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Under-coverage and nonresponse problems are jointly present in most socio-economic surveys. The purpose of this paper is to propose an estimation strategy that accounts for both problems by performing a two-step calibration. The first calibration exploits a set of auxiliary variables only available for the units in the sampled population to account for nonresponse. The second calibration exploits a different set of auxiliary variables available for the whole population, to account for under-coverage. The two calibrations are then unified in a double-calibration estimator. Mean and variance of the estimator are derived up to the first order of approximation. Conditions ensuring approximate unbiasedness are derived and discussed. The strategy is empirically checked by a simulation study performed on a set of artificial populations. A case study is derived from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions survey data. The strategy proposed is flexible and suitable in most situations in which both under-coverage and nonresponse are present.

Under-coverage and nonresponse problems are jointly present in most socio-economic surveys. The purpose of this paper is to propose a completely design-based estimation strategy that accounts for both problems without resorting to models but simply performing a two-step calibration. The first calibration exploits a set of auxiliary variables only available for the units in the sampled population to account for nonresponse. The second calibration exploits a different set of auxiliary variables available for the whole population, to account for under-coverage. The two calibrations are then unified in a double-calibration estimator. Mean and variance of the estimator are derived up to the first order of approximation. Conditions ensuring approximate unbiasedness are derived and discussed. The strategy is empirically checked by a simulation study performed on a set of artificial populations. A case study is lead on Danish data coming from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions survey. The strategy proposed is flexible and suitable in most situations in which both under-coverage and nonresponse are present.

Inmarketingstudiesdevotedtocustomersatisfactionandconsumers’loyalty analysis, Reichheld (2003, 2006) proposed the Net Promoter Score (NPS) to synthesize by means of an excess index the distribution of the sample responses to a question as: “How likely is that you would recommend our Company/Institution to a friend or colleague?”, on an ordinal scale from 1 to 10. More specifically, this measureisobtainedbythedifferencebetweentheproportionof“enthusiastics”minus that of “passives”. This index may be fruitfully exploited in different research fields, of course, where the whole set of information is meant to be summarized by comparing the relative frequencies of “supporters” and “detractors” with respect to products, services, items, etc. Although the literature remarks critical and positive aspects of such an index, only recently Rocks (2016) are faced with inferential procedures with regard to NPS. In this study, we search for the distribution of NPS based on a convenient structure of the response patterns. Indeed, we assume a parametricmixturefortheresponsesandverifythebehaviourofNPSovertheparameter space.

Afhandlingen er en analyse af den hvordan den økonomiske samarbejdsorganisation OECD udarbejder sine landerapporter og orienterer dem mod den økonomiske debat i medlemslandene med henblik på at "fremme debatten". Metoden er en institutionel etnografi, og data er feltarbejde i OECD (interviews, observationer) samt dokumentanalyse.

Presents sub national analysis of existing social and economic surveys wiha particular focus on barriers to participation in the labour market.

Due to complex interactions between social and ecological systems, herbicide resistance has classic features of a “wicked problem”. Herbicide-resistant (HR) Poa annua poses a risk to sustainably managing U.S. turfgrass systems, but there is scant knowledge to guide its management. Six focus groups were conducted throughout the United States to gain understanding of socio-economic barriers to adopting herbicide-resistance management practices. Professionals from major turfgrass sectors (golf courses, sports fields, lawn care, and seed/sod production) were recruited as focus-group participants. Discussions emphasized challenges of the weed management of turfgrass systems as compared to agronomic crops. This included greater time constraints for managing weeds and more limited chemical control options. Lack of understanding about the proper use of compounds with different modes of action was identified as a threat to sustainable weed management. There were significant regional differences in perceptions of the existence, geographic scope, and social and ecological causes of HR in managing Poa annua. Effective resistance management will require tailoring chemical and non-chemical practices to the specific conditions of different turfgrass sectors and regions. Some participants thought it would be helpful to have multi-year resistance management programs that are both sector- and species-specific. Published version

This review covers a nascent literature that experiments with survey design to measure whether the way in which we collect socio-economic data in developing countries influences the data and affects the results of subsequent analyses. We start by showing that survey methods matter and the size of the effects can be nothing short of staggering, affecting basic stylized facts of development (such as country rankings by poverty levels) and conclusions drawn from econometric analyses (such as what the returns to education are or whether small farm plots are more productive than large ones). We describe some of the emerging best-practices for conducting survey experiments, including benchmarking against the truth, delving into the error-generating mechanisms, and documenting the costs of different survey approaches.

