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This paper tries to ascertain the overall impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Dutch criminal justice system. In the Netherlands, the first case of COVID-19 was reported in February 2020. On March 16, 2020, the Netherlands went into its first lockdown which lasted until approximately June 15, 2020. The effect of the COVID-19 crisis on crime is ambiguous. Whereas less crime was expected in the physical world, more crime was expected in the online world due to the crisis. During the first lockdown all government offices were closed, including the court buildings. Only urgent criminal cases were handled by the courts. Urgent criminal cases refer to those cases where the rights of suspects were violated or the safety of victims was endangered. During the first lockdown, the backlog of court cases increased, which adversely affected all criminal justice institutions that were responsible for executing court verdicts, like the prison and probation services. This paper assesses the effect of the COVID-19 crisis on crime and the criminal justice system. First, the effect of COVID-19 on crime is assessed by performing a regression analysis on monthly crime data. Second, using a long-standing forecasting model for the criminal justice system, an estimation is made of the long term impact of the changes in the level of crime, of the shifts towards different types of crime, as well as of the reduction of the prosecutor and court backlogs, and of a possible economic downturn and increasing unemployment for the complete criminal justice system.

Background & methods National protests in the summer of 2020 drew attention to the significant presence of police in marginalized communities. Recent social movements have called for substantial police reforms, including “defunding the police,” a phrase originating from a larger, historical abolition movement advocating that public investments be redirected away from the criminal justice system and into social services and health care. Although research has demonstrated the expansive role of police to respond a broad range of social problems and health emergencies, existing research has yet to fully explore the capacity for health insurance policy to influence rates of arrest in the population. To fill this gap, we examine the potential effect of Medicaid expansion under the Affordable Care Act (ACA) on arrests in 3,035 U.S. counties. We compare county-level arrests using FBI Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program Data before and after Medicaid expansion in 2014–2016, relative to counties in non-expansion states. We use difference-in-differences (DID) models to estimate the change in arrests following Medicaid expansion for overall arrests, and violent, drug, and low-level arrests. Results Police arrests significantly declined following the expansion of Medicaid under the ACA. Medicaid expansion produced a 20–32% negative difference in overall arrests rates in the first three years. We observe the largest negative differences for drug arrests: we find a 25–41% negative difference in drug arrests in the three years following Medicaid expansion, compared to non-expansion counties. We observe a 19–29% negative difference in arrests for violence in the three years after Medicaid expansion, and a decrease in low-level arrests between 24–28% in expansion counties compared to non-expansion counties. Our main results for drug arrests are robust to multiple sensitivity analyses, including a state-level model. Conclusions Evidence in this paper suggests that expanded Medicaid insurance reduced police arrests, particularly drug-related arrests. Combined with research showing the harmful health consequences of chronic policing in disadvantaged communities, greater insurance coverage creates new avenues for individuals to seek care, receive treatment, and avoid criminalization. As police reform is high on the agenda at the local, state, and federal level, our paper supports the perspective that broad health policy reforms can meaningfully reduce contact with the criminal justice system under historic conditions of mass criminalization.

Este artículo indaga el desarrollo de experiencias educativas no formales, y desde el arte, con jóvenes en contextos de encierro en La Plata, provincia de Buenos Aires. Se propone echar luz sobre cómo se despliegan los procesos educativos con jóvenes privados de su libertad, en función del análisis de los datos colectados durante un trabajo de campo de dos años de extensión, realizado en dispositivos de encierro juvenil. Principalmente, se pretende indagar diferentes aristas de la participación de los jóvenes en tales experiencias. De esta manera, a partir de los conceptos de "desenganche", "silencio" y "afección" el interés del artículo consiste en iluminar las distintas modalidades y rasgos de la participación de los jóvenes en los encuentros educativos. Se entiende que este objetivo contribuye cualitativamente al campo de la educación en contextos de encierro, aportando a la caracterización de las formas bajo las cuales se vinculan con las propuestas educativas que suelen tener lugar en tales espacios. This paper aims to analyze non-formal educational experiences with juveniles in prisons in the city of La Plata, state of Buenos Aires (Argentina). Based on the data that was collected by observation methods, in the context of an investigation about criminal justice system, it is propose to shed some light on educational proccesses with juveniles that are behind the bars. It is intended to expand the understanding of how juveniles participate on those experiences, and the types of behaviours that they develop on that occasions. This paper takes as a starting point the concepts of "weariness", "silence" and "afections", in order to categorize and explain the several types of participation that juveniles tend to set up when the educational activities take place. By doing this, we tend to make an affective contribution on the field of education in jails, focusing in a dimensión almost unexplored by other authors. Fil: Urtubey, Federico. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación. Instituto de Investigaciones en Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales (UNLP-CONICET); Argentina.

El present article analitza el paper de les dones del moviment republicà irlandès encarcerades a l'única presó femenina del nord d'Irlanda —Her Majesty's Armagh Prison— entre 1971 i 1982. S'hi fa un repàs en clau de gènere de les diferents campanyes dutes a terme per les persones empresonades. Així, analitza el paper del moviment republicà irlandès respecte del rol actiu de les dones en la lluita armada i el comportament que aquestes hauran de tenir com a presoneres de l'IRA. De la mateixa manera, s'hi examina com elles subvertiran aquest rol per donar poder al seu activisme, al seu cos i, en definitiva, a la seva lluita per la consecució d'una Irlanda unificada i socialista de trenta-dos comtats., This article analyzes the role of women in the Irish republican movement, imprisoned in the only prison for women in the north of Ireland: Her Majesty's Armagh prison between 1971 and 1982. An overview in terms of gender is made of the different campaigns developed by both male and female prisoners. Thus, analyzes the role of the republican Irish movement regarding the active role of women in the armed struggle and the behaviour that these women should have as IRA prisoners. Similarly, it examines how women subvert this role in order to empower their activism, their body and, definitively, their fight for achieving a unified and socialist 32 counties of Ireland., El presente artículo analiza el papel de las mujeres del movimiento republicano irlandés encarceladas en la única prisión femenina del norte de Irlanda —Her Majesty's Armagh Prison— entre 1971 y 1982. Se hace un repaso en clave de género de las distintas campañas llevadas a cabo por las personas encarceladas. Así, se analiza el papel del movimiento republicano irlandés respecto al rol activo de las mujeres en la lucha armada y el comportamiento que estas deberán tener como prisioneras del IRA. Del mismo modo, se examina cómo ellas subvertirán este rol para dar poder a su activismo, a su cuerpo y, en definitiva, a su lucha por la consecución de una Irlanda unificada y socialista de treinta y dos condados.

This paper uses a theoretical perspective based on the ideas of Foucault, critical criminology, and rural criminology, to examine how social relations influenced tax evasion mechanisms in agriculture in the province of Córdoba, Argentina. The paper’s main contribution is to show how tax evasion mechanisms are deeply rooted in social relationships developed in the grain market. Through the analysis of thirty interviews, official statistics of tax evasion convictions, and administrative resolutions issued by the national tax agency, I argue that severe formal controls were unsuccessful in eradicating tax evasion because normative changes could not abruptly annul the social relations that made tax evasion in agriculture possible. On the contrary, tax evasion persisted, although some evasion mechanisms were left aside and new ones were created. Thus, it is necessary to stress the importance of a paper that studies economic crimes in geographic areas outside the global north, such as rural Argentina.

The aim of this paper is to assess to what extent prohibitive drug policies hamper the management of drug problems from the perspective of young people who have experience with the criminal justice systems (CJS). Qualitative, in-depth interviews were carried out in six European countries (Austria, Denmark, Germany, Italy, Poland, and the UK) following a common interview guide to obtain comparative data on the life trajectories of drug experienced youth. Altogether 198 interviews with people aged 14–25 years were collected and analysed by national teams following a common coding book. Unintended consequences of drug policies for the individual and society were identified. Individual consequences included health consequences and traumatic experiences with law enforcement. Social consequences included those affecting social relations such as stigmatisation and those impacting on institutions, for example, focusing on drug use and neglecting other problems. This paper confirmed earlier research indicating unintended consequences of prohibitive drug policies but also added to the literature its cross-national perspective and use of young people narratives as a source of analyses. There are, however, policy measures available that may reduce the volume and range of unintended effects. Their implementation is crucial to reduce the array of unintended consequences of prohibitive drug policies.

