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Sago starch drying in remote areas or difficult to reach transportation requires artificial dryers to increase the quantity and quality of the dry sago starch. The purpose of this study was to test performance, and analyze the economic value of biomass powered pneumatic conveying ring dryer (PCRD) for drying sago starch for small scale commercial. This research was conducted in two stages, namely performance testing and financial analysis. Small scale (mini) PCRD has been created for drying sago starch with a capacity of 160 kg of dry sago starch per day. The resulting moisture content varies according to variations in temperature and initial moisture content of sago starch and has met the Indonesia National Standard (SNI) No. 3729 regarding the maximum water content of sago starch (13%), except at temperature variations of 50 o C and 75 o C with an initial moisture content of 41% that did not meet the SNI, which was greater than 13% (14.27% and 13.23%). The drying efficiency varies between 7.339% to 9.689%. Likewise, the yield of dry sago starch that was produced varied between 65% and 73%. PCRD is very feasible to be developed into a commercial scale sago starch dryer with a Pay back value of 2.66 years to return the initial capital of Rp. 186,879,200. Keywords: drying, financial analysis, PCRD, sago starch

Hasil observasi di PT. Holcim Indonesia Tbk, pabrik Cilacap, didapati banyaknya pemborosan di bagian pengepakan semen, termasuk banyaknya produk cacat kemasan, sehingga banyak semen tercecer dan harus mengulangi proses pengepakan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi pemborosan selama proses pengepakan menggunakan pendekatan lean manufacturing dengan value stream mapping . Sementara tingkat kualitas dianalisis dengan metode six-sigma. Penyebab kecacatan produk dianalisis dengan fish-bone diagram . Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) digunakan untuk merancang ususlan perbaikan. Pemborosan yang teridentifikasi meliputi : transportation , motion , waiting , over processing , dan defect . Usulan perbaikan untuk mengurangi pemborosan yaitu dengan penggabungan stasiun penimbangan dan stasiun pemeriksaan, sehingga memberikan estimasi peningkatan process cycle effisiensi dari 39,1% menjadi 46,69. Sedangkan upaya untuk mengurangi cacat produk dilakukan dengan perawatan preventif mesin packer .

This research aimed to exploit the jackfruit wood waste as textile coloration on silk. Moreover to know influence of dip solution pH variation application and mordan process to dyeing result quality. The dying process obtained by differences pH variation and fixator substance, namely alum and ferrous sulfate. According to the research was known that jackfruit wood could be used to color silk into yellow and brown. The final color depending on the fixator whereas the color density and trend color depending on pH solution used in dyeing process. The dyeing process proved the good result, since it got smooth and permanent color. The color density showed the dyeing process using alum mordant got yellow included the highest color density on acid (pH : 5) whereas the ferrous sulfate got brown included the highest color density on acid (pH : 5). The color endurance on washing process got good color change value on 4 -5 of Grey Scale standart and of Staining Scale standard. Whereas color endurance on dry rubbing got very good: 5 on wet rubbing of Grey Scale standard. The results of this study can be applied to the process of dyeing natural dyes with optimal results and a short time.

Varnish is a particular liquid-phase substance composed of resin oil, solvent, pigments, drying agent, and other additive matters; and when it is applied to surface of a body, it will develop to a dry, hard, and sticky layer. Copal is one of the Indonesian export commodities that places 80-percent share in world market. In Indonesian, one of the potential regions as the origin and source of copal is Probolinggo in East Java. In an attempt to use copal domesticall an experiment of varnish making was conducted using prime quality copal (UT) obtained from Probolinggo. The solvents used were a mixture of propanol-2 and ethyl acetat at a ratio 1 : 2, added with 0.3% dry cobalt, 0.9% dry calcium, and 18% synthetic alkyd. The quality of varnish was eventually assessed. The chemical were also previously used for varnish making with the copal abtained from Sukabumi (West Java). The quality of copal produced was comparable to those of commercial varnish, and met with the ICl standard. An experiment with copal from Probolinggo was also conducted. The results revealed that the quality of varnish was still lower than the commercial varnish, and did not meet the ICl standard, especially in drying duration, touching sense, shearing strength and evenness in brushing. This was possibly caused by the high viscosity of the varnish (i.e 7.5 centipoise) exceeding the standard (6 - 7 centipoise).

This study aims to generate trajectories of students in learning by using a comparison worth growing terraced paper of form informal toward formal shape. The method used in this research is the research design consisted of three stages, namely the preliminary, design experiments and retrospective analysis. In this study, a series of learning is designed and developed based on the notion of the learning process and approach PMRI. This research was conducted in SMP PGRI 1 Palembang by involving students in grade VII.2 totaling 30 students. This research produces Learning trajectory (LT), which includes three activities namely 1, activity starts from drawing two wake up the same but different size, measure each side at the wake and determine the corresponding sides to determine the ratio. Activity 2, the activity determines the relations between the two ratios to determine whether the two ratios is a comparison worth or not. Activity 3, resolve issues relating to the comparative worth of daily life-today. Results of the experiments showed that a series of learning activities that have been done to help improve students' understanding of learning valued comparison.

The study describes moulding recovery and quality of seven Indonesian industrial wood species, i,e. meranti putih (shorea koordersii), sungkai (phenomena canescens jack). Cempaka (elmerillia ovalis dandy), dahu (dracontomelon dao), perupuk (solenospermum sp.) meranti merah (shorea sp.). and kapur (dryobalanops sp.). It is found that volume recovery varies from 38.7 to 80.2 per cent. An optimal allowances for moulding raw material are 3.0 mm in thickness and 9.6 mm in yidth Sungkai, dahu, perupuk and kapur species produced the best moulding quality. Moulding quality of the other species is found to be of good quality. The processing of cempaka and meranti species, especially on their radial surface or quarter swan timber, should be undertaken carefully because of they have genetical interlocked grains.

