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Introduction: Patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) showed impaired spatial working memory (SWM). We evaluated whether patients and healthy controls (HCs) differed in spatial store capacity, and whether they differed in the relative weight of spatial store capacity and/or executive strategy in SWM. Methods: Thirty inpatients with OCD and 31 age- and education-matched HCs underwent the CANTAB SWM, SRM (a measure of spatial store). The severity of OC symptoms was assessed using the Y-BOCS. Statistical significance: alpha = 0.05. Results: Patients showed poorer performance than HCs in all neuropsychological outcomes. Both poorer SRM and SWM strategy were significantly associated with poorer SWM in the entire sample. No significant interaction between SRM and Group was found, while a significant interaction between SWM strategy and Group emerged; in patients the magnitude of this association was approximately twofold larger than in HCs. OC symptom severity did not correlate with neuropsychological performance. Conclusions: Patients with OCD had poorer spatial store capacity than HCs. However, the weight of poorer executive strategy in SWM was greater in patients than HCs, whereas the weight of spatial store was similar. We provided a direct evidence that an impairment in the executive component might be the crucial factor influencing the poorer SWM of these patients.

We investigated the association between neuropsychological performance and real-life functioning in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). As a secondary aim, we investigated the association between neuropsychological performance and self-reported quality of life (QoL).We retrospectively selected 68 of 240 inpatients with OCD, who had been hospitalised for a 4-week psychiatric rehabilitation programme. We used clinical information recorded in the patients' electronic medical records. We considered the following variables: neuropsychological performance (verbal/visual memory, sustained attention, visual-constructive ability, and language fluency; in a sub-sample of 37 subjects, divided attention, working memory, and attentional shifting were also available); real-life functional achievements (social/vocational outcomes and independent living); subjectively reported QoL (WHOQOL-BREF); obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptoms severity (DY-BOCS).We found significant associations between poorer neuropsychological performance and poorer achievements in independent living and vocational outcomes. Among the different neuropsychological tests, we found significant associations between language fluency/executive processing and independent living, and between divided attention, attentional shifting, working memory and vocational outcome. We found no significant associations between neuropsychological performance and subjectively reported QoL. OC symptoms severity was not associated with real-life functional achievements.Our preliminary results suggest that poorer neuropsychological performance may be associated with impaired real-life functioning in subjects with OCD.

The pathological eating behaviour of patients with anorexia nervosa reflects a deficit in planning real-life strategies that can be observed in an experimental setting through the Gambling Task, a tool designed to detect and measure decision-making abilities. We examined the role of Gambling Task performance as a predictor of treatment outcome in anorectic patients, and we evaluated changes in decision-making after clinical improvement. Performance on the Gambling Task was evaluated, and a clinical-nutritional assessment of 38 anorectic patients was carried out before and after a cognitive-behavioural and drug treatment program. Task performance of anorectic patients was compared with that of 30 healthy control participants. Patients who had a better decision-making profile at baseline showed significantly greater improvement in nutritional status. The decision-making deficiency of some anorectic patients is probably linked to those individual features that contribute to the phenomenological expression of the disorder and to its different treatment outcomes.

Current approaches to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have suggested that neurobiological abnormalities play a crucial role in the etiology and course of this psychiatric illness. In particular, a fronto-subcortical circuit, including the orbitofrontal cortex, basal ganglia and thalamus appears to be involved in the expression of OCD symptoms. Neuropsychological studies have also shown that patients with OCD show deficits in cognitive abilities that are strictly linked to the functioning of the frontal lobe and its related fronto-subcortical structures, such as executive functioning deficits and insufficient cognitive-behavioral flexibility. This article focuses on decision making, an executive ability that plays a crucial role in many real-life situations, whereby individuals choose between pursuing strategies of action that involve only immediate reward and others based on long-term reward. Although the role of decision-making deficits in the evolution of OCD requires further research, the collected findings have significant implications for understanding the clinical and behavioral heterogeneity that characterizes individuals with OCD.

Background Several lines of research suggest that prefrontal cortex dysfunctions observed in obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and schizophrenia (SKZ) are linked to two partially independent neuroanatomic systems: the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, with different neuroanatomic connections, including the striatum. The primary aim of this study was to test this hypothesis using a double dissociation study of neuropsychological tasks performance of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Methods We administered the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, the Gambling Task, and the four-disk version of the Tower of Hanoi to 110 SKZ and 67 OCD patients and 56 control subjects. Results A clear double dissociation of Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and Gambling Task performances was found, with SKZ patients performing the Wisconsin Card Sorting test significantly worse than OCD patients and control subjects and OCD patients performing the Gambling Task significantly worse than SKZ and control subjects. Both SKZ and OCD patients performed the Tower of Hanoi significantly worse than control subjects. Conclusions Results from our double dissociation study confirm the hypothesis of involvement of different frontal lobe subsystems within basal–corticofrontal circuits function in SKZ and OCD.