Background There is a high risk of death from opioid overdose following release from prison. Efforts to develop and implement overdose prevention programs for justice-involved populations have increased in recent years. An understanding of the gaps in knowledge on prevention interventions is needed to accelerate development, implementation, and dissemination of effective strategies. Methods A systematic search process identified 43 published papers addressing opioid overdose prevention in criminal justice settings or among justice-involved populations from 2010 to February 2020. Cross-cutting themes were identified, coded and qualitatively analyzed. Results Papers were coded into five categories: acceptability (n = 8), accessibility (n = 4), effectiveness (n = 5), feasibility (n = 7), and participant overdose risk (n = 19). Common themes were: (1) Acceptability of naloxone is associated with injection drug use, overdose history, and perceived risk within the situational context; (2) Accessibility of naloxone is a function of the interface between corrections and community; (3) Evaluations of overdose prevention interventions are few, but generally show increases in knowledge or reductions in opioid overdose; (4) Coordinated efforts are needed to implement prevention interventions, address logistical challenges, and develop linkages between corrections and community providers; (5) Overdose is highest immediately following release from prison or jail, often preceded by service-system interactions, and associated with drug-use severity, injection use, and mental health disorders, as well as risks in the post-release environment. Conclusion Study findings can inform the development of overdose prevention interventions that target justice-involved individuals and policies to support their implementation across criminal justice and community-based service systems.

A narrative systematic review was undertaken of the literature concerning the health of people on probation. In this paper, we provide an up-to-date summary of what is known about suicide and suicidal ideation and probation. This includes estimates of prevalence and possible predictors of suicide and suicidal ideation. Searches were conducted on nine databases from January 2000 to May 2017, key journals from 2000 to September 2017, and the grey literature. A total of 5125 papers were identified in the initial electronic searches but after careful double-blind review only one research paper related to this topic met our criteria, although a further 12 background papers were identified which are reported. We conclude that people on probation are a very high risk group for completed suicide, and factors associated with this include drug overdose, mental health problems, and poor physical health. There is a clear need for high quality partnership working between probation and mental health services, and investment in services, to support appropriate responses to suicide risk.

A narrative systematic review was undertaken of the literature concerning the health of people on probation or parole (community supervision). In this paper, we provide an up-to-date summary of what is known about substance misuse in this context. This includes estimates of the prevalence and complexity of substance misuse in those under community supervision, and studies of the effectiveness of approaches to treating substance misuse and engaging and retaining this population in treatment. A total of 5125 papers were identified in the initial electronic searches, and after careful double-blind review only 31 papers related to this topic met our criteria. In addition, a further 15 background papers were identified which are reported. We conclude that internationally there is a high prevalence and complexity of substance misuse amongst people under community supervision. Despite clear benefits to individuals and the wider society through improved health, and reduced re-offending; it is still difficult to identify the most effective ways of improving health outcomes for this group in relation to substance misuse from the research literature. Further research and investment is needed to support evidence-based commissioning by providing a detailed and up-to-date profile of needs and the most effective ways of addressing them, and sufficient funds to ensure that appropriate treatment is available and its impact can be continually measured. Without this, it will be impossible to truly establish effective referral and treatment pathways providing continuity of care for individuals as they progress through, and exit, the criminal justice pathway.

The abundance of individuals with serious mental illness in the criminal justice system requires nationwide attention. The technical project undertakes unprecedented research by connecting criminal justice organization data with mental health screening and treatment data to better understand and serve the mentally ill inmate population and establish best practices for resource allocation and management. The STS project analyzes the ethical usage of Big Data technologies in the criminal justice system. The STS project also identifies whose role it is to minimize biases present with the usage of criminal predictive technologies. The two projects coupled together provides a holistic analysis of the criminal justice system. The mentally ill inmate population makes up nearly a third of the Albemarle-Charlottesville Regional Jail cohort. Currently, individuals with severe mental illness, such as major depression, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder, are not receiving the support they need, often resulting in cycles of recidivism, taking them repeatedly through the criminal justice system. The technical research team collected data from four community organizations: Albemarle-Charlottesville Regional Jail (ACRJ), Region Ten Community Service Board (R10), Offender Aid and Restoration probationary services (OAR), and the Thomas Jefferson Area Coalition for the Homeless (TJACH). The team also acquired from the regional jail The Brief Jail Mental Health Screener, an eight question screener that indicates whether an inmate should be “screened in”, meaning they should be referred for further mental health evaluation or “screened out”. The individual databases were cleaned, analyzed and merged to allow analyses spanning multiple organizations. The team’s findings were presented back to the Charlottesville community in hopes to help policy makers make informed decisions regarding the treatment of the mentally ill inmate population. To better understand how the screened-in and screened-out population experience probation differently, a general linear model was created to predict probation success at Offender Aid and Restoration probationary services. The results showed that among screened-out individuals, a low recidivism risk score, was the only statistically significant predictor of successful probation. On the other hand, for individuals with a serious mental illness, charges classified as assault were more than twice as likely to successfully complete probation. Another key area of analysis was understanding how to better connect individuals who screened in at Albemarle-Charlottesville Regional Jail to treatment at Region Ten Community Service Board, a Charlottesville organization that provides treatment for both mental health and substance abuse. The first geocoding analysis done in the history of this 10+ year project illustrated how linkage can be strongly affected by where individuals live. Predictive technologies are used in the criminal justice system to identify geographic areas with probabilities of higher crime. The STS project looked to identify the ethical biases present with criminal predictive technologies and who should ensure the technology’s usage benefits society. The STS paper draws on sources that analyze the Atlanta Police Department’s employment of criminal predictive technology and an evaluation of England and Wales’ predictive policing behaviors. The sources’ conclusions arose from interviews with law enforcement agencies, academic and legal experts and police representatives. The STS research revealed several critiques about criminal predictive technology. The paper outlines three arguments against the usage of predictive policing: the start and finish of a criminal procedure is blurred, the technologies can cause contextual information during an arrest to be disregarded, and that inaccuracy of predictions can occur due to ground truth criminality data not being fully reported or accurate. The paper maps the solution to the STS problem using an adaptation of Carlson’s Social Constructivism framework. The framework includes the addition of multiple stakeholders like health care providers and government legislators, in hopes that the chance of biases and inconsideration of human rights are decreased. In conclusion, the technical and STS topics coupled together complement each other by providing a more comprehensive view of the injustices within the criminal justice system. Technologies, whether it be data analysis or predictive tools, hold the ability to both greatly benefit and greatly harm society. It is the stakeholder’s role to shape the technologies and ensure they are used to their full ethical potential.

The aim of this thesis was to examine detectives’ perceived awareness of how to recognise, accommodate and support children and adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) who come into contact with the Criminal Justice System (CJS) through the investigative interviewing process. This objective was based on a comprehensive body of literature establishing the negative trajectory for youth with ADHD as well as the difficulties in the investigative interviewing process for such youth. The aim of this thesis was investigated through three empirical studies and one discussion paper. This involved three published papers and one paper under review. Study One investigated 46 detectives’ perceptions of the extent to which they encountered ADHD type behaviour in interviewees and their predictions on the likelihood of ongoing CJS contact for these youth. Study One further explored the extent to which detectives perceived ADHD interviewee behaviour to impact their work as well as their ability to identify ADHD as a likely diagnosis in youth interviewees. This involved detectives making ratings based on four purpose-written vignettes. The detectives reported their perception that they encountered a high number of interviewees displaying ADHD-type behaviour in their work. They also reported perceiving such youth to be at a very significant risk of future contact with the Criminal Justice System and and that ADHD-type behaviour exerted a highly significant impact on interviewing time efficiency as well as quality. The detectives provided highly significant ratings of ADHD as a likely explanation of the ADHD type behaviour described in all vignettes. However, they were unable to identify ADHD as the most likely explanation over and above other possible explanations for the behaviour. Study Two explored the perceptions of 102 Child Protection Investigation Unit (CPIU) detectives, regarding the impact of ADHD type behaviour on each of the ten components of the Cognitive Interview (CI), based on four vignettes. CPIU Detectives reported perceiving ADHD type interviewee behaviour to exert a highly significant impact on their ability to implement every components of the CI. In particular, CPIU detectives perceived ADHD type behaviour to exert the most significant impact on the CI components “Encourage Concentration”, “Mentally Recreate” and “Change Order” respectively. Study Three surveyed the same 102 CPIU detectives as surveyed in Study Two. The detectives were surveyed about perceptions of their own skill and knowledge regarding youth interviewees with ADHD; past and present training opportunities in this area; as well as preferences regarding future training. Specifically, CPIU detectives were asked to report their perceptions regarding their own knowledge and skill as well as their potential to access training, regarding the interviewing of youth with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). They were also asked to rate the degree to which they would like to see a new training program developed, which addresses the interviewing of youth with ADHD. Finally, participants were asked to provide pedagogical preferences regarding future training opportunities. The results showed detectives perceived only a moderate ability to recognize ADHD and how it may impact the interviewing process, as well as just an average confidence in their ability to modify the CI to accommodate youth with ADHD. Furthermore, they reported below average satisfaction with past training as well as with their ability to access existing training in the area. These detectives stated a desire for a new training program focused on interviewing youth with ADHD and in particular for this to involve online learning, followed up with workshops and role plays. The final study in this thesis was a discussion paper. This paper summarises the literature reviews and empirical results of the three previously mentioned studies/papers. The findings are drawn together to form a rationale for a future specialized detective training program in this area. Specifically, recommendations are made regarding the design features of a potential specialized training program for detectives interviewing ADHD-affected youth. This includes suggested accommodations and adjustments for each of the ten components of the CI, based on best-practice cited in the literature regarding how schools and families may support youth with ADHD. Such accommodations and adjustments target a range of difficulties in executive function and emotional regulation skills, known to be associated with a diagnosis of ADHD. Recommendations also cover pedagogical considerations such as the mode of delivery, use of resources and format for assessment of competency. Together, the research reported in this thesis provides a strong rationale for future research and detective training development, as well as a potential roadmap to enhanced interviewing and outcomes of children and adolescents with ADHD within forensic settings.