"İnsan Beslenmesi ve Refahı İçin BiyolojikÇeşitliliğin Korunması ve Sürdürülebilir Kullanımı" projesi, Türkiye'de üçpilot bölgede yürütülmektedir. Akdeniz pilot bölgesi Antalya, Konya, İçel veKaraman olmak üzere 4 şehri içermektedir. Akdeniz Bölgesi'nde beslenme ve tıbbiamaçlarla kullanılan 20 doğal tür hedef olarak seçilmiştir. Eremurus cinsi, 40'dan fazla türündahil olduğu Liliaceae familyasınınen geniş cinslerinden biridir. Bu cinsin doğal populasyonları, kuru ve taşlıyamaçlara yayılmıştır. Çiriş otu, çireş, dağ pırasası, yabani pırasa, güllük,kiriş, sarı çiriş, sarı zambak gibi yerel adlarla bilinen E. spectabilis, Türkiye'de yabani yenilebilir bir sebze olarakyaygın şekilde kullanılmaktadır ve geleneksel olarak halk tıbbında dakullanılmıştır. Akdeniz Bölgesi’nde kırsal kesimdeki insanlar, iklim ve uygunolmayan topografik şartlar nedeniyle beslenme diyetlerini tamamlamak içingenellikle yabani bitkiler kullanmaktadır. Bu çalışmada E. spectabilis'in besin değeri, antioksidan özellikleri vesosyo-ekonomik anket sonuçları incelenmiştir., “Mainstreaming biodiversity conservation andsustainable use for improved human nutrition and wellbeing” project is beingcarried out in three pilot site in Turkey. Mediterranean pilot site includes 4cities as Antalya, Konya, İçel and Karaman. In the Mediterranean Region 20 species were found to be widely used bothfor human consumption and for medicinal purposes. Foxtail lilly of in the Mediterranean Region of 20 specieswere selected as target species. The Eremurusgenus is one of the important genera of the family Liliaceae, including over 40 species. Natural populations of thisgenus are widely distributed on dry and stony grazed hillsides. E. spectabilis, locally known as çirişotu, çireş, dağ pırasası, yabani pırasa, güllük, kiriş, sarı çiriş, sarı zambakis widely used in Turkey as a wild edible vegetable and has been traditionallyused in folk medicine. Rural people in the Mediterranean Region are extremelyexperienced with inadequate yields due to climatic and inappropriatetopographic conditions. People often use wild plants supplement their usualdiets in the region. In this study, E.spectabilis have been analyzed for its nutrition value, antioxidantproperties and socio-economic surveys.

Under the direction of James Hughes, the Bloustein School surveyed all 92 member institutions of the New Jersey Bankers Association and received a 73 percent response rate. This year’s survey results indicate a soaring confidence in the US economy. Nearly 85 percent of respondents indicated the national economy’s health as “good,” and a record 10 percent rated it as “excellent.” For the first time in the survey’s history, no one rated it as “poor.” While somewhat more muted than sentiments toward the national economy, confidence in the NJ economy is nonetheless surging. 42 percent of respondents rated New Jersey’s economic health as “good” in 2018, compared to 15 percent in 2016. Still, 2018 marks the eighth consecutive year in which no respondent has rated New Jersey’s economy as “excellent.”