Previous reports have stressed the implication of Personality Disorders as predictors of a poorer treatment outcome in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). The aim of this study was to see whether or not Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder may be predictive for a poorer outcome to antiobsessive pro-serotonergic pharmacological treatment. For this purpose, 30 OCD patients were divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder. Ten-week standardized treatments with oral SRI drugs were given to look for different outcomes between the two groups in Obsessive-Compulsive symptom severity. At the end of the study we found that the presence of Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder, along with the total number of Personality Disorders, did predict poorer response to pharmacological treatment in OCD. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. Z8 0 ZR 0 ZS 1 ZB 23

Objective: To investigate the effects of cigarette smoking on neuropsychological performance in patients with mood disorders. Method: One hundred depressed patients with DSM-IV-TR–defined major depressive disorder (n = 61) or bipolar disorder (n = 39), hospitalized for a 4-week psychiatric rehabilitation program, were included. Forty-five were active regular smokers, and 55 were nonsmokers who had never smoked in their lifetime. At the beginning and the end of the hospitalization, patients were administered a comprehensive neuropsychological battery (evaluation of verbal and visual memory, working memory, attention, visual-constructive ability, language fluency, and comprehension) as primary outcome measures and psychometric scales (evaluation of depression and illness severity). Smoking status was assessed by personal interviews. Investigators were blind to the results of neuropsychological tests and to the smoking status of the patients. Data were collected from February 2011 to January 2012. Results: At the beginning of the hospitalization, smokers showed significantly better performance in verbal memory, language fluency, and working memory (all P values < .01) than nonsmokers. No interaction between smoking and diagnosis was found. At the end of the hospitalization, the whole group of patients significantly improved in several cognitive domains, with smokers maintaining significantly better performance in verbal memory, language fluency, and working memory (all P values < .01) than nonsmokers. Conclusions: Our preliminary results indicate a better performance by smokers in verbal memory and working memory domains than by nonsmokers, suggesting that a cognitive enhancement may be associated with nicotine use in depressed patients with MDD or bipolar disorder. Smoking may be a form of cognitive self-medication mediating the association between smoking and mood disorders. Further studies with larger samples are needed.

Introduction. Patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) demonstrate impairment in decisional processes in which both cognition and emotion play a crucial role. Methods. We investigated the connection between decision-making performances and choice-related skin conductance responses (SCRs), to identify a somatic marker impairment affecting decisional processes in these patients. We explored SCRs during the Iowa Gambling Task in 20 OCD and 18 control, measuring anticipatory and posticipatory psychophysiological reactions according to card choices and to the outcomes of each selection. Results. Most patients exhibited weaker SCRs compared to HC, although there weren't substantial differences in magnitude between the two groups. In contrast with HC, patients with OCD showed no significant differences of SCRs activation according to card selections; they chose cards from neither favourable nor unfavourable decks. Conclusions. The main finding of the study were the evidence of a dysfunctional biological marker in OCD subjects, affecting decision-making process. Dysfunctional patterns of SCRs could partially explain OCDs' impairment in this ability. Decision-making deficits in OCDs could be influenced in part by the lack of somatic differences in discriminating between advantageous and disadvantageous behaviour. These findings could lead to a more complete understanding of OCD.

Panic attacks are psychopathological phenomena with a strong emotional activation that often induces subsequent anticipatory anxiety and phobic avoidance. Impairment in emotional processing in patients with Panic Disorder (PD) has been hypothesized. Emotional Intelligence (EI) involves the individual abilities to perceive, understand and manage emotions in order to cope with changes in internal and external environment. We examined EI in 42 patients with PD with Agoraphobia compared to 49 healthy controls and investigated if clinical severity of Agoraphobia is related to EI performance. We assessed EI by Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test and Agoraphobia by Mobility Inventory for Agoraphobia. Patients with PD and Agoraphobia showed lower Strategic EI ability than healthy controls, in both Understanding and Managing emotion abilities, and a general propensity to attribute negative emotional valence to different stimuli. These preliminary results suggest that impaired mechanisms of understanding and integrating emotions may be involved in the phenomenology of PD. These features might be the target of psychological interventions in PD. On the contrary, Emotional Intelligence did not appear to affect the clinical severity of Agoraphobia.

This study was an evaluation of the psychomotor profiles of 22 schizophrenic patients, investigated by means of a test battery developed for the assessment of psychomotor profiles of 10- to 12-year-old children. Analysis indicates chat abnormal psychomotor development is an inherent feature of the disease and probably is antecedent to a full psychopathological picture.