With the development of e-commerce, online shopping has become one of the most important consumer channels. However, the lack of government supervision, insufficient review of e-commerce platforms, illegal sales of online sellers and invalid consumer complaints have led to frequent green product quality problems during online shopping. Therefore, this paper considers that the online seller may be driven by interests, colluding with the e-commerce platform and selling low quality green product. At the same time, we introduce consumer feedback, and take the government supervision department, the online seller and the e-commerce platform as actors of the evolutionary game. In this paper, the evolutionary strategy choices of each actor were analyzed, and the influence of different factors on the evolutionary stability results was explored. Research indicates: firstly, consumer complaints play an indirect regulatory role for the online seller; secondly, the enhancement of the loss-sharing relationship between the online seller and the e-commerce platform can promote the legal operation of the two and prevent collusion; thirdly, the impact of consumer complaints on the choice of the e-commerce platform depends on the government supervision department’s penalty for the e-commerce platform; finally, the e-commerce platform establishes a reasonable reward system, which can make up for the defects of the online seller using advanced technology to avoid punishment. Our paper uses Matlab 2017 for simulation analysis and provides effective advices on how to urge the government supervision department to effectively supervise, promote the e-commerce platform to enhance review, urge the online seller to legal sale, and encourage consumers to legally defend their rights.

This paper presents some reflections on the ongoing postdoctoral research entitled “Driven by passion”: gender, race and class in the Angela Davis’ criminal process, that aims to investigate a case of subjectivity production of a female offender by the criminal justice system. By means of the case study strategy, we develop an empirical work of qualitative nature with the use of documental analysis of the criminal procedure in which Angela Davis was prosecuted for kidnapping, homicide and conspiracy by The California Department of Justice in 1972. We aim to comprehend the discursive and performative operations of transforming an icon, an intellectual black feminist, at that time already a Ph.D. in Philosophy, into a “woman driven by passion”. Inspired by black feminist epistemology I propose the strategy of the single case study to think of class, race, and gender social markers articulated in the criminal process of Angela Davis as significant also in other experiences in the criminal justice system. In the end, I seek to portray how Angela Davis's experience with criminal justice and her account of it in the double acussed-author can contribute to the discussion of the processes of criminalization and black female subjectivation, placing this research in a wider debate about the relations of gender, race, class and law, which seems to us a necessary and promising horizon for the Brazilian legal and criminological field. Este paper apresenta algumas reflexões da pesquisa de Pós-doutoramento denominada “Levada pela paixão”: gênero, raça e classe no processo criminal de Angela Davis que tem por objetivo investigar um caso de produção da subjetividade da mulher criminosa pelo sistema de justiça criminal. Trata-se de um trabalho empírico de natureza qualitativa com uso de análise documental, com o objetivo de compreender a operação discursiva e performática de transformar um ícone- uma intelectual feminista negra, àquela altura já doutora em filosofia- em uma “mulher movida pela paixão”. Inspirada pela epistemologia feminista negra proponho a estratégia do estudo de caso único para pensar os marcadores sociais de classe, raça e gênero articulados no processo criminal de Angela Davis como significativos também em outras experiências no sistema de justiça criminal. Ao final, busco retratar como a experiência de Angela Davis com a justiça criminal e o relato dela sobre a mesma, no duplo ré-autora, pode contribuir na discussão dos processos de criminalização e subjetivação feminina negra, situando esta pesquisa em um debate mais amplo acerca das relações de gênero, raça, classe e direito, o qual nos parece um horizonte necessário e promissor para o campo jurídico e criminológico brasileiro.

This paper outlines the key elements of research that was carried out between 2010 and 2011 at the Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge by Hales and Gelsthorpe (2012) on the Criminalisation of Migrant Women in terms of goals, research methods, key findings and resultant policy and practice implications. It then goes on to document developments in the UK since publication of the findings and conclusions that we can draw from these in terms of meeting the challenges of combatting human trafficking. Este artículo traza los elementos claves -objetivos, métodos de investigación, hallazgos principales e implicaciones resultantes sobre políticas y prácticas- de la investigación Criminalisation of Migrant Women (criminalización de mujeres migrantes) que realizaron Hales y Gelsthorpe (2012) entre 2010 y 2011 en el Instituto de Criminología de la Universidad de Cambridge. Después, documenta los avances en el Reino Unido desde la publicación de los hallazgos, y las conclusiones que podemos extraer de aquellos en términos de superación de los desafíos que plantea la lucha contra la trata de personas.DOWNLOAD THIS PAPER FROM SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=3082873

The aim of the paper is to present the views of the doctrine on the mediation and the benefits it brings to the victim, the perpetrator and society. The paper analyses the significance of implementation of the European Parliament and Council Directive 2012/29. This document, devoted to victims? rights protection, has had significant impact on introducing restorative justice provisions into the Polish Code of Criminal Procedure of 1997. The paper discusses effectiveness of mediation in the Polish criminal procedure. It also examines statistical data collected from Polish courts regarding mediation. The conclusion is that mediation does not constitute a competitive institution towards the traditional judicial system which still remains the only ?supplier? of cases for mediation in criminal matters in Poland.

Conflitos entre policiais e operadores da justiça são recorrentes nos estudos sobre o sistema de justiça criminal. Por outro lado, não são raras as pesquisas que mostram como uma instituição tende a ratificar o trabalho da outra. Realizamos uma revisão bibliográfica dos artigos publicados no Brasil nos últimos dez anos (2011-2021) que abordam as relações entre esses dois atores. Neste texto, buscamos compreender: 1) como essa relação tem sido explorada nos trabalhos acadêmicos; 2) as bases dos conflitos e como eles se reproduzem nas percepções e nas práticas cotidianas do sistema de justiça; e 3) se as inovações implementadas nesse período impactaram essa relação. Conflicts between police officers and justice workers are recurrent in studies on the Brazilian criminal justice system. On the other hand, studies that point out that one institution tends to ratify the work of another are also not rare. In Conflicts and Confluences between the Police and the Judiciary in Studies Published between 2011 and 2021 we carried out a literature review of the papers published in Brazil in the last ten years (2011-2021) which address the relationships between these two actors. In this text, we seek to comprehend: 1) how this relationship has been explored; 2) the basis of these conflicts and how they take place in the system and in the daily practices of these organizations; and 3) whether innovations implemented during this period have affected this relationship.

Although our legal imaginaries focus on adversarial criminal processes correlated with serious wrongdoing, low-level criminal justice dominates practice. In this very different reality, legal operators process in extremely short amount of time routinary cases. Processing takes place with little to no contestation. The paper examines this reality, giving a broad picture of its main characteristics, the reasons that explain its practical dominance, giving a first glimpse into the organization of mass processing in Chile., Pese a la concentración en el estudio de un imaginario del derecho penal adversarial y centrado en comportamientos especialmente reprochables, la práctica del sistema penal tiende a operar en una realidad distinta: la de los delitos de baja entidad. En ellos, casos rutinarios son procesados con dosis muy bajas de conflicto. El presente artículo tematiza esta realidad, poniendo de relieve las principales características de este modo de operación, las razones por las que predomina en la práctica, y dando un vistazo inicial a su modo de funcionamiento en Chile.