Mainstreaming biodiversity conservation andsustainable use for improved human nutrition and wellbeing” project is beingcarried out in three pilot sites in Turkey. Mediterranean pilot sitecontains high mountain steps of Taurus Mountains and Central Anatolian stepswhere transition zone between Irano-Turanian and Mediterraneanbiogeographic regions exists. This site has highest endemism rate in Turkey.Mediterranean pilot site includes 4 cities as Antalya, Konya, İçel and Karaman include 17 districts and 31 villages.In the Mediterranean Region 20 taxa; 16of them using for nutrition, 3 of them using as folk medicine 1 is local race(cultivated). Peoplein the rural area use many plant for nutritional and medical purpose. Thesespecies have been selected and collected from nature and local bazaars.Plant materials have been sent to the Bursa Food and Forage Control CentralResearch Institute for content analysis, Proximities, dietary fiber, vitamins and minerals were assayed usingstandard methods and reference materials. Plants are analyzed to the Western Mediterranean Agricultural Research Institute, Medicinaland Aromatic Plants Central Research Institute for antioxidant properties.Antioxidant activity analysis (two method using) was completed for all priorityspecies of the project. The antioxidant activity analyses were done accordingto the DPPH and TEAC methods., "İnsan Beslenmesi ve Refahı İçin BiyolojikÇeşitliliğin Korunması ve Sürdürülebilir Kullanımı” projesi Türkiye'de üç pilotbölgede yürütülmektedir. Akdeniz pilot bölgesi, İran-Turan ve Akdenizbiyocoğrafik bölgeleri arasındaki geçiş bölgesinde bulunduğu Toros Dağlarınınyüksek dağ steplerini ve Orta Anadolu steplerini içerir. Bu bölge endemikolarak en yüksek orana sahiptir. Akdeniz'de pilot bölgesinde 4 il; Antalya, Konya,İçel ve Karaman'da 17 ilçe ve 31 köy çalışılmıştır. Akdeniz Bölgesi'nde bulunan 20takson; Bunlardan 16'sı beslenme için, 3'ü halk hekimliği ve 1'i yerel tür(yetiştirilen) olarak kullanılıyor. Kırsal alanda yaşayan insanlar, beslenme vetıbbi amaçla birçok bitki kullanıyorlar. Bu türler doğadan ve yerel pazarlardanseçilmiş ve toplanmıştır. Bitkimateryalleri içerik analizi için BursaYem ve Yem Kontrol Merkezi Araştırma Enstitüsüne gönderildi. Beslenmedeğerleri, diyet lifi, vitaminler ve mineraller standart yöntemler ve referansmalzemeler kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Bitkilerin, Batı Akdeniz Tarımsal AraştırmaEnstitüsü, Tıbbi ve Aromatik Bitkiler Merkezi Araştırma Enstitüsü’ndeantioksidan aktivite analizleri yapılmıştır. Projenin tüm öncelikli türleriiçin antioksidan aktivite analizi (iki yöntem kullanılarak) tamamlanmıştır. Antioksidan aktivite analizleriiçin DPPH ve TEAC yöntemleri kullanılmıştır.

This paper performs an economic poverty and inequality mapping of three children age categories in Malta; it consists in the first attempt based on income from the EU-SILC survey and Census data. From a policy-making point of view, the availability of such key economic indicators at locality level certainly provides a valuable tool in assessing the effectiveness of national strategies and in identifying areas that need to be targeted by new policies; in fact sample surveys alone cannot provide reliable information at such a fine level of detail, while national censuses are not designed to and cannot be extended to cover specific topics such as economic poverty and inequality. Thus, the merging of the two sources provides policy-makers with a new insight into the differences between localities. There are also benefits of a technical nature, particularly in terms of sampling strategies, that can be derived from this study. Through such an exercise it is possible to identify economic homogeneity and/or heterogeneity among households with children in different localities: this is useful when defining strata for sampling design for surveys aiming at studying other economic phenomena relating to children. © Betti G., Caruana E., Gusman S., Neri L. Text. 2015.

Tsetse Control in the Yalé Agropastoral Zone (Burkina Faso): Results of Socio-economic Surveys. The study examines the impact of a tsetse campaign (1994-1997) in southern Burkina Faso. In the absence of health - productivity monitoring, data were collected in cross sectional surveys to generate quantitative estimates of relevant productivity traits for cattle. The results indicate the following: 25% increase in herd size; reduction in mortality from 63.1% to 7.1% and increase in live births of 57.6%. Milk yield rose from 0.2 to 2.2 litres/cow/day in the dry season. These results show the impacts trypanosomosis control can have on zebu cattle exposed to a high tsetse challenge. The study underscores the importance of well designed surveys as a cost-effective way of generating estimates of productivity impacts. These estimates can be a useful alternative to subjective assessments in modelling the economic benefits.

A program for computer-aided calculation of non-rigid road coating UKRRDO 15 is considered in the given article. The program interface, a set of input data and the results of calculations are considered in detail. Calculations are performed for three strength criteria: permissible elastic deflection, shear strength of subsoil and monolithic layers resistance of tensile bending, Розглянуто програму для автоматизованого розрахунку нежорстких дорожніх одягів УКРРДО 15. Детально розглянуто інтерфейс програми, компоновка вихідних даних та результатів розрахунків. Розрахунки проведено за трьома критеріями міцності: допустимому пружньому прогину, зсувостійкості, розтягу під час згинання

Using firm-level data for Jordan, the paper estimates the extent to which growth spillovers from foreign direct investment (FDI) to local firms stem from persistent learning externalities (i.e., they endure even after foreign investment leaves as knowledge has been transferred to local firms) or from transitory effects (e.g., demand increases that evaporate following disinvestment). The paper find that spillovers have a significant transitory nature, with employment and capital growth declining when FDI falls, particularly in downstream industries supplied by locals. This suggests that if FDI-attracting policies are intended to promote sustainable growth, it may be more effective to attract and retain FDI via long-term structural policies, for instance, through low corporate tax rates rather than temporary tax holidays or through policies that strengthen the domestic absorptive capacity and linkages between foreign and local firms.

