantitativo de tipo aplicada con diseño cuasi experimental. La población estuvo conformada por 309 estudiantes, la muestra fue no probabilística y estuvo formada por 52 estudiantes. La técnica utilizada fue la observación y los instrumentos utilizados fueron una rúbrica de medición de la producción de textos expositivos y el instrumento de prueba de redacción. La validez fue dada por juicio de expertos y la confiabilidad se comprobó mediante el estadístico alfa de CronBach aplicado a una muestra piloto de 30 estudiantes. Según los resultados obtenidos se concluye que la producción de textos expositivos mejora significativamente al aplicar la estrategia de textualización en estudiantes de secundaria de una escuela pública de Lima, ya que los resultados del estadístico U-Mann-Whitney: 5,546 y p= 0,000.

Variación de la nitrificación con el cambio de pH en un suelo volcánico de la Serie Valdivia

Este libro es el primero de tres que se editan en el marco del programa Colombia Científica-Alianza efi en su componente macroeconómico. En este compendio de trabajos, el lector encontrará reflexiones críticas, formales y sistemáticas sobre temas significativos para el estudio de la informalidad, como su medición, aspectos macroeconómicos de su modelación, calidad del empleo, sus vínculos con la institucionalidad, y se avanza en el análisis de su relación con el crecimiento y desarrollo económicos, aproximándose a los choques externos. Este esfuerzo del conjunto de autores que aquí han contribuido es el fruto de la creación de un ecosistema de universidades y de un grupo crítico de investigadores preocupados por este fenómeno de las economías modernas, que tiene tanto de fascinante como de preocupante.

The global target to protect 30% of Earth’s land and ocean by 2030 has prompted governments to report their progress in biodiversity conservation. Announcements of countries reaching 30 % of conservation area are widely commended by the international community, despite signs of increasing pressures within protected areas, poor representativity of key threatened ecosystems, and a lack of indicators to monitor the impact of conservation areas on people. Using Colombia’s experience, we urge megadiverse countries to report indicators of how conservation actions at local scales impact global outcomes, how other effective area-based conservation measures (OEMCs) enhance the impacts of the existing protected area network, and how conservation areas promote an equitable and efficient distribution of benefits to people.

El estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la incidencia que tiene el liderazgo transformacional en las relaciones interpersonales y trabajo colaborativo de los directivos de la UGEL 11. El estudio fue de tipo básico, el método hipotético deductivo y el diseño no experimental, la población de estudio comprendió 380 individuos entre docentes, directivos, personal de servicio y administrativo de la UGEL 11. La muestra fue de 75 individuos, siendo el muestreo no probabilístico. La técnica empleada fue la encuesta en la cual se colectó la pesquisa usando un muestreo no probabilístico; como instrumento se empleó el cuestionario que fue validado por juicio de expertos y con una prueba binomial para las tres variables, estas pruebas validaron los instrumentos. Según los resultados obtenidos se concluye que el liderazgo transformacional incide significativamente en las relaciones interpersonales y trabajo colaborativo en las instituciones educativas de la UGEL 11 Cajatambo.

El objetivo del presente estudio se enfocó en la producción de cárnicos en la zona centro del Ecuador, lo cual servirá para establecer una línea de trazabilidad en carnes y productos ahumados, se identificaron varias causas y efectos de los que se desprendieron la búsqueda bibliográfica de información y las normativas nacionales vigentes, y el estudio diagnóstico para identificar los procesos en diferentes centros de faenamiento en las provincias de Tungurahua y Cotopaxi; es así que se desarrolló la propuesta basándose en los hallazgos en la cual se plasman los sistemas de trazabilidad del procesamiento para carnes y ahumados calificando como aplicables en el medio dando seguridad a la población de la calidad de los productos.

This chapter presents collaborative peace education as a perspective to the development of capacities for conflict transformation in countries that have experienced socio-political violence. For this, it takes the Colombian violence as a context to integrate principles of peace education, conflicts transformation, social constructionism, and collaborative practices in order to establish working premises and ideas for scenarios where strengthening a culture of peace is required. From the revision of these concepts, the authors propose four principles that support the collaborative peace education, some contents that can be developed in an initiative of this type and relevant ideas to choose the format to be used in a collaborative peace education program.