Namen diplomskega dela je prikazati do zdaj še neobjavljene in neraziskane statistične podat-ke za Slovenijo na področju kaznovanja od leta 1945 do 1989. Pregled literature, preteklih raziskav in analiza statističnih podatkov je pokazala na neraziskanost statistične analize obsojencev v Jugoslaviji in Sloveniji, njihovih zločinov ter kazni, ki so jih prejeli za svoje zločine. Analiza je bila narejena z uporabo računalniškega programa Excel. Za interpretacijo rezultatov statističnih analiz in razlago sprememb v politiki kaznovanja v Sloveniji za izbrano obdobje smo uporabili kavzalno metodo (vzročno posledič-no smo ugotavljali povezanost med pojavi). Pred izvedbo statističnih analiz smo pregledali relevantno literaturo z namenom identifikacije sprememb v kaznovalni zakonodaji, katerim je sledil razvoj slovenske penologije, saj je le-ta kot veda o izvrševanju kazenskih sankcij ključnega pomena za temo delo in razumevanje sprememb v pristopu do obravnave obsojencev (razvoj iz avtoritarnega pristopa do tretman-skega). Dotaknili smo se tudi odnosa znotraj slovenskih zaporov, pravice obsojencev, samomorilnosti, povratništva, socialne klime, izobraževanja in dela obsojencev, razvoja alternativnih kazenskih sankcij kot tudi resocializacije slovenskih zapornikov, kjer smo s pregledom preteklih študij predstavili spremembe na omenjenih področjih. V zadnjem delu so prikazane statistične spremembe v slovenski zaporski populaciji v letih od 1952 do 1989. Pomanjkanje statističnih podatkov za Slovenijo v obravnavanem obdobju in urejenosti arhivskih virov ter literature, ki je na voljo le v tujini, predstavljata glavni omejitvi tega dela. Izvirnost študije se kaže v prvem poskusu sistematičnega prikaza trenda zaporske populacije v obdobju socialistične Slovenije. The purpose of this diploma paper is to present the previously unpublished and not researched statistical data for Slovenia in the field of punishment for the period from 1945 to 1989. A review of relevant literature, past research and analysis of statistical data revealed the inex-plicability of the statistical analysis of convicts in Yugoslavia and Slovenia, their crimes and sentences they received for their crimes. The analysis was made using the Excel computer pro-gram. Causal method was used to interpret the analysis and explain the changes that penaliza-tion policy in Slovenia had for the selected period. Prior to the statistical analysis, a review of the relevant literature was made, with the aim of identifying changes in the penal legislations followed by the development of Slovenian penol-ogy, since it is the science that knows how to enforce criminal sanctions. Slovenian penology was crucial for the topic of the diploma, as well as for understanding changes in the approach to convicts development (from militant approach to treatment). We also touched upon the relationship within Slovenian prisons, the rights of prisoners, suicide, retaliation, social climate, education and the work of prisoners, the development of alternative criminal sanctions as well as the resocialization of Slovenian prisoners, where we reviewed the changes in the above top-ics by reviewing past studies. The last part of the paper displays the statistical changes in the Slovenian prison population from 1952 to 1989. The lack of statistical data for Slovenia, during the period under our atten-tion and the lack of order of archive sources as well as literature, available only in foreign countries, present the main limitations of this paper.

In a recidivism prediction context, there is no consensus on which modeling strategy should be followed for obtaining an optimal prediction model. In previous papers, a range of statistical and machine learning techniques were benchmarked on recidivism data with a binary outcome. However, two important tree ensemble methods, namely gradient boosting and random forests were not extensively evaluated. In this paper, we further explore the modeling potential of these techniques in the binary outcome criminal prediction context. Additionally, we explore the predictive potential of classical statistical and machine learning methods for censored time-to-event data. A range of statistical manually specified statistical and (semi-)automatic machine learning models is fitted on Dutch recidivism data, both for the binary outcome case and censored outcome case. To enhance generalizability of results, the same models are applied to two historical American data sets, the North Carolina prisondata. For all datasets, (semi-) automatic modeling in the binary case seems to provide no improvement over an appropriately manually specified traditional statistical model. There is however evidence of slightly improved performance of gradient boosting in survival data. Results on the reconviction data from two sources suggest that both statistical and machine learning should be tried out for obtaining an optimal model. Even if a flexible blackbox model does not improve upon the predictions of a manually specified model, it can serve as a test whether important interactions are missing or other misspecification of the model are present and can thus provide more security in the modeling process.

In view of the current severe situation of illegal land use in China, it is of great significance to explore the impact of the evolution and promotion of land law enforcement effectiveness, which will improve China’s land law enforcement system and effectively curb illegal land use. This paper explains the changes and enhancements of the effectiveness of land law enforcement since the implementation of China’s National Land Supervision System in terms of the deterrence, difficulty, and strength of land law enforcement, and explores the role of land law enforcement effectiveness in changing illegal land use behaviors from a theoretical level. Then, a corresponding empirical test was carried out using the provincial panel data of Mainland China from 2007 to 2016. The results show that the increase in land law enforcement deterrence and strength will help reduce the number of illegal land use cases, but it will drive the lawbreakers to "commit major cases in desperation", leading to the increase of the degree of illegal land use; and with the decrease of land law enforcement difficulty, the degree of illegal land use will be significantly reduced. At the end of this paper, several policy suggestions are put forward to effectively curb the illegal land use from the perspective of improving the land law enforcement system and enhancing the effectiveness of law enforcement.

Mediation as an alternative technique for solving criminal conflicts anchored in the idea of restorative justice was introduced in Portugal through Law no. 21/2007. After a promising start, mediation was gradually abandoned, having been in a lethargic state since 2017. Seeking to understand the possible causes of this decay and to envisage the possibility of its resumption, we analysed in this paper whether the view and the actuation of members of the Portuguese Prosecutor’s Office in relation to mediation among the causes of its abandonment. This verification was carried out, methodologically, through the collection of documentary data and by listening to the members of the Prosecutor’s Office themselves.

El análisis de los espacios de encierro constituye un ámbito de indagaciones interesante para conocer y estudiar las prácticas de gobierno que se despliegan en los contextos carcelarios. La delimitación de espacios de privilegio, de uso común o bien de mayor imposición de tormentos, desplegada en función de los mecanismos de gobierno sobre los internos, son factores que organizan una geografía carcelaria, moldeada mediante usos y prácticas sociales que sólo pueden ser identificados mediante la observación in situ. Este artículo propone el análisis de un Centro Cerrado de privación de la libertad para jóvenes procesados penalmente en el ámbito de la ciudad de La Plata, provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. El objetivo general está dado por indagar de qué manera la dimensión espacial y arquitectónica del Centro Cerrado constituye una dimensión expresiva de la racionalidad punitiva del dispositivo penal. Se utilizó una metodología de corte cualitativo, tomando como referencia a fuentes primarias (notas de campo y entrevistas) producto de un trabajo de campo de duración bianual. Algunos resultados del estudio echan luz sobre las intersecciones entre diversas prácticas de poder que moldean el gobierno de los sujetos en el encierro penal, permitiendo identificar especialmente el lugar que ocupa el funcionamiento de la organización espacial en estas dinámicas., The analysis of confinement spaces presents itself as an interesting field of investigation to study the governing practices put on display in prisons. The delimitation of spaces of privilege, of common use or either of greater imposition of punishment, which are deployed based on the governing mechanisms that are put into work over the inmates, are organizing factors of a prison geography, shaped by social customs and practices that can only be identified through in situ observation. This paper aims to explore and describe a High Security Center for criminal youths, in the city of La Plata, state of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Its main goal is to inquire into the way in which the spatial and architectural dimension of the High Security Center constitutes an expressive dimension of the punitive rationality of the penal device. In order to do that, a qualitative methodology has been used, taking as reference primary sources such as field notes and interviews, which are the product of a two years field work. Some of the results of this research shed light over the intersections between different power practices that shape the governing of subjects in confinement, allowing to specially identify the place occupied by the functioning of a spatial organization within those dynamics., Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación, Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales

Children in most African traditional societies were not actively involved in decision-making processes in matters affecting them thereby impacting on the enjoyment of their rights. These traditions have been abandoned with the adoption of article 12 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) which provides for children’s right to participate in all matters affecting them. Sexual offences against female children are prevalent in Uganda due to the vulnerability and age. As victims of sexual abuse, children are often called upon to testify in criminal proceedings. Although children’s right to participate in criminal trials is guaranteed in the Constitution of Uganda and other national laws such as the Children’s Act, prosecution of sexual offences in Uganda’s adversarial system is hindered by lack of victim’s medical evidence, absence of eye witnesses to the commission of the offence, traumatic and unregulated cross-examination by defence counsel and limited participation based on age. These hinder female victim’s participation in criminal trials. This calls for adoption special protective measures such as use of video testimony, use of child sensitive cross-examination techniques, concealing victim’s identity during trial, exclusion of public from the court room, use of intermediaries. Not only will these provide relief to the victim but will enhance female child victim participation in sexual abuse trials. This paper examines the role of child victims in criminal trials. It reviews the international and regional legal framework regulating child participation in Uganda’s criminal justice system in part two. It further points out the adversarial system as a major barrier to female child victim participation. Lastly, the paper advances reasons for use of special protective measures intended to protect victims of sexual abuse from intimidation and secondary victimisation while testifying in criminal proceedings.