We design a survey to provide quantitative evidence about household demand for qualitative aspects of tap water supply. We focus on two characteristics that are of importance for households: water hardness and aesthetic quality in terms of taste, smell and appearance. Our survey elicits expenditures on products that improve the overall experience of these characteristics of tap water quality, and administration targets a representative sample of the population in England and Wales. For water hardness, our results show that around 14% of households employ at least one water softener device or purchase products such as softening tablets or descaling agents. For the aesthetic quality of tap water, around 39% of households report some averting behaviour, the most common being the use of filtering devices, purchase of bottled water, or addition of squash or cordial. To study how expenditures on these products vary with the level of service quality, we match household data to highly disaggregated records on regional water hardness (in mg CaCO3=l) and aesthetic quality, as measured by the regional rate of complaints to the water service supplier. Our econometric analysis suggests that households’ decision to incur averting expenditures varies with service quality in a statistically and economically significant manner, providing novel evidence that households actively respond to non-health related aspects of tap water quality.

The sixth annual NJBankers Economic Survey of Bank CEOs inquires about national and state current economic assessments, as well as six-month projections; expectations about long-term and short-term interest rates; commercial real estate and business loan demand; and residential loan demand. The survey also explores changing demographics.

In the past decade, Turkey has experienced a notable level of poverty reduction at all levels (extreme poor, poor, and vulnerable). The steady decline in poverty was also resilient to the decline in gross domestic product per capita growth during the crisis. However, although poverty convergence was strong before the financial crisis, there was an absence of regional convergence afterward. This paper analyzes poverty trends, poverty convergence, economic mobility, and the determinants of poverty reduction at the regional level over the period 2006–13. The analysis finds that agricultural growth in the east was an important contributor to Turkey's regional poverty reduction. In additionally, employment growth in the services sectors boosted poverty reduction throughout the entire country. From a fiscal perspective, the amount of per capita central spending is also linked to poverty reduction, although more strongly for regions in the west.

Despite significant improvements in per capita expenditures and a marked decline in poverty over the 2000s, a large fraction of Eastern Europe and Central Asias population reports their economic situation in the late 2000s to be worse than in 1989. This paper uses data from the Life in Transition Survey to document the gap between objective and subjective economic mobility and investigate what may drive this apparent disconnection. The paper aims at identifying some of the drivers behind subjective perceptions of economic mobility, focusing on the role of perceptions of fairness and trust in shaping peoples perceptions of their upward or downward mobility. The results show that close to half of the households in the region perceive to have experienced downward economic mobility, that is, that their position in the income distribution has deteriorated. The results also show that perceptions of higher inequality, unfairness, and distrust in public institutions are associated with downward subjective economic mobility. The findings from this study confirm that factors beyond objective well-being are associated with the perceptions of mobility observed in Europe and Central Asia and may explain why the region has had such a pessimistic view of economic mobility during the past two decades. Understanding what drives peoples perceptions of their living standards and quality of life is important, because regardless of objective measures, perceptions could influence peoples behavior, including support for reforms and labor market decisions. For Eastern Europe and Central Asia, a region that has undergone substantive transformations and which is still going through a reform process, accounting for these aspects is critical.

This study analyzes the extent of downward bias in the calculation of inequality of opportunity for continuous outcomes such as income. A typically recognized source of bias is the unobserved circumstances as there is a limited set of variables available in household and labor force surveys. Another previously overlooked source is the likely unobservable nature of top incomes. Using Monte Carlo simulations where the underlying inequality of opportunity is predetermined at various levels, the study presents three key findings. First, the omission of a relevant circumstance can bias the inequality of opportunity estimate by as much as 80 percent, depending on how much variation of the outcome such circumstance explains. Second, not observing the top 5 percent of the income distribution can lead to downward biases of anywhere between 12 and 35 percent, and the combination of missing the most favored population and even one relevant circumstance exacerbates the bias of the empirical estimates. The third key result is that the estimated inequality of opportunity is strongly correlated with the amount of variation in the outcome variable explained by the combination of circumstances (measured by the R2). This result suggests that in empirical applications, the inequality of opportunity estimate can be roughly (and quickly) approximated using simple econometric techniques.