Several patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) who are refractory to adequate treatment with first-line treatments are considered treatment-resistant. Further surveys were to be implemented to explore the outcome predictors of the antiobsessional response. Such study was aimed at building a model suitable to predict the final outcome of a mixed OCD pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatment approaches. We studied 130 subjects with OCD who underwent pharmacologic (with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors alone or with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and risperidone at low dosage) and/or behavioral therapy (using exposure and response prevention techniques). The following variables were used as predictors: symptoms dimension, as resulting from the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale items factor analysis; neuropsychologic performances; and epidemiologic variables. The treatment response arising from 3 to 6 months of therapy was used as dependent variable. A conventional logistic regression was used to define a previsional model of treatment response and multilayer perceptrons and to supervise an artificial neural network technique. The 46.9% of the sample resulted to be refractory to treatment. Results obtained with the logistic regression model showed that the only predictors of treatment outcome are hoarding symptoms, repeating rituals, and counting compulsions. Furthermore, using all the variables considered in the models, multilayer perceptrons showed highly better predictive performance as compared with the logistic regression models (93.3% vs 61.5%, respectively, of correct classification of cases). Complex interactions between different clinical and neuropsychologic variables are involved in defining OCD treatment response profile, and nonlinear and interactive modeling strategies, that is, supervised artificial neural networks, seem to be more suitable to investigate this complexity than linear techniques.

Background Evidence in literature suggests that neurocognitive deficits may represent suitable intermediate-phenotype candidates for the dissection of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) genetic heterogeneity. The aim of this study was to search for possible OCD neurocognitive endophenotypes by assessing decision-making, planning, and mental flexibility profiles in OCD probands, healthy control subjects (HC), and their respective relatives. Methods The sample consisted of 35 pairs of OCD probands without other Axis I comorbidities and unaffected first-degree relatives and 31 pairs of HC subjects without a known family history of OCD and their relatives. Neuropsychological assessment was performed using the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), the Tower of Hanoi (ToH), and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). Results Obsessive-compulsive disorder patients showed impairments in decision making, planning, and mental flexibility, given that OCD probands performed significantly poorer than HC probands at the IGT, the ToH, and the WCST. Obsessive-compulsive disorder relatives performed poorer at these tests than HC probands and relatives. Symptom severity was found to have no influence on neurocognitive performance. Analysis of proband/relative concordance in task performance was performed for each task. A significant overall difference was found when comparing the percentages of the different concordance profiles of our OCD and HC samples with regard to IGT and ToH performance. No significant difference was found in the WCST. Conclusions Executive dysfunctions may qualify as a suitable endophenotype candidate for OCD. Concordance rates in neuropsychological task performance suggest that decision-making and planning deficits aggregate in these families and therefore might be a heritable component of OCD.

Objective: Previous studies stressed the role of decision-making functioning in predicting antiobsessive treatment outcome with serotonin reuptake inhibitors drugs in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Nevertheless, the use of an augmentation strategy with atypical antipsychotic drugs has proved to be effective in obsessive-compulsive patients nonresponding to serotonin reuptake inhibitors treatment. We investigated whether the performance at the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), a used neuro-psychologic task which assesses decision-making, can be an effective criterion for pharmacologic treatment choice in these patients and whether the use of different treatment strategies, according IGT performance, can increase the rate of antiobsessive outcome. Method: Thirty patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder were treated in a single-blind design with fluvoxamine plus placebo or fluvoxamine plus risperidone according to their IGT performance. Treatment outcome was recorded after 6 and 12 weeks. Results: Patients with good IGT performance showed a good antiobsessive treatment outcome with fluvoxamine only, while only adopting an augmentation strategy with risperidone, the number of responders patients within the subjects with bad IGT performance increased. Conclusions: IGT performance may be considered an effective criterion for pharmacologic treatment choice in obsessive-compulsive patients given that antiobsessive treatment outcome is increased to 85% of responders choosing an appropriate drug strategy according to the IGT performance.

Several lines of research suggest that prefrontal cortex dysfunctions observed in obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and schizophrenia (SKZ) are linked to two partially independent neuroanatomic systems: the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, with different neuroanatomic connections, including the striatum. The primary aim of this study was to test this hypothesis using a double dissociation study of neuropsychological tasks performance of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and ventromedial prefrontal cortex.We administered the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, the Gambling Task, and the four-disk version of the Tower of Hanoi to 110 SKZ and 67 OCD patients and 56 control subjects.A clear double dissociation of Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and Gambling Task performances was found, with SKZ patients performing the Wisconsin Card Sorting test significantly worse than OCD patients and control subjects and OCD patients performing the Gambling Task significantly worse than SKZ and control subjects. Both SKZ and OCD patients performed the Tower of Hanoi significantly worse than control subjects.Results from our double dissociation study confirm the hypothesis of involvement of different frontal lobe subsystems within basal-corticofrontal circuits function in SKZ and OCD.

