Search

The publication activity of research teams and scientists is determined by the number and quality of scientific publications for a certain period of time. Recently, the country has been taking active measures to increase publication activity. The purpose of this work was to study and analyze changes in factors affecting the publication activity of researchers and teachers and to identify the main trends in this process. The following issues were considered: assessment of the publication activity of researchers; trends in the development of the journal and publishing industry; changes in the requirements for papers and their writing. As a result, the main trends in changes in factors influencing the publication activity of researchers and lecturers were identified.

The article presents a brief bibliometric analysis and assessment of the development of research related to the Arctic. The world trends in the volume of scientific output are considered, significant countries prticipating in the research are identified, their contribution and the place of Russia are assessed, an international co-authorship network is built and studied. The rapid growth of world research in the Arctic in the last decade, driven by not only the Arctic countries, but also non-Arctic ones, and the growing international cooperation are shown. Russia, combining the traditionally strong position of Russian academic school in the study of the Arctic with the increasing activity of universities, significantly exceeded the average world growth rate and became the third in the world in terms of the volume of Arctic research. The main source of information for the analysis was the Web of Science Core Collection database, an additional source – Google Scholar

The purpose of the study is to determine the factors for increasing the representation of the Ukrainian scientific community in the international scientific community and raising the international scientific authority of Ukraine.Used Results of the annual G20 evaluation - the effectiveness of research in 2019, conducted by the Institute of Scientific Information (ISI), part of the Web of Science Group.The principles of introduction of scientometric methods of research of publishing activity of scientists in the international and Ukrainian scientific space are considered. Based on the processing of statistical material and the obtained quantitative estimates, a comparative analysis of the effectiveness of research in the G20 and Ukraine according to the Web of Science. In this area, some differences between Ukraine and countries that are world leaders in the organization of the research process are shown. Recommendations for increasing the representation of the Ukrainian scientific community on the Web of Science platform and raising the international scientific authority of Ukraine are offered.

The article deals with the process of formation of China’s Arctic policy and mechanisms for its implementation. Till the end of the 1990s, Beijing was not interested in the Arctic region because of its geographical remoteness from China, as well as because of the lack of the necessary scientific and technological basis. The economic reforms of 1972 and the establishment of the Arctic Council in 1996 gave an impetus to the development of China’s policy in the Arctic. Since then, China has intensified its activities aimed at expanding the state’s presence in the region. Special attention is given to China’s policy document in the region ― a white paper titled “China’s Arctic Policy”. It is noted that this document was aimed at legitimizing China’s activities in the region.Despite the fact that the Arctic is not a priority region for Beijing, China is a prominent actor there. China’s attention to the Arctic is determined by economic factors, namely, by the possible development of the region’s resources, as well as its transport capacities, which can be used in the framework of the One Belt One Road Initiative.The article analyses China’s cooperation with the «Arctic five» countries and the position of the Arctic States towards intensifying Beijing’s activities in the region. China is promoting cooperation with Norway, Denmark and Iceland. despite the existing contradictions, it is noted that the Arctic states are interested, as Chinese investments play an important role in the development of the region. China has consistently stated the need for greater involvement of interested non-regional states in the multilateral management of the region, while respecting the sovereignty of the Arctic countries.

В статье рассматриваются проблемы научной статьи как рецензируемого объекта и как продукта исследовательской деятельности в новой коммуникативно-прагматической среде., The paper discusses the problems of a research paper as a peer-reviewed object in a new communicativepragmatic environment and as a product of the research activity., Университетский научный журнал, Выпуск 50 2019

The paper analyzes the history of female sovereigns’ reigns in the early history of Japan as described in Gukanshō, the interpretative history of Japan (circa 1221) written by a Tendai school monk Jien (1155–1225). The study of the Empresses’ reigns is closely related to the succession debate in contemporary Japan. Gukanshō is an important milestone in the historical tradition which tells about continuous hereditary monarchy in Japan from ancient times to the present. While describing the reigns of all Japanese rulers, Jien writes about the seven female sovereigns of Japan (legendary Jingū, Suiko, Kōgyoku/Saimei, Jitō, Gemmei, Genshō, Kōken/Shōtoku). A brief description of the Empresses’ reigns is summarized in the paper. The article compares the order of the Empresses’ reigns as featured in Gukanshō and in the traditional order of the Imperial House. The paper also focuses on Jien’s interpretation of these female sovereigns in terms of his historical theory. Jien put these reigns in the period when the sovereigns ruled with the help of assistants and (or) regents. Jien explained the reigns of female rulers supported by their assistants through the inevitable action of the dōri principles. They are: (1) departure from “correct” succession (the throne not passed linearly, from father to son); (2) the reign of sovereigns not comparable to sovereigns of ancient times (Emperors were assisted in ruling and female reigns were possible). These principles were caused by the general degradation of the kalpa and by the need to adapt to this period. The article precedes a translation (from Classical Japanese into Russian) of excerpts from Gukanshō describing the Empresses’ reigns.

The article analyses the views of the famous Russian sociologist and philosopher, A. A. Zinoviev (1922–2006) on the Soviet administrative elite and the stages of its social and spiritual evolution. The paper reveals the ideas of the sociologist about the ideological basis of the formation of this elite, the degree of its organic nature to society. The author investigates identified by A. A. Zinoviev, social types of managers inherent in the early and late periods of the life of the USSR. The study shows that the Leninist and Stalinist leaders, according to the sociologist’s worldview, were inspired by the spirit of communism, widely attracted people to government and controlled the growth of the bureaucracy. The article reveals the ideological and social meaning of de-Stalinization as an inevitable, but morally defective administrative step, from the position of a philosopher. The paper identifies the main characteristics of the Brezhnev and Gorbachev management elite, as a privileged stratum cut off from the people, who have lost faith in communist ideals and are ready for capitalist transformation. The author shows that the subsequent regressive evolution of the country A. A. Zinoviev considers it as a consequence of the death of the spirit of communism, that is, the state of human souls that were characteristic of the first stages of the life of the Soviet administrative elite, and raised the spiritual life of people to the unattainable heights of historical romance.

The article provides the results of a search empirical study of the impact of digital communications on the protest behavior of young people in the digital environment. The authors conducted the study on the basis of the State University of Management from November 2019 to April 2020. In the course of its implementation, the civil and political practices of student youth during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic and mass self-isolation were studied and updated. The paper determines the most common forms of protest activity of university students, names the main reasons for their participation or non-participation in mass protest actions. It has been empirically proven that the increase in protest behavior of young people is determined by an increase in the amount of political information with a high number of likes and reposts. In order to deactivate protest moods among young people, reduce the threats of their protest behavior and improve attitudes towards the authorities, the authors developed practical recommendations that involve social monitoring of sites, forums, pages and communities on the Internet, where young people can freely express their opinions, express dissatisfaction, and receive explanations about the actions of the authorities. The study also recommends to stimulate “feedback” with the authorities, improve public opinion on the actions or inaction of the authorities, increase the influence of citizens’ assessments on the work of state and municipal authorities. The paper states the importance of tracking youth groups prone to extremism, carrying out preventive measures with students in schools, students in colleges and universities, teaching them legal literacy. To get answers to questions about the political and economic consequences awaiting our country after the end of the coronavirus pandemic, as well as about the essence of the predicted threats, the authors plan the study on a more representative sample.

The article сonsiders the assessments of attempts to improve the economic mechanism of the USSR in the late 1970s - first half of the 1980s, which are contained in the works of foreign analysts. The paper pays particular attention to their analysis of the effectiveness of the reform of the economic mechanism in 1979, as well as the brigade and collective contracts introduced in the USSR in the early 1980s, and the economic experiment of 1984. The author gives both positive and negative assessments of these transformations in the Soviet economy, notes their strengths and weaknesses. The paper shows that the estimates and data contained in foreign studies allow us correlate the modern interpretation of the economic system in the USSR of the late socialist period.

