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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to comparatively examine the personnel working in the clothing sector by examining them in three different methods in order to determine the working postures, identification of the stress factors of musculoskeletal system and the exposures depending on the working postures. Methods used in the study, REBA (Hignett and McAtamney, 2000), Ovako Working Posture Analyzing System (OWAS) (Karhu et al., 1977) and PLIBEL (Kemmlert, 1995) are the scientific observation-based methods. Within the scope of this study, the working stations and the working postures of the operators who work in the clothing sector were examined and their movements that could cause harm to the body were examined and in conclusion some suggestions were suggested to prevent these movements. Design/methodology/approach Due to the standard unit of times in clothing sector are short and the work done is very repetitive, 30 min recording was thought as enough for each operator examined. These recorded videos were then divided into 30 s photographs to obtain the poses of the operators’ working postures. In the scope of the research, first, the PLIBEL observation form was filled as the PLIBEL method is more general one. According to the working postures, the body regions which are damaged or can be damaged were identified and the PLIBEL form was filled in the consideration of the risk factors in the form (Malchaire 2011). In addition, the photographs were also analyzed with REBA and OWAS methods for having more quantitative and detailed results. Findings The working postures of the operators who work in the cutting, sewing, ironing, quality control and packaging departments of six clothing companies were examined in the scope of this research with PLIBEL, REBA and OWAS methods in terms of ergonomy. The results belonging to each department were given separately. REBA and OWAS methods have been applied in order to investigate the working postures in more detail due to the lack of providing numerical data of the PLIBEL method. The reliability of the study has been approved with obtaining the similar results from the REBA and OWAS methods. According to Table VIII, both of the methods show that all the departments in question need ergonomic arrangements. It was analyzed that the cutting department is in the first place which needs ergonomic arrangement immediately (REBA %90.58, OWAS %87.69). Practical implications This study is composed of 65 operators who have experience between 5 and 22 years and in the age range of 22–43 working in the cutting, sewing, ironing, quality control and packaging departments in eight different clothing companies. These 65 operators were recorded by video camera during their work. The recording time were selected randomly. The movements of operators during their own work have been taken into consideration. Originality/value This paper indicates the usability of the PLIBEL, OWAS and REBA methods in clothing sector. Using these methods in clothing sectors states the value and the originality of this paper.

The Meetings, Incentives, Conferences and Exhibitions (MICE) tourism has developed rapidly in China and has become an important tourism product. By use of CiteSpace software, authors performed the scientific measurement and visual analysis of MICE tourism research papers collected in China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), including the research institutions, important journals, core authors and other external characteristics, and the knowledge graphs of co-occurrence, clustering, burst and time-line of keywords. The results showed that MICE tourism research in China has achieved great progress in the last 20 years. However, these researches generally lack of long-term investigation and cooperation, and the technology and forward-looking are not strong enough. The future research needs to be improved in depth, precision and technology, and sustainable MICE tourism should be regarded as an important concept and goal. The paper provides a new perspective for the scientific observation and analysis of MICE tourism research and development in China.

The last decades have been marked by the emergence of non-standard forms of employment and labour market precarity in most countries of the world. The paper provides insight into new modes and forms of employment as well as the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the labour market configuration. The aim of this research is to examine various problems identified during the lockdown and to make recommendations intended to protect the labour market in case of emergency. The authors applied methods of classification, comparative analysis, system analysis and scientific observation. The findings of the research include the differentiation between modes and forms of employment, taxonomy of non-standard forms of employment that makes it possible to examine current changes, factors influencing the emergence of new forms of employment, analysis of labour market transformation in the time of a pandemic, measures which have to be taken at macro-, meso- and micro-levels in order to prepare for emergencies in the labour market.