Resumen: El trabajo presenta los resultados de una investigación cuyo objetivo central es ofrecer una aproximación con base empírica acerca de las prácticas y usos que en nuestro sistema de justicia penal tiene la prueba pericial (con foco en la Región Metropolitana), ello a la luz de su impacto en la producción de decisiones erradas. Los hallazgos dan cuenta que se desarrollan diversas prácticas que han sido descritas en el ámbito comparado como riesgosas desde el punto de vista de aumentar la probabilidad de condenas erróneas, como el uso de prueba de baja confiabilidad y un escaso control de calidad de la misma por litigantes y jueces en distintas instancias procesales. El texto finaliza identificando algunas líneas de trabajo futuro destinadas a minimizar riesgos, las que incluyen: desarrollo de programas de capacitación especializados para los actores del sistema legal, fortalecimiento de especialidades forenses y del trabajo de las comunidades de profesionales expertos y propuestas de reforma legal destinadas a mejorar el control en el uso de esta prueba. Abstract: The paper presents the results of a research oriented to offer an empirically based approach about the practices and uses of expert evidence in our criminal justice system (with focus on the Metropolitan Region), in the light of its impact on wrongful decisions. The findings show several practices that have been described at a comparative level as dangerous in terms of increasing the likelihood of wrongful convictions, such as, use of evidence of low reliability and scarce control of its quality by the parties and judges en different procedural stages. The paper concludes with the identification of some lines of future work oriented toward minimizing the risks. Those includes: development of specialized training programs to legal actors of the system, strengthening of forensic specialties and the work of professional expert community and proposals of legal reform oriented to improve controls in the use of this evidence.

The association of criminal justice system and the constitution is one which cannot be ignored. Where the constitution plays the role of being the grundnorm for a country and grants several rights to its citizens, the criminal justice system plays the role of guardian of those rights by protecting them and punishing the wrongdoers. The criminal justice system of a country is highly dependent upon the constitution as it aspires for regular support from it to maintain law and order in the territory. The author in this research paper discusses in length the support granted to criminal justice system by the constitution through citing revolutionary changes brought in Indian Scenario by various landmark rulings. The author has also tried to throw ample amount of light and briefly elaborate the inter linkage between the provisions of the criminal legislations and the Constitution of India.

Purpose This paper aims to describe and analyse Swiss prisoners’ and experts’ views on collective punishment, the practice where a group is punished for one person’s transgression. Design/methodology/approach A series of qualitative interviews with prisoners and stakeholders are reported following thematic analysis. Findings Despite being forbidden by the Geneva Convention and other international instruments, participants from this study expressed the view that collective punishment continues to be practiced in some form in prisons in Switzerland, violating the rights of prisoners via unjust and arbitrary decision-making, unjust rules, inequalities in prison structures and continuation of incarceration based on the behaviour of others. Families can also be both victims and vectors of collective punishment, and prolonging the detention of prisoners who would otherwise have been released because of rare high-profile cases of reoffending can also be considered a form of collective punishment. Originality/value These significant findings suggest that collective punishment in various forms continues to be used in Swiss prisons.

Social media represent an important source of news for many users. They are, however, affected by misinformation and they might be playing a role in the growth of political polarization. In this paper, we create an agent based model to investigate how policing content and backlash on social media (i.e. conflict) can lead to an increase in polarization for both users and news sources. Our model is an advancement over previously proposed models because it allows us to study the polarization of both users and news sources, the evolution of the audience connections between users and sources, and it makes more realistic assumptions about the starting conditions of the system. We find that the tendency of users and sources to avoid policing, backlash and conflict in general can increase polarization online. Specifically polarization comes from the ease of sharing political posts, intolerance for opposing points of view causing backlash and policing, and volatility in changing one’s opinion when faced with new information. On the other hand, it seems that the integrity of a news source in trying to resist the backlash and policing has little effect.

Prisons are probably the most debatable institutions within the Criminal Justice System in any given country and as such demand contemporary explanation and understanding. Despite the fact that prisons affect the life of many people, not only of those incarcerated but also of their families and friends, nevertheless they do not receive the necessary attention; instead they remain the most enigmatic and less interesting organizations amongst the Criminal Justice System in general.This paper, by using a literature review approach, looks into some of the most important debates, similarities and differences respectively, about prisons in England and Wales, and Kosovo. Whilst most of the problems both countries face are of similar nature, Kosovo nevertheless faces some additional problems which are not visible in the England and Wales prisons. The paper further examines the causes of these problems in the Kosovo prisons and the involvement of the international community and their efforts in assisting Kosovo in fixing the problems in the field of corrections as part of the Kosovo state-building process.The paper will show that both countries face difficulties with similar problem areas such as overcrowding, running costs, and so on. However, compared to England and Wales, the problems Kosovo prison system is facing are of a more serious and complicated nature which require serious involvement of the Kosovo government and policy makers as well as the international community which has been present in Kosovo since 1999.

Based on research undertaken as part of the EU funded EPPIC project, this paper aims to update and elaborate on the relationship between drug use and offending behaviours by exploring variations within a cross-national sample of drug-experienced young people in touch with criminal justice systems. Adopting a trajectory-based approach, interviews were undertaken with 198 young people aged 15–25 in six European countries (Austria, Denmark, Germany, Italy, Poland, and UK). Data were analysed by applying the Bennett and Holloway categorization of the drugs-crime link, with a focus on the concept of social exclusion as developed by Seddon. Three main types of mechanisms (economic, pharmaceutical, and lifestyles) are used to interpret the data, showing how the relationship between drugs and offending can vary according to type of substances and over time. Furthermore, it can be associated with very different degrees of social exclusion and needs. The results suggest that while economic inequalities still play key roles in explaining drug use and offending, both behaviours can originate from a state of relative deprivation, resulting from the contradictions inherent in ‘bulimic societies’ that raise aspirations and desires while providing young people scarce opportunities for self-realisation and social recognition.