The subject of the study is the social network theory for the management of international migration. The theory suggests that migration from the society of origin to the hosting society can occur if links exist between these two societies, and that the flow of migrants follows the established links. The theoretical prediction which one can make is that, if the political administration wishes to establish a flow of migrants between any two societies, a link between these two societies must be established first. The author tested the theory on the case of managing the emigration of workers by the government of Bangladesh. The paper found that, firstly, the links between the origin society and the host society were created artificially, however, in contrast to the theoretical forecast, the author observed that such links usually do not correspond to the geographical distribution of maximum proximity to origin or destination society. Instead, the study revealed, that the closeness of communication between two societies is generated by the proximity between political administrations of the same societies, which contradicts the theoretical expectations. In this regard, the author proposed to expand the theory of international migration in the social network, suggesting that the proximity between two political administrations, and not between two societies as a whole, is a condition necessary for international migration. This, in turn, allows us to fill a theoretical gap that is associated with the relationship between social network theory and the management of international migration. The paper concludes that it is possible to generate arbitrary migration flows, creating appropriate links between any two societies.

Georgia’s turn to the West signifi cantly aff ected its geopolitical and foreign policies. The author shares the view expressed by Georgian scholars that the country’s continued commitment to the Western vector is a direct consequence of ideas expressed by political elites (constructivist theory) and their self-identifi cation as “European,” coupled with Western-style liberal democracy as a social order preference (liberal theory). Georgia’s political elites are driven by the concept of “Europeanness” and thus focus primarily on the state’s aspirations to be integrated into the “Western world,” which is pushing the state towards European and North-Atlantic integration. Georgian elites believe that institutional reunifi cation with “European family” under the NATO defence shield will not only deter Moscow but will fi nally put an end to Moscow’s attempts to bring the post-soviet state under its control. Moreover, due to the tensions between the generalized West and Russian Federation, the Kremlin’s aspirations to stop what it perceives as a geopolitical expansion of the West to the east, Georgia’s approach has become even more radical. The paper argues that the concept of “Europeanness” has been transformed into “radical Europeanness,” meaning that the political elites maintain economic cooperation with non-Western countries, but there is no proactive foreign policy beyond that, even with its most important strategic partners, namely Armenia, Azerbaijan and Turkey. In spite Tbilisi enjoys trade relations with these countries, the existing level of political and military cooperation between them conceals signifi cant bilateral challenges. Additionally, this approach is perfectly refl ected in Georgia’s relations with China, when the country’s political elites pushed for free trade, without attention to the political and geopolitical aspects of economic cooperation. Thus, Georgia – China relations are also the part of research interest in this paper, as the free trade regime between the two countries is subject to serious scrutiny after the Donald Trump administration made it clear that Washington would not welcome Chinese economic and geopolitical expansion in Georgia.

Aim. The paper analyses the existing approaches in national systems of geographical education to the development of global understanding in different countries around the world Methodology. Use is made of the collected domestic and foreign sources of containing information about the main directions of development of global understanding in national systems of geographical education. The study uses descriptive, historical and bibliometric methods. Results. The concept of ‘global understanding’ is defined and its main elements and major trends in the development of geographical education in the countries of the world, focused on the formation of global thinking of future generations, are described. Research implications. The paper presents the synthesis of analytical materials that characterize the formation of global understanding as the most important direction for the development of geographical education in the world, which makes it possible to show the prospects for improving the content and methods of domestic school geography.

The paper analyses the aggravating circumstance provided by item “o” of part 1 of Article 63 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. It proves that this law norm is discriminative on the basis of profession. The paper demonstrates that the aggravating circumstance is inconsistent with several principles of the criminal law, namely principle of justice, principle of humanity, and constitutional principle of equality of all before the law, and that application of the aggravating circumstance involves violation of the listed principles. The Author provides a review of a definition given by the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation considering the analyzed criminal law norm.

In the present paper some special features of the Russian nanoindustry are researched. The object of the research is the nanoindustry that is taken into account as a complex structure of the organisations in the Russian Federation, which develop knowledge-intensive production at the nano scale (1-100 nm) with high added value and unachievable earlier technical features and possibilities for different industries. The main theme of this paper is an observation of the set of factors, which have influence on the future of the nanoindustry in Russia. The main goal of the research is to analyze factors of the nanoindustry development in Russia by means of the methods of the formal logic, induction and deduction and by means of the analysis of the open statistical sources. The research is of immediate interest due to the quick development of the nanoproduct world market. It's quite new and includes a lot of actual scientific results. At the same time the Russian sector is still at the beginning stage of search of potentially valuable results of the knowledge-intensive productions. In the paper the modern state of Russian nanoindustry is presented and is held under investigation. It is compared to the nanoindustries in other countries. The SWOT analysis of the Russian nanoindustry development has been made. The advantages and weaknesses of the Russian nanoindustry are taken into account. The possibilities and threats to the Russian nanoindustry market are described. The conclusions of this research can be used in the long-term and short-term forecasts of the Russian nanoindustry development.

This paper aims to illustrate the nature in which the global COVID-19 pandemic has affected the dynamics of the Syrian conflict and the strategies of external powers engaged in it. By emphasizing separate levels of analysis, at both the domestic level where COVID-19 affects the capabilities of involved actors and the international level where regional and global powers compete for their positions in Syria, it seeks to provide a holistic view of the immediate impact the pandemic has had within this particular geographic focus. The paper finds that COVID-19 and its various global consequences have facilitated efforts by Damascus to extend its influence into regions of Syria beyond its immediate control, as well as granting opportunities for Russia to further consolidate its reach within Syria relative to others. The humanitarian context generated by the COVID-19 crisis has also given new impetus to diplomatic efforts to normalize Damascus within the international community, and for external actors to normalize relations with them.

This paper is dedicated to Sergei Brukhonenko (1890–1960), a physiologist and inventor of the world’s first heartlung machine. His immense contributions to the development of modern science and technology are investigated. Brukhonenko’s invention is seen as modern biotechnology that has attracted an all-round strong public interest. A philosophical analysis of the differences between the concepts “ technique ” and “ technology ” is presented. The paper discusses the sociocultural impact of biotechnology on the society and culture.

The subject of the article is periodization of the stages of Roman law assimilation into European jurisprudence. The purpose of the article is to o allocate independent stages of reception of the Roman law by legal science of the European countries. The methodological basis of research is analysis and interpretation of legal literature devoted to genesis of European jurisprudence. Taking into account that methodology as a specific branch of scientific activity appeared relatively recently, this work is mainly devoted to historical and legal issues of acceptance and subsequent reception of Roman law by European legal science, which in turn means focusing on more easily protected private law, which has a much longer history of formation and development compared to other legal systems. Results, scope of application. The paper attempts to systematize the main stages of penetration of the foundations of Roman law in the main legal concepts of the European States, occurring from the moment of their origin at the end of the XII century up to the beginning of their unification in the national codified acts in the XVIII century. There was a predominance of teaching of Roman law and, in particular, the Code of civil law (Corpus iuris civilis), – Digests of Justinian, – which became the main text for legal research. The Roman law, however, did not have a complete monopoly, and therefore the paper examines the fundamental conceptual approaches of Canon law and moral theology. Their own systems of legal norms were also developed in Canon law on a completely different basis in compare with Roman law. Those sytems in a critical dialogue with the approaches inherent in Roman law, actually paved the way to natural law, which served as the basis for the creation of modern normative legal acts, including codified ones. The work takes into account the considerable scale of Europe, which influenced the historical development of jurisprudence in its various parts, in connection with which the European legal science existed for centuries until the emergence of national codified legal acts objectively predetermined the need to focus mainly on their own national legal systems. Special attention is paid to the period of time between the emergence of the first universities in continental Europe and the development of national codified legal acts in the XVIII century. Conclusions. It is obvious that the glossators may have applied Roman law, although it has very little evidence in the historical material. In turn the commentators definitely used Justinian's Digests. The criticism of legal humanists and natural lawyers meant that Roman law was ultimately applied only when its reasonable content continued to be satisfactory. The transition to national codifications, accompanied by the abolition of Roman law as a source of law, actually became a real paradigm shift in European jurisprudence. However, this does not mean that the common heritage of Roman law has become forgotten.

