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La pulpa de café ha sido incorporada en los sistemas de producción pecuarios a través de su uso en silos dada su aceptable composición nutricional. La presente investigación se desarrolló en la finca La Gaviota, localizada en la vereda Matajira del municipio de Pamplonita (Colombia), con el objetivo de evaluar el efecto que tiene el tiempo de fermentación sobre la calidad nutricional del ensilaje de pulpa de café. Se emplearon tres tratamientos: 30, 45 y 90 días de fermentación y cuatro réplicas de 20 kg. Se aplicaron pruebas de estadística descriptiva, Anova de un factor con tres niveles y una significancia del 5 % bajo un diseño aleatorizado. Los parámetros de pH, fósforo (P) y polifenoles presentaron un comportamiento similar (p > 0,05) respecto al tiempo de fermentación, mientras que los valores de proteína, fibra detergente neutro (FDN), digestibilidad in vitro (DIV) y energía metabolizable (EM) —con medias de 13,50 %, 49,85 %, 57,20 % y 4,50 Mcal/kg MS, respectivamente— presentaron los mejores tenores en el T2 con un tiempo de fermentación de 45 días. Los valores de fibra detergente ácido (FDA) y calcio (Ca) fueron superiores en el T4 con 90 días de fermentación. Se concluye que el tiempo de fermentación tiene influencia sobre los parámetros nutricionales del ensilaje de pulpa de café.

RESUMEN La pulpa cítrica deshidratada (PCD), es un subproducto altamente energético con potencial para substituir los granos de cereales para la alimentación de animales domésticos. Treinta y dos corderos machos castrados, cruza Santa Inés × Texel fueron empleados con el objetivo de evaluar el efecto de la substitución del maíz por PCD sobre el desempeño productivo y características de los componentes no carcasa. La inclusión de PCD en la ración en proporciones de 0; 20; 40 y 60% de sustitución del maíz en base seca constituyeron los cuatro tratamientos 0PCD, 14PCD, 29PCD y 43PCD. El delineamiento utilizado fue el de bloques completos al azar con cuatro repeticiones. Los datos fueron sometidos a ANAVA y las medias comparadas por el test de Duncan (p0.05) in the other components of GIT, in total fat and in the net weights of the different vital organs.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar las características del proceso de fermentación del pasto Ratana (Ischaemum indicum Houtt.) y la calidad del ensilado, al agregar tres aditivos. El experimento se llevó a cabo en la provincia de Limón, Costa Rica, durante el periodo de julio a diciembre del 2011; zona con una temperatura de 24,5 °C; una altura de 249 msnm y precipitación de 4577,2 mm anuales distribuidos principalmente de mayo a diciembre. Se empleó un diseño de bloques completos al azar, con cuatro repeticiones y nueve tratamientos: ensilado con melaza, maíz molido o pulpa de cítricos deshidratada como aditivos, en tres niveles de adición ortogonales. Las pérdidas de material más importantes se produjeron con melaza o pulpa de cítricos (p0,05) en los porcentajes de materia seca (MS), fibra neutrodetergente (FND), fibra ácido detergente (FAD), hemicelulosa y cenizas en los ensilajes de ninguno de los tratamientos. La proteína cruda (PC), celulosa y extracto etéreo (EE) difirieron según el porcentaje de aditivo agregado (p0.05) for dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), hemicellulose and ashes percentages on any treatment. Crude protein (CP), cellulose and ether extract (EE) differed according to the amount of additive used (p

espanolEl objetivo del trabajo fue llevar a cabo la evaluacion del proceso de licuefaccion con biomasa de Buchon de Agua. Para esto se desarrollo un diseno experimental factorial con un modelo cubico, determinando el efecto de las variables temperatura, tiempo y relacion liquido/solido (L/S) sobre la variable respuesta Rendimiento Energetico (RE). Los mejores resultados se obtuvieron a 300°C, 60 min y L/S=10 (exp. 15) con RE de 6,34 MJ/kg biomasa, a 300°C, 30 min y L/S=10 (exp. 5) con RE de 6,31 MJ/kg biomasa y a 270°C, 60 min y L/S=20 (exp. 9) con 6,29 MJ/kg biomasa, seleccionandose las condiciones del exp. 5 como las mas adecuadas dada la menor relacion L/S y el menor tiempo de reaccion. La ventaja de adicionar catalizador se hizo evidente al comparar los resultados del RE del experimento 26 con catalizador (5,9 MJ/kg biomasa) y del experimento sin catalizador (3,3 MJ/kg biomasa) bajo las mismas condiciones. Se pudo determinar ademas que los biocrudos se componian principalmente de compuestos aromaticos, acidos grasos, hidrocarburos alifaticos, cetonas, aldehidos y alcoholes, y acidos carboxilicos a condiciones mas drasticas. EnglishThe main objective of this paper was to carry out the evaluation of the liquefaction process on Water Hyacinth biomass. To achieve this, a factorial experimental design with a cubic model was developed, for determining the effect of the variables temperature, time and liquid/solid ratio (L/S) on the response variable Energy Yield (EY). Best results were obtained at 300°C, 60 min and L/S = 10 (exp. 15) with RE of 6.34 MJ/kg biomass, at 300°C, 30 min and L/S = 10 (exp. 5) with EY of 6.31 MJ/kg biomass and at 270°C, 60 min and L/S = 20 (exp. 9) with 6.29 MJ/kg biomass, selecting the conditions of exp. 5 as the most appropriate given the lower L/S ratio and the shorter reaction time. The advantage of catalyst presence in the reaction was evident when comparing the results of the EY in exp. 26 with catalyst (5.9 MJ/kg biomass) and experiment without catalyst (3.3 MJ / kg biomass) under the same conditions. It was also possible to determine that the biooils were composed mainly of aromatic compounds, fatty acids, aliphatic hydrocarbons, ketones, aldehydes and alcohols, and carboxylic acids under more drastic conditions.