H παρούσα εργασία έχει ως θέμα τα δικαιώματα και την προστασία των θυμάτων εγκλήματος. Σκοπός της παρούσας ανάλυσης είναι να παρουσιαστεί όσο το δυνατόν με καλύτερο και συνεκτικό τρόπο τα δικαιώματα των θυμάτων στο γενικότερο πλαίσιο του ποινικού συστήματος δικαιοσύνης, Στην πρώτη ενότητα πραγματοποιείται μια σύντομη ανασκόπηση της εννοιολογικής θεώρησης του θύματος, με το εντοπισμό και παράθεση των βασικότερων νομοθετικών ορισμών. Παράλληλα, θα έχουμε την ευκαιρία να μελετήσουμε εν τάχει την ιστορική εξέλιξη του ρόλου και της θέσης του θύματος στο ποινικό συστημα από την αρχαιότητα μέχρι σήμερα. Στη δεύτερη θεματική ενότητα θα προβούμε σε μια εκτεταμένη ανάλυση και σχολιασμό των δικαιωμάτων των θυμάτων εγκλήματος, ως αυτά παρατίθενται στην ευρωπαϊκή οδηγία 2012/29/ΕΚ. Είναι κοινά παραδεκτό ότι, η εν λογω οδηγία θεσπίζει τα ελάχιστα πρότυπα σχετικά με τα δικαιώματα, την υποστήριξη και την προστασία των θυμάτων εγκληματικότητας, δίνοντας έτσι φωνή και ανάστημα στα θύματα κατά τη διάρκεια των διαδικασιών ποινικής δικαιοσύνης. Έτσι κατ αυτό το τρόπο θα επιχειρήσουμε μια ουσιαστική επισκόπηση και σχολιασμό των δικαιωμάτων αυτών. Η ένταξη του θύματος στο πεδίο της απονομής της ποινικής δικαιοσύνης αποτελεί το τρίτο και ίσως σημαντικότερο άξονα ανάλυσης της παρούσας ερευνητικής μας προσπάθειας. Ειδικότερα, στο κεφάλαιο αυτό θα έχουμε την ευκαιρία να προβούμε σε μια συνεκτική παρουσίαση του ρόλου του θύματος σε όλα τα στάδια της ποινικής διαδικασίας, ξεκινώντας από το στάδιο της καταγγελίας στην αστυνομία, και ακολούθως το στάδιο της ποινικής δίκης. Στη τέταρτη ενότητα της παρούσας μεταπτυχιακής εργασίας, θα μας απασχολήσει η δυνατότητα επανορθωτική και/ή αποκαταστατική δικαιοσύνη του θύματος ως εναλλακτική επίλυση του συστήματος ποινικής δικαιοσύνης. Μέσα από αυτή την ενότητα θα προσπαθήσουμε να παρουσιάσουμε με όσο το δυνατό συνοπτικό τρόπο την έννοια και το περιεχόμενο της επανορθωτικής δικαιοσύνης, ακολούθως θα εξετάσουμε τη σχέση μεταξύ της οδηγίας 2012/29/ΕΚ σε σχέση με την επανορθωτική δικαιοσύνη, και τέλος θα γίνει ειδική αναφορά στην αποζημίωση του θύματος ως ειδικότερη μορφή της αποκαταστατικής δικαιοσύνης. Κλείνοντας την παρούσα εργασια, θα προβούμε σε μια γρήγορη ανακεφαλαίωση των θεματικών ενοτήτων που έχουν αναλύσει στα πλαίσια της παρούσας εργασίας, καταλήγοντας στο συμπέρασμα ότι, παρά τη σημαντική πρόοδο που παρατηρείται τα τελευταία χρόνια στο πεδίο προάσπιση των δικαιωμάτων των θυμάτων, καθίσταται όμως αδήριτη ανάγκη για περαιτέρω αναδιάρθρωση του συστήματος, ενισχύοντας τη συνεργασία και το συντονισμό όλων των εμπλεκόμενων φορέων καθώς επίσης και την μεταρρύθμιση της ποινικής δικαιοσύνης για την ενδυνάμωση και οχύρωση των δικαιωμάτων των θυμάτων εγκλήματος. This dissertation will deal with the rights and protection of victims of crime. The purpose of this analysis is to present the rights of victims in the best possible and coherent way in the general context of the criminal justice system, The first section provides a brief overview of the victim's conceptual view, identifying and listing the most basic legal definitions. At the same time, we will have the opportunity to quickly study the historical evolution of the role and position of the victim in the penal system from antiquity to the present day. In the second section we will make an extensive analysis and commentary on the rights of victims of crime, as set out in European Directive 2012/29 / EC. It is generally accepted that this directive lays down minimum standards on the rights, support and protection of victims of crime, thus giving victims a voice and stature during criminal proceedings. In this way we will attempt a substantial review and commentary on these rights. The inclusion of the victim in the field of criminal justice is the third and perhaps most important axis of analysis of our current research effort. In particular, in this chapter we will have the opportunity to make a coherent presentation of the role of the victim at all stages of the criminal proceedings, starting with the stage of reporting to the police, and then the stage of criminal proceedings. In the fourth section of this postgraduate thesis, we will deal with the possibility of remedial and / or restorative justice of the victim as an alternative solution to the criminal justice system. Through this section we will try to present as briefly as possible the meaning and content of remedial justice, then we will examine the relationship between Directive 2012/29 / EC in relation to remedial justice, and finally a special reference will be made. in compensating the victim as a more specific form of restorative justice. Concluding this dissertation, we will take a quick look at the themes that have been analyzed in this paper, concluding that, despite the significant progress made in recent years in the field of advocacy for victims, there is still an further restructuring of the system, strengthening the cooperation and coordination of all stakeholders as well as the reform of criminal justice in order to strengthen and strengthen the rights of victims of crime.

The smooth running of the criminal justice system is very essential in the socio economic development of every nation. It helps in curbing criminality and the maintenance of law and order in society. However, where the criminal justice system is dysfunctional, anarchy and lawlessness rather than rule of law becomes the order of the day, and that seems to be the situation in Nigeria today. The prevalence of violent crimes such as street crimes, cultism, militancy, and terrorism has made lives and property insecure, and the criminal justice system seems overwhelmed to contain the situation. The Nigerian criminal justice system has been plagued by several problems particularly issues relating to prison overcrowding, unlawful detention, corruption, extra judicial killing, and human rights abuses. These violations have diminished public trust in the criminal justice system, especially the police force, and have affected the institution in the discharge of its responsibility of crime control. In an effort to make the criminal justice system more effective in tackling Nigerian security challenges, governments have set up various reforms committees. Unfortunately, many of the recommendations and white papers from these panels have remained without implementations. This paper focuses on the criminal justice reforms that were introduced since the return of democratic government in 1999.We recommend a implementation of reports of reformation of the criminal justice system as a way of decongesting the prison, making the police more efficient, and to eliminate delay in administration of justice Dr. Gbenemene Kpae | Dr. Comfort Nwideeduh "The Political Economy of Criminal Justic System Reform in Nigeria (2000-2009)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-5 , August 2017, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2245.pdf

The prevalence of persons living with dementia and at risk of going missing is rising. In this study, we engaged persons living with dementia, care partners, police services, search and rescue organizations, and health and social service providers to develop Community ASAP, a mobile alert system that engages community citizens, as volunteers, to look out for persons with dementia reported missing. We completed three phases of development and evaluation of the usability and functionality of the alert system with stakeholders in three Canadian provinces. In this paper we describe features of the Community ASAP and the findings of these evaluation phases.

On the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, the overcrowding in prisons led to efforts to decarcerate in order to prevent and control outbreaks in prisons. This study analyses how public support for such exceptional measures are determined by cognitive and ideological factors known to create and maintain racial biases in the criminal system. Participants were asked to express their level of agreement with the early-release of hypothetical prisoners. Results showed participants to be less favourable to the early-release of Black compared to White prisoners, when they had committed a stereotypically Black crime. As expected, the congruency between the crime stereotypicality and the colour of the prisoner’s skin did not emerge for White prisoners. Moreover, the difference between the agreement with the release of the Black vs. the White prisoner when both committed a stereotypically Black crime was higher as the level of endorsement of Meritocracy increased. Contrastingly, Anti-egalitarianism only predicted an overall disagreement with prisoners’ early-release. This paper highlights the cumulative explanation by different levels of analysis of this current problem and implications for the development of the public opinion on penal subjects.

In this paper, we test whether sanctions applied to an entire group on account of the free-riding of one of its members can promote group cooperation. To measure the efficiency of such collective sanctions, we conducted a lab experiment based on a standard public good game. The results show that, overall, collective sanctions are ineffective. Moreover, when subjects are able to punish their peers, the level of cooperation is lower in the regime of collective sanctions than under individual sanctions. Both outcomes can be explained by a general disapproval of the collective responsibility for an individual fault: in the post-experimental survey, an absolute majority evaluated such regimes as unfair. While collective sanctions are not an effective means for boosting group compliance, there are nevertheless two insights to be gained here. First, there are differences across genders: under collective sanctions, men’s level of compliance is significantly higher than under individual sanctions, while the opposite is true for women. Second, there were intriguing differences in outcomes between the different regime types. Under collective sanctions, a person who is caught tends to comply in the future, at least in the short term. By contrast, under individual sanctions, an individual wrongdoer decreases his or her level of compliance in the next period.

In many cases, such as corruption and forestry-related crimes, an expert has a significant role in explaining the impact of the crime. For instance, scientific expert evidence is required to disclose about the ecological destruction that occurred due to the defendant's criminal activities. In practices, the issue with scientific expert evidence is supposed to be about its admissibility in court. For this issue, the U.S. Court applies Rules of Evidence in considering the admissibility of scientific expert evidence at trial. Those are some requirements (prong test) to be met before expert testimony is admissible. In contrast, the Indonesian Criminal Procedural Law (KUHAP) or other laws do not set any prong test for presenting specialist scientific evidence to be acceptable. Lack of such proof may impact criminal justice process reliability and place expert under vulnerable position. Therefore, this paper will explore the issue on scientific expert evidence under Indonesian criminal law as well as its consequences and impacts for the Indonesian criminal justice process.

This paper reviews some of the main research on drug law enforcement in Brazil since the 2006 Drug Law came into force, noting a clear and constant pattern of police and judicial focus directed at retail drug trafficking, decisively impacting current incarceration rates. It then examines the lack of understanding of the actual functioning of illicit drug markets by the criminal justice system, leading to judicial decisions not only ineffective for its declared purposes, but also counterproductive in terms of controlling illicit economies. O trabalho faz uma revisão de pesquisas sobre a aplicação da legislação de drogas no Brasil desde a vigência da Lei de Drogas de 2006, constatando que há um padrão nítido e constante de direcionamento da repressão policial e judicial ao pequeno varejo do tráfico, com reflexos decisivos nas taxas de encarceramento atuais. Em seguida, analisa a falta de compreensão do funcionamento real do mercado ilícito de drogas pelo sistema de justiça criminal, o que leva a decisões judiciais pouco eficientes para os fins que declaram, e contraproducentes em termos de controle da economia ilícita. Publisher's Note:This article has been published in both Portuguese and English. To download the Portuguese version, click the "Download" link and select "PDF (PT)". Este artigo foi publicado tanto em Inglês, como em Português. Para baixar a versão em Português, clique "Download" e depois selecione "PDF (PT)".