The Budyko framework consists of a curvilinear relationship between the evaporative ratio (i.e., actual evaporation over precipitation) and the aridity index (i.e., potential evaporation over precipitation) and defines evaporation's water and energy limits. A basin's movement within the Budyko space illustrates its hydroclimatic change and helps identify the main drivers of change. On the one hand, long-term aridity changes drive evaporative ratio changes, moving basins along their Budyko curves. On the other hand, historical human development can cause river basins to deviate from their curves. The question is if basins will deviate or follow their Budyko curves under the future effects of global warming and related human developments. To answer this, we quantify the movement in the Budyko space of 405 river basins from 1901–1950 to 2051–2100 based on the outputs of seven models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project - Phase 6 (CMIP6). We account for the implications of using different potential evaporation models and study low- and high-emissions scenarios. We find considerable differences of movement in Budyko space regarding direction and intensity when using the two estimates of potential evaporation. However, regardless of the potential evaporation estimate and the scenario used, most river basins will not follow their reference Budyko curves (>72%). Furthermore, the number of basins not following their curves increases under high greenhouse gas emissions and fossil-fueled development SP585 and across dry and wet basin groups. We elaborate on the possible explanations for a large number of basins not following their Budyko curves.

Con el desarrollo de esta obra, el objetivo principal de los autores es que la presente se convierta en una forma de enseñanza que transmita conocimientos para ser aplicados en la práctica cotidiana, ademas que sea de utilidad en momentos decisivos en los que los profesionales deban actuar con diligencia, efectividad, sensibilidad y agudeza. Debido a que es en estas circunstancias que el paciente espera lo mejor del saber de sus médicos.

Emilia Barreto-Duran,1 Claudia Camila Mejia-Cruz,1 Luis Fernando Jaramillo-Garcia,2 Efrain Leal-Garcia,3 Alfonso Barreto-Prieto,1 Viviana Marcela Rodriguez-Pardo1 1Grupo de Inmunobiología y Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia (South America); 2Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana., Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá D.C., Colombia (South America); 3Departamento de Ortopedia y Traumatología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana., Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá D.C., Colombia (South America)Correspondence: Viviana Marcela Rodriguez-Pardo Email vivianar@javeriana.edu.coIntroduction: The human bone marrow microenvironment is composed of biological, chemical and physical factors that act in a synergistic way to modulate hematopoietic stem cell biology, such as mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), endothelial cells (ECs) and low oxygen levels; however, it is difficult to mimic this human microenvironment in vitro.Methods: In this work, we developed 3D multicellular spheroid (3D-MS) for the study of human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) with some components of perivascular niche. HSCs were isolated from umbilical cord blood, MSCs were isolated from human bone marrow and a microvasculature EC line (CC-2811, Lonza®) was used. For the formation of a 3D structure, a magnetic levitation culture system was used. Cultures were maintained in 21%, 3% and 1% O2 for 15 days. Culture volume, sphericity index and cell viability were determined. Also, human HSC proliferation, phenotype and production of reactive oxygen species were evaluated.Results: After 15 days, 3D-MS exhibited viability greater than 80%. Histology results showed structures without necrotic centers, and higher cellular proliferation with 3% O2. An increase in the expression of the CD34 antigen and other hematopoietic antigens were observed to 1% O2 with MSCs plus ECs and low ROS levels.Conclusion: These findings suggest that 3D-MS formed by MSCs, ECs and HSCs exposed to low concentrations of oxygen (1– 3% O2) modulate human HSC behavior and mimics some features of the perivascular niche, which could reduce the use of animal models and deepen the relationship between the microenvironment of HSC and human hematological diseases development.Keywords: hematopoietic stem cells, niche, bone marrow, microenvironment, 3D culture

Study region: Selenga River Delta (SRD), Russia. Study focus: How is water occurrence changing in the SRD, and what are the hydroclimatic drivers behind these changes? The presence of water on the surface in river deltas is governed by land use, geomorphology, and the flux of water to and from the Delta. We trained an accurate image classification of the Landsat satellite imagery during the last 33 years to quantify surface water occurrence and its changes in the SRD. After comparing our estimations with global-scale datasets, we determined the hydrological drivers of these changes. New hydrological insights for the region: We find mild decreases in water occurrence in 51% of the SRD's surface area from 1987–2002 to 2003–2020. Water occurrence in the most affected areas decreased by 20% and in the most water-gaining areas increased by 10%. We find a significant relationship between water occurrence and runoff (R2 =0.56) that does not exist between water occurrence and suspended sediment concentration (SSC), Lake Baikal's water level, and potential evapotranspiration. The time series of water occurrence follows the peaks in the runoff but not its long-term trend. However, the extremes in SSC do not influence surface water occurrence (R2