In this paper, after a review of studies on interregional migration of the population during the existence of the Soviet Union is performed, the effectiveness of migration management systems is examined. In the analysis the closed materials of the Soviet period are used. This made it possible to re-examine the factors that influenced population migration in the USSR. The analysis of results that coincide with the ones obtained in previous studies, as well as arguments that contradict with the discussion performed in Soviet times. Particular attention is paid to the following issues: (1) whether it is possible to confirm the nature of the population redistribution in accordance with the development priorities of the Soviet government and (2) how effectively the political incentives applied in Soviet times worked. An analysis of population migration during the Soviet period is carried out using the gravitational model. The analysis carried out in this article showed that of the dummy variable of the Far North and the amount of governmental investment obtained strongly significant coefficients even at the end of the Soviet era. It can be suggested that the analytical units used in past studies (economic regions or cities) involved problems in examining for the effect of various factors. However, the investigations at the time had to be performed under conditions in which no other data existed, and given the background of that period, there was no alternative. In this sense, the efforts of our predecessors undertaken under such restrictions are worthy of praise, and the author does not criticize such previous researches. The paper focused on the verification and refinement of previously formulated hypotheses and interpretation by the results obtained using the new data. However, it can be noted that with regard to the analysis of the Soviet era, there are still unused opportunities for research using more detailed data

In 1906‒1907, due to his articles with severe criticism of the Russian Orthodox Church, A. V. Kartashev became one of the leaders of the movement for a radical church reform in Russia. This paper raises the question about how it came to be possible that Kartashev accepted the doctine of “Neochristianity” about the “sanctity of flesh” and supported it for more than ten years. The range of topics of the articles of 1906‒1907 in the newspaper Strana refl ected a stage of Kartashev’s personal evolution from “apprenticeship” in “Neochristianity” to independent conclusions as to the accents of the church reform that the country needs after implementing constitutional reforms. Based on the material of Kartashev’s essayism of 1906‒1907 and conceptual formulae of the “new religious consciousness”, this paper shows that during these years Kartashev denied the possibility of renovation of the Russian church in many respects, nevertheles combining his criticism with love for Christianity and belief in its social prospects. The paper also sheds light on Kartashev’s relations with representatives of the “left wing” in the movement for church reform and the reason for latter being criticised by “Neochristians”.

The subject. The paper deals with the search for the place of judicial administrative procedural law in the system of Russian law.The purpose of the paper is to identify is the judicial administrative procedural law an independent branch of Russian law.Methodology. The author uses the methods of analysis and synthesis, as well as dialectic approach. The formal-legal interpretation of the Code of Administrative Proceedings, the Code of Administrative Offences, the Commercial Procedure Code, the Civil Procedure Code of the Russian Federation and is also used.The main results and scope of their application. The adoption of the Code of Administrative Proceedings in Russia in 2015 revealed many problems in science and legislation. A legislative decision to adopt the Code of Administrative Proceedings is considered as a political decision taken without a proper scientific basis and contrary to established scientific doctrine. Definitions of such basic concepts as "administrative process", "administrative dispute", "administrative justice", and others have not been developed in the period up to 2015 and to date, There is a mention of "administrative legal proceedings" as one of the types, along with civil, criminal and constitutional types of legal proceedings, in the Constitution of the Russian Federation. But administrative procedural legislation is referred to the joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, in contrast to other procedural laws, in the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Representatives of the science of civil procedural law, with reference to legal theorists, called judicial administrative procedural law (which is referred to the Code of Administrative Proceedings) the secondary formation, a sub - branch of the fundamental (profiling) branch of civil procedural law. The purpose of judicial administrative procedural law – enforcement of substantive law and conflict resolution in the field of administrative and other public relations. It is noted that the public-legal dispute is not limited to the interaction of the citizen with the executive power. Civil procedural regulation of judicial review of cases arising from public relations is a procedural mechanism of judicial protection of constitutional rights, freedoms and legitimate interests. The Code of Administrative Proceedings lowers the status of cases arising from public legal relations to the status of cases arising from administrative legal relations. Representatives of the science of administrative law and procedure, on the contrary, believe that the adoption of the Code of Administrative Proceedings becomes the final act in the formation of a new branch of law – administrative judicial law, although it is a political decision and it’s rules are practically copied from the Civil Procedure Code. At the same time, it is recognized that the Code of Administrative Proceedings needs scientific support, which still needs to be created. An alarming factor is the fact that some scientists propose to include cases concerning imposition of administrative sanctions in the this forming branch of law, although it mixes in fact disputes between individuals and a public entity and imposition of administrative sanctions to the offender by the court.Conclusions. It is premature to say that judicial administrative procedural law has emerged as an independent branch of Russian law. Prospects for further development of administrative proceedings are very uncertain due to the high proportion of subjective, political factors in the legislative process.

The subject of the paper is conciliation procedures as a phenomenon of the modern civil process.The purpose of the article is to confirm or disprove hypothesis that the relations arising between the participants of judicial conciliation procedures are procedural legal relations. It leads to the expansion of the subject of legal regulation of civil procedural law.The research was carried out with use of main scientific methods (analysis, induction and deduction), special (statistical) method as well as the method of interpretation of the legal acts.The main results and scope of their application. The paper shows the theoretical development of the matter of the relationship of the concept of “conciliation procedures” and such categories as “civil procedure”, “civil procedural form”, “civil procedural legal relations”. The solution of this scientific problem has fundamental theoretical and methodological significance for substantiating the place of conciliation procedures in the civil process system. Given the trend of strengthening of the private law elements of the civil process, the author advocates the need to revise the traditional approaches of the definition of the concepts of “civil procedure” and “civil procedural legal relations”. The author supports the point of view of the possibility of the existence of not only vertical (between court and trial participants), but also horizontal (between participants in the process) procedural legal relations. From this point of view, the relations arising between the participants of judicial conciliation procedures can be attributed to procedural legal relations. The author also joins the position of those scholars who advocate a broad understanding of civil proceedings as a combination of various judicial procedures, not all of which should correspond to the signs of civil procedure form.Conclusions. Entrusting the court with the function of reconciliation in civil and economic cases substantially changes the established concept of civil procedure as an exclusively jurisdictional process. So the subject civil procedure is not only the competitive activities of private dispute parties on proving a certain evidential composition required by the court to enforce the law and a resolute the dispute. On this basis, the author puts forward a thesis on the expansion of the object of legal regulation of civil procedural law.

Introduction. There is a scientific, theoretical and practical necessity to understand modern phenomena of revolution and modernization. Тhe political analysis of the influence of revolutionary events and modernization changes on the development of the Cossacks, not only as an ethnic community and social group, but as a kind of “world” that is currently undergoing a revival process, is of particular interest. Methods and materials. The paper relies on theoretical conclusions of researchers who specialize in the field of the theory of social change and development, political transitology, global studies, ensuring national and global security. Analysis. This paper presents the scientific analysis of socio-political practices of transformation of the Russian state and society in the historical perspective. The interrelation between the revolutionary events in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century and the contemporary stage of the national modernization are traced. The author interprets the results of a survey devoted to public opinion of Russians regarding the causes and significance of the revolutionary process of 1917. The paper is focused on the correlation between “revolution” and “modernization” phenomena in the context of setting and achieving goals, tasks, using various technologies of social change. Results. The author characterizes the influence of modernization transformations on life activities of the ethnic community – the Cossacks. The article identifies the problematic aspects of the Cossacks’ “revival” at the present stage of the socio-political modernization of Russia. The author proposes the integrative concept of the etatist model of the political modernization of Russia considering the parameters of stable and safe development.