This research was conducted with the aim to know the technical manufacture of fermented feed with the formulation of waste of tofu and optimization strategy of making to the production of catfish culture. This research was conducted in Candisari Village, Sambeng Sub-district, Lamongan District. The method used in this research is qualitative method. From the result of the research that the making of fermented feed with the formulation of waste of tofu waste includes preparation method, materials of manufacture and process of manufacture, while the optimization strategy is (a) increasing production of fermented feed with the formulation of waste of tofu waste; (b) business development and introduction to the community, that fermented feed can increase fish farming production; (c) increasing the production of fermented feeds into products of sale value; (d) optimizing the waste of tofu waste into alternative feed. Keywords : Feed, Fermentation, Tofu, SWOT Analysis

Machining properties is one of the parameters to determine the quality of the wood. Tests on machining properties of wood are important to know the easiness level of workmanship as raw materials of furniture industry, construction wood and other wood products. This research was aimed at determining the difference of machining properties between timo wood (Timonius sericeus (Desf) K. Schum.) and kabesak wood (Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.) Willd.) from the village of Reknamo, Kupang district, East Nusa Tenggara. Testing procedures were based on ASTM D1666 including: planning, shaping, sanding, drilling and turning. The observation of qualities of the machining were done visually by calculating the percentage of defects that arise on the surface of the samples after the machining process, then the qualities were classified into five quality classes. The results showed that the machining properties of timo wood and kabesak wood were very good and belonging to the quality of class I. The significant difference between the machining properties of both the timbers is in the sanding properties, where the average free defect of sanding timo wood is 85% while kabesak wood is 84.5%. Both timo and kabesak wood are suitable as raw material, for the variety of furniture and molding products.

The problem faced by purun craftsmen is the reduced of purun raw material which commonly used such as purun danau and purun tikus. Hence it tends to utilized purun bajang which lesser known but potential used as a raw material purun craft. The research aims to obtain the information on the physical and mechanical properties of purun bajang compared with purun tikus and purun danau as substituted of purun tikus and purun danau.The research conclude that purun bajang’s performance is almost same as another commercial purun in terms colour and impression touch, but purun bajang relative slippery than purun tikus and purun danu. Purun bajang can be used as material substitution of commercialized purun tikus and purun danau, but it is noteworthy because of the tensile strength which it have very low tensile strength. Purun bajang can be used as woven material after drying process without any pulverization because it cause increasingly fragile tensile strength.Keywords: purun, physical properties, mechanical properties

Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian pengembangan dengan maksud mengembangkan modul geometri analitik bidang dan ruang materi konikoida berdasarkan Teori Van Hiele yang valid, praktis, dan efektif. Penelitian ini menggunakan model pengembangan Plomp yang terdiri atas empat fase, yaitu: fase investigasi awal, fase desain, fase realisasi, dan fase tes, evaluasi, dan revisi. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah lembar validasi, lembar observasi keterlaksanaan pembelajaran, angket respon mahasiswa, angket respon dosen, lembar observasi aktivitas mahasiswa, lembar observasi kemampuan dosen mengelola pembelajaran, dan tes pemahaman konsep. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan modul yang dihasilkan valid, praktis dan efektif, dengan rata-rata kevalidan untuk bahan ajar dan semua instrumen penelitian adalah 4,5. Praktis, dengan rata-rata lembar observasi keterlaksanaan pembelajaran 1,56, rata-rata persentase angket respon mahasiswa 82,68 dengan kategori positif dan rata-rata persentase angket respon dosen adalah 86,94. Efektif, rata-rata persentase aktivitas mahasiswa adalah 80,125, rata-rata persentase kemampuan dosen mengelola pembelajaran adalah 4,00, dan persentase ketuntasan belajar mahasiswa adalah 75%. Abstract This research form development that refers to development geometrical module analytics field and matter conicoid materials based on Van Hiele Theories which is valid, practical and effective . This research used development of Plomp models that consists of four phases : Investigation phase, design phase, realization phase, and test phase, evaluation and revision. Instrument that used are paper of validation, paper of observation characteristic of learning, questionnaire response of students, questionnaire response of lecture, observation papers activity of students, observation papers the ability of lecture to manage the subject and comprehension test of the concept, result of research show module that valid. Practically and effective. Dengan rata-rata the validation to substance of teaching and all the instrument of research is 4,5 practically. With range observation of papers the characteristic of learning 1,56, range of questionnaire presentation of students response 82,68 for the positive of category and range questionnaire presentation of lecture response is 86,94. Effective, range presentation activity of students is 80,125, range the ability the presentation of lecture to manage the subject is 4,00, and completeness presentation student learning is 75%.

Geometry is one of the particular problems for students. Therefore, several methods have been developed to attract students to learn geometry. For undergraduate students, learning geometry through surface visualization is introduced. One topic is studying parametric curves called the hypocycloid curve. This paper presents the generalization of the hypocycloid curve. The curve is known in calculus and usually is not studied further. Therefore, the research's novelty is introducing the spherical coordinate to the equation to obtain new surfaces. Initially, two parameters are indicating the radius of 2 circles governing the curves in the hypocycloid equations. The generalization idea here means that the physical meaning of parameters is not considered allowing any real numbers, including negative values. Hence, many new curves are observed infinitely. After implementing the spherical coordinates to the equations and varying the parameters, various surfaces had been obtained. Additionally, the differential operator was also implemented to have several other new curves and surfaces. The obtained surfaces are useful for learning by creating ornaments. Some examples of ornaments are presented in this paper.

The purpose of this paper is to explore the sources of income from the plantation sector, through policies in the form of changes in determining the amount of Tax Object Sales Value, Land and Building Tax (PBB NJOP) based on macroeconomic variables and crop productivity as well as the effect on Regional Original Income (PAD ) This paper focuses on NJOP by using primary data to analyze stakeholder perceptions and secondary data for path equation analysis. The results showed that simultaneously the variables of economic growth and population density had a significant effect on NJOP at a 95% confidence level. Partially economic growth variables and population density have a significant effect on NJOP at a 95% confidence level. The ability of economic growth variables and population density together can provide an explanation of the NJOP variation of 38.70%. Together, the variables of economic growth, population density and NJOP have a significant effect on the United Nations at a 95% confidence level. Partially economic growth, population density and NJOP have a significant effect on the United Nations at a 95% confidence level. The ability of economic growth, population density and NJOP are jointly able to provide an explanation of the UN variation of 67.20%. Simultaneously the variables of economic growth, population density, NJOP and PBB significantly affected PAD at 95% confidence level. Partially, the variables of economic growth, population density, NJOP and PBB significantly affected PAD at 95% confidence level. Variables of economic growth, population density, NJOP and PBB together are able to provide an explanation of PAD variation of 67.70%.