Ongoing and future hydroclimatic changes have large environmental and societal impacts. In terrestrial ecosystems, these changes are usually described with the terms ‘wetter’ and ‘drier’, which refer to the change in the quantity and/or presence of water, either as water fluxes or stocks. We conducted a literature review of almost 500 recent climate change studies to quantitatively investigate the consistency of the use of these terms across disciplines, regarding the hydroclimatic variables they are related to. We found that although precipitation is prevalently used to describe ‘wetter’ and ‘drier’ conditions, many other variables are also used to refer to changes in water availability between research fields, pointing to a varied perspective on the use of these terms. Some studies do not define the terms at all. In order to facilitate meta-analyses across disciplines, we therefore highlight the need to explicitly state which hydroclimatic variables authors are referring to. In this way, we hope that the terms ‘wetter’ and ‘drier’ used in scientific studies are easier to relate to hydroclimatic processes, which should facilitate the application by authorities and policy makers.

Este estudio combina análisis socio-históricos y funcionales, bajo una perspectiva regional, de una microcuenca hidrológica; intenta entender los patrones de uso pasados e identificar debilidades y fortalezas hacia un plan de manejo integral del territorio y el agua. El análisis reveló que, en términos del funcionamiento, esta microcuenca depende de un sistema de flujo regional y conexión a otras microcuencas adyacentes, y que las interrelaciones entre los componentes natural y social, así como los movimientos ciudadanos organizados fueron aspectos clave en el rescate de la microcuenca y en la creación de un programa de manejo dinámico adaptativo.

A new probabilistic conceptual model, named the Assessment Model of Human Impact on Runoff Based on Stationarity Hypothesis (AMHIRBSH), was developed to attribute runoff variations to human activit...

Introducci��n: El estudio coloca en la palestra los efectos del aislamiento social decretado por el gobierno peruano a causa de la emergencia sanitaria por la presencia del Covid-19, en los aspectos socioemocionales de la inteligencia emocional y c��mo est��s influyen en las relaciones intrapersonales e interpersonales que constituyen base fundamental del clima institucional en docentes de las instituciones educativas del distrito de Comas. Metodolog��a: el estudio de enfoque cuantitativo, tipo b��sico, nivel explicativo-causal, dise��o no experimental- transeccional, m��todo hipot��tico ��� deductivo. Estudio censal, constituido por 139 docentes de educaci��n b��sica regular. Los instrumentos para la recolecci��n de datos fueron: para la inteligencia emocional, el inventario del coeficiente emocional de BarOn (I-CE), adaptado al contexto peruano y para la variable clima institucional, el cuestionario de la Escala de Clima Laboral (CL-SP). Resultados: Para el resultado se aplic�� la regresi��n log��stica ordinal, por la naturaleza de las variables cuya medici��n fue a trav��s de la escala ordinal. Considerando cuatro supuestos, la prueba de ajuste de los modelos, prueba de bondad de ajuste de los modelos, estimaciones de los par��metros y la prueba Pseudo R cuadrado. Conclusiones: indican que la variabilidad del clima institucional depende de la inteligencia emocional, as�� como de sus componentes te��ricos, autoconocimiento, autorregulaci��n, motivaci��n, empat��a y habilidad social.