Introduction. The paper conducts the analysis of the attempt of the Cossack revival in Russia in different historical periods of the 20th and early 21st centuries. The attempt of revival is treated as a series of social experiments that involved the government and the Cossacks as a social group. The relevance of the issue is due to the need for complex studying the relations between the government and the Cossacks in the conditions of transformation and systemic modernization in different periods. The revival experiments of different periods had both specific and common characteristics as to their tasks and forms. It is important to study the tasks, participants, forms and methods of the revival experiments in different periods. Methods and materials. The author uses the historical method, the conception of systemic modernization and transformation, and the conception of social and cultural construction. Analysis. The paper determines two main periods in the history of the relations between the government and the Cossacks in the 20th – early 21st centuries that can be characterized as “the Cossack revival”. The author establishes the reasons of those social experiments as well as the roles of participants, and the forms and ways of Cossacks’ integration into the new social and political relations. Results. The article determines that all the attempts of the Cossack revival were undertaken during the systemic modernization. The author determines the main difference between the periods. In the 1920s – 1930s there were transformation of the Cossacks and their adaptation to the new conditions. The late 1980s – early 1990s can be characterized as the period of social and cultural formation of the Cossacks as a social group. Within each period revival development stages that display peculiar features of those experiments can be determined. The mid 1920s was the period of involving Cossacks in the Soviet construction processes. Some Cossack cultural elements were restored and the authorities sought to establish a dialogue with the Cossacks. In the mid 1930s the government actions were rather ostentatious. In both periods the initiator of the processes was the government. In the late 1980s – early 1990s, the initiators of the revival process were Cossacks themselves while the authorities played an important role as a supporter of the revival movement. Within this period the early 2000s can be marked out when the process of the Cossack revival shifted from cultural development to the Cossacks’ public service.

The level of development of the state as a whole depends on the professionalism of public servants, because the public servants participate in all processes of making state decisions and their further implementation. Professional staff can ensure successful implementation of all government development programs, because the personnel potential is thus the driving element affecting all the processes taking place in the state apparatus.The purpose of this paper is to identify the weaknesses of the management of the civil service personnel and to determine the methods for assessing competencies and labor functions of civil servants of Armenia. While carrying out the scientific research, the tasks were set to study the best foreign practices in the management of public servants’ competencies, to conduct a survey among public servants to look at the issues from their perspective, and to determine the most popular competencies in the civil service. Within the scope of the research international practice of personnel management in the public service as well as some related legal acts have been studied, and an internal survey has been conducted among the civil servants of the Republic of Armenia (40 people), including the civil servants from the State Social Security Service and the Ministry of Territorial Administration of Kotayk region.The study has revealed, that in Armenia personnel potential management in the public service sector is carried out at a rather low level, which requires fundamental changes. In that respect, timely and efficient staff training has been offered along with the implementation of competency assessment methods to job requirements. Also features of the ontological approach in solving the problems of personnel formation have been presented in the paper.

Introduction. “Crimea project” is unsuccessful attempts to create a Jewish national territorial autonomy on the territory of the Crimean Peninsula in 1920–1940s of the 20th century. The topic was poorly elaborated in historiography. In this regard, this topic frequently became the ground for historical myths and pseudo-scientific statements. The main aim of this paper is to analyse the “Crimea project” coverage in American media in 1920–1940s of the 20th century and to identify the patterns in topic presentations. Methods. In this paper, we used such methods as analysis, synthesis, retrospective analysis, the historical genetic method, historical comparative, and the analysis of text. We selected The New York Times newspaper as the main source as it is one of the oldest, continuous and credible media reflecting liberal agenda. Analysis. In the paper, we analyze articles devoted to “Crimea project” during 20–40s of the 20th century. This article examines about 30 articles devoted to the Jewish agrarization, the project of creating a Jewish national autonomy in Crimea, the anti-Semitism problem in the USSR. This publications are examined in the context of struggle between zionists and anti-zionists in the USA as well. Results. Most articles focuse on the social aspect, namely agrarization. The political moments of “Crimea project” are addressed less frequently, mainly in the frame of the statements of Soviet officials on the possibility of creating a Jewish autonomy on the territory of the Steppe Ukraine and Northern Crimea. The paper pays attention to the authors’ little knowledge on the real situation and mistakes in its coverage.

The purpose of the study: to consider comprehensively the stereotype of crafty statistics, a phenomenon widely spread in Russia in recent years. It implies that any officially published data supplied by ROSSTAT (Federal State Statistics Service) are not only inadequate and unrealistic, but also deliberately distorted. The paper scrutinizes the content, reasons and possible consequences of crafty statistics.Materials and methods. The paper attempts to unveil the genesis of the stereotype of crafty statistics as a response of civil society to sluggish efforts of government officials and politicians of different levels and ranks to stop declaring slogans and get down to real actions directed at improving living conditions and standards of the broad sectors of the populations. The paper suggests multiple reasons to explore the genesis of the stereotype of crafty statistics, which include complexity of methodology of statistical calculations, overwhelming average indicators, subjectivism in selecting indicators to describe socio-economic situation, data interpretation problems and others.Results. The conducted analysis revealed that it is due to overlay of the above factors that predetermines not only the mass character but also the resilience of this stereotype. Also, low statistical literacy of representatives of various segments of ordinary Russians, representatives of mass media, administration bodies of different level and political beau monde contribute to this phenomenon. The study describes possible negative consequences of the further development of this stereotype leading to serious damage to the government image, which the broad sectors of the population consider the initiator of this statistics, reflecting the improvement of the situation or actions in this direction.Conclusion. The paper reveals risks of any social stereotypes and stereotype of crafty statistics in particular thriving on the lack of trust from the population to any statistics data and turning it into an established negative trend of total distrust to any actions, projects and programs of the current government.

Over the past decade, the Russian government has embarked on an ambitious program of economic development in the Russian Far East (RFE), envisioning the transformation of the region into a hub for trade with the Asia Pacific. This paper explores the extent of RFE’s trade integration with both key partners around the world and the rest of Russia. In particular, we calculate the region’s trade potential on the basis of mean predicted values from a gravity model using three samples that offer different perspectives. Actual trade flows are then evaluated relative to the potential and the resulting index is analyzed for various years and countries. Based on the findings of the paper, we can draw several conclusions. First, RFE exports to Northeast Asia have intensified over the period 2008–2017, allowing the region to surpass its potential, although there seems to be room to grow with respect to China. The Russian government could facilitate cross-border trade by further reducing non-tariff barriers and improving transnational infrastructure links. Second, the deepening integration with Northeast Asia has been achieved at the expense of trade links with the rest of Russia. This might appear worrisome, given the geostrategic importance of RFE for Russia. At the same time, it might simply reflect the fact that RFE’s natural resource exports are increasingly diverted to the Asia Pacific, which is more efficient than to ferry them to Western Russia, where they might end up being re-exported to Europe. Similarly, it might be more efficient for RFE to import from China than from more distant parts of Russia. Third, imports from Japan and Korea are far below potential, although these two countries can play a key role in promoting the economic development of RFE