Background: Limited data are available about the validity of the diagnosis of pathological gambling (PG) and about the etiology and the efficacy of different treatment strategies of this disorder; however, similarities in decision-making behavior between PG patients and patients with ventromedial prefrontal cortex lesions suggest a possible implication of these areas in the pathophysiology of this disorder, as in obsessive-compulsive disorder, in which the decision-making impairment is significantly associated with response to serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatment. Nevertheless, several studies have shown that decision-making functioning is also impaired in drug-addicted patients who have shown abnormalities in ventromedial prefrontal cortex during functional neuroimaging studies. Methods: We assessed the decision-making function mediated by, the ventromedial prefrontal cortex in 20 PG patients and 40 healthy control (HC) subjects using the Gambling Task, which simulates real-life decision-making, testing the ability to balance immediate rewards against long-term negative consequence. Results: Significant differences were found in Gambling Task performance between HC subjects and PG patients, who showed a specific decision-making profile across the sequence of the game. The dissimilarity does not appear to depend on the basic cognitive function deficit of the PG group. Conclusions: These data seem to suggest the existence of a link between PG and other disorders (i.e., obsessive-compulsive disorder and drug addiction) all having diminished ability to evaluate future consequences, which may be explained at least in part by an abnormal functioning of the orbitofrontal cortex. (C) 2002 Society of Biological Psychiatry. ZS 1 ZB 114 Z8 2 ZR 2

The aim of this study was to evaluate which clinical variables might influence the antiobsessional response to proserotonergic drugs in a sample of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). One hundred fifty-nine patients with DSM-IV OCD underwent a 12-week standardized treatment with fluvoxamine, clomipramine, citalopram, or paroxetine. According to treatment response, defined as a reduction of the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale total score > 35%, patients were divided into two groups. Ninety patients (56.6%) responded to treatment and 69 (43.4%) did not. Responders had a significantly higher frequency of positive family history for OCD (FH-OCD) in their first-degree relatives, whereas nonresponders had an earlier onset and a higher frequency of "poor insight" subtype and somatic obsessions. The predictive value of all these variables was tested by a stepwise logistic regression analysis that confirmed poor insight and FH-OCD to be the best predictors of poor and good drug treatment response, respectively. These preliminary findings need additional investigations toward a better definition of the genetic and biological heterogeneity of patients with OCD, and they underlie the importance of collecting the insight score and family history for psychiatric disorders in the pretreatment assessment. ZR 0 Z8 1

Several biological models of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) have focused on the roles frontal cortex and basal ganglia dysfunctions play in the expression of the disorder. From a neuropsychological point of view, previous reports have underlined the possible involvement of the prefrontal cortex in declarative functions and the basal ganglia in procedural ones. A possible dissociation of cortical and subcortical functioning has been studied using the Hanoi Tower Task to explore different neuropsychological aspects of problem-solving procedures. Our results indicate that differential cortical and subcortical dysfunctions could contribute to OCD pathophysiology and that procedural and declarative forms might be independent of each other. (C) 2001 Academic Press. ZR 0 ZS 0 ZB 15 Z8 2

Neuropsychological findings support a hypothesized relationship between obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and the frontal lobe. The aim of the present study was to compare findings of neuropsychological tests of frontal lobe function in 28 OCD patients and 29 patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), all diagnosed according to DSM III-R criteria. The patient groups were homogeneous for educational level, handedness, duration of illness, and sex distribution. All 57 subjects received a battery of tests sensitive to frontal lobe dysfunction as well as the Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS). Clinical symptomatology in the MDD and OCD groups was assessed with the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale, respectively. The only significant difference between the two diagnostic groups for any of the neuropsychological indices, with age as a covariate, was in the Object Alternation Test, in which OCD patients had a significantly higher number of perseverative responses. Test performances were not correlated with clinical symptomatology or severity of illness. Our preliminary results confirm the hypothesis that there is a selective impairment of orbito-frontal cortex in OCD and seem to exclude the existence of specific frontal lobe dysfunction in MDD, even though the two disorders show clinical similarities. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. OI scarone, silvio/0000-0001-7187-3747 ZR 0 ZS 0 Z8 4 ZB 50

This study investigated the presence of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) in a group of 277 patients (88 with obsessive-compulsive disorder [OCD], 58 with major depressive disorder [MDD], and 131 with panic disorder [Panic]) to test the specificity of the relationship between OCPD and OCD. OCPD is statistically significantly more frequent in patients with OCD than in those with Panic and MDD. The distribution of single criteria of OCPD in the three groups does not differ significantly. Discriminant analysis selects a list of items that provide a correct classification rate of 66% based on OCPD criteria selected by canonical function. OCD patients with and without OCPD do not differ in sex, age of onset, duration of illness, positive family history for Tics disorder/Tourette syndrome (TS), or morbidity risk for OCD. Copyright (C) 1997 by W.B. Saunders Company ZR 0 ZS 0 Z8 1 ZB 13