This paper had as objective the isolation of different bacteria, which causes mastitis, and simultaneously, to make an emphasis on the differentiation of Mycoplasma species, taken from stored milk samples and from every cow individually. These cows and the milk were provided by farms from the Toca in Boyaca. This process was carried out through a convenience probabilistic sampling and also a descriptive, longitudinal and retrospective research during 2013. The research took into account 130 technicalizated milking farms, where every one has approximately 20 milking cows. These farms are located between 2300 and 2800 meters above sea level and have temperatures among 55 °F and a rain range of 800 and 1200 mm Hg per year. During the study it was found a 3.14% positive to CMT in udder quarters with grades greater than 2 +. For this purpose the Streptococcus agalactiae was isolated at 9.73% and it turned to be the most isoleted pathogen. (Staphylococcus aureus was isolated about 6% average Corynebacterium bovis was isolated in the 0,30 % of the cases. E. coli was not isolated. Also the sampling didn’t find any Mycoplasma bovis in three years. M californicum was recovered in the 0.50%. Leavens in the 20% and Acholeplasma spp. was isoleted in the 0.40%.

En las explotaciones ganaderas, los bovinos son expuestos a diferentes factores estresantes desde el crecimiento hasta el sacrificio, afectando el bienestar y temperamento de los animales. El término “temperamento” se define como la reacción producida en un animal ante la presencia del hombre y se encuentra afectado por diferentes factores como la raza, el género, la edad, el manejo y la genética. Durante la evaluación del temperamento los bovinos excitables (nerviosos) tienden a presentar resultados altos en las evaluaciones de corral (EC), brete (EB) y velocidad de salida del brete (VSB), los cuales están relacionados con concentraciones elevadas de glucocorticoides y catecolaminas. Asimismo, los animales de temperamento nervioso presentan bajas ganancias diarias de peso (crecimiento lento) y bajos resultados de calidad de la canal y de la carne en comparación con animales de temperamento calmado. Por lo que el propósito de este documento fue revisar la relación entre el temperamento y la producción de carne bovina. In livestock farms, cattle are exposed to different stressors from growth to slaughter, affecting the welfare and temperament of animals. The term "temperament" is defined as the reaction produced by an animal in the presence of man and is affected by various factors such as breed, gender, age, management and genetics. During the evaluation of cattle temperament, animals with an excitable temperament (nervous) tend to have high scores on assessments of pen, chute and chute exit velocity, which are associated with high concentrations of glucocorticoids and catecholamines. Also, animals with nervous temperament have low daily gains (slow growth) and lower results of carcass and meat quality compared to animals with calm temperament. The purpose of this paper is to review the relationship between temperament and beef cattle production.

The aim of the paper was to compare the effect of prebiotics (inulin and/or mannan-oligosaccharides, MOS) and bee products (bee pollen and/or propolis) on productive and reproductive performance of rabbit does. Seventy nulliparous V-line female rabbits were distributed among 7 groups. The groups were fed the same diet and received no supplements (control group), natural molecules (bee pollen and/or propolis) at 200 mg/kg body weight (BW) or prebiotics (inulin and/or MOS) at 35 mg/kg BW. Productive, reproductive, biochemical and haematological traits were investigated. Bee pollen with propolis significantly increased body weight gain of does 1 wk after mating (3.53%), decreased feed intake (4.49%) and caused larger litter size (39.4%), heavier body weight of litter (17.7%), a greater number of kits born alive (48.7%), higher weight of kits (87.81%) at 28 d of age, higher milk yield (43.6%) and more favourable milk conversion ratio (31.6%). Moreover, bee pollen with propolis had significantly increased plasma total protein (43.1%), albumin (45.7%), globulin (41.0) and progesterone (60.5%), and had a significantly decreased plasma cholesterol (31.1%), aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase ratio (20.3%) compared to the control group. Does treated with growth promoters had significantly fewer services per conception (22%) and greater fertility rate (21%) compared to the control group. Inulin with or without MOS significantly increased plasma glucose (49.9 and 50%, respectively) and feed cost (90.2%) compared to the control group. Supplementation of MOS or bee pollen with or without propolis had significantly greater relative economic efficiency (61.9, 55.1 and 27.1%, respectively) than the control group. MOS and bee pollen with or without propolis are able to improve productive and reproductive performance and economic efficiency of rabbit does in comparison to the unsupplemented group.