For any (not necessary connected) graph $G(V,E)$ and $A\subseteq V(G)$, the distance of a vertex $x\in V(G)$ and $A$ is $d(x,A)=\min\{d(x,a): a\in A\}$. A subset of vertices $A$ resolves two vertices $x,y \in V(G)$ if $d(x,A)\neq d(y,A)$. For an ordered partition $\Lambda=\{A_1, A_2,\ldots, A_k\}$ of $V(G)$, if all $d(x,A_i)\infty$ for all $x\in V(G)$, then the representation of $x$ under $\Lambda$ is $r(x|\Lambda)=(d(x,A_1), d(x,A_2), \ldots, d(x,A_k))$. Such a partition $\Lambda$ is a resolving partition of $G$ if every two distinct vertices $x,y\in V(G)$ are resolved by $A_i$ for some $i\in [1,k]$. The smallest cardinality of a resolving partition $\Lambda$ is called a partition dimension of $G$ and denoted by $pd(G)$ or $pdd(G)$ for connected or disconnected $G$, respectively. If $G$ have no resolving partition, then $pdd(G)=\infty$. In this paper, we studied the partition dimension of disjoint union of complete bipartite graph, namely $tK_{m,n}$ where $t\geq 1$ and $m\geq n\geq 2$. We gave the necessary condition such that the partition dimension of $tK_{m,n}$ are finite. Furthermore, we also derived the necessary and sufficient conditions such that $pdd(tK_{m,n})$ is either equal to $m$ or $m+1$.

Pada umumnya orde dari persamaan diferensial adalah bilangan asli, namun orde pada persamaan diferensial dapat dibentuk menjadi orde pecahan yang disebut persamaan diferensial fraksional. Paper ini membahas persamaan diferensial fraksional Riccati dengan orde diantara nol dan satu, dan koefisien konstan. Metode numerik yang digunakan untuk mendapatkan solusi dari persamaan diferensial fraksional Riccati adalah Adomian Decomposition Method (ADM) dan Variational Iteration Method (VIM). Tujuan dari paper ini adalah untuk memperluas penerapan ADM dan VIM dalam menyelesaikan persamaan diferensial fraksional Riccati nonlinear dengan turunan Caputo. Perbandingan solusi yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa VIM adalah metode yang lebih sederhana untuk mencari solusi persamaan diferensial fraksional Riccati nonlinier dengan orde antara nol dan satu, kemudian hasil yang diperoleh disajikan dalam bentuk grafik. Kata kunci : diferensial, fraksional, riccati, adomian dekomposisi The solution of Riccati Fractional Differential Equation using Adomian Decomposition method Abstract. Generally, the order of differential equations is a natural numbers, but this order can be formed into fractional, called as fractional differential equations. In this paper, the Riccati fractional differential equations with order between zero and one, and constant coefficient is discussed. The numerical methods used to obtain solutions from Riccati fractional differential equations are the Adomian Decomposition Method (ADM) and Variational Iteration Method (VIM). The aim of this paper is to expand the application of ADM and VIM in solving nonlinear Riccati fractional differential equations with Caputo derivatives. The comparison of the obtained solutions shows that VIM is simpler method for finding solutions to Riccati nonlinear fractional differential equations with order between zero and one. The obtained results are presented graphically. Keywords : riccati, fractional, differential, adomian, decomposition

Paper ini mempelajari kontraksi θ-ϕ dan kontraksi tipe Kannan θ-ϕ serta beberapa teorema ketunggalan titik tetap pada ruang metrik parsial. Selanjutnya membandingkan Teorema serupa yang telah dikemukakan oleh peneliti sebelumnya dan membahas contoh sebagai ilustrasi dari teorema yang dibahas. [In this paper, we study the notions of θ-ϕ contraction and θ-ϕ Kannan Type contraction, and some fixed point theorem on partial metric spaces. The results presented in the paper study and consederation some previously results, we also give an example to illustrate our results.]

Seiring dengan kemajuan komputer, teknik pemrosesan gambar menjadi berkembang dengan pesat. Segmentasi citra adalah salah satu bidang dalam pemrosesan gambar untuk mengenali suatu obyek gambar. Salah satu segmentasi citra adalah ekstraksi fitur tepi (edge detection) dan kurva dari sebuah gambar. Paper ini akan memberikan informasi mengenai studi perbandingan teknik deteksi tepi dengan berbagai metode. Perbandingan metode meliputi bentuk objek yang akan dikenali tepinya, tingkat akurasi gambar, waktu eksekusi program dan output yang diberikan. Ada tujuh algoritma deteksi tepi yang digunakan, algoritma ini terbagi menjadi dua yaitu orde satu meliputi Sobel, Prewit, Robert, Isotropic, dan Compas. Sedangkan orde dua meliputi Canny dan Laplacian. Hasil percobaan dievaluasi berdasarkan nilai kemiripan dengan citra asli dengan pendekatan MSE dan PSNR. Hasil evaluasi menujukkan bahwa dari 3 citra yang di ujicoba metode canny mendapatkan 2 hasil terbaik dari ketiga citra dengan nilai MSE & PSNR pada citra 1 dan 2 sebesar 246,95 & 3,67 dB dan 249,16 & 2,55 dB.

A radical class of rings is called a supernilpotent radicals if it is hereditary and it contains the class for some positive integer In this paper, we start by exploring the concept of Tychonoff space to build a supernilpotent radical. Let be a Tychonoff space that does not contain any isolated point. The set of all continuous real-valued functions defined on is a prime essential ring. Finally, we can show that the class of rings is a supernilpotent radical class containing the matrix ring .