The subject of the paper is legal conditions for realization the constitutional right to education.The purpose of the paper is to confirm or disprove the hypothesis that legal measures of realization of the right to education that are used in developed foreign countries can be used in Russia to improve Russian educational legislation.The methodology. General scientific methods as analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, comparison were used. The author also uses the formal legal interpretation of Russian judicial decisions as well as comparative legal method.The main results and scope of their application. The court decisions supporting the principle of territorial consolidation of schools indicate that this principle does not exclude the possibility of citizens not residing in the fixed territory to enter the school of their choice. However, the implementation of this feature, due to the lack of legislative regulations of the procedure, can cause bias, corruption and other abuses of constitutional right to education. Inequality children’s opportunities to enter the school due to their place of residence persists in the individual selection process. Situations where there are no clear and consistent rules for the provision school education inevitably generates numerous violations of citi-zens' rights and inequality based on the financial situation of parents. In Russia, there is no "waiting list", when children wishing to enroll in a particular school, would be taken to the vacant place. Accordingly, the adoption of such decisions by school administrations also lies in the plane of subjective discretion and causes corruption risks. China's experience is interesting because there are transparent, equal conditions for legal attraction of extra-budgetary funds to the school system, which do not turn access to education in the best schools into a corruption scheme or competition of parents ' incomes and do not infringe the rights of those who seek to enter them on the basis of their own achievements and knowledge. Speaking about the British experience, it is interesting to note that the lack of vacancies in the school itself can not be a reason for refusing to enroll a child in school.Conclusions. The legal experience of developed countries, such as the United Kingdom, Germany, Austria, Japan, China, in regulating the grounds and procedures for the provision of school education can be successfully applied in order to improve the Russian legislation, which establishes the legal mechanisms for the implementation of the constitutional right to education.

Introduction. The paper is devoted to the problem of developing approaches to studying decomposition of colonial system after 1945 in the U.S. press. The gradual disintegration of colonial empires connected with the growth of national movements and essential weakening of powers in mother countries became one of the most important results of World War II. The process of colonies disintegration was synchronous with genesis of new global opposition of the former allies on the anti-Hitlerite coalition. Methods and materials. The paper is based on materials of both democratic and republican editions of the U.S. press. The solution of the set research task required the use of chronological approaches allowing to study the multiaspect nature of the historical situation – the American society’s attitude to decolonization, the national movements, etc. Analysis. The Cold War and search of the optimum relations with the closest ally of the USA – Great Britain demanded new approaches and views of decolonization process. At the same time, ambitions of the White House, on the one hand, supporting disintegration of colonial empires, and, on the other hand, diligently trying to replace the former empires led to a number of contradictions with the European states. All complexity of this situation was reflected also in the press trying to create understanding of the new process in which America was involved. During difficult search of an optimum way and a view of decolonization in the American press, several opposite points of view have been developed. Results. Thus, studying the attitude of the largest American editions and the most noticeable journalists is of interest to the analysis of how the USA power and population gradually realized the place of the country in the new system of the international relations, looked for optimum ways of interaction both with the closest allies, and with a number of the new independent states which appeared on the international scene.

The subject of the paper is the constitutional development of Russia till 1990s up to 2018.The purpose of the paper is to identify the main trends in development of Russian consti-tutional legislation.The methodology of the research includes the formal legal analysis of Russian federal laws and their comparison with the decisions of Russian Constitutional Court.The main results and scope of their application. The author gives the legal assessment to main novelties in Russian constitutional legislation: an increase of the term of office of the President of the Russian Federation and the State Duma of the Russian Federation, the in-troduction of the annual reports by the Government of the Russian Federation to the State Duma of the Russian Federation on the results of their activities, the merger of the Supreme and Supreme Arbitration Courts of the Russian Federation, the strengthening of the posi-tions of the President of the Russian Federation when appointing prosecutors, judges, members of the Federation Council, officials of subjects of the Russian Federation, central-ization of local self-government. The identified trends may be used in future research of Russian constitutional legal order.The author comes to the conclusion that there is a need for strong state power in the con-ditions of reforming economic, social and state-legal institutions in Russia. The movement towards centralization and strengthening of the power vertical is a historically necessary and justified measure. It will be possible to implement decentralization and reduction of the regulatory functions of the state after the successful modernization of economic and social state and legal institutions.

The subject of the paper is state ideology is an element of labor market.The main aim of the paper is to confirm or disprove the hypothesis that main tasks of state ideology as a key element of labor market are positive motivation to systematic long-term employment, as well as social responsibility of business by strengthening the information function of labor legislation.The methodology of the study includes general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, comparative method, description) as well as particular academic methods (formal-legal method, interpretation of legal acts).The main results and scope of their application. The modern labor market should be defined as the vacancy market. At the same time, neither the concept of a vacancy nor its characteristics are established by legislation. The state ideology plays an important role among other information flows in the system of mandatory structural elements of the labor market. The state ideology accompanies the socio-economic development of society. The formation of labor motivation holds the dominant position in the organization of the labor market. State policy in relations on the organization of the labor market is a set of management decisions of the authorities, which form the state ideology among other things. The state, when realize its interests in the sphere of labor legislation, should actively use the so-called advisory type of legal regulation of labor relations. The proposed analysis may become a crucial point for future legal research in the field of labor market.Conclusions. Positive motivation to systematic long-term employment, as well as social responsibility of business are the main tasks of state ideology as a key element of labor market. The formation and consolidation of such ideology will make it possible to apply the provisions of labor legislation more accurately in accordance with its meaning and purpose.

The subject. The paper is devoted to the main trends of the Russian customs law at the present stage.The purpose of the paper is to determine the place of customs law in the system of Russian law and to identify the features of its impact on the development of integration within the EAEU.The methodological basis for the study: general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, com-parison, description); private and academic (interpretation, formal-legal).Results, scope. Despite all the variety of social relations that make up the subject of customs law, their core is the relationship associated with the management of customs authorities, regulated by the rules of administrative law. In this regard, the allocation of customs law as an independent branch of law, in our opinion, is premature.Further development of integration within the EAEU has necessitated the development and adoption of a new codified legal act regulating public relations in the field of customs.Analysis of the provisions of the customs code of the EAEU revealed the following innovations, confirming the thesis on the simplification of regulation in the sphere of customs affairs:– reduction of terms of performance of separate customs operations;– priority of electronic Declaration form;– improvement of the Institute of customs control;– further development of the Institute of authorized economic operators.Conclusions. Customs law is a sub-branch of administrative law at present. A natural con-sequence of the integration processes is the transformation of the domestic customs law into an alloy of international law, integration law (acts of the EAEU) and national law.

The subject. The paper is devoted to the constitutional basis of modern legal policy.The purpose of the paper is to confirm or disprove the hypothesis that constitutional concept of legal policy is necessary basis of reform of legal relations between constituent entities in federative state.The methodology of the study includes general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, comparative method, description) as well as particular academic methods (formal-legal method, interpretation of legal acts).The main results, scope of application. The emergence and further development of a legal policy based on constitutional provisions and norms continues to impact significantly on the organization of state and local authorities. Democracy, federalism, republicanism and legalism are the four components that can form the basis for the development of the doctrinal conception of legal policy aimed to the strategic development of these constitutional axiomatic postulates. In Russia there is no clearly defined "road map", which is based on the strategic planning of the constitutional system. The Constitution of the Russian Federation contains enough inaccuracies of both legal and technical and substantive nature.Conclusions. It is necessary to develop a concept of legal policy. Such concept is necessary basis of reform of legal relations between constituent entities in federative state.

The vanguard international community headed by the leading OECD and G20 countries, is increasing its efforts in the fight against the shadow economy that has grown since the last global crisis. The purpose of the paper was to perform a comparative analysis of the supranational experience in combating the shadow economy manifestations and assess their conformity to the modern requirements of the world economy and world finance. The paper uses a new approach to the concept of the shadow economy that takes into account modern realities demonstrated by a higher degree of transnationalization and related opportunities and challenges. The subject of the research is supranational measures used for combating the shadow economy. The paper analyzes activities of international organizations, including specialized institutions, focused on three main directions: definition of the nature and attributes of the shadow economy in order to develop more successful measures for fighting it; countering the legalization of criminal incomes and terrorism financing; combatting corruption. It is concluded that the effective supranational information exchange is a fundamental condition for improving the quality of the fight against the shadow economy waged by the world community. The paper might be helpful to domestic entrepreneurs who are planning to cooperate or already cooperating with foreign organizations, particularly those of preferential jurisdictions.