The aim of this paper is to study scientific observation from a broad perspective, taking into account history, practice and philosophical reflexivity. I shall draw on a series of new approaches variously termed: historical epistemology, history of philosophy of science, science studies, etc. Such approaches were undoubtedly sparked by the difficulties that philosophy of science encountered: if the idea of a neutral language of observation has been abandoned, debate remains as to the character and degree of the theory-ladenness of facts. Two case studies will be considered: observation in the birth of modern science and observation in the life sciences. These will enable us to follow the evolution of the related concepts of accuracy, exactness and precision, as features that render an observation scientific. On closer inspection it appears that these concepts are not given spontaneously; they had to be constructed, and this process was intimately bound up with the development of knowledge.

HinOTORI is a 50cm telescope which is co-constructed and shared by China and Japan. It can image in u’, Rc and Ic bands simultaneously, its main scientific observation targets are gravitational waves (GWs) optical counterparts (OTs). The installation of the telescope has been finished, and the engineering first light observation was carried out in May 2018. This paper will give an overall introduction and parameters of the telescope and then concentrate on a focusing method, which aims at obtaining the best focus position from the fitting equation. The reason of the best position shifting is also discussed.

Excessive land use has a series consequences on the degradation of land function and exerts tremendous pressure on the ecological environment. Farming, mining, and heavy metal pollution have resulted in many negative effects on soils. Biochar has become a hot research topic in the fields of agriculture, environment, and energy as an environmentally friendly soil improver in recent years. The application of biochar for both agricultural and environmental benefits has been studied and reviewed extensively. However, there are limited reviews on the structures of biochar and other biochar applications. This paper provides an overview of recent advances in the effects of the various physicochemical properties of biochar and biochar utilizations including its use as catalyst, soil amendment, water retention, contaminant adsorbent, gas storage, ion exchange, and soil microbial activity. Discussions on biochar on the physical, chemical, biological properties after amendment to the soil and preparation condition. However, the negative effects of biochar in preparations and applications need to be recognized through scientific observation and research. It is anticipated that further research on biochar amendment will increase the understanding on the interactions of biochar with soils, review the negative effects of biochar and it should be alleviated as much as possible.

TanDEM-X is an innovative single-pass interferometric radar mission, which is comprised of two formation flying satellites. The TerraSAR-X (TSX) satellite was launched on June 15th 2007, and its almost identically constructed twin satellite TanDEM-X (TDX) was launched on 21st of June 2010. Together they supply high-quality radar data in order to serve two main mission goals: Scientific observation of the Earth and provision of remote sensing data for the commercial market (TerraSAR-X mission), and the generation of a global digital elevation model (DEM) of the Earth’s surface (TanDEM-X mission). Between December 2010 and early 2015, radar data of all land surfaces has been acquired and as of September 2016 the final TanDEM-X DEM dataset has been available. This paper provides a final quality assessment of the TanDEM-X global DEM products with respect to the relative and absolute height accuracy and data coverage both at the global and geocell level. In addition, an overview on current mission status is given and new DEM products, which are currently in the scope of the TanDEM-X mission, are described.

Resumo : Neste trabalho pretende-se apresentar algumas reflexoes sobre a trajetoria que leva Rousseau nao apenas a aproximar-se a botânica, mas, sobretudo, a definir seu estatuto epistemologico, bem como metodologico. Nesse sentido, propoe-se mostrar em que termos – no interior do amplo panorama intelectual rousseauniano oriundo dos escritos e das cartas dos ultimos tres lustros da vida do filosofo genebrino – a botânica assume, para Rousseau, uma peculiar autonoma fisionomia e, ao mesmo tempo, torna-se paradigma para a propria filosofia. Rousseau and botany: a promenade between scientific observation and contemplation Abstract : This paper aims to present some reflections about the trajectory that leads Rousseau not only to approach botany, but, above all, to define its epistemological as well as methodological status. In this sense, we propose to show in what terms – in the broad Rousseauan intellectual panorama related to writings and letters of the last sixteen years of the Genevan philosopher’s life – botany assumes for Rousseau a peculiar autonomous physiognomy and, at the same time, becomes a paradigm for philosophy itself. Keywords : Rousseau; botany; epistemology; promenade ; observation; herborization.