Even nearly ten years of solid growth cannot guarantee long-term income convergence. The countries of the Latin America and Caribbean region (LAC), like other emerging economies, have benefited from a decade of remarkable growth and some income per capita convergence towards the United States and other industrialized countries. Yet, despite this recent progress, LAC still faces a significant per capita income gap with the developed world. The studies in this volume contribute to the ongoing debate on the reasons for this persistent income gap and the potential drivers of convergence, and propose some broad avenues for reform.

This paper explores the link between exports and total factor productivity in Brazilian manufacturing firms over the period 2000–08. The Brazilian experience is instructive, as it is a case of an economy that expanded aggregate exports significantly, but with stagnant aggregate growth in total factor productivity. The paper first estimates firm-level total factor productivity under alternative assumptions (exogenous and endogenous law of motion for productivity) following a GMM procedure. In turn, the analysis uses stochastic dominance techniques to assess whether the ex ante most productive firms are those that start exporting (self-selection hypothesis). Finally, the paper tests whether exporting boosts firms’ total factor productivity growth (learning-by-exporting hypothesis) using matching techniques to control for the possibility that selection into exports may not be a random process. The results confirm the self-selection hypothesis and show that starting to export yields additional growth in total factor productivity that emerges since the firm’s first year of exporting but lasts only one year. Further, this extra total factor productivity growth is much higher under the assumption of an endogenous law of motion for productivity, which reinforces the importance of accounting for firm export status to study the evolution of productivity.

This paper evaluates the performance of alternative estimators of the gravity equation when zero trade flows result from economically-based data-generating processes with heteroscedastic residuals and potentially-omitted variables. In a standard Monte Carlo analysis, the paper finds that this combination can create seriously biased estimates in gravity models with frequencies of zero frequently observed in real-world data, and that Poisson Pseudo-Maximum-Likelihood models can be important in solving this problem. Standard threshold–Tobit estimators perform well in a Tobit-based data-generating process only if the analysis deals with the heteroscedasticity problem. When the data are generated by a Heckman sample selection model, the Zero-Inflated Poisson model appears to have the lowest bias. When the data are generated by a Helpman, Melitz, and Rubinstein-type model with heterogeneous firms, a Zero-Inflated Poisson estimator including firm numbers appears to provide the best results. Testing on real-world data for total trade throws up additional puzzles with truncated Poisson Pseudo-Maximum-Likelihood and Poisson Pseudo-Maximum-Likelihood estimators being very similar, and Zero-Inflated Poisson and truncated Poisson Pseudo-Maximum-Likelihood identical. Repeating the Monte Carlo analysis taking into account the high frequency of very small predicted trade flows in real-world data reconciles these findings and leads to specific recommendations for estimators.

With global food crises and food price volatility in recent years, agricultural subsidies have once again gained prominence as a policy instrument in many developing countries. In Mongolia too, subsidies to the agriculture sector mainly through government budgetary transfers, have increased over time. These gained prominence in 2008 when a global, regional (the drought in Russia, and Kazakhstan, the two main suppliers to Mongolia), and the national food production shortfall sent domestic wheat prices soaring to record levels. Wheat production had reached an all-time low during the years 2005 to 2007. Consequently, subsidies to crop, livestock, and agroprocessing sectors have increased since 2008, and now represent a complex set of programs, sometimes with conflicting and overlapping goals and intended beneficiaries.

This report assesses the impact of participation in farmer organizations (FOs) on food security of rural households in Cambodia. The study is particularly set out to following: (1) examine FOs’ roles and operation and challenges for improving household’s food security; (2) analyze household’s characteristics that determine participation in FOs; (3) assess the impact of FOs on food security and livelihood of the rural poor; and (4) provide specific recommendations for changes in relevant legal acts and regulatory frameworks associated with FOs. The study concentrates on three types of FOs based on their predominance in Cambodia. Farmer groups (FG) are informal gatherings with 10-30 members. Farmer associations (FA) have more than 30 members and can either be informal or formal if registered at the Ministry of Interior. Agricultural cooperatives (AC) are business oriented, registered at the provincial department of agriculture (PDA) and comprise generally more than 30 members. This report is structured as follows: section one gives introduction. Section two reviews international as well as Cambodia’s experiences in farmer organizations to promote rural livelihoods and agricultural development. Section three details the research methodology employed in this impact assessment. Section four presents the detailed empirical findings. Section five concludes the report with a summary of the policy implications and recommendations.