The subject of the research is the component elements of the insurance fraud (Article 159.5 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) and their compliance with the tasks of criminal-law prevention of embezzlement. Negative qualitative and quantitative transformation of this type of crime urges the judicial practice to seek optimal algorithms for the qualification of frauds associated with deceit in the occurrence date of an insured event or fraudulent change in compensation. Moreover, contradictions in the legal interpretation of the objective and subjective attributes of the crime require significant updating of special types of fraud at the legislative level. The purpose of the paper was to examine the attributes of the insurance fraud through the prism of their compliance with the legal-technical and socio-legal parameters of criminalization. To this end, Art. 159.5 of the Russian Criminal Code was analyzed along with the analysis of recommendations of the plenum and the presidium of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation as well as domestic and foreign doctrinal approaches to counteracting fraud in both compulsory and voluntary insurance. The paper highlights the most important areas of improving criminal legislation and law enforcement practice in terms of qualifying the insurance fraud and its separation from related crimes (Parts 5–7, Article 159 and Article 165 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation).

Целью настоящего исследования была оценка положения России на глобальном ландшафте, созданном публикациями, посвященными вопросам использовании технологии блокчейна в здравоохранении. Определено место Российской Федерации по удельному весу в общем числе статей, индексируемых в международной базе данных Web of Science. Обнаружено 957 релевантных публикаций, проиндексированных в международной базе данных Web of Science Сore Сollection (WOS СС) за период с 2014 г. (год появления первой статьи) до конца 2020 г Анализ распределения этих публикаций по странам аффилиации показал, что 23% портфеля публикаций подготовлено исследователями из США, 20% опубликовали ученые и разработчик Китая, 10% — Индии. Россия с показателем 11 публикаций занимает скромное 27-е место, уступая Саудовской Аравии (10-е место), Пакистану (11-е место), Бразилии (12-е место), Румынии (23-е место), Вьетнаму (26-е место). Выполнен анализ сегмента высокоцитируемых публикаций (Highly Cited Papers), посвященных преимуществам и рискам применения блокчейна в здравоохранении, сформировавших фронты исследования за последние пять лет., The aim of the study was to assess the position of Russia on the global landscape, created by publications devoted to blockchain technology applied in healthcare. The authors determined the place of the Russian Federation by its share in the total number of articles indexed in the international database «Web of Science». The international database «Web of Science Collection» (WOS CC) includes 957 relevant publications in the period from 2014 (the year of the first article) to the end of 2020. The analysis of the distribution of these publications by affiliated country showed that researchers from the United States contributed 23% of the publication portfolio, scientists and developers from China published 20%, with India providing 10%. Russia is ranked 27th with 11 publications, behind Saudi Arabia (10th), Pakistan (11th), Brazil (12th), Romania (23rd), and Vietnam (26th). Authors analysed the sorted list of highly-cited publications (Highly Cited Papers) on the advantages and risks of blockchain application in healthcare which formed the research basis during the past five years., Врач и информационные технологии, Выпуск 1 2021, Pages 25-39

В марте 2020 года российское образование в форс-мажорном Порядке перешло на удаленный режим работы вследствие угрозы распространения вируса Covid-19. В то же время дискуссии и деятельность по развитию онлайн-образования в России ведутся уже несколько лет. В статье на основе данных полуструктурированных интервью с преподавателями ведущих российских университетов рассматриваются вопросы, связанные с использованием академическими работниками цифровых технологий и отношением представителей высшей школы к цифровизации образовательного процесса накануне форсированного перехода к удаленному режиму работы. Показывается, что в качестве ключевых драйверов цифровизации образовательного процесса преподаватели рассматривают студентов и государственную политику в области высшего образования. При этом превалирует алармистский взгляд на активное распространение цифровых технологий, которые не рассматриваются как равноценная замена традиционным офлайн-форматам и технологиям. Это приводит к осторожным прогнозам в отношении перспектив онлайн-образования и образования дистанционного. Полученные результаты имеют особую актуальность, поскольку они дают представление о ситуации в российских университетах накануне вынужденного перехода к дистанционному режиму работы из-за распространения вируса Covid-19 и позволяют прогнозировать трудности, с которыми могут столкнуться университеты в процессе этого перехода. In March 2020, Russian higher education was pretty fast to start working remotely due to the threat of the Covid-19 spread. At the same time, discussions around the development of online education in Russia have been ongoing for several years. Based on the data from semi-structured interviews with teaching staff in leading Russian universities, the paper studies issues related to using digital technologies and professors’ attitude to educational process digitalization. University teachers are shown to consider students and public policy as key drivers of the educational process digitalization. At the same time, the alarmist view on the active spread of digital technologies is still widespread. Professors who participated in the study did not consider different types of remote and online teaching as an equal substitute for traditional offline formats and technologies. This leads to conservative forecasts regarding the future of online and remote teaching. The results seem mostly important, since they present the situation in Russian universities on the eve of the forced transition to remote teaching due to the spread of the Covid-19 virus. These results make it possible to predict the difficulties that universities may face during the transition to emergency remote teaching. Авторы выражают благодарность сотрудникам Проектно-учебной лаборатории «Развитие университетов» (НИУ ВШЭ) за помощь в сборе данных и ценные комментарии в процессе написания статьи. We would like to show our gratitude to the colleagues from The Laboratory for University Development (HSE) for the help with data collection and insightful comments on the draft of this paper.

Статья посвящена исследованию концепции политических партий русского либерального политического мыслителя, экономиста и публициста А. М. Рыкачёва (1875–1914). Показаны философско-методологические основания и главные положения этой концепции; дана оценка роли и места мыслителя в рамках русского либерального научного сообщества начала XX в., The paper is devoted to the concept of political parties of the Russian liberal political thinker, economist and publicist A. M. Rykachev (1875–1914). The author of the paper shows the philosophical and methodological foundations and main provisions of this concept, and assesses the role and place of the thinker within the Russian liberal scientific community of the beginning of the 20th century., Научное мнение, Выпуск 4 2020

The paper analyzes social imperatives in Russian society in the 2010s in the context of the ongoing reforms and tasks arising from the presidential decrees of 2012 and 2018. The subject of research is the social and economic implications of the population aging and their impact on the state macroeconomic policy. The purpose of research was to identify the real problems of demographic aging and differences in approaches to their solution in developed countries and in Russia. The paper also analyzes the experience of the retirement-age increase in the OECD countries and substantiates the conclusion about its fundamental difference from the Russian reform of 2018 characterized by the socially dangerous transition speed. It is concluded that the economic activity of elderly people in the Russian economy is increasing and has an impact on its future even without raising the retirement age; the real demographic burden of the elderly is revealed which in Russia is much lower at present and in the long term, therefore, there can be no arguments in favor of the reforms carried out. The niche of social transformations related to the growing share of the «NEET» generation unused in the state policy is demonstrated.

The paper focuses on the definition of the legal status of the cryptocurrency in the framework of the current Russian legislation. The subject of the research is the principal scientific and practical approaches to determining the object of civil rights and the object of acquisitive crimes in terms of their adaptability to cryptocurrencies. The purposes of the work were the search for a universal algorithm for resolving civil disputes related to the turnover of the crypto currency, and the qualification of the virtual currency theft (fraud). By using historical, comparative legal and dialectical methods as well as the content analysis method parallels between cryptocurrencies and individual objects of civil rights (a thing, property rights, other property) were drawn, and a number of options for qualifying the actions related to the non-repayable withdrawal of the cryptocurrency were proposed. Finally, the paper analyzes the draft laws prepared by the RF Ministry of Finance and the Central Bank of the Russian Federation and presents the author’s vision of the prospects for legalizing the cryptocurrency as an object of civil rights.