A bstrak. Ide dari konsep turunan fraksional adalah bagaimana menentukan turunan yang berorde suatu bilangan pecahan (fraksional) yaitu bilangan rasional atau bahkan bilangan real. Dalam makalah ini dikaji tentang definisi, teorema, dan karakteristik serta contoh turunan fraksional pada fungsi pangkat tiga dan fungsi eksponen yang dikembangkan oleh matematikawan Riemann dan Liouville. Metode penelitian yang ditempuh adalah melalui studi literatur primer, yaitu dengan mengembangkan teori yang telah dikerjakan peneliti terdahulu, sehingga metode tersebut dapat diterapkan untuk penyelesain masalah yang dapat diaplikasikan dan dikembangkan secara lebih luas. Hasil dari makalah ini berupa analisis dari turunan fraksional fungsi pangkat sederhana dan fungsi eksponensial. Keywords : turunan fraksional, fungsi pangkat tiga, fungsi eksponen Abstract . The idea of the fractional derivative concept is how to determine the derivation with fractional order, that is a rational number or even a real number. In this paper, we examine the definitions, theorems, and the characteristics as well as fractional derivatives example of the cubic and exponential functions in which developed by mathematician Riemann and Liouville. This research is done by primary literature review, that is by developing the theory that has been done by the previous researcher, so that the method of problem solving can be applied and developed widely. The results of this paper are the analysis of fractional derivatives from simple-order and exponential functions. Keywords : fractional derivatives, cubic functions, exponential functions

Shortest product cycle time is a key criterion for job sequencing and measuring competitiveness among entrepreneurial-based firms. Now, the long waiting time of job orders constitutes a deterministic production line problem in vehicle number plate production plants in Nigeria. Case studies were conducted on those plants, confidentially identified in this paper as A, B, C, and D. Delays caused by non-value-adding work processes are major culprits among other contributors to the long queues at these plants. The value stream mapping technique was applied to identify non-value adding activities before the production line was balanced using an effective cycle time model. The index cases to a balanced line, as shown in the results, are increases in process rate by 41 %, 59 %, 42 %, and 71 % for A, B, C, and D, respectively, and overall line efficiency. Next, the system capacities correspondingly increased with the elimination of wastages. These increments imply that bottleneck activities have been minimized, and we have a balanced production line. The devised solution procedure is reliable and recommended to other line manufacturing concerns that experience delays and bottleneck problems.

Biochemical oxygen demand shows the amount of oxygen needed by microorganisms to decompose dissolved organic substances suspended in water. This variable determines water quality. The higher value indicates lower water quality. Obtaining this value requires a lengthy procedure of five days in typical laboratories. This paper proposes to predict biochemical oxygen demand using a radial basis function network with improvement relational fuzzy c-means clustering to set centroid by using 11 parameters that come from water quality records. The dataset used in testing consisting of weekly parameters between 2014-2019. Testing results show performance measurement of mean absolute error, mean square error, root mean square error, mean absolute percentage error, and accuracy using centroid with improvement relational fuzzy c-means 0.15016, 0.3677, 0.19082, 21.64490 and 78.35510 comparing with centroid from fuzzy c-means 0.16002, 0.04021, 0.19963, 22.83184, and 77.16816.

Preservatives are one of the food additives used to preserve perishable foods. Based on Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan RI No. 033 Tahun 2012 about food additives, sodium tetraborate or borax is classified in additives, which are prohibited being used in food. However in reality, there are still used. The purpose of this study is to identify and measure levels of borax compounds in ground red chilies that are sold in the traditional markets of Jambi city. Qualitative analysis of borax in ground red chilies using a color test method using Tumeric paper. While the quantitative analysis of borax in ground red chilies using UV-Vis Spectrophotometry at the wavelength of 550 nm. Borax identification results showed that 25 samples the ground red chilies tested contained borax with average concentration 1,998 mg/gram of borax compound. Analysis of the results of the test of borax content with SPSS using the Chi-square test indicated that there was no relationship between the selection of ground red chilies with the use of borax as a food preservative.

PG X in Jember is one of the agro-industries that processing sugar cane into sugar crystals. This factory works seasonally. To ensure the consumer demand for sugar, the sugar factory should operate efficiently during their production season. In fact, it was found that at the downtime at the boiler department at this factory was up to 181 hours for six months production period in the year 2018. This happened mainly in the bagasse conveyor section. This paper is focused on efforts to find out the cause of the high downtime and its possible solution. Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) analysis was employed for measuring machine effectiveness. It is found that the lowest OEE value of 68.27% was in June, while the highest one up to 98.46% was reached in September. The most affecting factor to the low OEE value is reducing speed losses. It affected by 46% to the overall six big losses factors. Based on fishbone analysis, the main cause of the high value of reducing speed losses is lack of supervision in transporting bagasse to the conveyor. The inappropriate dimension of the scrapper (a part of the conveyor) is another reason. Therefore, it is recommended to increase supervision in transporting bagasse to the conveyor. Another recommendation is to reduce the scrapper length. Analysis of the free body diagram of this element shows that reducing its length from 1.215 mm to 1.195 mm will reduce the displacement from 6.67 mm to 4.72 mm without degrading the function of this part.

This paper discussed about the construction of a model the relationship between a dependent variabel and a independent variabel using spline analysis regression. This methods is usually used when the relationship between variables is unknown. This methods is applied to construct the growth curve for children under 3 years of age in Padang.Kata Kunci: spline regression, growth curve, children under 3 years of age

Numerous studies have constructed financial inclusion indexes for Indonesia, using amultidimensional approach. However, there is a problem with the methodology, whichassumes that all the dimensions play the same role in defining financial inclusion,since they are based on equal weighting criteria. This paper aims to obviate concernswith the methodology by developing a more empirically based index, namely, aweighted multidimensional index of financial inclusion based on two-stage principalcomponent analysis. In other words, we endogenize the weights. We find that usage isthe most important dimension in defining financial inclusion in Indonesia, followedby availability and access.

Makalah ini memberikan analisis perbandingan antara teknik kendali klasik yaitu kendali PID dengan teknik kendali modern pada sistem Eddy current brakes dinamometer. Eddy current brakes merupakan sistem pengereman modern yang membutuhkan sebuah sistem kendali untuk menunjang kinerja pengereman. Selama ini kendali PID lebih sering digunakan, namun di beberapa kondisi dinilai kurang optimal. Dengan demikian, diperlukan pengembangan kendali yang modern dan optimal yaitu full state feedback Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR). Perbandingan respon waktu pengereman disimulasikan menggunakan Matlab/Simulink. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan respon waktu pengereman pada kendali LQR lebih baik dibandingkan dengan kendali PID, dengan Ts = 2.12 detik, Tr = 1.18 detik, dan tanpa overshoot. Adapun kendali PID, meskipun menghasilkan Ts = 0.27 detik dan Tr = 0.18 detik, namun demikian masih terdapat overshoot sebesar 0.7%. Kata kunci: Eddy brakes, PID, LQR, Matlab ABSTRACT This paper provides a comparative analysis between PID control as a classical control technique and modern control technique in the dinamometer Eddy current brakes system. Eddy current brakes is a modern braking system that requires a control system to support the braking performance. PID control is often used to be implemented but in some conditions it is less optimal. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a modern and optimal control, such as a full state feedback Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR). The comparison of the braking time responses were simulated using Matlab/Simulink. The simulation results show that the response of LQR control is better than the PID, with Ts = 2.12 seconds, Tr = 1.18 seconds, and without overshoot. On the other side, PID control, although having Ts = 0.27 seconds and Tr = 0.18 seconds, there is still an overshoot about 0.7%. Keywords: Eddy brakes, PID, LQR, Matlab