India's economic performance in FY2009/10 shows that the recovery from the slowdown during the global financial crisis is well underway. India's Gross domestic Product (GDP) growth in FY2009/10 has beaten expectations by reaching 7.4 percent compared with 6.7 percent in the previous year. In particular, agricultural sector growth was better than feared with a slightly positive growth rate despite the worst monsoon shortfall in three decades. Strong growth in the fourth quarter pushed annual GDP growth to 7.4 percent in 2009-10. Fourth quarter growth reached 8.6 percent (y-o-y), the highest quarterly growth rate since the end of FY2007/08. The industrial sector's robust recovery beat expectations. Growth in the last quarter of fiscal year FY2009/10 was an unexpectedly high 13.3 percent resulting in over 12 percent growth in the second half of year, nearly double the 6 percent growth witnessed in the first half. Higher inflation mars the bright picture, but there are clear indications of moderation. Inflation as measured by the wholesale price index (WPI) averaged 10 percent during February-May 2010. India's recovery after the slowdown seems well underway. Growth is projected to climb to 8-9 percent in the next two years. These growth rates are achievable without a renewed build-up of inflationary pressure as long as agricultural growth returns to trend, infrastructure constraints are alleviated, and international prices remain stable. Over the next year, sources of growth will shift from fiscal stimulus to manufacturing and, possibly a recovering agriculture.

Šio straipsnio tikslas padėti suprati regionų konkurenciškumą, tyrinėjant vengrų integraciją į Europos rinką. The aim of this paper is to contribute to an improved understanding of practical approach to the regional competitiveness, on the basis of Hungarian research evidences of European integration. Our experience is based on the analysis of manufacturing shift and its spatial implication. First, the research concludes how political enlargement affects global competition and local development. The second aim of this paper is to systematize main research findings on manufacturing shift that resulted in a strong and rapid increase in added value as well as accelerated socio-economic innovation.

Studies on economic vulnerability and resilience indices undertaken so far focus on a cross-sectional approach, comparing one country with another in terms of a number of variables, with the aim of benchmarking countries within a global context. These indices are useful mainly for three purposes. One is to disseminate information on the issues of vulnerability and resilience because an index is a very good instrument for drawing attention to the issue being investigated. A second purpose is to help to develop a common language for discussion, because the derivation of indices requires quantification and hence, precise definitions of fundamental notions. The third is to promote the idea of integrated action because vulnerability and resilience indices are composite and therefore combine a number of factors thought to determine these conditions. It is, however, also true that for the purposes of policy formulation and implementation, benchmarking within an international context is often merely a starting point, which needs to be followed by more in-depth investigation of issues within the specific context of the country and its circumstances. Briguglio et al. (2008) argued that while the notions of economic vulnerability and resilience have been crucial towards promoting a better understanding of development issues of small states especially in relation to the success of some of them as compared to larger countries, the practical applicability of these notions within the context of policy-setting for an individual country must go beyond the construction of indices derived from internationally comparable data. An important limitation of cross-sectional approaches emanates from the fact that, in order to compare-one country with another, a variable within an index may be considered redundant, and thereby omitted, if it is highly correlated with another that is already included in the index. While this is a valid action within a benchmarking study, it may not be suitable for a study focusing on an individual country, where all aspects of vulnerability and resilience need to be studied, irrespective of whether they are correlated or otherwise. This chapter, based on Briguglio et al. (2008), describes a conceptual approach aimed at building a template of variables to be considered in the derivation of a vulnerability/ resilience profile for an individual country., peer-reviewed