Resumen: Alrededor del mundo, los gobiernos dedican un gran volumen de recursos públicos al control del porte, fabricación y tráfico de drogas ilícitas. En general, estos costos son difíciles de observar, pues corresponden al costo de oportunidad de muchos funcionarios que intervienen en el proceso. En este artículo se estima, para el caso de Colombia, el costo esperado por captura para los delitos de porte, fabricación y tráfico de drogas ilícitas. Los resultados muestran que el costo esperado de una captura es de $11 millones, por lo que el costo esperado asociado a las 984.106 capturas realizadas entre 2001 y 2015 es cercano a los $10,6 billones. Además, se analizó si la persecución al tráfico internacional de drogas ilícitas, al crimen asociado al microtráfico en mercados locales o la disuasión a los consumidores justifican este esfuerzo fiscal. Se concluyó que ninguna de estas razones lo hace, y que más bien se relaciona con incompatibilidad de incentivos en las autoridades colombianas. Clasificación JEL: H11, H56, K14, K42, P35 . Abstract: Around the world, governments spend enormous amounts of public funds in controlling possession, manufacturing and trafficking of illicit drugs. These costs are usually difficult to observe, as they correspond to the opportunity cost of many bureaucrats involved in the process. In this paper, we estimate the expected cost per arrest for possession, manufacturing or trafficking of illicit drugs for the case of Colombia. We find that the expected cost of an arrest is roughly COP$11 million, hence the expected total cost associated with the 984,106 arrests carried out between 2001 and 2015 adds up to COP$10.6 billion. Also, we analyse whether these expenditures are justified by the control of international drug trafficking, crime associated with drug dealing in local markets or drug abuse deterrence. We conclude that none of these reasons justify such fiscal expenditures; rather, these seem to be explained by an issue of incentive compatibility in Colombian authorities. Clasificación JEL: H11, H56, K14, K42, P35 . Résumé: Dans le monde entier, les gouvernements consacrent un volume important de ressources publiques au contrôle du transport, de la fabrication et du trafic de drogues illicites. En général, ces coûts sont difficiles à observer car ils correspondent au coût d’opportunité de nombreux fonctionnaires impliqués dans le processus. Dans cet article, on estime, dans le cas de Colombie, le coût prévu de la capture concernant la détention, la fabrication et le trafic de drogues illicites. Les résultats montrent que le coût prévu d’une capture est de COP$11 millions. Par conséquent, le coût associé aux 984106 captures réalisées entre 2001 et 2015 avoisine les COP$10,6 milliards. En outre, il a été analysé si la persécution du trafic international de drogues illicites, le crime associé au micro-trafic sur les marchés locaux ou la dissuasion des consommateurs justifiaient cet effort fiscal. Il en a été conclu qu’aucune de ces raisons ne le justifie et que cela est plutôt lié à l’incompatibilité des incitations offertes par les autorités colombiennes. Clasificación JEL: H11, H56, K14, K42, P35 .

Online messaging app Telegram has increased in popularity in recent years surpassing Twitter and Snapchat by the number of active monthly users in late 2020. The messenger has also been crucial to protest movements in several countries in 2019-2020, including Belarus, Russia and Hong Kong. Yet, to date only few studies examined online activities on Telegram and none have analyzed the platform with regard to the protest mobilization. In the present study, we address the existing gap by examining Telegram-based activities related to the 2019 protests in Hong Kong. With this paper we aim to provide an example of methodological tools that can be used to study protest mobilization and coordination on Telegram. We also contribute to the research on computational text analysis in Cantonese-one of the low-resource Asian languages,-as well as to the scholarship on Hong Kong protests and research on social media-based protest mobilization in general. For that, we rely on the data collected through Telegram's API and a combination of network analysis and computational text analysis. We find that the Telegram-based network was cohesive ensuring efficient spread of protest-related information. Content spread through Telegram predominantly concerned discussions of future actions and protest-related on-site information (i.e., police presence in certain areas). We find that the Telegram network was dominated by different actors each month of the observation suggesting the absence of one single leader. Further, traditional protest leaders-those prominent during the 2014 Umbrella Movement,-such as media and civic organisations were less prominent in the network than local communities. Finally, we observe a cooldown in the level of Telegram activity after the enactment of the harsh National Security Law in July 2020. Further investigation is necessary to assess the persistence of this effect in a long-term perspective.

Data collected in criminal investigations may suffer from: (i) incompleteness, due to the covert nature of criminal organisations; (ii) incorrectness, caused by either unintentional data collection errors and intentional deception by criminals; (iii) inconsistency, when the same information is collected into law enforcement databases multiple times, or in different formats. In this paper we analyse nine real criminal networks of different nature (i.e., Mafia networks, criminal street gangs and terrorist organizations) in order to quantify the impact of incomplete data and to determine which network type is most affected by it. The networks are firstly pruned following two specific methods: (i) random edges removal, simulating the scenario in which the Law Enforcement Agencies (LEAs) fail to intercept some calls, or to spot sporadic meetings among suspects; (ii) nodes removal, that catches the hypothesis in which some suspects cannot be intercepted or investigated. Finally we compute spectral (i.e., Adjacency, Laplacian and Normalised Laplacian Spectral Distances) and matrix (i.e., Root Euclidean Distance) distances between the complete and pruned networks, which we compare using statistical analysis. Our investigation identified two main features: first, the overall understanding of the criminal networks remains high even with incomplete data on criminal interactions (i.e., 10% removed edges); second, removing even a small fraction of suspects not investigated (i.e., 2% removed nodes) may lead to significant misinterpretation of the overall network., Comment: 18 pages, 4 figures, submitted to PLoS ONE Journal

Introduction Community engagement (CE) is an effective public health strategy for improving health outcomes. There is limited published knowledge about effective approaches to CE in ensuring effective responses to COVID-19 throughout lockdowns, travel restrictions and social distancing. In this paper, we contribute to bridging this gap by highlighting experience of CE in Vietnam, specifically focusing on migrant workers in Vietnam. Methods A cross-sectional qualitative study design was used with qualitative data collection was carried out during August-October 2020. Two districts were purposefully selected from two large industrial zones. Data was collected using in-depth interviews (n = 36) with individuals and households, migrants and owners of dormitories, industrial zone factory representatives, community representatives and health authorities. Data was analyzed using thematic analysis approach. The study received ethics approval from the Hanoi University Institutional Review Board. Results The government’s response to COVID-19 was spearheaded by the multi-sectoral National Steering Committee for the Prevention and Control of COVID-19, chaired by the Vice Prime Minister and comprised different members from 23 ministries. This structure was replicated throughout the province and local levels and all public and private organizations. Different activities were carried out by local communities, following four key principles of infection control: early detection, isolation, quarantine and hospitalization. We found three key determinants of engagement of migrant workers with COVID-19 prevention and control: availability of resources, appropriate capacity strengthening, transparent and continuous communication and a sense of trust in government legitimacy. Discussion and conclusion Our results support the current literature on CE in infection control which highlights the importance of context and suggests that future CE should consider five key components: multi-sectoral collaboration with a whole-of-community approach to strengthen governance structures with context-specific partnerships; mobilization of resources and decentralization of decision making to encourage self-reliance and building of local capacity; capacity building through training and supervision to local institutions; transparent and clear communication of health risks and sensitization of local communities to improve compliance and foster trust in the government measures; and understanding the urgent needs ensuring of social security and engaging all parts of the community, specifically the vulnerable groups.

Exposure to suicide is a major factor for suicidality. Mental health professionals and first responders are often exposed to suicide while on-duty. The objective of this scoping review is to describe the state of current research on exposure to suicide among mental health professionals and first responders, focusing on the prevalence and impact of exposure to suicide, and to identify current gaps in the literature. We searched MEDLINE, Scopus, PsychNET, and Web of Science and identified 25 eligible papers. Between 31.5–95.0% of professionals had been exposed to suicide. Exposure to suicide had impacts on personal life, professional life, and mental health; and caused emotional distress. There was little research investigating exposure to suicide among police officers, firefighters, and paramedics. More research existed on mental health professionals, but none assessed exposure to suicide as a risk for suicide amongst this group. The review concludes that exposure to suicide is distressing for mental health professionals, and likely to be for first responder however, more research on these groups, especially paramedics, is required.