This study aims to generate a clear and comprehensive description of the students’ competence in the mathematical modeling courses after the lecturers are based on the design task. The students’ competence that will be measured in this research is the competence in constructing mathematical modeling that has been made. In this paper, we will deeply discuss for the competence in constructing mathematical modeling task and validating it. The method used is descriptive qualitative and the subject of this study were 23 students of the 2017/2018 academic year who took mathematics modeling courses. This research starts from the planning stage, namely the analysis of the study of mathematical modeling material, design and validation of research instruments. Furthermore, the implementation phase is taking observation data, interviews and field notes during lectures based on problem development. The last stage of the research is data analysis. The data collection techniques in this study were in the form of observations, interviews, and field notes. The results of this study were obtained descriptions of student competencies in constructing mathematical modeling problems and found misunderstanding of students in interpreting assumptions and variables in mathematical modeling.

Estimation model of tree volume must be high in accuracy and precisions to estimate stand potential precisely. This paper determines and validates the estimation model of Shorea balangeran volume grown in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. There were three phases of model development which include 52 trees for model progress, 23 trees for model validation, and 10 trees for external model validation. The calculation model used linear and non-linear models with diameter, diameter and height, and diameter and height combination as independent variables. The criteria of the best model was determined by statistical analyses such as coefficient determination, relative and aggregative deviation, bias, precisions and accuracy of estimation, AIC (Akaike’s Information Criterion). The result of the study showed that the model with diameter as single variable was not complied with the selected best model criteria (aggregative deviation; AD< 1 % and relative deviation: RD< 8 %). The addition of tree height on model estimation increased the coefficient determination of 6.54% and the model with diameter and height as independent variable was satisfied with the criteria (AD and RD criteria). The best model of Balangeran was with coefficient determination of 89.77 %. However, the best model was not applicable for other sites with different stand characteristics Keywords: volume, model, Balangeran, validation, stand, tree

An SPL can be represented as a multiplication of the coefficient matrix and solution vector of the SPL. Determining the solution of an SPL can use the inverse matrix method and Cramer's rule, where both can use the concept of the determinant of a matrix. If the coefficient matrix is a unimodular matrix, then all solutions of an SPL are integers. In this paper we will present a method of generating a unimodular matrix using Python so that it can be utilized on an SPL. Keywords: SPL, Unimodular Matrix, Python

The purpose of this research paper is to implement a method of cost-based pricing on CV. Midi Sukabumi in determining the selling price Lidi Osyin Noodle. The analysis technique that used is descriptive quantitative approach analysis technique used to analyze numbers using formulas and make descriptions systematically. the result of this research is determining the selling price on CV. Midi Sukabumi by using cost based pricing method are of two calculations, is cost plus pricing used to calculate the total cost of production and non-production process. And the second calculation is the calculation of mark up pricing used for reseller agents by adding a desired mark up on the purchase price of unity. Key Words : Full costing, cost based pricing, cost plus pricing, and mark up pricing

Dalam tulisan ini, didefinisikan subsemiring fuzzy dan menyelidiki sifat yang terkait. Selain itu, diperkenalkan konsep subsemiring yang diinduksi dari level subset. Akhirnya, karakteristik subsemiring fuzzy diperoleh. [In this paper, we define the notion of fuzzy subsemiring and investigate the related properties. Moreover, we introduce the idea of a subsemiring induced from the level subset. Finally, a characterization of a fuzzy subsemiring is obtained.]

This paper will present the application of numerical mathematic and discuss the alternative method to calculate and solve the problem about the value of Internal Rate Return (IRR) and desired returned rate by obligation investor. As we know there are several methods to solve the calculation about IRR ,such as Interpolation Method by using the financial table and Trial and Error Method by using IRR Function in Excel Software; but the most popular is Newton Raphson Method. In this method, the numerical case must be transferred into the NPV equation or obligation equation, and be created to the polynomial equation in term of f(x) until the error is minimum. This method gives the same result if it is compared with several methods mentioned above for the same case. There is only approximation of 4 digits in decimals for the result. By using this method, there are still any differences of calculation result, but it’s not significant. This numerical approach can be implemented to solve the value of desired interest rate from the obligation by using the same calculation step and algorithm.

Determination of the limit value of a function is an important things. Basically, the limit is used to look at the "properties" function value around the point. In this paper, we provide the general formula for the limit of square root function at infinite. This general formula comes from the development of a commonly known base formula. We use some simple algebra theorems to develop it. The result is very similar to the basic formula for limit of square root function at infinite.

This study aims to determine the minimum spanning tree of a complete graph K_n with weight constraints and completion using the cutting plane method. The cutting plane method is one of the algorithms included in the exact method. This algorithm works by reducing the solution area so that it becomes narrower. As a result, the feasible solutions that will be investigated become less and less. This is because the cutting plane method works based on the optimal linear programming solution of relaxation solved by the simplex method. In this paper we give illustration of the algorithm applied for two cases, one for K_4 and one for K_5.

Standard germination does not always indicate seed lot potential performance, especially if field germination conditions are less than optimal. Seed vigour tests therefore have been proposed to detect more accurate differences in potential seed lot performance. This study is aimed to obtain more precise method to assess Acacia mangium seed vigour correlated to germination success in a greenhouse and normal seedling emergency in a nursery. Tests were conducted on 13 seed lots collected from some certified seed sources. Seed testing and nursery activities were carried out at the Seed Laboratory of Forest Tree Seed Technology Research & Development Centre, Bogor. Experimental designs were arranged in a completely randomized design with four replications for laboratory tests (standard germination, germination index, number of normal seedling in the first count, radicle length, tetrazolium test, controlled deterioration test, accelerated aging, conductivity test), germination in a greenhouse and direct sowing in a nursery. Results showed that all tests were significantly different for ranking seed vigor in the different seed lots. Seed lot from Subanjeriji-2 provided the best germination performance in the greenhouse and direct sowingin the nursery, followed by seed lot from Parungpanjang, while seed lot from Kenangan had the lowest germination performance. The relationship between some laboratory tests, i.e. top paper test, germination index, and electrical conductivity test, and the greenhouse and nursery tests were significant. The electrical conductivity test had the highest accuracy with R 2 = 0,6278 for greenhouse test and R 2 = 0,4057 for nursery test. Overall, among all the laboratory tests, electrical conductivity test showed seeds well, so the usage of the electrical conductivity test for predicting normal seedling emergence could be suitable in A. mangium nursery programs.