This thesis explores the history of the relationship between economics and both experimental and social psychology, from the viewpoint of the recent development of “the economics of happiness” (1974-2009). It consists of three parts. Part I (The Economics of Happiness) presents the history of the development of the subfield in two periods, beginning with the first economic analysis of happiness data ever made (1974). It shows that while the early literature (1974-1999) was focused on the analysis of consumer satisfaction in affluent countries, the more recent development of the subfield (1999-2009) has been influenced by that of “hedonic psychology”, and “behavioral economics”, and advanced as a complement to consumer choice theory rather than opposed to it. Part II (Bypassing Behavior Control) is a history of the relationship between economics and experimental psychology (behaviorism, in particular), which compares the “behavior-control” views of consumer behavior of the early economists of happiness (controlled by their socio-economic environment as well as the practices of advertising and salesmanship of producers), with that of their followers who agree with the main postulates of consumer choice theory. Part III (Subjective Quantification in Economics) is a history of the use of subjective (survey) data by economists and psychologists from the 1940s to nowadays. It is mainly focused on the program of behavioral economics developed by George Katona at the Survey Research Center of the University of Michigan, as well as the analysis of the use of survey data as “tools for government” rather than as “scientific tools”.; Cette thèse traite de l'histoire des relations entre l'analyse économique et l'analyse psychologique du point de vue de l'histoire de "l'économie du bonheur" (the economics of happiness). Elle comporte trois parties. La première (The Economics of Happiness) traite du développement historique de l'économie du bonheur et la divise en deux périodes : depuis la première analyse économique des données de bonheur (1974) jusqu'à la fin du XXème siècle, et ensuite. La deuxième partie de la thèse (Bypassing Behavior Control) utilise cette histoire comme point de départ et étudie l'histoire des relations entre l'analyse économique et la psychologie expérimentale. Elle compare deux visions alternatives du comportement du consommateur : en tant qu'agent rationnel qui répond à ses préférences, et en tant qu'influencé par son entourage socio-économique ainsi que par les pratiques publicitaires des producteurs. La troisième et dernière partie de la thèse (Subjective Quantification in Economics), étudie l'histoire de l'usage économique de données subjectives. Elle est centrée sur le développement croissant d'analyses économiques de données de bonheur (subjective well-being), de données d'anticipations (economic expectations) et d'évaluations contingentes (contingent valuations). Elle montre que ces analyses ont été adoptées par des économistes en tant qu'outils de gouvernement et contrôle économique (plutôt qu'outils scientifiques) et explique ainsi l'émergence des dernières analyses des économistes du bonheur, qui utilisent des données de satisfaction comme instruments d'évaluation des politiques environnementales (the life satisfaction approach for valuing environmental goods).

Regional development is one of the methods applied to reduce regional differences in the levels of welfare of people, to ease political tension, and to strengthen a nation's territorial integration. Among the difficulties in the preparation of such development plans for local govenunent are the lack of political and institutional support, the lack of planning expertise, the inability to formulate applicable policy plans, and inadequate local sources of revenue. This study proposes the application of an integrated resource development model for establishing a conceptual development plan. A concept plan is a statement of proposals concerning form, structure, and future development trends of the planning area. It is a general guideline for physical development which takes into consideration social and economic values. In general, previous regional planning works concentrate on one key issue such as a natural resources approach, a cultural-regional approach, a locational-space economy approach, a hierarchical-spatial system, or a facilities approach. This study will differ in that it will integrate key issues in one model of resource development.

The advent of massive amounts of textual, audio, and visual data has spurred the development of econometric methodology to transform qualitative sentiment data into quantitative sentiment variables, and to use those variables in an econometric analysis of the relationships between sentiment and other variables. We survey this emerging research field and refer to it as sentometrics, which is a portmanteau of sentiment and econometrics. We provide a synthesis of the relevant methodological approaches, illustrate with empirical results, and discuss useful software.

This paper provides a systematic review of the literature on 80 experimental, hypothetical survey and market data studies of insurance demand against low-probability/high-impact risks. The objective of the review is to extract lessons from these studies and to outline an agenda for future research. We contrast the results of experimental and survey studies to findings from market data. We focus on experimental design methods, insurance characteristics, as well as results about theories, heuristics, behavioural biases and explanatory variables. Lessons for policymakers are drawn which can facilitate disaster preparedness.

Numerous observers have charged US agricultural data systems with conceptual obsolescence Although some modernization has occurred, particularly in providing information about commercial farms, agricultural and rural data bases have failed to keep up with production and structural changes in the sector and in rural America I propose a production paradigm for the food and fiber system based on the concept of a primary agricultural producer Among other attributes, the concept of a primary agricultural producer provides opportunities to redirect existing surveys, possibly including the Census of Agriculture, to the collection of broader rural or natural resources data sets Before such a redirection can be made, however, a new paradigm of rural people and resources is needed

In this introductory paper to the special issue on Scientometric Analysis in Business and Economics, we consider four related issues. First, we outline why we believe it is time to produce a special issue of the Journal of Economic Surveys dedicated to the scientometric analysis and its growing use in the fields of business and economics. Second, we focus on the topic of "evaluative scientometrics," which revolves around the central, basic, original question: how much is a publication worth? The question then is: how do we measure scholarly impact? In answering the question, many pitfalls exist and we identify some of them. Third, we present a brief overview of the seven papers, authored by twelve scientometricians, that constitute the special issue. The manuscripts show the potential of scientometrics in terms of the wide range of fields of application. Finally, we present a set of Guidelines which, if prospective authors in business and economics follow them, we hope will increase readability, impact and the potential for their scientometric-based research to be published.