Introducción: El estudio coloca en la palestra los efectos del aislamiento social decretado por el gobierno peruano a causa de la emergencia sanitaria por la presencia del Covid-19, en los aspectos socioemocionales de la inteligencia emocional y cómo estás influyen en las relaciones intrapersonales e interpersonales que constituyen base fundamental del clima institucional en docentes de las instituciones educativas del distrito de Comas. Metodología: el estudio de enfoque cuantitativo, tipo básico, nivel explicativo-causal, diseño no experimental- transeccional, método hipotético – deductivo. Estudio censal, constituido por 139 docentes de educación básica regular. Los instrumentos para la recolección de datos fueron: para la inteligencia emocional, el inventario del coeficiente emocional de BarOn (I-CE), adaptado al contexto peruano y para la variable clima institucional, el cuestionario de la Escala de Clima Laboral (CL-SP). Resultados: Para el resultado se aplicó la regresión logística ordinal, por la naturaleza de las variables cuya medición fue a través de la escala ordinal. Considerando cuatro supuestos, la prueba de ajuste de los modelos, prueba de bondad de ajuste de los modelos, estimaciones de los parámetros y la prueba Pseudo R cuadrado. Conclusiones: indican que la variabilidad del clima institucional depende de la inteligencia emocional, así como de sus componentes teóricos, autoconocimiento, autorregulación, motivación, empatía y habilidad social.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is twofold: first, to examine a customer orientation mechanism through which abusive supervision influences retail salespeople’s job performance; and second, to investigate how abusive supervision’s effects may be moderated by the same leader’s use of contingent punishment and contingent reward.Design/methodology/approachTwo studies provide consistent findings. Study 1 used the field survey data from 129 salespeople in 42 retail stores. The proposed moderated mediation model was estimated using the random coefficient modeling technique. Findings were replicated in Study 2, in which data were collected from a sample of 679 US retail salespeople recruited through M-Turk.FindingsResults from both studies show that abusive supervision reduces salespeople’s job performance through lowering their customer orientation. Furthermore, the use of contingent punishment from the same supervisor buffers abusive supervision’s detrimental effect, whereas the use of contingent reward augments it.Research limitations/implicationsThe issues the authors address in this research have significant implications for the literature of abusive supervision and retail selling. First, the authors contribute to the abusive supervision literature by pointing it out that the negative effect of abusive supervision can spill over to organizations’ external stakeholders, namely, customers. Previous research on abusive supervision has mainly focused on how abused subordinates exhibit hostile acts directed against the supervisor, coworkers and the organization (Tepperet al., 2017), with little attention paid to abusive supervision’s impact on organizations’ external stakeholders such as customers. This research fills the void by placing impaired customer-orientation as a critical consequence of abusive supervision. Second, this research tests a contingent self-regulation impairment model of abusive supervision and advances our understanding about how the same supervisor’s functional leadership behaviors (contingent reward/punishment) may set contingencies for the effect of abusive supervision on employee outcomes. This investigation clears the doubts about whether the use of functional leadership behaviors along with abusive supervision buffers or aggravates the detrimental effect of the latter. Finally, this study’s findings shed new insights to marketing practitioners, especially in understanding how salespeople may vent their stress on the customers when being abused by their supervisors. Without this in mind, supervisors may not be aware of the consequences of their abusive behavior and may even develop an illusion that such a practice worked. This research shows that abusive supervision can lower employees’ customer orientation, which will hurt the company in the long run.Practical implicationsThe findings intend to provide important guidelines for companies to develop effective workshops and training programs to combat the detrimental effects of abusive supervision in the retailing industry. For example, the findings shed new insights in understanding how employees may vent their stress on the customers when being abused by their supervisors. Without this in mind, supervisors may not be aware of the consequences of their abusive behavior and may even develop an illusion that such a practice worked. Another important managerial implication of this research is that the use of contingent reward after mistreating subordinates can backfire. Supervisor abuses, followed by a contingent reward, send an inconsistent signal to the employee that creates confusion and strain. Inconsistent actions from the supervisor also produce ethical tensions that reduce customer-oriented behaviors and a company’s ability to serve the customer (Friend et al., 2020). These training programs are important methods to combat the detrimental effects of abusive supervision in the workforce.Originality/valueThis research draws on the contingent self-regulation impairment model as an overarching framework to unpack the relationship between abusive supervision and salespeople’s job performance. Integrating three research streams (i.e. abusive supervision, leadership reinforcement and retail selling), this study proposes customer orientation as a novel mechanism and sheds light on how abusive supervision interplays with contingent punishment/reward to impact salespeople’s outcomes.

We use a dynamic international trade model to analyse the implications of international trade for agents’ preferences and economic growth. This model is based on the home market effect with external habit formation (“catching up with the Joneses”) and “learning by doing” in production. We demonstrate the following: the historical composition of consumption in countries determines industrialization after trade; the preferences of agents converge after trade, independent of the economic results; and the welfare effects of trade may be positive or negative depending on trading partner characteristics. In some scenarios, autarky is strictly preferred to trade. Thus, international trade does not necessarily imply greater welfare, as is the typical result in a static context under CES preferences.