Background: The engagement of young people has been a neglected area in youth justice and drug policy and practice. This paper explores the concept of ‘engagement’ in relation to drug interventions in custodial and community settings in different European countries.Methods: Interviews were undertaken with young people (aged 14–25 years) in contact with the criminal justice system who use illegal drugs and with practitioners involved in the delivery of interventions for our target group in Denmark, Italy, Poland, and the UK.Results: The key techniques to engage young people were described in similar terms across the countries. These included forming relationships based on trust, honesty, and empathy, setting goals collaboratively, and employing practitioners with lived experience and understanding. The objectives and activities on offer are often constrained by criminal justice contexts.Conclusions: Despite the differences between the countries in terms of criminal justice systems and the structure of drug interventions, there were remarkable similarities in the ways young people and practitioners described effective engagement. Strong emphasis on operational engagement to ensure positive relationships between young people and practitioners was important in the design and delivery of interventions. Practitioners working in criminal justice contexts need to have flexibility and autonomy to work creatively to find ways to engage, connect, and inspire young people.

This paper estimates the impact of the tsunami caused by the Great East Japan earthquake on land appraisals of various locations outside of directly damaged areas. The focus is on locations that are expected to be extensively damaged by a tsunami if the Nankai Trough earthquake occurs. We use the DID and DDD approaches and show that locations with low elevation and close to the sea experienced decreases in appraised land prices compared to locations with high elevation and far from the sea. Especially, locations with less than 3.6m elevation and within 1.46km of the coastline experienced significant decreases in appraised land prices. This result implies that people have changed their location preferences regarding elevation and distance from the sea.

This paper provides an account of young people’s experiences of and perspectives on help and support in drug reducing interventions. It is based on interviews with young people age 14–25 who were in contact with the Criminal Justice System (CJS) and, at the same time, participated in a drug reducing intervention. The interview data forms part of the EU funded EPPIC project. Two main themes emerged from the young peoples’ accounts that cut across different types of interventions and social systems in both countries. The first revolves around the ‘system’ of welfare, criminal justice, health and educational services and the barriers young people encountered in navigating the system to find help. The second revolves around the young people’s experiences with professionals, including what they appreciated and what they found problematic in professionals’ approach to them. Basing our analysis on data from two different countries, we are able to emphasize similarities in the young peoples’ perspectives, despite being enrolled in different drug reducing and CJS interventions. The insights gained indicate a need for systems and service changes that can facilitate a better balance between building individual resilience and providing appropriate, timely and adequate support within a ‘resilience-building’ environment.

This paper is a transcript of the table Imprisioned theater: exchanging artistic experiences in prison contexts transmitted by the YouTube platform, on 25th May 2020, in the middle of the Coronavirus Pandemic. The table was composed by thetheater directors Christina Fornaciari, Magno Bucci, Vicente Concilio , Viviane Narvaes and Zeca Nosé and the Judge of Law, João Marcos Buch. Transcripción de la mesa Teatro Prisionado: intercambiando experiencias artísticas en contextos carcelariostransmitida por la plataforma YouTube el 25 de mayo de 2020, en medio de la pandemia del Coronavirus, teniendo como componentes a los directores teatrales Christina Fornaciari, Magno Bucci, Vicente Concilio, Viviane Narvaes y Zeca Nosé y el Juez de Derecho, João Marcos Buch. Transcrição da mesa Teatro Aprisionado: trocando experiências artísticas em contextos carceráriostransmitida pela plataforma Youtube, em 25 de maio de 2020, em meio à Pandemia de Coronavírus. Participaram deste encontro os diretores teatrais Christina Fornaciari, Magno Bucci, Vicente Concilio, Viviane Narvaes e Zeca Nosé e o Juiz de Direito, João Marcos Buch.

Prisoner's dilemma game is the most commonly used model of spatial evolutionary game which is considered as a paradigm to portray competition among selfish individuals. In recent years, Win-Stay-Lose-Learn, a strategy updating rule base on aspiration, has been proved to be an effective model to promote cooperation in spatial prisoner's dilemma game, which leads aspiration to receive lots of attention. But in many research the assumption that individual's aspiration is fixed is inconsistent with recent results from psychology. In this paper, according to Expected Value Theory and Achievement Motivation Theory, we propose a dynamic aspiration model based on Win-Stay-Lose-Learn rule in which individual's aspiration is inspired by its payoff. It is found that dynamic aspiration has a significant impact on the evolution process, and different initial aspirations lead to different results, which are called Stable Coexistence under Low Aspiration, Dependent Coexistence under Moderate aspiration and Defection Explosion under High Aspiration respectively. Furthermore, a deep analysis is performed on the local structures which cause cooperator's existence or defector's expansion, and the evolution process for different parameters including strategy and aspiration. As a result, the intrinsic structures leading to defectors' expansion and cooperators' survival are achieved for different evolution process, which provides a penetrating understanding of the evolution. Compared to fixed aspiration model, dynamic aspiration introduces a more satisfactory explanation on population evolution laws and can promote deeper comprehension for the principle of prisoner's dilemma., Comment: 17 pages, 13 figures

Vehicle-tree collisions are the most common type of road crash with fixed obstacle in Czech Republic. Based on the literature review and using real world in-depth crash data, this paper aims to define factors, which significantly influence the injury severity of single vehicle-tree crashes. In-depth data provide a comprehensive view to the failure on the system infrastructure—human—vehicle related to crash, the in-depth crash database include very detailed information related to infrastructure, vehicle, human failure and crash participants characteristics and their medical condition and also crash reconstruction. Multinomial logistic regression and generalized linear mixed model were used to determine the individual effect of each predictor. The statistically significant variables were the day period, trunk diameter and impact speed. Using multinomial logistic regression shows also vehicle age as statistically significant. Obtained results can help to efficiently direct countermeasures not only on the road infrastructure—e.g. speed reduction in selected locations with specified tree character. However, the emphasis should be also focused on driver behaviour.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the prevalence of alcohol use disorders (AUDs) amongst young people in the criminal justice system (CJS) in the North East of England and to compare the ability of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) to the Youth Justice Board ASSET tool in identifying alcohol-related need in Youth Offending Team (YOT) clients. Design/methodology/approach – A validated screening tool (AUDIT) was used to identify alcohol-related health risk or harm. Findings from AUDIT were compared with those of the standard criminogenic risk screening tool used in CJS (ASSET). An anonymous cross-sectional questionnaire was administered during a one-month period in 2008. The questionnaires were completed by 11-17-year-old offenders who were in contact with three YOTs, one Youth Offending Institution and one Secure Training Estate. Findings – In total, 429 questionnaires were completed out of a possible 639 (67 per cent). The majority (81 per cent) of the young offenders were identified as experiencing alcohol-related health risk or harm and 77 per cent scored within a possibly alcohol-dependent range. In total, 77 (30 per cent) of young people completing both assessments were identified as having an AUD by AUDIT but not identified as needing alcohol-related treatment using ASSET. Research limitations/implications – This research was confined to one geographical area of England, however, the results show that even in this area of high drinking by young people the levels of AUDs amongst young people in the CJS are very high. Social implications – There are major social implications to this research. It is imperative for changes to be made to the care pathways in place in the UK for young people coming through the CJS with alcohol-related issues. Originality/value – This paper adds to the evidence base by using well-validated tools to measure alcohol use amongst young people in the CJS in the UK.

Trafficking is an emerging concern in West Africa that is gaining increasing attention from the international community. This paper examines the relationship between trafficking and fragility in the region through a meta-analysis of existing knowledge and data on the subject. Given the scope of this paper, we will not attempt to provide any primary empirical or qualitative analysis, but instead focus on offering a comprehensive, unbiased overview of the recent policy and academic literature on the subject, which we hope will assist development practitioners working in the region and help the World Bank identify possible programmatic responses. The authors start this paper by defining trafficking to frame our analysis, and then provide an overview of the trafficking economy across the region. Next, authors outline the potential channels between trafficking and fragility, discussing the actors involved (organized criminal groups, rebels, local or national level politicians, the military, and civilians) and their relevance to specific countries. Finally, the authors present our suggestions on possible policy and programmatic responses, based on identifying both regional and external dimensions to the problems.

This systematic review examined the evidence on factors influencing the flow of homicide, from suspicious death to imprisonment. Bibliographic databases and thesis portals were searched. The total number of hits was 15,986, of which 15,830 were irrelevant, 35 did not include a quantitative sample, 26 did not focus on homicide, 18 did not present flow data, and for seven there was no full text available. The remaining 70 papers were analyzed. With the exception of one, no study presented a complete longitudinal flow. Results indicated that both legal and extralegal characteristics influence the likelihood of cases to drop out. Aside from a first mapping of homicide case flows, future research should explore false positives and false negatives, to come to a first understanding of funnel selectivity in homicide cases.