German scholar Georg Christoph Lichtenberg found in the 1770s dust formations on his electrophorus, a new device for electrical experiments. These Lichtenberg Figures became famous as earliest visualizations of electricity. Their beauty captivated popular audiences, but they simultaneously aided the transformation of electricity from a scientific curiosity into a technology that would dominate the nineteenth century. This paper contrasts Lichtenberg’s observations of surfaces in arts and sciences with Johann Caspar Lavater’s practice of studying profiles in his new physiognomical “science” of which Lichtenberg was very critical. Lichtenberg’s discovery became possible by a careful distinction of artistic and scientific observation (one that Lavater fundamentally ignored), and an approach to the latter with a new eye for what would be called “scientific objectivity.” As a result, Lichtenberg’s practice and findings formed a matrix for emerging sciences and technologies in the early nineteenth century.

This paper examines the complex observational techniques of British anthropologists during the nineteenth century. In particular, using Galton’s initial work with anthropometric and composite photography in the late 1870s as a case study, it argues that nineteenth-century anthropological armchair studies were extremely sophisticated and that researchers were highly attuned to the problems associated with their methodologies. These nineteenth-century practitioners were not simply anthologising the materials of others; rather they were developing specialised methods for producing their own evidence and drawing conclusions. Moreover, Galton’s use of photographic processes is instructive because it highlights one of the ways in which researchers interested in human diversity attempted to add further scientific credibility to their arguments by utilising the most cutting-edge technologies available during the period.

The article presents the analysis of the Tatar, English and Russian paroemiological units with zoonym components. Paroemias are considered to be language units that convey wide linguo-cultural information about a particular nation. So far, the issue has been insufficiently studied in the comparative aspect. In this article, groups of paroemias have been distinguished and their distinctions and similarities have been revealed in the three languages. A short analysis of the most prevalent zoonym components is carried out as they are elements of paroemias structure, as well as their comparison is given. Purpose. The purpose of this article is to identify common and specific features among the Tatar, Russian and English paroemias with the zoonym component. The subject of the analysis is proverbs and sayings with the zoonym component. Methodology. The basis of the study is formed by the scientific observation method, comparative method, descriptive and statistical method. Results. The results of the work are a systematic study of the linguistic and cognitive features of the Tatar, English and Russian paroemia with the zoonym component. In this paper the methods of language design of paroemias with the zoonym component have been analyzed in detail in the comparative aspect in accordance with a particular communicative focus. The work makes a significant contribution to the development of the issue of speech manipulation as based on the Tatar, English and Russian paroemiological pictures of the world. Practical implications. The results of the study may find application in the development of special courses and seminars in linguistics, comparative paroemiology, linguistics and culture studies.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of librarians in the implementation of new information technology and the importance of mastery of information technology for librarians. Data collected through content analysis approach (content analysis) to research and journals related to the role of librarians and information technology, as well as the methods of scientific observation. Content analysis is a research method used to determine the conclusion of a text.The new role of a librarian is an expert in the field of information technology that supports information, including programming languages, networking, webmaster and computer technicians. This expertise makes the library does not rely on other experts, but can overcome the common problems in the field of information technology, because basically mastery of technology and language is a necessary condition for any profession.

Recognition becomes a key concept that actors in organizations require increasingly. Moreover, the concept of recognition is increasingly sought by managers and HR specialists to analyze the overall desires of people in organizations in order to lever the performance of human resources management. In this paper, beyond a more comprehensive definition of recognition, we present an analysis of the influence of the size of organizations size on the recognition expectation. The scientific observation draws on 17 diagnoses and 12 cases in small organization various sizes 1 employee to 700 employees. It leads to particularly discuss the proximity factor. Indeed, the variation of the proximity factor appears to be strongly correlated with the size of small organizations and the metamorphosis of actor’s expectations.