As highlighted by the recent market turmoil following COVID-19, markets can experience significant retracements or drawdowns. While these recent market moves have definitely been large, significant drawdowns have been around since the start of financial markets. Various risk metrics such as Value at Risk and volatility are used to describe risk. The intuitive drawdown risk measure, which is often used in practice alongside the above metrics, is receiving more and more academic attention. In this article we provide a systematic review of the literature on the drawdown risk measures. We describe two different methodologies for calculating drawdowns and analyze drawdown based risk measures used in risk management, portfolio construction and optimization. Finally we discuss the statistical properties related to drawdowns. Based on the research done so far, we identify several areas for further research.

We discuss the theoretical rationale for central bank communication about future policy rates, either as part of inflation targeting or in the form of forward guidance. We also summarize both actual central bank communication about future policy rates and empirical evidence on the effectiveness of these types of communication. We argue that there is a disconnect between the theory and practice of forward guidance, as theory assumes commitment on the part of the central bank, while in practice central banks generally do not commit. Future theoretical research on forward guidance should therefore take the absence of commitment by central banks into account.

In this article, we discuss concepts of procedural fairness and equality of opportunity, and review the descriptive evidence regarding such procedural fairness preferences and their dynamic consistency. We then review the empirical relationship between equality of opportunity and preferences for redistribution. We discuss evidence derived from both survey and experimental studies.

It has become widely accepted that teachers are important in facilitating student learning. Hundreds of empirical studies have tried to explain differences in student performance by evaluating the impact of particular teacher characteristics. Yet, this topic has not been the subject of a systematic review for more than 10 years, even though most of the empirical evidence has emerged over the past decade. This study provides an up-to-date review, drawing on empirical findings from several countries and distinguishing between acquired and sociodemographic teacher characteristics. This review confirms the existing consensus that subject-related degrees and knowledge, and not general teacher certifications, are positively related to student performance and particularly so for Master's degrees in math and science. A new insight is that recent findings point out that teacher experience continues to contribute to student test scores throughout a teacher's career, instead of merely the first few years. An important future research avenue would be to examine which mechanisms can explain these teacher characteristic effects.

To enhance the measurement of economic and financial spillovers, we bring together the spatial and global vector autoregressive (GVAR) classes of econometric models by providing a detailed methodological review where they meet in terms of structure, interpretation, and estimation. We discuss the structure of connectivity (weight) matrices used by these models and its implications for estimation. To anchor our work within the dynamic literature on spillovers, we define a general yet measurable concept of spillovers. We formalize it analytically through the indirect effects used in the spatial literature and impulse responses used in the GVAR literature. Finally, we propose a practical step-by-step approach for applied researchers who need to account for the existence and strength of cross-sectional dependence in the data. This approach aims to support the selection of the appropriate modeling and estimation method and of choices that represent empirical spillovers in a clear and interpretable form.

This paper reviews experimental studies on the so‐called “hold‐up problem.” Common features in the experimental design and results are summarized. Most experimental studies show evidence of the hold‐up problem, but to an extent less severe than what standard self‐interest model predicts. Hold‐up occurs at the individual level, but exhibits a less severe pattern than theoretically predicted at the aggregate level. A positive correlation is found between the investment stage decisions and subsequent bargaining behavior. Social preferences largely influence the results in hold‐up games. Remedies that enhance the effect of social preferences can effectively alleviate the hold‐up problem. These laboratory findings are also relevant to real‐life hold‐up situations, but differences in the specific institution and environment may require more variations in the experimental design.

Subjective perceptions of inequality can substantially influence policy attitudes, public health metrics, and societal well-being, but the lack of consensus in the scientific community on how to best operationalize and measure these perceptions may impede progress on the topic. Here, we provide a theoretical framework for the study of subjective perceptions of inequality which brings critical differences to light. This framework—which we conceptualize as a series of four guiding questions for studying subjective perceptions of economic inequality—serves as a blueprint for the theoretical and empirical decisions researchers need to address in the study of when, how, and why subjective perceptions of inequality are consequential for individuals, groups, and societies. To lay the foundation for a comprehensive approach to the topic, we offer four theoretical and empirical decisions in studying subjective perceptions of inequality, asking researchers to specify: (1) What kind of inequality? (2) What level of analysis? (3) What part of the distribution? and (4) What comparison group? We subsequently discuss how this framework can be used to organize existing research and highlight its utility in guiding future research across the social sciences in both the theory and measurement of subjective perceptions of inequality.