El problema de la sostenibilidad es una temática que desde finales del siglo XX, ha venido preocupando cada vez mas a los diferentes sectores de la sociedad; pasando a ser uno de los temas de mayor interés para empresarios, consumidores, académicos e investigadores, que conforman las diferentes cadenas agroalimentarias del mundo. Este artículo presenta desde el punto de vista de la Teoría General de Sistemas, algunos elementos de reflexión critica, abordando la problemática de la sostenibilidad desde la complejidad de los sistemas de producción agropecuarios, partiendo desde la concepción filosófica original de la agricultura, hasta llegar a plantear algunas consideraciones que se deben tener en cuenta para el desarrollo de avances científicos y tecnológicos acordes con las necesidades de las cadenas agroalimentarias del siglo XXI; las cuales permiten orientar no solo el trabajo de los profesionales que lideran los procesos de producción animal y vegetal, sino que crea un sentido de pertenencia en todos los participantes de la cadena, resaltando la importancia de estudiar a través de un pensamiento sistémico, la Agronomía y la Zootecnia, como disciplinas que se aproximan a las complejidades de la Agricultura la cual es la piedra angular de la civilización, tal y como la conocemos actualmente. The problem of sustainability is a topic that since the end of the XX century has been worrying more the different sectors of society; becoming one of the topics of greatest interest for managers, consumers, academics and investigators that conform the different agricultural food chains of the world. This paper presents from the General Systems Theory point of view some elements of critical reflection, approaching the problem of sustainability from the complexity of agricultural production systems, beginning with the original philosophical conception of agriculture and ending by outlining some considerations that should be kept in mind for the development of scientific and technological advances concordant with the agricultural food chain needs of the XXI century; which permit an orientation of not only work by professionals who lead the processes of animal and vegetable production, but also creates a sense of pertinence in all of the participants in the chain, highlighting the importance of studying by means of systemic thought, Agronomy and Animal Science, as disciplines that approach to complexities of Agriculture which is the angular stone of civilization, such as we know it at the moment.

17 pages, 5 figures, 7 tables., In this experimental study on Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, buoyancy was found to vary significantly with season, developmental stage, egg size and maternal condition. Before the start of the experiments, wild fish were caught in the Barents Sea and acclimatized to laboratory conditions. Pairs (n = 8), one female (recruit spawner) and one male, spawned naturally in large, indoor compartments of a circular tank and every third egg batch (out of up to 19 batches collected per female) was incubated in aquaria. Following sedation (50 mg l-1metomidate hydrochloride, 30 min), individual larval specific gravity was precisely reported (30 min) using a density-graduated column. Larval specific gravity (meant) increased steadily during the first early stages of development (0–25 day-degrees), remained nearly constant during the following stages (25–35 day-degrees), but then decreased gradually (35–55 day-degrees). In general, late-season larvae were significantly less buoyant, i.e. showed higher meant, than early-season larvae. Meantwas negatively correlated with female condition and egg size and dry weight. Possible implications of these findings for drift and survival are discussed., This study was supported by the Training and Mobility of Researchers Programme, EU Contract No ERBFMBICT960772 (F.S.-R.). The writing-up of this paper was also supported by EU Contract No FAIRCT- 98-4122, STEREO (O.S.K. and A.T.).

The present paper deals with the results obtained on the basis of studies on the feeding and growth of juveniles of the croaker, Micropogon opercularis in experimental conditions. The following, more important results, were obtained: 1. - The values of the daily food requirement for the juveniles of 79-126 mm in total length and of 4.1-22 g in weight, at the beginning of the experiments, oscillated between 1,29 and 6,88%, with the average of 3,58 %. 2. -The efficiency of conversion of food is rather high and was calculated; for "normal" specimens as 19,45 % in average. 3. -Very big individual differences were observed in the growth of the juveniles. In the case of the total lengths, the rate of annual growth oscillated between 15,2 and 114,2% and. in the case of the weights, between 23,5 and 1114.5%. 4. -It was observed that in the scales of the juveniles under experiments the first annulus is not formed or is formed not always in a regular way.