This paper presents the definition, samples, and natures of isometric and isometric- m algebra operator for some in Hilbert space. In additions, the relationship of both operators will also be examined. To investigate natures of isometric and isometric- m operators, adjoint operators concepts and natures are required. Adjoint operator concept underlies isometric operator’s natures. Later, according to the concept, isometrc operator is expanded into isometric- m operators for some in Hilbert space. The result unveils algebra natures of isometric and isometric- m operators consisting of composition operators natures and multiplication with scalar. Furthermore, if T operators is isometric then T operators isometric- m for some .

Production of laminated structural timbers suitable for use under severe conditions dates back to the development of resorcinol and phenol-resorcinol adhesives. These adhesives could provide highly durable bonds with untreated wood. Because preservative treatment of the - wood is commonly required, it became necessary to investigate the effect of the treatment on glue bond strength. This study examined the shear strength of resorcinol formaldehyde on the untreated and cetcure treated timbers. Additionally, a mechanical and a chemical surface activation treat- ments were imposed lo the system prior lo gluing. Species included for the study were: jeungjing (Paraserianthes falcataria (L.) Nielsen, adinandra (Adinandra brasii Kobuski) and pala burung (Horsfieldia sylvestris Warrb.). Defect-free airdried wood slicks measuring 50 mm (radial) x 50 mm (tangential) x 500 mm (longitudinal) were divided into two groups, of which one group was celcure-treated using an empty-cell process and the other was remained as control. Each slick was then cut into billets for adhesive lamination. Surface activation treatments were made mechanically by sanding wood surface with an 80-grit abrasive paper, or chemically by smearing wood surface with IM solution of NaOH approximately 24 h before gluing. Resorcinol formaldehyde was applied to each surface at a spread rate of 120 mg/cm2. Panels were clamped at 12 kg/cm2 for 7 h as recommended by the adhesive manufacturer. Each panel was cut into four shear specimens, of which two specimens were tested in dry condition and the remaining after 24 h immersion in water at room temperature. Strength loss due to wetting was also determined. Results showed that bond strength of resorcinol formaldehyde varied according to wood species. Jeungjing had a weaker bond strength than adinandra and pala burung. Preservative treatment had no deteriorating effects on dry shear strength, but it did reduce the wet shear strength of wood laminates. The application of surface activation treatments was more effective on the higher extractive contained species (adinandra and pala burung) and the unpreserved laminates. Surface mechanical treatment showed a better improvement on bond strength than the chemical treatment. Jeungjing experienced a higher strength loss during immersion than

Treynor Ratio merupakan model pioner inovatif ukuran kinerja saham yang dikemukakan Jack Treynor pada tahun 1965 yang terdiri atas 3 (tiga) komponen, yaitu return saham, return bebas risiko, dan beta saham. Banyak penelitian mendekati return bebas risiko dengan suku bunga termasuk saat mengukur kinerja saham syariah, sedangkan suku bunga dilarang dalam konsep keuangan islam. Tulisan ini membahas variabel alternatif untuk mendekati return bebas risiko selain dengan suku bunga (BI-Rate), yaitu dengan 4 (empat) pendekatan, yaitu: menghilangkan suku bunga, mengganti dengan zakat rate, mengganti dengan inflasi, dan mengganti dengan gross domestic produc (GDP) pada model Treynor Ratio yang diimplementasikan pada pasar modal syariah di Indonesia periode Januari 2011-Juli 2018. Hasil yang diperoleh adalah terdapat kesesuaian yang sangat tinggi hasil pengukuran model Treynor Ratio dengan suku bunga dengan keempat model lainnya. Namun, model-model tersebut tidak menjamin bahwa saham yang memilki kinerja terbaik pada saat ini akan memilki kinerja terbaik dimasa yang akan datang atau sebaliknya. Dilihat dari kedekatan hasil pengukuran kinerjanya, kelima model Treynor Ratio tersebut dapat dikelompokan jadi 2 (dua), yaitu model dengan suku bunga, model dengan inflasi, dan model dengan GDP sebagai kelompok pertama, sedangkan model tanpa suku bunga dan model dengan zakat-rate sebagai kelompok kedua. [Treynor Ratio is an innovative pioneer model the size of stock performance proposed by Jack Treynor in 1965 which consists of 3 (three) components, namely stock returns, risk free returns, and stock beta. Many studies approach risk-free returns with interest rates, including when measuring the performance of Islamic stocks, while interest rates are prohibited in the concept of Islamic finance. This paper discusses alternative variables to approach risk-free returns other than interest rates (BI-Rate), namely with 4 (four) approaches, namely: eliminating interest rates, changing zakat rates, changing inflation, and substituting gross domestic products (GDP) in the Treynor Ratio model that is implemented in the Islamic capital market in Indonesia for the period January 2011 - July 2018. The results obtained are very high conformity in the measurement results of the Treynor Ratio model with interest rates with the other four models. However, these models do not guarantee that stocks that have the best performance at this time will have the best performance in the future or vice versa. Judging from the closeness of the results of performance measurement, the five Treynor Ratio models can be grouped into 2 (two), namely models with interest rates, models with inflation, and models with GDP as the first group, while models without interest rates and models with zakat-rate as second group.]

Dalam makalah ini, akan diperkenalkan notasi image (pre-image) di bawah homomorfisma grup, dan akan dibuktikan image (pre-image) interior subgrup fuzzy (interior subgrup) di bawah homomorfisma grup selalu interior subgrup fuzzy (interior subgrup). [In this paper, we will introduce the image (pre-image) under the group homomorphism, and we will prove the image (pre-image) of the interior of the fuzzy subgroup (the interior of the subgroup) under the group homomorphism is always the interior of the fuzzy subgroup (the interior of the subgroup).]