Long-term customer relationships develop over repeated interactions, underscoring the importance of frontline employees (FLEs) engaging in ethical behaviors. Therefore, organizations must understand how a strong ethical climate (EC) may affect attitudes and behaviors among FLEs. This study reviews frontline-related EC research and employs a meta-analytic approach to investigate the direct, indirect, and contingent effects of EC on FLE actions, attitudes, and outcomes. The authors reviewed 67 frontline-related studies comprising a sample of 21,118 respondents to assess meta-analytic associations and derive a model for structural testing. The findings from this study show that a strong EC drives customer-oriented behaviors, fosters desirable job attitudes, reduces felt stress, increases perceived performance, and decreases turnover intentions among FLEs. The strength of theses associations is often predicated on individual-level (FLE experience), study-level (response rate), and country-level (perceived corruption, individualism/collectivism) factors. This study offers theoretical and managerial contributions germane to multiple uncertainties in service literature about EC’s implications on FLEs, including EC’s ability to break through sources of tension-facing FLEs, the mediated nature of EC’s impact on perceived performance through frontline actions, and the generalizability of the economic and human benefits of EC across service contexts and frontline roles that foster greater diffusion in practice.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-28T19:48:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2022-03-01 In humans, hospitalisation, disease type, and environmental factors evidently affect the quality of sleep, further influencing patient recovery. The objective of the present study was to report the resting and lying behaviour of hospitalised horses, and whether lying behaviours differ depending on the physiological severity of joint damage. We hypothesised that the resting and lying behaviour can change during the hospitalisation and physiological severity of joint damage affect the time of rest in horses. A descriptive observational study was performed to evaluate the effect of hospitalisation on the recumbency time of 8 adult horses with different degrees of osteoarthritis of the metacarpophalangeal joint. The horses’ rest time was monitored using cameras during the first 5 days of hospitalisation. The total time of lateral recumbency and frequency of recumbency were greater after the 4th day of hospitalisation (P

In Uganda, upgrading smallholder agriculture is a necessary step to achieve the interlinked sustainable development goals of hunger eradication, poverty reduction and land degradation neutrality. However, targeting the right restoration practices and estimate their cost-benefit at the national scale is difficult given the highly contextual nature of restoration practices and the diversity of small-scale interventions to be adopted. By analysing the context-specific outcomes of 82 successful case studies on different sustainable land and water management (SLWM) in Uganda, we estimated that out-scaling of existing successful practices to 75% of agricultural land would require a one-time investment of US$ 4.4 billion from smallholders. Our results show that, besides the many social and environmental benefit commonly associated to SLWM, a wide outscale of SLWM could generate US$ 4.7 billion every year, once the practices are fully operational. Our context-specific estimates highlight the profitability of investing in smallholder farming to achieve the sustainable development goals in Uganda, with geographical differences coming from specific social-ecological conditions. This study can guide sustainable intensification development by targeting the most suitable SLWM practices and plan for adequate financial support from government, investors and international development aids to smallholder farming.

The Budyko framework consists of a curvilinear relationship between the evaporative ratio (i.e., actual evaporation over precipitation) and the aridity index (potential evaporation over precipitation) and defines evaporation’s water and energy limits. A basin’s movement within the Budyko space illustrates its hydroclimatic change and can help identify the main drivers of change. Basins are expected to move along their Budyko curves when only long-term changes in the aridity index drive changes in the evaporative ratio. We hypothesize that the increasing effects of global warming on the hydrological cycle will cause basins to move along their Budyko curves. To test our hypothesis, we quantify the movement in Budyko space of 353 river basins from 1901 to 2100 based on the outputs of nine models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project - Phase 5 (CMIP5). We find that significant increases in potential evaporation due to global warming will lead to basins moving primarily horizontally in Budyko space accompanied by minor changes in the evaporative ratio. However, 37% of the basins will still deviate from their Budyko curve trajectories, with less evaporation than expected by the framework. We elaborate on how land-use change, vegetation changes, or shifts in precipitation or snow to rain ratios can explain these deviations.

Assessments of ecosystem service and function losses of wetlandscapes (i.e., wetlands and their hydrological catchments) suffer from knowledge gaps regarding impacts of ongoing hydro-climatic change. This study investigates hydro-climatic changes during 1976–2015 in 25 wetlandscapes distributed across the world’s tropical, arid, temperate and cold climate zones. Results show that the wetlandscapes were subject to precipitation (P) and temperature (T) changes consistent with mean changes over the world’s land area. However, arid and cold wetlandscapes experienced higher T increases than their respective climate zone. Also, average P decreased in arid and cold wetlandscapes, contrarily to P of arid and cold climate zones, suggesting that these wetlandscapes are located in regions of elevated climate pressures. For most wetlandscapes with available runoff (R) data, the decreases were larger in R than in P, which was attributed to aggravation of climate change impacts by enhanced evapotranspiration losses, e.g. caused by land-use changes.

Water bodies provide essential ecosystem services linked to morphometric features that might differ between natural lakes and reservoirs. We use the HydroLAKES global dataset to quantitatively compare large (area1 km