The paper reviews and discusses the use of scientometric indicators in assessing the effectiveness of scientific research, as the basis for qualitative analysis and assessment of science development. Systematic analysis of the indicators for scientific development aims to improve the quality of S&T management. Nowadays the interest of governments in evaluating research for the purpose of assessing the impact of science funding increased. The paper presents an analysis of the publication activity in the Republic of Kazakhstan, as well as analysis of other scientometric indicators. The analysis is based on the data of Web of Science, Scopus, Web of Knowledge, Springer which allow to study the internal structure of areas of knowledge, follow the changes of the front of scientific research, identify the most rapidly developing scientific fields, scientific and technological trends that can serve as a basis for determining the main vectors of scientific development.

Introduction. Nowadays, the steadily growing relationship with the People’s Republic of China is one of the priority directions of the foreign policy of the Russian Federation. According to the author of the present paper, new opportunities for active constructive interaction between the countries are provided with the One Belt and One Road Initiative (OBOR or BRI) adopted by China for the purpose of combination of efforts of the states for stable development of economy in the Eurasian space and peaceful co-existence of the people on the basis of the principles of openness, inclusivity of different civilizations, tolerance, safety, mutual benefit and training.The aimof the paper is to discuss the status and prospects of the RussianChinese cooperation in the humanitarian field and search for new narrative for development cooperation.Methodology and research methods. The research was performed with a support on philosophical and general scientific methods: comparative, structurally functional and system types of analysis, synthesis, generalization, and forecasting.Results and scientific novelty. The Russian-Chinese recent cooperation was considered. Special attention was given to education communication strategy as one of the reliable and checked channels of establishment and consolidation of international economic relations. The educational component of humanitarian interaction enables to provide effective tools for adjustment and support for the international dialogue and has an extensive range of opportunities for harmonization of cultural, social and even political standards.It is emphasized that further strengthening of the productive bilateral interaction of the People’s Republic of China and the Russian Federation is prevented by its developed model which is under construction and functions mainly at the level of public authorities. In spite of the fact that the relations between two countries are on the rise, the potential of the existing model has become exhausted, and it is therefore necessary to search for other ways of future joint collaborative work. Strengthening of partnership requires the transition to multilateral cooperation with other states and mutual participation of Russia and China in the course of overcoming the social and economic imbalance in the zone of their shared interests – the territory of the revived Silk Road. The third countries located along its southern transit corridor, unlike the states of the northern direction, are characterized by the backwardness of economics, high unemployment rate, lack of the fair system of upward mobility, poverty and ignorance of the population, thus promoting the spread of religious extremism and escalation of international conflicts. The author proposed to involve the humanitarian sphere as the mechanism of the start of transcontinental infrastructure projects in order to normalize the social and economic situation in these regions, to overcome socio-cultural barriers and to achieve integration of economics of various states for the sake of their steady growth and effectivization. The coordinated actions of China, Russia and EU countries for the promotion and maintenance of modern models of education can become a decisive factor to stabilize and implement the One Belt and One Road Initiative in problematic regions. In the author’s view, partner States should focus on actions for modernization of national education systems and dissemination of scientific worldview, e.g. in the regions of the Northern Silk Road. Otherwise, the South will remain the centre of regularly military conflicts and terrorism financing, whereas the Russian and Chinese companies will continue to spend considerable personnel and financial resources for the safety of the ongoing joint projects.Practical significance. Materials of the research can be useful as a guide to reconsider the objectives of the Russian-Chinese alliance in the humanitarian sphere and generate new ideas on development and ways of implementation of the international educational programs.

The paper deals with the problem of restoring and reestablishing of the US Embassy in post-war Czechoslovakia. The study is based on the analysis of archival papers from the Foreign Policy Archive of the Russian Federation, US National Archives, and ambassador L.A. Steinhardt’s papers collection at the Library of Congress. The study analyzes difficulties in American diplomats transfer from London to Prague in 1945, the State Department’s attempts to overcome counteractions of the USSR Government. It dwells on the main life and work conditions problems, faced by the Americans after their arrival to Czechoslovakia: lack of qualified staff and organization of their work; protection and repair of the embassy building, its technical equipment; acquisition of new premises; provision of fuel and food supplies; lack of vehicles; searching for housing for the personnel; organization of communication with Washington; the establishment of relations and the resolution of conflicts with the Czechoslovak authorities, as well as with the Soviet military in Prague; interaction with the US Army command in Western Bohemia; organization of American guests visits. The study reveals role of the diplomatic mission heads and officials in the solution of the above problems. It is concluded that organizational and economic difficulties had a negative impact on the performance of the main diplomatic functions, development of political relations between the United States and the Czechoslovak Republic during its reestablishing period.

The paper presents the analysis of the Russian and foreign academic events dedicated to the 75th anniversary of the defeat of German fascist troops by the Soviet troops in the Battle of Stalingrad, in which lecturers, postgraduate and undergraduate students of the Volgograd State University (VolSU) took part. The focus of the paper is on the multilateral activities of the Center for Public Diplomacy, functioning on the basis of the VolSU, as well as of the Scientific and Educational Center “Modernization of the multidimensional social and political space of modern Russia” at the Department of International Relations, Political Science and Area Studies of VolSU on the presentation of Volgograd as a academic and methodological center for the formation of patriotism and civil identity in the Russian Federation. E.N. Vasilyeva presents an analytical review of the international scientific and practical conference “Stalingrad – a symbol of heroism, patriotism and cohesion of the peoples of Russia and the world”. S.B. Kozhirova characterizes the cooperation of foreign scholars with colleagues from the Volgograd State University on the formation of the historical memory of generations. S.A. Pankratov highlights the main activities of the Center for Public Diplomacy and the academic and educational center “Modernization of the multidimensional social and political space of modern Russia” in the context of the institutionalization of the practices of people’s diplomacy in the public policy of the hero city Volgograd-Stalingrad.

The paper examines the principle terminology and the practical application of advanced development territories in Russia’s economy. It specifies the institutional and theoretical foundation of advanced development territories as an economic category, and proves the importance of this development tool from the perspective of the postulates of spatial economics and the concept of economic growth. The author distinguishes between advanced development territories of the 1st type (regions) and of the 2nd type (single-industry towns) and demonstrates that the Ural macroregion is one of the poles of the scientific and technological development of the Russian Federation. The author suggests dividing the Urals territory into five advanced development zones and describes their sectoral specifics and distinctive features. The paper reveals that in the Urals there is an opportunity to develop the triad “Industry – Science – Education” which represents the basis for sustainable growth within innovative economy.

This paper discusses some aspects of mobilisation of veterans of World War I into the army of Admiral Kolchak, which took place in Irbitsky Uyezd (district) of Perm Province in March, 1919. The main results of this mobilisation are fully described in the paper which has never been done previously. A total of 2 465 residents of Irbitsky Uyezd were recruited in the army of Admiral Kolchak. Despite the fact that about 25 percent of recruits evaded conscription, March mobilisation in Irbitsky Uyezd should be considered successful in the harsh realities of the Russian Civil War. During the mobilisation, there was only one case of defiance of recruits. It happened in the village of Komleva, Baykalovskaya Volost, Irbitsky Uyezd. The disorders were quickly suppressed by the militia of Irbitsky Uyezd, who arrested 13 instigators and flogged all the draftees in the village of Komleva. Thus, in the spring of 1919 Kolchak authorities in Irbitsky Uyezd, as well as in other Uyezds of Perm province, managed to mobilise veterans of World War I. However, according to the author’s opinion, mass recruitment of veterans of World War I in the army of Admiral Kolchak provoked a deep internal crisis of the army because veterans brought the rebellious spirit of revolutionary anarchy of 1917 with them. As a result, in the summer of 1919, after Red Army began its offensive in the Urals, the Siberian army of Admiral Kolchak quickly collapsed. During retreat through their native lands, most of the mobilised Ural peasants deserted. The majority of soldiers mobilised earlier in Irbitsky Uyezd of Perm Province deserted from Kolchak army in July 1919.