Audio watermarking adalah mekanisme penyembunyian data pada audio. Metode penyembunyian data yang digunakan dalam penulisan ini adalah Lifting Wavelet Transform (LWT), Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), Centroid dan Quantization Index Modulation (QIM). Langkah pertama adalah host audio tersegmentasi menjadi beberapa frame. Kemudian sub-band terpilih diubah oleh FFT dengan mengubah domain sub-band dari waktu ke frekuensi. Proses centroid digunakan untuk menemukan titik pusat frekuensi untuk lokasi penyisipan untuk mendapatkan output yang lebih stabil. Proses penyematan dilakukan dengan QIM. Kinerja watermarking oleh parameter yang disesuaikan memperoleh nilai imperceptibility dengan Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) > 21 dB, Mean Opinion Score (MOS)> 3.8 dengan kapasitas = 86.13 bps. Selain itu, untuk sebagian besar file audio terwatermark yang diserang, metode ini tahan terhadap beberapa serangan seperti Low Pass Filter (LPF) dengan fco> 6 kHz, Band Pass Filter (BPF) dengan fco 50 Hz - 6 kHz, Linear Speed Change (LSC) dan MP4 Compression dengan Bit Error Rate (BER) kurang dari 20%. Kata kunci: FFT, subband, LWT, Centroid, Audio Watermarking, QIM ABSTRACT Audio watermarking is a mechanism for hiding data on audio. Data hiding methods used in this paper are Lifting Wavelet Transform (LWT), Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), Centroid and Quantization Index Modulation (QIM). The first step is to segment host audio into several frames, then the selected sub-band is changed by the FFT by changing the sub-band domain from time to frequency. The centroid process is used to find the center of frequency for the insertion location to get a more stable output. The embedding process is done by QIM. The watermarking performance by adjusted parameters obtains the imperceptibility value with Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)> 21 dB, Mean Opinion Score (MOS)> 3.8 with a capacity = 86.13 bps. In addition, for most of attacked watermarked audio files, this method is resistant to several attacks such as Low Pass Filter (LPF) with fco> 6 kHz, Band Pass Filter (BPF) with fco 50 Hz - 6 kHz, Linear Speed Change (LSC) and MP4 Compression with Bit Error Rate (BER) less than 20%. Keywords: FFT, subband, LWT, Centroid, Audio Watermarking, QIM

Audio watermarking adalah teknik memasukkan informasi ke dalam file audio dan untuk melindungi hak cipta data digital dari distribusi ilegal. Makalah ini memperkenalkan audio stereo watermarking berdasarkan Quantization Index Modulation (QIM) dengan teknik gabungan Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) - QRCartesian Polar Transform (CPT). Host audio dibagi menjadi beberapa frame, selanjutnya setiap frame ditransformasi oleh DCT, kemudian output DCT diuraikan menjadi matriks orthogonal dan matriks segitiga menggunakan metode QR. Selanjutnya, CPT mengubah dua koefisien kartesian dari matriks segitiga (R) pada posisi (1,1) dan (2,2) menjadi koefisien polar. Setelah itu, penyisipan dilakukan pada koefisien polar oleh QIM. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan bahwa imperseptibilitas audio terwatermark berkualitas baik dengan Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)> 20, Mean Opinion Score (MOS)> 4 dan tahan terhadap serangan seperti Low Pass Filter (LPF) dan Band Pass Filter (BPF) dengan cut off 25-6k, resampling, Linear Speed Change (LSC) dan MP3 Compression dengan rate diatas 64 kbps.Kata kunci: Audio Watermarking, CPT, DCT, QIM, QR ABSTRACTAudio watermarking is a technique for inserting information into an audio file and to protect the copyright of digital data from illegal distribution. This paper introduces a stereo audio watermarking based on Quantization Index Modulation (QIM) with combined technique Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) – QR – Cartesian Polar Transform (CPT). Each frame of a host audio is transformed by DCT, then DCT output is decomposed using QR method. Next, CPT transform two cartesian coefficients from triangular matrix (R) in position (1,1) and (2,2) to polar coefficients. After that, embedding is executed on polar coefficients by QIM. The simulation result shows that the imperceptibility is good with Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)>20, Mean Opinion Score (MOS)>4 and it is robust against attacks such as Low Pass Filter (LPF) and Band Pass Filter (BPF) with cut off 25-6k, Resampling, Linear Speed Change and MP3 Compression with rate 64 kbps and above. Keywords: Audio Watermarking, CPT, DCT, QIM, QR

Makalah ini membahas kajian hasil studi pustaka dari beberapa sumber yang relevan. Tujuannya adalah untuk mengetahui pembelajaran program linier dengan berbantuan QM for Windows efektif dalam mengembangkan kemampuan berpikir kritis dan resiliensi matematik. Uraian yang dikaji didasarkan atas analisis terhadap: 1) definisi dari kemampuan berpikir kritis dan resiliensi matematik berdasarkan para pakar; 2) ciri-ciri kemampuan berpikir kritis dan resiliensi matematik; 3) langkah-langkah menyelesaikan masalah program linier dengan bantuan QM for Windows. Kata kunci : berpikir kritis dan resiliensi matematik, program linier, QM for Windows Abstract. This paper study literature from the resources references relevant. The purpose is for finding of linear programming teaching assisted with QM for Windows effectively by developing critical thinking and reciliency mathematical abilities. The analysis investigation based on: 1) The definition of critical thinking and reciliency mathematical abilities according to the scientists; 2) The characteristics of critical thinking and reciliency mathematical abilities; 3) The stages of problem solving by linear programming assisted with QM for Windows. Keywords : critical thinking and reciliency mathematical abilities, linear programming, QM for Windows.

Definisi ideal dasar dan ideal bebas dalam aljabar bebas atas ring komutatif dengan elemen satuan adalah ekuivalen. Namun, ideal dasar dalam suatu aljabar tak bebas belum tentu merupakan ideal bebas, sementara ideal bebas pasti ideal dasar. Artikel ini membahas beberapa sifat ideal dasar prima dalam aljabar tak bebas atas ring komutatif dengan elemen satuan. [The definitions of basic ideal and free ideal in free algebras over a unital commutative ring are equivalen. However, a basic ideal in the non-free algebra is not neceearily a free ideal, while any free ideal is definitely a basic ideal. This paper will discuss some properties of prime basic ideal in non-free algebras over a unital commutative ring.]