This paper is devoted to one of the key moments in liturgical studies in Russian higher church education. This moment was outwardly marked by the introduction of the new term “liturgics” instead of the old term “church antiquities” in the 1840s. The article shows the role of Professor Dolotsky in the development of liturgics as a science and an academic subject. Based on the analysis of survived manuscript documents, lithoprinted lecture notes and papers, we demonstrate that the introduction of the term “liturgics” at Saint-Petersburg Theological Academy in 1849–1853 and its following adoption in higher church education took place with a direct involvement of V. I. Dolotsky. Employing historical approach, Dolotsky signifi cantly broadened the content of his course of lectures, supplementing it with historical data. Dolotsky’s scholarly interests can be identifi ed on the basis of his articles, academic course programmes and lithoprinted lecture notes. They were related, above all, to text analysis of variable parts of church service, particularly holiday service. Besides, Dolotsky expressed interest in the origin of Holy days and their orders in antiquity. Here, by means of the historical approach, Dolotsky made use of the evidence of ancient Holy Fathers and emphasised the importance of employing liturgical sources of heterodox confessions that had common origins with the Orthodox Church. Thus, Dolotsky came to be the first Russian scholar of liturgics and provided a foundation for the further development of historical liturgics in Russian theological science.

Based on an analysis of archival documents and periodical press materials, the present paper studies the impact of the liberal reforms of Alexander II on the policies of the imperial authorities for the nomadic peoples of the steppe of Ciscaucasia: the Kalmyks, Nogais and Turkmens. The liberal reforms of the 1860s and 1870s had a direct impact on the formation of the national intelligentsia, which during the revolutionary events of the early 20th century led to the rise of the national movement in the empires peripheries and to the struggle for self-determination of the non-Russian populations during the Russian Revolution of 1917. The article reconstructs individual facts and events from the life of the nomadic population under specific socio-economic and political-legal conditions. Using the historical-genetic method, the influence of liberal reforms on the vital activity of the nomadic peoples of the Stavropol province is revealed. The authors focus on the activities of regional authorities during the period under review, which were liberal in nature and carried out in the context of the reforms of Alexander II. The authors conclude that the pre-Caucasus steppe, the territory of the nomadic Kalmyks, Nogais and Turkmens, being the national edge of the Russian Empire and falling under a special system of governance related to the ethnic and religious characteristics of the populations, was not drawn into the orbit of liberal reforms. Meanwhile, a number of measures were approved by the regional executive authorities on the ground, of course, first of all, aimed at satisfying the needs of the imperial policy for incorporating the region into the common imperial space, but at the same time improving the lives of the nomadic peoples of the Stavropol province, in particular in the field of education and legal procedures.

The paper describes the directions of counteracting extremist materials dissemination in Russia and their results as seen in the Federal List of Extremist Materials of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation, statistics of the State Information and Analytical Agency of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia on the number of registered crimes and persons brought to criminal responsibility as well as the Judicial Department at the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation on the state of criminal record and activities of the federal courts of general jurisdiction and justices of the peace.The study aims to develop recommendations to optimize the judicial and investigative use of specialized knowledge to counteract the dissemination of extremist materials. The research tasks are: examining the shortcomings of preliminary investigation, analyzing the current judicial practice of administrative proceedings, and formulating proposals for the best use of specialized knowledge to identify the signs of hatred and enmity in the disseminated products. The study reveals the problems of the investigative practice related to the definition of the forensic examination subject for various categories of objects in terms of their material carriers. The author also notes cases of unjustified expansion of the subject of expert examination of extremist materials. Furthermore, the article identifies the shortcomings and positive experience in judicial practice on publicly available administrative cases on recognition materials as extremist and prosecution persons for inciting hatred or hostility or for posting on the Internet materials included in the Federal List of Extremist Materials. Finally, forensic recommendations on using specialized knowledge in the analysis of disseminated extremist materials are offered.

Changes in the demographic structure of the population (aging of the population) can directly or indirectly lead to the transformation of key socio-economic indicators. This may affect the structure of revenues and expenditures of the state budget, as well as be reflected in some sectors of the economy. In the foreign literature, a significant number of studies are devoted to the study of the influence of the age structure of the population on the economic indicators of the country. However, in Russia this problem is poorly understood. The age composition of the population also affects the characteristics of socio-economic policy. Population growth in the most productive ages leads to an increase in per capita income, while in the least productive ages to a decrease in per capita income [18]. The greatest growth in the working-age population in the literature is usually defined as the first demographic dividend that was overcome for most developed countries. Currently, developed countries are at a stage when there is a significant increase in the burden of older people. However, according to scientists, in these conditions, an effective policy in the field of income and expenditure management can support the country’s economic growth. This effect is usually called the second demographic dividend. However, in the case of insufficient consumption at older ages, a decrease in total consumption can be observed, and, as a consequence, a decrease in output. Thus, in Russia there is a tendency towards aging of the population and low consumption in older ages.The purpose of the study is to construct an age profile of population expenditures, as well as to analyze the age structure of population expenditures based on data from the Russian Monitoring of Economic Situation and Health survey conducted by the Higher School of Economics.Materials and methods. In order to construct age profiles of household expenditures and then analyze the age structure of household expenditures, we considered surveys of the Russian Monitoring of Economic Situation and Health, conducted by the Higher School of Economics from 2010 to 2018. Before constructing age profiles of population expenditures, a primary statistical analysis of the databases was carried out and anomalous observations were excluded. The obtained age profiles were smoothed using the Friedman method. It is important to note that population expenditure surveys are collected on a per household basis and not per family member. Thus, before constructing age profiles of household expenditures, it is necessary to reallocate household expenditures for each family member. The paper examines the features of the methods of redistribution of expenditures of the population. When constructing age profiles of population expenditures, the recommendations of the National Intergenerational Transfer Accounts project developed by Ronald Lee and Andrew Mason will be used. Data processing was performed in the IBM SPSS and R software package.Results. When constructing age profiles of population expenditures, there is an increase in expenditures in age groups over 50 in 2018 compared to 2010. Conclusions are drawn about changes in expenditures on food, durable goods, services, utilities, and health services. The share of expenses for food products ranges from 38.6% to 43.7%. The smallest share of spending on food is observed in the ages from 0 to 9 years (less than 40%). In other age groups, the share of spending on food has no significant fluctuations and is about 42%. The largest share of spending on durable goods falls on the age groups from 0 to 19 years (about 17%). After 20 years, there is a gradual decrease in the share of spending on durable goods (to 6.6% in the age group 75-59). In terms of service category, the largest share of expenses falls on age groups 50-54 (18%). In the age groups over 55 years old, the share of expenditures on services decreases (to 10.7% in the age group 75-59 years old). The expenditures for the category of utilities in the age groups from 0 to 49 years do not change, and then there is a gradual increase in the share of expenses. There is a high proportion of spending on health services in the age groups from 0 to 4 and in the age groups over 60. The results obtained are necessary when constructing forecast values for assessing macroeconomic indicators, planning the state budget.Conclusion. The article provides a review of foreign and Russian literature on assessing the impact of the age structure of the population on economic growth, calculates the age profile of household expenditures in the Russian Federation, and considers the age structure of household expenditures for 2010 and 2018 by five-year age intervals. The results obtained allow us to draw conclusions about the different structure of population expenditures depending on age groups.