Many people think that mathematics is a scary subject especially among children. Therefore, mathematics should be taught with a good and fun way. One of the good and fun approaches is through games. The development of internet technology has offered a wide range of facility, especially on websites that provide online math games. One of them is free online game “Bead on String”. This paper is intended to describe the connection of free online game “Beads on String”, with the materials of the integer division with a remainder and no remainder that is taught at school. The result of the analysis to free online games “Bead on String” indicates that the game can be used to build an understanding of learning concepts “Pembagian bilangan bulat bersisa dan tak bersisa (Integer division with a remainder and no remainder)”. ظنّ كثير من الناس أن الرياضيّات علم صعبٌ ومخيف، وخاصة الصغار. بهذا لابد أن يُدرّس هذا العلم بطريقة جيّدة ومريحة. وأحد المداخل لتدريس هذا العلم عن طريق الألعاب. وبتطوّر تكنولوجيا الشبكة الدولية توجد هناك الوسائل وخاصة موجودة في المواقع على الانترنيت المُعدّة لألعاب الرياضيّات. ومن هذه الألعاب يسمّى ب " Bead on String”". حاولت هذه المقالة عرض العلاقة بين لعب " Bead on String”" أون لين المجّاني وبين عدد صحيح ذي بقية وعدد صحيح ليس له بقية التي تُدرّس في المدارس. دلّت نتائج البحث على أن هذا النوع من اللعب يُمكن استخدامه لبناء الفهم عن مفهوم التعليم عن " تقسيم العدد الصحيح ذي بقية والعدد الصحيح ليس له بقية "

Ebola is a deadly disease caused by a virus and is spread through direct contact with blood or body fluids such as urine, feces, breast milk, saliva and semen. In this case, direct contact means that the blood or body fluids of patients were directly touching the nose, eyes, mouth, or a wound someone open. In this paper examined two mathematical models SIRD (Susceptibles-Infected-Recovery-Deaths) the spread of the Ebola virus in the human population. Both the mathematical model SIRD on the spread of the Ebola virus is a model by Abdon A. and Emile F. D. G. and research development model. This study was conducted to determine the point of disease-free equilibrium and endemic equilibrium point and stability analysis of the dots, knowing the value of the basic reproduction number (R0) and a simulation model using Matlab software version 6.1.0.450. From the analysis of the two models, obtained the same point for disease-free equilibrium point with the stability of different points and different points for endemic equilibrium point with the stability of both the same point and the same value to the value of the basic reproduction number (R0). After simulating the model using Matlab software version 6.1.0.450, it can be seen changes in the behavior of the population at any time.

In this paper, we give another proof about the relationship between AB and BA with eigenvalue zero that reduced by structure Jordan for nilpoten matrix

A graph with order and size is called -edge antimagic total ( -EAT) if there exist integers , and a bijection such that , where . An -EAT labeling of graph is super if . In this paper we describe how to construct a super -EAT labeling on some classes of disjoint union from non isomorphic graphs, namely disjoint union of cycle with cycle with chord . Keywords : -edge- antimagic total labeling, super -edge antimagic total la- belling, cycle with chord

Perhitungan jumlah penduduk dapat dilakukan secara langsung melalui suatu sensus penduduk. Salah satu faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi jumlah penduduk pada suatu wilayah adalah tingkat kelahiran atau angka fertilitas. Namun hasil pendataan yang dilakukan pada umumnya hanya memberikan informasi jumlah penduduk yang hidup pada saat sensus diadakan dan tidak mencatat secara lengkap jumlah bayi lahir hidup yang kemudian meninggal pada waktu sensus. Hal tersebut menyebabkan perhitungan angka fertilitas secara langsung tidak mungkin dilakukan, sehingga diperlukan suatu metode Matematika yang secara tak langsung dapat digunakan untuk menghitung angka fertilitas di suatu wilayah. Dalam makalah ini akan diperlihatkan suatu cara perhitungan kelahiran atau fertilitas secara tidak langsung, dimana cara ini dapat menentukan angka kelahiran tercegah sebagai indikator keberhasilan pengendalian jumlah penduduk melalui program Keluarga Berencana (KB), sehingga melalui perhitungan ini dapat ditentukan angka fertilitas total yang didasarkan pada efektifitas penggunaan alat kontrasepsi. Kata Kunci : k eluarga b erencana ( KB ), t otal f ertility r ate ( TFR ) , c rude b irth r ate ( CBR ) Abstra ct . ( I mplementation of the Calculation Model for Estimated Total Fertility Rate (TFR) Based on the Effectiveness Use of Contraception in West Java Province ) The calculation of the population can be done directly through a population census. One factor that can affect the population in a region is the birth rate or fertility rate. However, the results of data collection carried out, in general only provide information on the number of people living at the time the census is held, and not complete records of the number of live-born babies who later died during the census. This has made it impossible to calculate the fertility rate directly, so a Mathematical method is needed that can indirectly be used to calculate the fertility rate in an area. This paper will show a method of calculating birth or fertility indirectly, where this method can determine the preventable birth rate as an indicator of the success of controlling population through Family Planning (KB) programs, so that through this calculation can be determined the total fertility rate based on effectiveness use of contraceptives. Keywords : family planning ( KB ), total fertility rate ( TFR ) , crude birth rate ( CBR )

Creating effective mathematics learning is a complex and continuous undertaking. Using the right approach of learning and utilizing technological developments is an attempt to improve the quality of learning. This paper examines the problem solving learning computer-assisted and how its potential in developing high-order thinking skills of students. /div

The objectives of this paper is to describe how the role and how to apply starategy blended learning in mathematics. blended learning strategy is mixing two or more strategies or learning methods to obtain the expected learning outcomes. Blended learning strategy in mathematics learning has three components which are mixed into one form of learning. The components consist of 1) online learning, 2) to-face learning, and 3) self-learning. Appropriate blended learning strategy is used in mathematics to study the future of the development of information and communication technology in Indonesia is very adequate.

In this paper a total incremental method for solving nonlinear system equation due to plasticity of shear deformable plates is presented. The material is assumed to undergo small strains. The von Mises criterion is used to evaluate the plastic zone and elastic perfectly plastic material behaviour is assumed. An initial stress formulation is used to formulate the boundary integral equations. The domain integral due to material nonlinearity is evaluated using a cell discretization technique. Several examples are presented and comparisons are made to demonstrate the validity and the accuracy of the total incremental method to solve the nonlinear system of equation due to plasticity.